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Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to combinations of compounds that may be used to mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or any combination thereof in a subject caused by oxidative stress.
• Oxidative stress refers to a biological system's inability to detoxify reactive oxygen species, or to repair damage caused by those reactive species, at a sufficiently rapid rate compared to the rate that the reactive oxygen species or the damage is being produced. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, such as peroxides and free radicals, can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA.
• Oxidative stress may result from acute exposure to ionizing radiation, such as at doses larger than about 0.05 mSv over a period of time shorter than 5 hours.
• the ionizing radiation may be from a surgical procedure where X-ray guidance, computed tomography (CT), a radioactive tracer, or another source of ionizing radiation is used; from a medical imaging procedure such as X-ray, CT, or dental X-ray; from a medical procedure where a radioactive material, a contrast agent, or a radio-isotope is used; or from an environmental exposure, such as air-travel, industrial X-ray use, or proximity to a radiation source (for example a nuclear plant, a nuclear-waste storage site, or an accidental or deliberate release of radioactive material).
• CT computed tomography
• Oxidative stress may result from smoking or vaping, for example, tobacco- or cannabis-products.
• smoking or vaping are believed to increase oxidative stress through direct damage by reactive oxygen species and/or other radical species, the inflammatory response caused by the smoking or vaping, or both.
• Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species can damage cells. Cumulative cell damage is correlated with increased risk of various diseases and conditions, such as cancers, cataracts, and vascular and cardiovascular conditions. Reducing the average level of oxidative stress in an individual, by even a small amount, may be beneficial since prolonged, low-grade inflammation may overwhelm damage repair pathways and the signals that initiate such repair processes.
• prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation, smoking, or vaping may result in oxidative stress related damage to proteins, lipids, and/or DNA, it is desirable to provide a combination of compounds that reduces oxidative stress when administered to a subject.
• the present disclosure provides a combination that includes: a flavonoid and one or more of: ascorbic acid or ascorbate; N-acetyl cysteine; alpha-lipoic acid; at least one carotenoid; and folic acid, folate or methylfolate.
• the present disclosure provides a combination that includes the flavonoid; the ascorbic acid or ascorbate; the N-acetyl cysteine; the alpha-lipoic acid; optionally the at least one carotenoid; and optionally the folic acid, folate or methylfolate.
• Some combinations according to the present disclosure may be used to mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or any combination thereof in a subject caused by oxidative stress. Some combinations according to the present disclosure may be used to aid repair of nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or any combination thereof in a subject.
• the present disclosure provides a combination that includes a flavonoid and one or more of: ascorbic acid or ascorbate; N-acetyl cysteine; alpha-lipoic acid; at least one carotenoid; and folic acid, folate or methylfolate.
• a combination is not limited to formulations where all of the components of the combination are physically together. Rather, “a combination” according to the present disclosure refers to components that are physically separate but are intended to be administered to a subject within about a one hour window.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may be formulated so that all of the compounds of the combination are administerable to a subject together.
• a formulation is a water-dispersable powder.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may physically separate water-soluble components from water-insoluble and water- unstable components.
• the water-soluble components may be formulated in a water- based drink, while the water-insoluble and water-unstable components may be formulated in a water-free edible gel or water-free potable liquid.
• the flavonoid used in a combination according to the present disclosure may have antioxidant properties.
• the flavonoid is a flavanol, such as quercetin or a quercetin derivative.
• the flavonoid is a flavanonol, such as dihydroquercetin or a dihydroquercetin derivative.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include a mixture of flavonoids.
• a flavonoid “derivative”, such as a quercetin derivative or a dihydroquercetin derivative, may be a glycosylated flavonoid or a pro-drug flavonoid analog.
• glycosylated quercetin include: quercetin-3-O-paltoside, quercetin-3- O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and quercetin-3-O- rhamnoside.
• glycosylated dihydroquercetin examples include: dihydroquercetin-3-O- rhamnoside; dihydroquercetin-3-O-glucoside; (-)-2,3-frans-dihydroquercetin-3'-0-p-D- glucopyranoside; (2S,3S)-(-)-dihydroquercetin-3-0-p-D-glucopyranoside; ( 2R,3R )- dihydroquercetin-3'-0-p-D-pyranoglucoside; dihydroquercetin-4'-0-p-glucopyranoiside; (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin-3-0-arabinoside; and (2S,3S)- dihydroquercetin-3-O- arabinoside.
• pro-drug flavonoid analog is an ester-modified quercetin or glycosylated quercetin.
• the ester-modification may be removed by an esterase or via hydrolysis to reveal the quercetin or glycosylated quercetin.
• Quercetin and/or quercetin derivatives may be derived or isolated from apple skin, onions, or from the seed or flower of Sophora japonica. Exemplary methods are discussed in U.S. Patent No. 9,101 ,649, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• quercetin and/or quercetin derivatives may be extracted from apple skin, such as from a dried apple skin powder, using a food-grade solvent, for example ethanol. The apple skins may be sonicated during the extraction. Extracted quercetin and/or quercetin derivatives may be separated from the remaining solids, and optionally concentrated, dried, and/or frozen. The extracted quercetin and/or quercetin derivatives may be purified, such as by column chromatography.
• the flavonoid and the ascorbic acid or ascorbate may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 1 : 10 to about 5:4; the flavonoid and the N-acetyl cysteine may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 1 :5 to about 5:1 ; the flavonoid and the alpha-lipoic acid may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 1 :5 to about 5:1 ; the flavonoid and the at least one carotenoid may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 50:1 to about 10:1; the flavonoid and the folic acid, folate or methylfolate may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 10,000: 1 to about 100: 1 ; or any combination thereof.
• the flavonoid may be in an amount from about 0.1 g to about 1.5 g; the ascorbic acid or ascorbate may be in an amount from about 0.2 g to about 2.0 g; the N-acetyl cysteine may be in an amount from about 0.10 g to about 1.2 g; the alpha-lipoic acid may be in an amount from about 0.05 g to about 0.60 g; the at least one carotenoid may be in an amount from about 10 mg to about 50 mg; the folic acid, folate or methylfolate may be in an amount from about 100 pg to about 400 pg; or any combination thereof.
• Particular examples of a combination according to the present disclosure include: the flavonoid; the ascorbic acid or ascorbate; the N-acetyl cysteine; and the alpha-lipoic acid.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include at least one carotenoid, which may be a carotene compound, such as beta-carotene; a xanthophyll compound, such as lutein or zeaxanthin; or a combination thereof.
• a combination that includes at least one carotenoid may mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or any combination thereof in epithelial cells, such as vascular epithelial cells, ocular epithelial cells, or both; connective tissue cells; muscle tissue cells; nerve cells; or any combination thereof.
• the DNA damage may include double strand breaks, single strand breaks, oxidative lesions such as 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine, or combinations thereof.
• DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or any combination thereof should be understood to mean that, statistically, a population of subjects that is administered a combination according to the present disclosure has less nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, or a combination thereof, in at least one tissue- or cell-type, after an oxidative stress event when compared to an otherwise statistically identical population of subjects that is not administered the combination.
• mitigating or preventing lipid peroxidation should be understood to mean that, statistically, a population of subjects that is administered a combination according to the present disclosure has less lipid peroxidation in skin cells after an oxidative stress event when compared to the primary fibroblasts of an otherwise statistically identical population of subjects that is not administered the combination.
• nuclear DNA damage is evaluated by counting the total number of double strand DNA breaks per cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using three-dimensional microscopy and fluorescently labeled gamma-H2AX protein.
• Gamma-H2AX protein is a phospho-isoform of histone H2A, which is phosphorylated during detection of double strand DNA breaks to facilitate recruitment of repair proteins.
• the gamma-H2AX is fluorescently tagged and used to count the total number of double strand breaks per cell via fluorescence microscopy.
• the gamma-H2AX is fluorescently tagged using an Abeam Gamma H2A.X staining kit (ab242296) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
• mitochondrial DNA damage is evaluated using long range PCR (LR-PCR) and digital PCR.
• LR-PCR long range PCR
• mtDNA extracted mitochondrial DNA
• PCR long range polymerase chain reaction
• total DNA damage is measured using 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cellular lysates using an 8-Oxo detection
• Lipid peroxidation refers to the oxidative degradation of lipids, which form reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE).
• MDA malondialdehyde
• 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) 4-hydroxynonenal
• MDA and 4-HNE are commonly used as markers of lipid peroxidation.
• lipid peroxidation is evaluated by a fluormetric Western-blot assay to quantify the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) or 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the sample.
• MDA malondialdehyde
• 4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal
• the lipid peroxidation is measured in cell lysates using a Western blotting approach using an anti-4-HNE antibody, as discussed by Kitaoka, Y., et al. in Mol Genet Metab. 2013 Nov; 110(3):297-302.
• mitigating or preventing lipid peroxidation would be achieved as long as the amount of MDA, the amount of 4- HNE, or the combined amount of MDA and 4-HNE was statistically lower in the population of subjects that is administered a combination according to the present disclosure, as compared to the statistically identical population of subjects that is not administered the combination.
• Protein carbonylation is a form of protein oxidation in which reactive ketones and/or aldehydes are formed.
• protein carbonylation is evaluated by a fluorometric assay to quantify the amounts of ketones and/or aldehydes in the sample.
• the ketones and/or aldehydes are first reacted with 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) to form hydrazones, which are then quantified using Western blotting, as discussed by Kitaoka, Y., et al. in Mol Genet Metab. 2013 Nov;
• DNPH 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine
• the oxidative stress event may be, for example, an acute exposure to ionizing radiation, or repeated exposures to sub-acute levels of ionizing radiation.
• the tissue- or cell-type may be bone marrow, skeletal muscle (for example: quadriceps), skin tissue, lung tissue, or heart tissue.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include folic acid, folate, or methylfolate.
• a combination that includes folic acid, folate, or methylfolate may be used to mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage caused by oxidative stress from a stroke and/or heart attack in a subject.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include iodide, for example potassium iodide.
• the flavonoid and the iodide may be in a mass/mass ratio from about 10:1 to about 1 :1.
• the iodide may be in an amount for about 30 mg to about 160 mg.
• a combination that includes iodide may be used to reduce or prevent absorption of radioactive iodine by a subject, such as by the subject’s thyroid gland.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include an antioxidizing glycosylated or un-glycosylated isoflavone, such as genistein or daidzein.
• a combination that includes an anti-oxidizing glycosylated or un-glycosylated isoflavone may mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage caused by oxidative stress from skin inflammation induced by exposure to UV radiation, such as solar UV radiation.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include an antioxidizing phytocannabinoid, such as cannabidiol (CBD).
• CBD cannabidiol
• a combination that includes an anti-oxidizing phytocannabinoid may mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage caused by oxidative stress from skin inflammation induced by exposure to UV radiation, such as solar UV radiation.
• a combination that includes CBD may be formulated for transdermal and oral administration, with the CBD and the flavonoid formulated for transdermal administration and the remaining components of the combination formulated for oral administration.
• the transdermal formulation, containing the CBD may provide an analgesic effect.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may include a radioimaging contrast agent, such as barium sulfate or a gadolinium- or iodine-based contrast agent.
• Radio-imaging contrast agents may effect DNA breaks in a patient, for example when the patient is being treated with chemotherapy and is subjected to X-rays.
• a combination that includes a radio-imaging contrast agent may mitigate or prevent nuclear DNA damage caused by a medical imaging procedure.
• a combination of barium sulfate, a flavonoid such as quercetin, ascorbic acid or ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, and alpha-lipoic acid may be formulated for oral administration.
• a patient may be administered such a formulation in advance of a gastrointestinal (Gl) fluoroscopy, or in advance of a CT scan.
• a gadolinium-based contrast agent may be formulated for intravenous administration and a mixture of a flavonoid such as quercetin, ascorbic acid or ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, and alpha-lipoic acid may be formulated for oral administration.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may be formulated for oral administration, or transdermal administration, or a mixture of both oral and transdermal administration.
• Some flavonoids that be included in combinations according to the present disclosure are unstable when exposed to water for prolonged periods of time, such for days, weeks or months.
• Formulations that include such water-unstable flavonoids are substantially water-free, though the substantially water-free formulations may be mixed with water before administration, such as up to an hour before administration.
• substantially water-free should be understood to mean that no more than 10 mol% of the flavonoid in the formulation degrades after one week due to water present in the formulation.
• Some formulations may include measurable amounts of water while still being considered substantially water-free.
• a carbohydrate-based gel may be considered substantially water-free if it formed enough hydrogen bonds with the water present in the formulation to prevent the water from degrading more than 10 mol% of the flavonoid, as measured after one week.
• a formulation for oral administration may be a water-dispersible powder, a tablet, a capsule, an edible gel, a potable liquid, or any combination thereof.
• a water- dispersible powder may include, for example, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), calcium chloride, or both. Microcrystalline cellulose may aid in the dispersion of water-insoluble components, such as a water-insoluble flavonoid, in a drinkable liquid.
• a tablet may include MCC, calcium chloride, magnesium stearate, sodium carbonate, bicarbonate and/or citric acid.
• a formulation for oral administration may be a combination of: (i) an aqueous-based edible gel or potable liquid comprising one or more water- soluble components, such as the ascorbic acid or ascorbate, the N-acetyl cysteine, and/or the folic acid, folate, or methylfolate, and (ii) a substantially water-free powder, water-free edible gel or water-free potable liquid comprising at least the flavonoid, and optionally the alpha-lipoic acid and/or the carotenoid.
• a drinkable liquid that includes ascorbic acid or ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, and folic acid, folate or methylfolate may be provided with a packet containing a substantially water-free powder or gel that includes quercetin, alpha- lipoic acid, and beta-carotene.
• the powder or gel may be mixed with the drinkable liquid and the resulting mixture may be ingested.
• a combination according to the present disclosure may be formulated in a dose that is suitable for a particular risk profile associated with a particular exposure to ionizing radiation.
• the combination of compounds may be formulated in a dose suitable for a patient who will be exposed to a particular dose of X-rays.
• the combination of compounds may be formulated in a dose that can be combined with additional doses depending on the risk profile associated with an exposure to ionizing radiation.
• the combination of compounds may be formulated in a dose where administration of a single dose is suitable for a person with a low-risk profile, and administration of multiple doses, such as two or three doses, is suitable for a person with a high-risk profile.
• a person with a “low-risk” profile is someone who might be exposed to from about 0.05 mSv to about 5 mSv over a 5-hour period of time.
• a person with a low-risk profile may be, for example, a hospital employee, such as a doctor or a nurse, who is exposed on a daily or near-daily basis to low-levels of ionizing radiation when they are at work.
• Such a person with a low-risk profile may be administered a prophylactic dose of the combination on days that they go to work.
• a person with a low-risk profile may be a traveler, pilot or flight attendant flying for at least 6 hours.
• Such a person with low-risk profile may be administered a dose of the combination starting at from 0 to about 4 hours before the start of the flight, and a subsequent dose every about 6 to about 12 hours.
• a person with a “high-risk” profile is someone who might be exposed to over 5 mSv over a 5-hour period of time.
• a person with a high-risk profile may be, for example, a person exposed to a high-level of ionizing radiation, such as due to accidental exposure of radioactive material.
• a combination according to the present disclosure includes about 2.0 g of ascorbic acid or ascorbate, about 1.2 g of N-acetyl cysteine, about 0.6 g of alpha-lipoic acid, about 0.5 g of quercetin, about 30 mg of beta-carotene, and about 400 pg of folic acid, folate, or methylfolate.
• Such a combination may be formulated for oral administration to a subject, for example in a water-dispersible powder that may be mixed with a water-based drink, for example a barium sulfate suspension, to provide a drinkable formulation.
• the formulation may be ingested by the subject about 2 hours in advance of a planned exposure to ionizing radiation, such as a medical imaging procedure.
• a combination according to the present disclosure includes about 0.8 g of ascorbic acid or ascorbate, about 0.6 g of N-acetyl cysteine, about 0.5 to about 0.6 g of alpha-lipoic acid, about 0.5 g of quercetin, about 15 mg of beta- carotene, and about 200 pg to about 400 pg of folic acid, folate, or methylfolate.
• Such a combination may be formulated for oral ortransdermal administration to a subject with a “low-risk” profile. The combination may be, for example, administered to the subject about an hour or two before they go to work, or fly.
• a combination according to the present disclosure includes about 0.8 g of ascorbic acid or ascorbate, about 0.6 g of N-acetyl cysteine, about
• alpha-lipoic acid about 0.5 g of quercetin, about 15 mg of beta-carotene, about
• Such a combination may be formulated for oral ortransdermal administration to a subject who may be exposed to depleted or enriched uranium.
• the subject may be, for example, an individual participating in clean-up of a radioactive industrial accident; or an individual exposed to armaments containing or releasing depleted or enriched uranium.
• a combination according to the present disclosure includes about 1.0 g of ascorbic acid or ascorbate, about 0.6 g of N-acetyl cysteine, about
• Such a combination may be formulated for oral administration, such as in a water-dispersible powder.
• One dose of the combination may be suitable for daily or near-daily administration to a person with a low- risk profile, while two or three doses of the combination may be suitable for a one-time administration, or for daily administration during a short period of time (such as from about 1 week to about 6 months), to a person with a high-risk profile.
• a combination according to the present disclosure includes about 2.0 g of ascorbic acid or ascorbate, about 1.2 g of N-acetyl cysteine, about 0.6 g of alpha-lipoic acid, about 0.5 g of quercetin, about 30 mg of beta-carotene, and 400 pg of folic acid, folate, or methylfolate.
• Such a combination may be formulated for oral and transdermal administration to a subject who was, or is expected to be, exposed to UV irradiation.
• the portion of the combination formulated for oral administration may include the ascorbic acid or ascorbate, the N-acetyl cysteine, the alpha-lipoic acid, the beta- carotene, and the folic acid, folate, or methylfolate.
• the portion of the combination formulated for transdermal administration, such as in a cream or ointment, may include the quercetin and optionally cannabidiol.

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• 2020
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