WO2021079843A1 - プラズマ反応方法及びプラズマ反応装置 - Google Patents
プラズマ反応方法及びプラズマ反応装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021079843A1 WO2021079843A1 PCT/JP2020/039235 JP2020039235W WO2021079843A1 WO 2021079843 A1 WO2021079843 A1 WO 2021079843A1 JP 2020039235 W JP2020039235 W JP 2020039235W WO 2021079843 A1 WO2021079843 A1 WO 2021079843A1
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- Prior art keywords
- plasma
- space
- energy
- hydrogen
- electromagnetic waves
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Links
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
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- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 81
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 60
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- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 19
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- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- OJSBUHMRXCPOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-H plutonium hexafluoride Chemical compound F[Pu](F)(F)(F)(F)F OJSBUHMRXCPOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 4
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- CEOCDNVZRAIOQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentachlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl CEOCDNVZRAIOQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/46—Generating plasma using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
- G21B3/006—Fusion by impact, e.g. cluster/beam interaction, ion beam collisions, impact on a target
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/01—Handling plasma, e.g. of subatomic particles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Definitions
- the present invention is a plasma reaction method and plasma capable of forming a plasma space using electromagnetic waves at a low temperature and supplying a gas to be processed into the plasma space to disintegrate gas atoms or generate heat. Regarding the reactor.
- the present inventor puts carbon dioxide and stainless powder as a reaction material in a stainless steel container (reaction furnace) and heats the stainless steel container to 500 ° C. or higher to make the reaction material into fine particles, and these fine particles and the inner wall of the reaction furnace. Experiments have been repeated to cause a nuclear reaction between them, and attempts have been made to decompose carbon dioxide and water to generate hydrogen (International Publication No. WO2012 / 011499A1).
- NaH sodium hydride
- Patent Document 1 Although the recognition that the inner wall surface of the reactor has a plasma atmosphere and a nuclear reaction occurs in that portion is disclosed, the entire inside of the reactor is a reactant (corresponding to the amplification material of the present application). ), And it is not recognized at all that the plasma atmosphere is excited by the electromagnetic waves radiated by the inner wall of the reactor and the fine particles of the reaction material.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that the hydrogen gas generated in the reaction furnace is ionized, it is the ionized reaction material itself that mainly performs the action of plasma, and the inner wall of the reaction furnace and the reaction material. It is not recognized at all that the standing wave radiated from the fine particles and the amplified electromagnetic wave amplified by the fine particles are generated at an uncertain timing based on the uncertainty principle.
- the inventor of the present invention has been able to derive the decay and bonding of atomic nuclei at an extremely low temperature of 200 to 300 ° C by applying the theory of quantum mechanics based on the facts through numerous experiments. The idea was clarified here.
- a closed space is formed by a wall surface that radiates a stationary wave of electromagnetic waves, an amplification material that amplifies the energy of the electromagnetic waves is supplied into the closed space, and the amplification material and the wall surface are heated.
- the amplification material itself and the wall surface emit electromagnetic waves to vaporize the amplification material to form a first fine particle group, and then the first fine particle group is ionized by the electromagnetic waves to mix atoms, ions, and electrons of the amplification material.
- the second fine particle group consisting of the body is formed into a plasma space, and the high energy generated at the timing based on the uncertainty principle by the amplification action of the second fine particle, the electromagnetic radiation action, and the electromagnetic radiation action from the wall surface.
- the electromagnetic wave causes the second fine particle group itself to undergo plasma decay to form a third fine particle group in which protons, radiants, and electrons are newly added to the second fine particle group, and the protons and electrons are recombined in the third fine particle group.
- a bond is formed to generate hydrogen.
- a gas to be treated is supplied into the third fine particle group of the plasma space, and the atoms of this gas component are sequentially separated into ions, protons, neutrons, and electrons of those atoms by the ionizing action and plasma decay, and these particles.
- the amplification material is at least one of the main group elements of Groups 1 and 2 of the Long Periodic Table, or a compound containing at least one of these, and the gases to be treated are carbon gas, water vapor, nitrogen gas, and hexafluoride. It is preferably at least one of uranium, plutonium hexafluoride, and PCB gas.
- the amplification material contains at least one of stainless steel, zinc, iron, chromium, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, manganese, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium in the form of plates, powders and lumps, or liquid phosphorus. Alternatively, it preferably contains mercury.
- the wall surface that radiates the electromagnetic wave is made of at least one of stainless steel, graphite, copper, and aluminum.
- the amplification material is composed of molten salt, is supplied by a shower from the upper part of the plasma space, the shower is collected in the lower part of the plasma space and circulated again in the upper part of the plasma space, and a thermal pipe is arranged in the plasma space. It is preferable that the thermal pipe of the lever and the shower interact with each other to generate fine particles of the amplifying material.
- the plasma reactor of the present invention is a plasma reactor having a wall surface that emits electromagnetic waves by heating, and a mixture of atoms and atomic ions, nuclei and electron fine particles formed in the plasma reactor, and these are optional.
- the plasma space moving in the direction of It comprises an amplification material and a heating device that heats the wall surface of the plasma reactor and the amplification material.
- the wall surface of the reactor is preferably made of at least one of graphite material, stainless steel material, iron material, aluminum material and copper material.
- the amplification material is composed of a molten salt, which is composed of at least one of metallic sodium, metallic potassium, and lithium fluoride, and the molten salt is supplied from the outside into the plasma space of the plasma reactor, and further. It is preferably circulated by a circulation device taken out of the plasma reactor.
- the amplification material is composed of a combination of a compound containing an alkali metal and at least one of stainless powder, iron powder, aluminum powder, zinc powder, and copper powder, and may be exchangeably installed in a plasma reaction furnace. preferable.
- the heating device is preferably an electric heater installed on the wall surface or outer surface of the plasma reactor, or installed in the plasma reactor.
- the heating device is preferably installed in a plasma reactor and comprises a heat pipe through which heat gas from a gas burner passes.
- a heat exchanger is provided in the plasma space so as to take out a part of the heat in the plasma space.
- a closed space is formed by a wall surface that radiates an electromagnetic wave forming a stationary wave by heating, and the closed space is maintained at a predetermined temperature or higher and fine particles of an amplifying material are made to fly at high speed to form a plasma space.
- the material itself can be plasma-collapsed to generate hydrogen, and when gases to be treated, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and water vapor (H 2 O), are added to this plasma space, these treatments are performed.
- gases to be treated such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and water vapor (H 2 O)
- the gas to be treated is also separated into atoms, and the gas atoms, ions, and electrons are separated to form a new plasma space in which the fine particles of the gas to be treated are added to the fine particles of the amplifying material, which causes uncertainty.
- high-energy electromagnetic waves are generated at uncertain time intervals to cause fine particles to undergo plasma decay, carbon dioxide gas can be extinguished or converted to hydrogen, and nitrogen and water vapor can be converted to hydrogen.
- heat can be obtained by utilizing the exothermic reaction of protons, neutrons, protons and neutrons, and protons and electrons recombination (plasma coupling) generated after decay.
- the plasma space can be created at 200 to 300 ° C., the structure is simple, the size is small, and the cost is very low.
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the line AA of the plasma reactor of FIG. 31. It is a block diagram which shows still another Example of the plasma reactor of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows still another Example of the plasma reactor of this invention.
- a plasma reactor M 1 of the present invention has a reactor body 1 which is a closed container which forms a cylindrical closed space, the reactor body 1 is a heat-resistant It is made of a material that radiates electromagnetic waves by heating and can form a closed space that does not allow air to pass through.
- the reactor body 1 is made of a stainless steel material (SUS340, 310 and 316), an iron material, or a ceramic material that does not allow air to pass through.
- a graphite film 2 is attached to the inner wall surface 1a of the reactor body 1, and the graphite film 2 prevents an oxide film from being formed on the inner wall surface of the reactor.
- a discharge pipe 3 for discharging the gas in the reactor body 1 is provided on the upper surface of the reactor body 1, and a gas such as carbon dioxide, water, or nitrogen is provided from the outside in the center of the side wall of the reactor body 1.
- An inflow cylinder 4 is provided to allow the gas to flow in.
- the discharge cylinder 3 and the inflow cylinder 4 are provided with automatic on-off valves 3a and 4a, respectively, and these valves 3a and 4a are connected to the controller C, respectively.
- a vacuum pump V for creating a vacuum in the plasma space 5 in the reactor body 1, a pressure gauge 7 for pressure detection, and a thermometer 8 for temperature detection are also connected to the controller C.
- a plasma space 5 is formed at the bottom of the reactor body 1, and an amplification material 6 for amplifying the energy of electromagnetic waves is housed.
- the amplification material 6 and the reaction furnace body 1 are heated, and at the same time, the plasma space 5 is heated.
- Electric heaters 9 are provided on the lower side wall and the bottom wall of the reactor body 1.
- the electric heater 9 is also connected to the controller C.
- the periphery of the reactor body 1 is covered with the heat insulating material 10.
- the fin body 40 is housed in the reactor main body 1, and the fin body 40 is composed of upper and lower horizontal plates 42 and 42 and a vertical plate 41 between them.
- the fin body 40 is made of the same material (SUS material) as the material of the reactor body 1, and electromagnetic waves r 1 and r 1 are generated from the horizontal plate 42 and the vertical plate 41 as the reactor body 1 is heated. Is radiated and reflects the radiated electromagnetic waves to create many standing waves. At the same time, the fin body 40 acts to transfer heat to make the temperature of the plasma space 5 uniform.
- the basic technical idea of the present invention is to generate electromagnetic waves and amplify these electromagnetic waves to generate high-energy electromagnetic waves, and how to generate high-frequency electromagnetic waves is important. ..
- the generated electromagnetic wave is a standing wave whose both ends are fixed, its energy is proportional to the square of the frequency of a normal electromagnetic wave. Therefore, the electromagnetic wave generation system as shown below is preferable.
- FIG. 1 it is conceivable to form a closed space with the inner wall surface 1a and heat the outer surface of the inner wall surface with an electric heater 9 to radiate electromagnetic waves into the closed space.
- the graphite film 2 formed on the inner surface thereof is also heated, so that plank (quantum mechanics scholar) blackbody radiation is performed.
- the reactor body 1 Since it is necessary that the reactor body 1 has good airtightness and air does not enter from the outside, it is preferable to form a carbon film 2 inside the stainless steel material in terms of strength.
- microwaves with a frequency of about 109 to 10 are generated at 200 to 400 ° C, and far infrared rays and infrared rays with a frequency of about 10 13 to 14 are generated at 400 ° C to 600 ° C. and visible light is generated in a frequency of about 10 15 at 700 ° C. or higher.
- Electromagnetic waves are generated not only from the inner wall surface 1a of the reactor but also from the amplification material. Typical amplification materials are sodium (Na), potassium (K) of alkali metals, or aluminum and titanium which are active against electromagnetic waves in transition metals, and these atoms are heated. It is excited by the lattice vibration and emits an electromagnetic wave, and is excited by the electromagnetic wave from the inner wall surface 1a and the graphite film 2, and newly emits an electromagnetic wave (light) at the transition. This electromagnetic wave excites surrounding atoms, further radiates an electromagnetic wave, and is radiated according to the temperature from a low frequency to a high frequency. The higher the temperature, the greater the energy of the electromagnetic wave.
- the amplification material 6 For the generation of electromagnetic waves from the amplification material 6, it is preferable to place the amplification material 6 directly on the graphite film 2 as shown in FIG. 3 to efficiently transfer the heat of the electric heater 9, and as shown in FIG. 4, the reactor Even if a plurality of electric heaters 100, 100 ... 100 are arranged in the main body 1, a tray 101 is placed on the tray 101, and the amplification material 6 is put in the tray 101, the amplification material 6 is efficiently heated. be able to. Further, as shown in FIG. 5, a gas cylinder 102 for passing hot gas is provided in the reactor main body 1, and receivers 103 and 103 are provided on the flanks of the gas cylinder 102, and the amplification material 6 is put in the receiver 103. , The amplification material 6 can be heated efficiently. For the generation of electromagnetic waves, an electromagnetic wave generator may be provided outside the reactor body 1 and the electromagnetic waves may be guided into the furnace from there.
- the material of the reactor main body 1 is preferably a material that can withstand high temperatures and does not easily form an oxide film, and generally, a stainless steel material (SUS304, 310) is desirable from the viewpoint of heat resistance and corrosion resistance. Further, when heated (300 to 600 ° C.), it is preferable that it emits an electromagnetic wave, and in that respect, iron (Fe) or ceramics may be used. Further, from the viewpoint of heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and electromagnetic wave radioactivity, a carbon cylinder formed by molding graphite may be used.
- FIG. 6 shows a measurement system in which various metal plate members 105 are placed on an electric heater 106 and the intensity of electromagnetic waves at changes in temperature is measured by an intensity meter 107, and the results are as follows.
- ⁇ Material ⁇ Average electromagnetic wave strength Iron 0.361mw / m 2 Carbon 0.238mw / m 2 Copper 0.118mw / m 2 Aluminum 0.087mw / m 2 Stainless steel 0.067mw / m 2 According to this, it was found that iron is the most preferable for emitting high-energy electromagnetic waves.
- the amplification material 6 is for amplifying the energy of electromagnetic waves generated in the plasma space 5, and amplification is when the frequency does not change but the number of electromagnetic waves (number of photons) increases. In some cases, the frequency of electromagnetic waves may be increased.
- the alkali metals that are typical elements of the long periodic table are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr. Yes, it has been confirmed not only with Na but also with K.
- Al is also active and has low ionization energy, and all of these elements are highly active. Due to high-energy electromagnetic waves, not only the electrons in the outer shell but also the electrons in the inner shell jump out of the atom and become divalent or trivalent. It is highly possible that it is a cation.
- Pt which is used as an electrode of a fuel cell and has an ionizing action even at room temperature, is desirable, and Ni and Pd of the same family also satisfy the requirement (1). Since stainless steel can also be used as an electrode of a fuel cell, Cr and Fe have the same effect.
- Na, K, Cr, Al, etc. can be mentioned as those having the requirement (2).
- Cu or Mg which is a typical element of the second group of the Long Periodic Table, is also considered to satisfy the requirement of (2).
- Al has a large effect, and when the reaction of gellammin is observed, it seems that Cu has a similar effect.
- the elements that have a large number of electrons and cause quantum jump include K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co among the elements with 4 to 7 periods in the long periodic table.
- Common and handled elements are Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Sn, and ThF 4 , UF 6 , and PuF 6 that combine with fluorine (F) and become a gaseous state even at room temperature emit radiation by themselves. , The plasma space can be maintained even if the temperature is low.
- Na, K and Al seem to be the most suitable elements. Since the simple substance of the alkali metal among these requires careful handling, it is also possible to use these hydroxides (NaOH, KOH) or chlorides (Nacl). However, in the case of NaOH and KOH, it is necessary to take measures against minus O 2- ion, and in the case of NaCl, it is necessary to take measures against minus cl- ion. Therefore, for that purpose, add Al and Zn to Al 2 O 3 and ZnO. , Al 2 cl 3 and Zn cl 2 to eliminate their harmful effects.
- uranium U
- plutonium Pu
- Th thorium
- these radioactive elements are fluorides (UF 6 , ThF 4 , PuF 6 ), they become gases, so instead of solid amplification materials, these fluorides are allowed to flow into the reactor to remove negative F-ions.
- mercury Hg: boiling point 356 ° C.
- phosphorus P: boiling point 280 ° C.
- the developer of this case heats the lower half of the reactor 200 (manufactured by SUS304) (diameter 10 cm, height 30 cm) shown in FIG. 8 with the mantle heater 201, and various amplification materials 202 are attached to the bottom surface of the reactor 200.
- gas such as water, CO2, nitrogen, argon, and helium from the supply pipe 203 and measured the presence of hydrogen from the exhaust pipe 204 with a mass spectrometer.
- Champion data shows that 80 g of dice-shaped sodium (Na) and 50 g of aluminum were added, the mantle heater 201 was heated to 200 ° C., CO 2 was injected, and hydrogen generation was confirmed.
- the temperature of the plasma space 205 in the reactor 200 was around 100 ° C.
- the fine particles of the amplification material 202 are moving with a momentum of a certain amount or more, and for that purpose, it is considered that the plasma space needs to have a temperature of 100 ° C. or more. 5.
- the plasma space 5 is formed as follows.
- the amplification material 6 various materials can be used as described above, but a case where a sodium metal simple substance, which is one of the most suitable ones, is used will be described.
- the plasma space 5 is surrounded by an inner wall surface 1a, a graphite film 2 is attached on the inner wall surface 1a, and a dice-like shape (dice) is formed on the graphite film 2 on the bottom surface of the main body 1.
- metallic sodium is placed. Generally, metallic sodium melts at 100 ° C. or lower, but when the electric heater 9 is set to 300 ° C., the inner wall surface 1a and the graphite film 2 have a well-shaped potential in quantum mechanics, and metallic sodium as an amplifying material. Is vaporized in a short time by the generated electromagnetic waves.
- each lattice when a metal structure, a carbon material, or the like is heated, the crystal lattice vibrates thermally, and as a result, the electrons in the elements constituting each lattice also vibrate.
- Each element of the crystal lattice free electrons (e -) to vibrate as ions losing, since electrons and free electrons within the ion thermal vibration, so-called charge vibrates, thereby electromagnetic waves are generated.
- microwaves having a frequency of 10 10 are generally generated when heated at 300 ° C., and far infrared rays having a frequency of about 10 11 to 12 are generated when heated at 400 ° C. to 500 ° C.
- This electromagnetic wave is absorbed by the metal sodium atom, amplified by the amplification action of the sodium atom, and radiated again.
- sodium itself when sodium is heated, it itself emits electromagnetic waves, which are amplified by other nearby atoms. Due to such mutual amplification action by sodium atoms, the amplification material becomes locally high temperature, sodium begins to vaporize in a short time, and fine particles (first fine particle group) of the atoms run in the reaction furnace 1.
- the fine particles collide with each other and the reaction becomes active, so the temperature inside the space must be kept above a certain level. Since the temperature of the plasma space in the case of the champion data was 100 ° C., it means that the Na atom was traveling at a speed of 630 m / s.
- the Na atom is an electromagnetic wave (stationary wave) radiated from the inner wall surface 1a. by) or electromagnetic r 0, r 0 ... r 0 radiated from the other Na atoms, ionized electrons (e -) 1 piece or in response to the electromagnetic energy magnitude and the number of photons (number of waves) As described above, they are blown off from each orbit to form Na + , Na 2+ , Na 3+ , ... Na x + ions.
- the electromagnetic wave is 30 million times reciprocating per second, electromagnetic waves Na x + ions and electrons e in between - interact with both non It probabilistically emits high-energy electromagnetic waves that cause plasma decay and plasma coupling at a definite timing.
- electrons e K shell of a sodium atom - is a quantum jump in the outermost shell M shell, when returning to the original K shell, high frequency electromagnetic waves (X-rays) is It may occur.
- plasma space 5 is an electron-rich state, as shown in FIG. 14, a high-speed electronic e - collides with the graphite film 2 of the reactor body 1, it emits secondary electrons therefrom not only is a fast sodium ions (Na +) collides with the wall surface secondary electrons e - sometimes to release.
- Na + fast sodium ions
- seared heavy sodium ions Na + is the inner wall because with gradient, thereby secondary electrons e - amount of increases.
- nuclear fission When the nuclear force is blocked and the nucleons are separated from each other, it is called plasma decay, and when the nucleons and protons and electrons are bonded, it is called plasma coupling.
- plasma coupling Conventionally, the concept of nuclear fission is to apply neutrons to nuclei to separate them into two or three nuclei. Nuclear fusion means that protons and protons, and protons and neutrons combine, but plasma decay is , The whole nucleus is separated into nucleons, and plasma coupling is a concept that includes the bonding of protons, neutrons, protons and neutrons, and protons and electrons after plasma collapse, which is a new concept that has never existed before. Is.
- O and H atoms are used in the first fine particle group
- O x + and H + (protons) are used in the second fine particle group
- O x + and H + (protons) are used in the third fine particle group.
- O x + ions collapsed proton (p), neutrons (n) and electron (e -) so that is applied.
- protons and neutrons after plasma decay when they are not exposed to high-energy electromagnetic waves, their traveling speeds can be calculated from the equation of the average kinetic energy traveling under the influence of temperature, which is 3300 m / s at 200 ° C. At 300 ° C, it is 3800 m / s, and at 400 ° C, it is 4100 m / s. Electrons become even faster (more than 40 times faster than protons and neutrons), and a plasma space above a certain temperature is required to enhance the plasma reaction. ..
- the cylindrical reactor body 1 has a quantum well-shaped potential, the generated electromagnetic wave forms a standing wave, and the standing wave SW generated in FIG. 9 crosses the plasma space while being reflected by the wall surface. It reciprocates at the speed of light (300,000 km / hour).
- the graphite film 2 (FIG. 1) is desirable, and the graphite film 2 has sufficient heat resistance.
- Action of plasma space Function of standing wave
- a standing wave frequency 10 13
- the energy En of the quantum number nth order (FIG. 15) is assumed to have m as the mass of the quantum.
- standing waves having a frequency of 10 13, replacing the conventional electromagnetic wave frequency is to have the same energy and the electromagnetic wave of 10 13 ⁇ 2.
- the electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 10 26 is in the region of ⁇ -rays, has energy equivalent to that of ⁇ -rays, and has the power to cause plasma decay of each ion flying around in the plasma space. Therefore, when this ⁇ -ray collides with or passes through the nucleus of each ion, it blocks the nuclear force and causes plasma decay, breaking the bond between protons and neutrons.
- FIG. 17 shows the state when He undergoes plasma decay, and the two protons P, P and neutrons n and n in the atomic nucleus C show each other due to the repulsive force of the protons P when the nuclear force is broken. It disperses in the opposite direction, and since the neutron n has no repulsive force, it floats in place, ⁇ -decays, and turns into a proton.
- the nuclear force of each atom having a different mass number is the binding energy per nucleon multiplied by the mass number.
- the intensity (number of photons) of is higher than the nuclear power, and the energy of each photon needs to exceed the binding energy per nucleon. That is, it must be an electromagnetic wave having a frequency above a certain level. This is because the nuclear force is a secondary manifestation of the tensile force of the gluon, and in order to block the action of the gluon in each nucleon, more energy than the binding energy of each nucleon is required (one). Gluon corresponds to one nucleon.
- the energy of a frequency of 10 15 if approximately one trillion in addition within a time interval of 1/10000 second may occur.
- plasma decay occurs at the next moment and endothermic, and at the same time, plasma coupling occurs between protons and neutrons and neutrons and neutrons.
- plasma decay occurs.
- the furnace is not destroyed.
- a gas such as nitrogen gas
- the nitrogen gas decays at an uncertain timing and is gradually converted into hydrogen. Since the generated high-energy electromagnetic wave disappears in ⁇ t time, it is not radiated to the outside of the furnace even if it advances at the speed of light.
- the binding energy per nucleon of nitrogen is about 7.5 MeV (Fig. 18), which is 1.2 ⁇ 10 -12 J, and since there are 14 nucleons in the nitrogen atom, the total binding energy is , 1.2 ⁇ 14 ⁇ 10 -12 J ⁇ 1.68 ⁇ 10 -11 J.
- one nucleon of nitrogen is plasma-decayed, and one atom of nitrogen is decayed when there are 14 or more photons of the electromagnetic wave.
- protons 162 and neutrons 163 are exposed to electromagnetic waves 166 and 166-166 having different energies, a total of eight plasma couplings in which two lattices form one pair may occur.
- a pair of protons and protons, a pair of protons and neutrons, and a pair of neutrons and neutrons are generated, but in the case of a pair of protons and protons, the nuclear forces act on each other with a momentum greater than their repulsive force.
- the probability of this coupling is extremely low, as they must be close to a distance of 5 ⁇ 10-15 m.
- oxidation is not a problem because nitrogen is reacted, but when carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O) are supplied into the plasma space 5, all the supplied substances are supplied. Atoms (C, O, H) separate immediately, but plasma decay does not occur instantly in all atoms, and some of the undecayed oxygen oxidizes with the amplification material and is a solid oxide (Na 2). O, NaO) is generated, and oxides may adhere to the furnace wall 1a and interfere with the generation of electromagnetic waves. However, in the plasma space 5, the oxide gradually undergoes plasma decay and emits protons, neutrons, and electrons. Regarding the plasma decay of oxides, when only potassium titanate was placed in the experimental furnace shown in FIG.
- the sodium nucleus will collapse and will not be converted to hydrogen.
- collapse nuclei electrons e around - is thus distributed since attraction nucleus of the center is eliminated, a part of the protons of the collapsed nuclei form hydrogen recombined with the vicinity of the electron is a proton The rest of the is thought to be moving away from the electrons.
- the neutrons stay inside the furnace and ⁇ -decay into protons in about 10 minutes.
- the developer has placed a neutron measuring instrument and a Geiger counter in the vicinity of the experimental reactor and repeated experiments, but neither measuring instrument clearly detected neutrons and ⁇ -rays. Gamma rays are not detected because no radioactive material is produced by plasma decay.
- the relationship between the generated energy and the time interval is ⁇ t ⁇ ⁇ E ⁇ h (H bar) / 2.
- ⁇ t ⁇ h / ⁇ E ⁇ 2 Next, ⁇ t ⁇ 1.054 ⁇ 10 -34 / 2.9 ⁇ 10 -11 ⁇ 2 Because it is ⁇ t ⁇ 1.81 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 24 seconds... (9) Will be. This is because ⁇ E occurs within the time interval of ⁇ t, and the larger the ⁇ E, the shorter the time interval in which it occurs.
- High-energy electromagnetic waves are generated not only when a standing wave collides with a sodium atom, but also when the sodium atom is amplified.
- far infrared rays (10 13 Hz) generated from the wall surface can be destroyed even if they collide with a sodium atom according to the equation (1).
- High-energy electromagnetic waves capable of causing sodium atoms to decay are generated only for the short time described above, and the energy is absorbed by the decay of sodium atoms. Moreover, the electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, and the generated time is extremely short (1.81 x 10 -24 seconds (9) formula)), so the generated electromagnetic waves are 3 x 10-16 m (3 x 10-16 m). It is 1 nanometer or less), and the electromagnetic wave is not radiated outside the furnace. In addition, although the surroundings of the generated high-energy electromagnetic waves become hot, heat absorption occurs immediately due to the decay of sodium atoms, so that the furnace is not destroyed. In addition, neutrons can move freely when the nuclear force of the sodium nucleus is cut off, but since they do not interact with protons, they do not have large kinetic energy and stay in the furnace. It becomes a proton by ⁇ decay.
- the electromagnetic waves generated is an infinite number generated from 10 2 Hz to 10 26 Hz, 10 13 Hz and most energy is high ones (far infrared), It forms a peak P.
- the frequency of 10 13 Hz or higher gradually decreases, and the frequency of ⁇ -ray region (10 20 Hz or higher) becomes significantly smaller. In this way, the generation of electromagnetic waves that cause plasma decay rarely occurs simply by heating the furnace wall, and the probability that the generated electromagnetic waves collide with the atoms supplied to the furnace is low, so standing waves Amplifier with presence and laser medium is needed.
- the plasma space 5 is composed of sodium ions (Na + , Na 2+ , Na 3+ ) and unionized neutral sodium atoms (Na).
- electrons ejected from the ion (e -) and electrons emitted from the furnace wall (e -) is constituted by a mixture of an electromagnetic wave of different frequencies, generated from the furnace wall and sodium ions and neutral sodium atom, Of these electromagnetic waves, stationary waves with frequencies higher than far infrared rays emitted mainly from the furnace wall and high-energy electromagnetic waves amplified by sodium ions and neutral sodium atoms are randomly generated in the furnace and in the vicinity of the electromagnetic waves.
- the controller of the electric heater has a set temperature of 600 ° C, and the current is cut off when the temperature of the furnace exceeds 600 ° C, but when CO 2 flows in, the furnace reaches about 630 ° C (controller display). The temperature rose in 5-6 seconds and the furnace temperature dropped to 600 ° C in 2-3 minutes. The vertical movement of the temperature in the plasma space at this time was similar to the vertical movement of the controller display.
- Atomic number of C 0.42 ⁇ 10 23
- the number of protons in hydrogen 1099cc is 6 ⁇ 10 23 ⁇ 1.099l / 22.4l ⁇ 0.29 ⁇ 10 23
- a plasma space 21 is formed in the exothermic reaction furnace 20, and the plasma space 21 is maintained at 200 to 300 ° C. by an electric heater 22 installed in the wall of the reaction furnace 20.
- the plasma mixture 24 formed by the vaporization furnace 23 provided outside is sent into the reaction furnace 20, and the amount thereof is adjusted by the valve 26 provided in the transmission path 25.
- an amplification material 27 such as metallic sodium is heated to 600 to 700 ° C. by an electric heater 28 installed in the wall of the vaporizer 23.
- hydrogen injection cylinders 29a and 29a for injecting hydrogen for plasma coupling are vertically opposed to each other at predetermined intervals, and both hydrogen injection cylinders 29 are at the same height position.
- a plurality of injection nozzles 29a, 29a ... 29a are provided, and the pressure hydrogen (10 atm) from the opposing injection nozzles 29a collides with each other and approaches each other.
- the atomic diameter of hydrogen is 10 -8 cm, and in order for both nucleons to bond, it is necessary to reduce the distance to about 0.5 ⁇ 10 -12 cm where nuclear force acts. is there. At this time, a large number of high-energy electromagnetic waves r 1 , r 1 ...
- R 1 generated in the plasma space 21 separate electrons from hydrogen atoms to expose protons p (ionization), and high-energy direct protons p.
- An electromagnetic wave is made to act, and at the same time, an electromagnetic wave also acts on nearby neutrons n and n to combine proton P and neutron n. The probability of proton-proton binding is low, and proton-neutral binding is more likely to occur.
- the neutron n exists in the plasma space when sodium decays, and this neutron also binds, but deuterium gas (D 2 gas) is added instead of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) to replenish the neutron. You may.
- a laser guide cylinder 30 for guiding the laser light is provided on the top wall of the reaction furnace 20, a transparent plate 31 is provided at the upper end of the guide cylinder 30, and the laser light 33 from the laser oscillator 32 is provided. It radiates between the hydrogen injection cylinders 29 to promote the coupling between the protons and neutrons injected from both injection cylinders 29. With such a configuration, the establishment of plasma coupling can be significantly enhanced.
- the ratio of plasma coupling is adjusted by adjusting the gas pressure and the amount of gas sent to the hydrogen injection cylinder 27, and if the temperature of the plasma space is adjusted to be maintained at 600 to 700 ° C, it corresponds to the temperature of 400 ° C.
- the plasma space temperature is maintained at 200 to 300 ° C. even if the amount of heat is taken out.
- FIG. 28 illustrates an adjustment method for maintaining the temperature of the plasma space 21 at 200 to 300 ° C.
- the falling temperature is stopped at 600 ° C. due to the heat generation of the plasma coupling, and the plasma space temperature is maintained at 200 ° C. even if the amount of heat of 400 ° C. is taken out.
- the electric heater 22 may be used only at the time of initial plasma space formation, and thereafter, by appropriately adjusting the amount of the amplifying material 27 and the amount of compressed hydrogen delivered, a certain amount of heat is externally applied. Since the plasma space can be maintained at 200 to 300 ° C. even if it is taken out, the use of the electric heater 22 becomes unnecessary.
- H 2 of H 2 O is made to the hydrogen gas dissociates from the immediately O instantaneously supplied into the furnace, O is sequentially plasma-converted to hydrogen, and at the same time, O that has not collapsed in plasma is combined with NaO, Na 2 O and C in the furnace to become CO 2 , and CO 2 is gradually converted as described above. Then, it becomes hydrogen, and Na O and Na 2 O that have fallen to the bottom of the furnace are gradually converted to hydrogen. If H 2 O is treated for a long time, Na O and Na 2 O will be deposited on the bottom of the furnace and the sodium ions in the plasma space will be insufficient. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 26, sodium vapor is sent from another vaporizer. It is desirable to supply it.
- O here has a function as an auxiliary energy amplification material.
- the temperature of the plasma space it is necessary to raise the temperature of the plasma space to the decomposition temperature (400 ° C.) or higher of the NaH crystal.
- a plasma space temperature 200 to 250 ° C. is sufficient, but in the case of N treatment, the temperature of the plasma space is adjusted in order to eliminate electron deficiency by powering up the generated electromagnetic wave and to suppress NaH crystal formation.
- the temperature is preferably 400 ° C. or higher.
- Taking hydrogen from nitrogen gas can contribute to desert greening. Since there is no water in the desert, nitrogen is separated from the air and flows into the reactor, hydrogen is taken out and burned to obtain heat energy and water vapor, and when this water vapor is cooled, it becomes water. Water can be obtained in the desert, and plants can be grown in the water to contribute to the greening of the desert.
- uranium hexafluoride uranium hexafluoride
- PuF 6 plutonium hexafluoride
- UF 6 uranium hexafluoride
- U 235 is produced by centrifugation. It is made.
- the number of hydrogen atoms (protons) at the time of plasma decay is significantly larger than that of other atoms (Na, O, C atoms) (92 protons are dispersed by the decay of one nucleon), and neutrons are also sufficiently present.
- the probability of plasma coupling also increases, and a large amount of heat is obtained.
- ionized fluorine (F -) is a negative element, since capturing electrons, in order to prevent the adverse effect, zinc primary energy amplification material, aluminum, is the addition of auxiliary energy amplification material such as titanium desirable.
- gaseous plutonium hexafluoride (PuF 6 ) is also available.
- the following structure can be considered as a device for generating heat as a heat source using a plasma reaction, extracting it to the outside and using it as heat energy, and using the hydrogen generated at the same time as energy. ..
- the plasma reactor M 2 has a cylindrical stainless steel main body 81, which is composed of an inner cylinder 82 and an outer cylinder 83, and a plasma space 84 is formed between the inner and outer cylinders.
- a hydrogen burner 85 is supported at the upper end of the cylinder 82, and the hot gas from the burner 85 passes through the greenhouse 88 and is exhausted from the exhaust pipe 88a at the upper end thereof.
- This exhaust is cooled by the cooler 97 to become water, and this water is used for plant growth in the desert.
- Hydrogen from the hydrogen tank 86 is supplied to the hydrogen burner 85, and hydrogen generated in the plasma space 84 is stored in the hydrogen tank 86, and a part of the hydrogen is used as an auxiliary energy amplification material, particularly plasma coupling. It is supplied into the plasma space 84 via the supply pipe 98 to promote it.
- auxiliary energy amplification material nitrogen (N 2 ), carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) are appropriately supplied, and these themselves also undergo plasma decay to generate hydrogen, and the generated hydrogen is generated. It is stored in the hydrogen tank 86 via the recovery pipe 87.
- An adiabatic vacuum chamber 99 is formed around the main body 81, and a circulation system path 89 of liquid sodium or lithium fluoride forming a molten salt as an amplification material is formed outside the vacuum chamber 99, and this system path is formed.
- the liquid sodium 90 that stores 89 in the lower surface of the plasma space 84 circulates, and the liquid sodium that has exited the drain pipe 91 is filtered by the filter 92 and sent out by the pump 93, and the liquid in the tank 94 is required.
- the sodium is replenished and flows into the plasma space 84 from the inflow pipe 95.
- a heat exchanger 96 extends in the plasma space 84, and the heat exchanger 96 takes out the energy generated by the balance between the endothermic reaction of plasma decay and the exothermic reaction of plasma coupling to the outside, and plasma.
- the space 84 is maintained at a desired temperature of 200-300 ° C.
- FIG. 30 shows another embodiment, in which the plasma reactor M 3 has a stainless steel main body 201, and the outside of the main body 201 is covered with a heat insulating material 202.
- a cylindrical carbon cylinder 203 formed by molding carbon is installed inside the main body 201, an electric heater 204 is embedded in the carbon main body 203, and the heater 204 is used for temperature adjustment of the plasma space 205.
- a recovery pipe 206 for discharging hydrogen, a supply pipe 207 for supplying carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) as an auxiliary energy amplification material are connected.
- the plasma space 205 is formed in the carbon cylinder 203, even if the inner wall reacts with oxygen ions (O 2- ) in the plasma space 205, gaseous CO 2 is generated. , The inner wall is not covered with the oxide film. Therefore, it can be said that it is a suitable example for the treatment of CO 2 and water.
- liquid sodium 209 from the circulatory system path 208 is supplied to the bottom of the main body 201, the liquid sodium 209 circulates in the circulatory system path 208, and the system path 208 drains the liquid. It has a pipe 210, a filter 211, a pressure pump 212, a sodium tank 213 and an inflow pipe 214.
- the Fresnel lens plate 215 was closed on the carbon cylinder 203, and the Fresnel lens plate 215 sent the visible light 216 while condensing it into the plasma space 205, and the visible light 216 was installed on the lower surface of the carbon cylinder 203. It is reflected by the reflecting weight 217, absorbed by the inner wall surface of the main body, and emits a new electromagnetic wave. In the plasma space 205, the visible light 216 is amplified and contributes to the plasma reaction. The amount of feed of the main auxiliary energy amplification material and the amount of heat generated by the amplified visible light are taken out by a heat exchanger extending in the plasma space.
- the horizontal plasma reactor M 4 has a stainless steel (SUS304) reactor 52, which is located in the outer cylinder 53 and in the center of the outer cylinder 53. It has an arranged inner cylinder 61 and a heat insulating cylinder 67 for flowing the combustion gas in the inner cylinder 61 to the outside of the inner cylinder 61 to keep the reaction furnace 52 warm.
- a plasma space 54 is formed between the outer cylinder 53 and the inner cylinder 61, a heat insulation cylinder 60 is formed between the outer cylinder 53 and the heat insulation cylinder 67, and the inside of the heat insulation cylinder 60 is inserted into the left end portion of the inner cylinder 61.
- the hot gas burned by the hydrogen burner 56 is inverted at the right end wall 67a of the heat insulating cylinder 67 and discharged from the discharge port 51.
- an injection tube 57 for injecting a gas to be treated such as CO 2 , H 2 O, N 2 or a gaseous amplification material such as UF 6 and an injection tube 57 generated in the plasma space 54.
- An exhaust pipe 58 for discharging the generated hydrogen is attached, and graphite materials (carbon) 65 and 66 are adhered to the inner wall of the outer cylinder 53 and the outer peripheral wall of the inner cylinder 61.
- the graphite materials 65 and 66 generate blackbody radiation facing each other, easily generate a standing wave, do not form an oxide film, and have a large energy amplification effect in the plasma space, and the outer cylinder is higher than the temperature of the inner cylinder 61. Even if the temperature of 53 becomes 100 ° C. or higher and the combustion of the hydrogen burner is suppressed, a sufficient plasma reaction can be carried out.
- a holding frame 59 for holding the amplifying material 68 in the horizontal direction is formed overhanging on the outer peripheral wall of the inner cylinder 61 (inner wall of the plasma space 54).
- the amplification material 68 is supplied to the holding frame 59 by the injection supply device 70 attached to the right end wall of the reactor 52.
- the injection supply device 70 has an injection pipe 74, a hopper 71 is connected to the injection pipe 74, and the amplifying material 68 in the hopper 71 presses the injection pipe 74 with, for example, an air gun (not shown). Air is sent in, the valve 73 is opened, and the amplifying material 68 falling from the hopper 71 is injected and supplied into the plasma space 54.
- the injection supply device 70 is used when the operation of the plasma reaction device M 4 is started and when the amplification material in the holding frame 59 is exhausted and the amplification material is replenished.
- Figure 33 shows a plasma reactor M 5 suitable when processing large amounts of CO 2, the apparatus M 5 has a reactor main body 300, this reactor body 300, for example, from hydrogen burner 301
- a thermal pipe 302 for guiding the hot gas is arranged in the entire reaction furnace and heats the plasma space 303 to a predetermined temperature.
- a circulation device 304 for circulating sodium molten salt or lithium fluoride (LiF) molten salt is provided outside the furnace, and this device 304 has a filter 305 and a circulation pump 306. It is sprayed from the upper part of the reaction furnace 300 by the shower mechanism 307, collected by the saucer 308 provided on the lower surface of the reaction furnace, and sent to the filter 305.
- a dispersion plate 309 for dispersing a shower of molten salt is provided in the space inside the furnace, and this is a punching plate for receiving and dispersing the shower.
- the CO 2 to be treated is injected from the injection pipe 310 provided on the side surface of the furnace body 300, and the hydrogen gas generated by the plasma coupling after the plasma collapse is stored in a hydrogen tank (not shown) via the take-out pipe 311. Further, when heat is generated due to plasma coupling, heat can be taken out by the heat exchanger 312.
- FIG. 34 shows a plasma reactor M 6 having a different mechanism for generating electromagnetic waves.
- the apparatus M 6 has a reactor main body 400, and the inner surface of the main body 400 is covered with a carbon wall 401, and the inside of the carbon wall Is provided with an electric heater 403 that heats the plasma space 402 to a predetermined temperature.
- a magnetron device (electromagnetic wave generator) 404 that generates microwaves is provided on the upper side of the main body 400, and the microwaves generated by this device 404 are sent into the plasma space 402 via the waveguide 405.
- the electromagnetic wave is reflected by the electromagnetic wave dispersion 407 (rotated by the motor 406) that hangs down from the top wall of the main body 400 and is dispersed in each direction.
- the plasma space 402 is a space in which the fine particles of the amplification material travel at high speed, and the fine particles of the amplification material are sent into the plasma space 402 by the fine particle generator 408 provided outside the main body, and the device 408
- An electron gun 409 provided on the upper surface thereof is provided, and an amplification material (Na, Al, Zn, etc.) placed on the lower surface thereof is vaporized by an electron beam from the electron gun 409 and appropriately passed through a feed pipe 410 into the plasma space 402. Will be sent to.
- Particles of the amplifying material from inside the hopper h are appropriately supplied to the fine particle generator 408.
- the plasma space 406 is maintained at a predetermined temperature (a temperature at which fine particles are allowed to travel at a high speed, which becomes 600 m / s or more at about 200 ° C.) by the operation of an electric heater 403 embedded in the carbon wall 401, and the carbon wall is maintained by this temperature.
- Electromagnetic waves (far infrared rays) 411, 411 ... 411 forming standing waves were also radiated from the inner surface of 401, and the gas to be processed (CO 2 , H 2 O, N 2, etc.) was sent from the injection pipe 412 and generated. The H 2 gas is taken out from the injection pipe 413.
- the fine particle generator 408 and the electromagnetic wave generator 404 are provided outside the main body 400 and can be sent into the main body while controlling the amount of their generation, the plasma reaction can be easily controlled and the main body 400 can be controlled. Does not need to be heated to a high temperature to generate electromagnetic waves.
- the present invention can be used in hydrogen-related business and power generation business.
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Abstract
Description
1.プラズマ反応装置の全般的構成
図1において、本発明のプラズマ反応装置M1は、円筒状の密閉空間を形成する密閉容器である反応炉本体1を有し、この反応炉本体1は耐熱性で加熱により電磁波を放射する材料で、しかも空気を通さない密閉空間を形成できる材料からなり、例えば、ステンレス材(SUS340、310及び316)、鉄材又は空気を通さないセラミック材からなる。前記反応炉本体1の内壁面1aには、黒鉛膜2が付着され、この黒鉛膜2は、反応炉内壁面に酸化膜が形成されるのを防止する。前記反応炉本体1の上面には、反応炉本体1内の気体を排出するための排出管3が設けられ、反応炉本体1の側壁中央には、外部から炭酸ガス、水又は窒素等の気体を流入させるための流入筒4が設けられている。そして、前記排出筒3及び流入筒4には、自動開閉弁3a、4aがそれぞれ設けられ、これら弁3a、4aがコントローラCにそれぞれ接続されている。このコントローラCには、反応炉本体1内のプラズマ空間5内を真空にするための真空ポンプV、圧力検出のための圧力計7及び温度検出のための温度計8も接続されている。
本発明の根幹的技術的思想は、電磁波を発生させこの電磁波を増幅させて大エネルギーの電磁波を生じさせることにあり、如何に周波数の高い電磁波を発生させるかが重要となる。
反応炉本体1の材質としては、高温に耐えて酸化膜が生じ難いものがよく、一般的には耐熱、耐蝕性の観点からステンレス材(SUS304、310)が望ましい。また、加熱すると(300~600℃)、電磁波を放射するものがよく、その点、鉄(Fe)又はセラミックスでもよい。更に、耐熱性、耐蝕性、電磁波放射性の観点からは、黒鉛を型成形したカーボン筒のようなものでもよい。更にまた、ステンレス板上に黒鉛を溶射して付着させたものは、酸化膜の形成を有効に防止するとともにステンレスと黒鉛の両方からの電磁波が放射され、ステンレスから放射された電磁波が黒鉛の炭素原子を励起して周波数の高い赤外線を放射する。更にまた、ステンレス壁上に溶射によりモリブデン(Mo)膜を形成すると、プラズマ空間5内の電子が高速でモリブデン膜に衝突してX線を放射させることができ、プラズマ空間5のエネルギーを増大させる。したがって、高エネルギーの電磁波の発生という観点からは鉄材、カーボン材、鋼材、アルミニウム材、ステンレス材が好ましい。
・材質 ・平均電磁波強度
鉄 0.361mw/m2
カーボン 0.238mw/m2
銅 0.118mw/m2
アルミニウム 0.087mw/m2
ステンレス 0.067mw/m2
これによると、エネルギーの高い電磁波を放射させるには、鉄が最も好ましいことが判明した。
前記増幅材6はプラズマ空間5の中で発生している電磁波のエネルギーを増幅させるためのもので、増幅とは、周波数は変化しないが、電磁波の数(光子数)が増える場合と、電磁波の周波数を増大せしめる場合がある。
(a)金属ナトリウム(Na)のみを入れた場合。
(b)金属ナトリウムにSUS粉又は鉄粉を加えた場合。
(C)カセイソーダ(NaOH)にSUS粉(SUS304)及び亜鉛粉(Zn粉)を加えた場合。
(d)カセイソーダにアルミニウム粉(Al)を加えた場合。
(e)水酸化カリウム(KOH)にSUS粉(SUS304)又は鉄粉(Fe粉)を加えた場合。
(f)炭酸カルシウム粉(CaCo3粉)のみを加えた場合。
(g)塩化ナトリウム(Nacl)に亜鉛粉又はSUS粉を加えた場合。
(h)アルミニウム粉のみを加えた場合。
(1)容易に電離して陽イオンを生じ易く、イオン化エネルギーが低いこと。
(2)レーザ媒質を備え、電磁波の誘導放出を行って、エネルギー増幅作用を備えていること。
(3)電子の数が多く、クオンタムジャンプによって、それ自身がX線のような周波数の高い電磁波を発すること。
(4)塩素(cl)、フッ素(F)、酸素(O)等の陰性の元素は、プラズマ反応を阻害するが、これらの陰性元素の弊害を取り除くことができること。
プラズマ空間の形成により、CO2を処理する場合、プラズマ空間には、プラスC4+イオンとマイナスO2-イオンが、加わることになるが、マイナスO2-イオンは電子を取り込んでプラズマ空間の反応を弱めることとなり、また、水から水素を取る場合には、同じように、マイナスイオン(O2-)がプラズマ空間5の反応を弱めることとなるので、このマイナスO2-イオンを取り除くために、Al、Zn等の元素を増幅材として加えることが望ましい。
5.プラズマ空間の形成
前記プラズマ空間5は、以下のようにして形成される。なお、増幅材6としては、上述のように種々の材料が使用できるが、最適なものの一つであるナトリウム金属単体を使用した場合について説明する。
前記プラズマ空間5は、図3に示すように内壁面1aに囲まれており、内壁面1a上には、黒鉛膜2が付着されており、本体1の底面の黒鉛膜2上にサイコロ状(塊状)の金属ナトリウムが載置されている。金属ナトリウムは一般的に100℃以下で溶融するが、電気ヒータ9を300℃に設定すると、前記内壁面1a、黒鉛膜2は、量子力学的に井戸形ポテンシャルをなし、増幅材としての金属ナトリウムは発生した電磁波により短時間で気化する。
次いで、前記原子の中性微粒子の走行中において、プラズマ空間5は所定温度以上(200℃~300℃)に維持され、図9に示すようにNa原子は内壁面1aから放射される電磁波(定常波)又は他のNa原子から放射される電磁波r0、r0…r0により、電離して電子(e-)を電磁波のエネルギーの大きさと光子数(電磁波の数)に応じて1個またはそれ以上各軌道から弾き飛ばしてNa+、Na2+、Na3+、…Nax+、のイオンとする。
高エネルギーの電磁波の発生により、第2微粒子のナトリウム原子(Nax+、Na)の原子核の核力が遮断されて逐次プラズマ崩壊して陽子(p)と中性子(n)と電子(e-)がバラバラに新たに生じ、第2微粒子群に新たな陽子(p)と中性子(n)と電子(e-)が加わって混合微粒子(第3微粒子群)となる。このとき、陽子と電子(e-)が再結合すれば水素ガスが生じるし、陽子1個と中性子1個の結合も起こり得る。陽子1個と陽子1個の結合は互いに反発力が作用して生じにくい。
従来、核分裂という概念は、原子核に中性子を当てて原子核を2~3個に分離することであり、核融合とは、陽子と陽子、陽子と中性子が結合することを言うが、プラズマ崩壊とは、原子核全体が核子にバラバラに分離することであり、プラズマ結合とは、プラズマ崩壊後の陽子同士、中性子同士、陽子と中性子、陽子と電子との結合を含む概念であり、従来にない新しい概念である。
第3段階迄は、供給した増幅材の挙動であるが、このプラズマ雰囲気は、希望する気体の処理のためであり、有害な気体、例えば、炭酸ガス(CO2)を供給すると、逐次C原子、O原子に分離されるとともに、それらの原子のイオン(Cx+、Ox+)、中性子(n)、電子(e-)が第3微粒子群に加わり第4微粒子群を構成する。水(H2O)の水蒸気を供給すると、H原子、そのイオンH+(陽子)、O原子、そのイオンOx+、陽子(p)、中性子(n)、電子(e-)が加わるし、窒素ガス(N2)を処理すれば、N原子、それらのイオン(Nx+)、陽子(p)、中性子(n)、電子(e-)が加わることになる。
前述したように、円筒状の反応炉本体1は量子学的に井戸形ポテンシャルをなし、発生する電磁波は定常波をなし、図9において発生した定常波SWは壁面で反射しつつプラズマ空間を横切って光の速度(30万km/時間)で往復動している。この定常波については、図15に示すように、半波長がケーシング内壁直径Dに等しいときを1次(n=1)の定常波と言い、一波長がケーシング内壁直径Dに等しいときを2次(n=2)の定常波と言い、1.5波長がケーシングの内径直径Dに等しいときを3次(n=3)の定常波と言う。図16に示すように、ケーシングの各温度における発生する電磁波の周波数ν(ν=1/λ:λ=波長)は連続的であるので、n(次数=量子数)は1<n<∞の範囲で存在するが、各温度における同一次数のエネルギーEは、不連続でE=hγ(h×2n)より2nh単位で量子的に変化する。ここでhはプランク定数である。
1)定常波の機能
反応炉本体1内に増幅材6を入れて例えば400℃に加熱すると、遠赤外線領域の定常波(周波数1013程度)が発生する。一般に、定常波のエネルギーEに関し、シュレジンガー波動方程式を考察すると、量子数n次(図15)のエネルギーEnは、mを量子の質量とすると、
En=n2E1 …(2)
となり、定常波のエネルギーEnは量子数(n)の2乗に比例することとなる。
波動のエネルギーEは
E=hν …(3)
であり、定常波のエネルギーにおいては、周波数(ν)の2乗に比例すると言えるので、
E=hν2 …(4)
が成立する。
上述したように、プラズマ空間内では、密閉ケーシングの壁面からの電磁波の定常波の発生、この定常波のレーザ媒質によるエネルギーの増幅(電磁波の光子数を増やす)及び高速電子の作用による周波数の大きい電磁波の発生により高エネルギーが作られるので、プラズマ空間内のイオン、微小原子の崩壊が生じるとともに、炉内に供給される水蒸気、窒素、CO2等の気体中の微小原子がプラズマ崩壊する。プラズマ崩壊のためには、図18に示す各原子の結合エネルギー以上のエネルギーが必要となる。すなわち、図18は、一核子当たりの結合エネルギーを示し、異なる質量数を有する各原子の核力は一核子当たりの結合エネルギーに質量数を掛けたものであり、原子をプラズマ崩壊させるための電磁波の強度(光子数)は核力を上回るとともに、各光子のエネルギーが一核子当たりの結合エネルギーを上回る必要があると思料する。すなわち一定以上の周波数を有する電磁波でなければならない。これは、核力はグルーオンの引張力の二次的表れであり、各核子内のグルーオンの作用を遮断するためには、核子毎の結合エネルギー以上のエネルギーが必要となるからである(一つのグルーオンと一つの核子が対応する。)。
プラズマ内でのエネルギーの発生は、確率的に起こり常時継続的に発生しているわけではなく、ハイデルベルグの不確定原理に従って発生する。すなわち、エネルギーの不確定さ(ΔE)と発生時間間隔の不確定さ(ΔT)とは、
1.2×14×10-12J → 1.68×10-11Jである。
ν=1.2×10-12/6.626×10-34→1.8×1021
すなわち、一核子当り1.8×1021の周波数を持つ一つの光子が必要であると同時にこの光子が14個必要となる。この一光子の周波数は定常波であれば
図19において、プラズマ空間5に窒素原子160の核力より大きなエネルギーを有した定常波161が発生し、高速運動している窒素原子に当ったとすると、窒素原子はプラズマ崩壊して7個の陽子162と、7個の中性子163と、7個の電子164に分かれる。このときは、核力に相当する吸熱反応が起こり、定常波161のエネルギーを吸収してしまい反応炉本体1に損傷を与えることはない。プラズマ崩壊においては、陽子162同士は反発力により各方向に飛び出してゆくが、中性子163は電荷をもたないので反発力がなく、熱による運動量を得るのみで反応炉本体1の壁を透過することはなく、実験で中性子測定器165を反応炉本体1に近接して設置してもそれが中性子163を検出することは皆無であった。
前記プラズマ空間5内で発生するエネルギーの大きさとプラズマ空間の作用について、実験結果に基いて試算するとともに実験結果を分析する。
SUS304のステンレス炉(直径10cm、高さ20cm、プラズマ空間容積1570cc)内に50gのサイコロ状の金属ナトリウムを入れ、炉の下半部を電気ヒータで被った(図21)。真空ポンプ(V・p)で炉内を真空(-0.1MPa)とし、その後、加熱して400℃前後のところで圧力計が正圧(0Pa以上)となり、500℃で0.075MPaとなったときにその圧力を解放し、解放された気体を質量分析器で確認したところ水素ガス(H2)であることを確認した(図22)。なお、ここでの温度表示は温度はコントローラ(ヒータ)の表示での温度であり、プラズマ空間の温度は、コントローラの表示の約半分であった。
この事実から、炉内には、当初水素原子は存在しないので、金属ナトリウムの原子の一部がプラズマ崩壊したものとしか考えられない。金属ナトリウムの原子核の一核子当りの結合エネルギーは、約8MeV(図18)であり、これをジュール(J)に換算すると、
8×106(eV)×1.6×10-19(C)→1.28×10-12(J)
となり、ナトリウムは核子が23個であるので、
1.28×10-12×23=2.9×10-11J …(8)
となり、これがいわゆる核力である。
であり、これよりνを求めると、
ν=2.9×10-11J/6.6×10-34J・s
≒4.4×1022Hz …(8a)
となる。すなわち、γ線の領域の周波数でなければ、ナトリウム原子核はプラズマ崩壊しないこととなる。このようなエネルギーを持ったγ線が、どのようなタイミングで生じるかは、ハイデルベルグの不確定性原理に基づいて計算される。すなわち、発生エネルギーと時間間隔の関係は
Δt・ΔE≧h(エイチバー)/2
であり、これから
Δt≧h/ΔE×2
となり、
Δt≧1.054×10-34/2.9×10-11×2
であるから、
Δt≧1.81×10-24秒 …(9)
となる。これは、Δtの時間間隔内でΔEの発生が起きており、ΔEが大きくなれば、発生している時間間隔は短くなる。
1750(cc)×1.75(気圧)≒3000cc(3l) …(10)
となり、そのときの水素の分子数(H2)は、
6×1023×3l/22.4l=8×1022(個) …(11)
となり、Hの原子数は、その2倍の1.6×1023個となる。ナトリウムの原子核の陽子数は11であるので、何個のナトリウムの原子が崩壊したかを求めると、
1.6×1023/1l=1.45×1022個 …(12)
となる。
2x×1013=4.4×1022 …(13)
これよりx=32となり、32回の相互作用で崩壊エネルギーに達することとなる。
実験Aにおける反応炉に新たにCO2を図22に示すように、正圧計が0(大気圧)から0.1MPa迄1570cc流入せしめたところ、直ちに左回転し、3~4分間で負圧計の-0.07MPaの位置迄回転して停止した。なお、炉温度400~600℃のときに、プラズマ空間の温度は200~300℃であった。この実験を数回行なって再現性があることを確認したが、正圧の時に、炉内の気体を採集して質量分析器で確認したところ、水素であった。この事実を言い換えると、1570ccのCO2が、完全に消えたのみでなく、更に、0.1MPaだけ収納されていた気体(水素と確認)の1570ccの7割(1099cc)も消え、総計2669ccの気体(水素)が消えたこととなる。また、電気ヒータのコントローラは設定温度を600℃にしてあり、炉の温度が600℃を超えると電流が切られるようになっているが、CO2を流入すると630℃(コントローラ表示)くらいまで炉温度が5~6秒で上昇し、2~3分で炉温度が600℃に下降した。なお、この時のプラズマ空間の温度の上下動はコントローラ表示の上下動と近似していた。
プラズマ空間内に、CO2が流入されると、CとOとの化学結合は解離され、CとOとの原子に分かれ、Cは固体でOは気体であるが、これらの原子は、逐次プラズマ崩壊して陽子と中性子と電子に分かれ、殆んど容積を持たなくなり、次第に圧力は下がり、やがて負圧となる。この時、陽子と電子との再結合が起こり、水素が発生する場合は有り得るが、電磁波の作用ですぐに電離して真空となる(図25)。
20.7(J/mol・K)×3.14l/22.4l×30℃=87J
…(14)となる。
CO2の分子数=6×1023×1.57/22.4=0.42×1023
Cの原子数 =0.42×1023
Oの原子数 =0.42×2×1023=0.84×1023
Cの核子数 =0.42×12×1023=5.04×1023
Oの核子数 =0.84×1023×16=13.44×1023
したがって、プラズマ崩壊したCO2の核子は、18.48×1023個となる。
一方、水素1099cc内の陽子数は、
6×1023×1.099l/22.4l≒0.29×1023
となりCO2+H2の核子数は18.77×1023個となり、この核子中において陽子と中性子の組合せが殆んどであると思われ、他の組合せを無視すると、陽子と中性子の一組の結合エネルギーは、図18より1.11MeVであるので、これをジュールに換算すると、
1.11×106×1.6×10-19=1.78×10-13J …(15)
となり、(14)式の87Jは何組の組合せで生ずるかは、
87÷(1.78×10-13)=48.9×1013=4.89×1014組となり、この核子数は、CO2とH2の総核子数に対して、
4.89×1014:18.77×1023=1:3.84×109 …(16)
となり、その確率は、非常に低いことが判る。
(e)実験C
図2における実験炉1内にカーボン100gと棒状ナトリウム50gを入れ、負圧計の-0.1MPaまで真空引し、実験炉1の底部を600℃迄加熱したところ、負圧計の針は殆んど回転せず、気体の発生は認められなかった。そこで、CO2を-0.1MPa(負圧計)から+0.1MPa(正圧計)迄注入したところ、正圧計の針は逆回転(左回転)し、1~2分で負圧計の-0.1Mpaまで到達した。このとき、コントローラの温度計は650℃まで上昇した。すなわち、実験炉1の2倍の容積(1570cc×2=3140ccのCO2が消滅し、このとき、実験炉の底部が50℃上昇していたことになる。
(f)実験Cの分析
プラズマ崩壊後のプラズマ結合によって熱が発生することの証明であるが、実験Bとは若干異なり、増幅材がカーボン(C)とナトリウム(Na)であり、カーボン(C)を加えると、崩壊で生じた陽子、中性子、電子の再結合を阻む作用又は、再結合しても直ちに分離させる作用が大きくなり、結局、CO2が有する陽子、中性子、電子はバラバラの状態で残留し、殆んど容積を持たなくなり、CO2が消滅した状態に見えるのである。
1)熱源としての適用
上述したように、炉を400~600℃に加熱したときに、プラズマ空間は200~300℃になる。プラズマ空間の温度を600~700℃迄上昇せしめるようにプラズマ結合を生ぜしめ、熱交換器で400℃の熱を外部に取出すようにすれば、プラズマ空間を200~300℃に維持でき、プラズマ反応を維持できる。実験Bの場合では、プラズマ空間温度を400℃上昇させるためには、30℃上昇させるのに87J必要だったのであるから、
87J×400℃/30℃≒1160J …(17)
必要となる。このエネルギー発生に必要な水素原子数と中性子数の組の一核子当りのエネルギーは、(15)式より1.78×10-13Jであるので、必要なプラズマ結合数は、
1160J/1.78×10-13J=6.6×1015個 …(18)
となる。プラズマ結合が起きる確率は、(16)式より1/3.84×109であるので、必要な水素原子数と中性子原子数は、それぞれ
6.6×1015×3.84×109=25.3×1024個 …(19)
となり、これは、水素ガスとしては、941lとなり、この容積の水素ガスを炉内に入れるのは現実的でない。
図1において、流入筒4からCO2を炉内に流入せしめると、このCO2は、CとOに解離するとともにプラズマ空間内の電磁波と相互作用をして電離する。このとき、Cは、陽イオンC4+と4つの電子e-を発生せしめ、Oは、電子2個を取り込んでO2-イオンとなり(Oは2個で電子を4個取り込む)、プラズマ空間5内のイオン数は増えるが、電子の数は増えない。これらイオン(C4+、O2-)の原子核に高エネルギー電磁波が当たると少しずつ崩壊して水素が発生する。前記両イオンC4+、O2-は、クオンタムジャンプにより補助的に増幅材の作用をするので、補助エネルギー増幅材と言うことができる。炭素Cの一核子当りの結合エネルギーは、7.5MeV(図18)で、核力は7.5×12=90MeVで、Oの一核子当りの結合エネルギーは、Naとほぼ同一で8MeVであり、核力は8×16=128MeVとなり、核力としては、Cの核力はNaの核力(8×23=184MeV)の半分であり、Oの核力はNaのそれの約10分の7であり、いずれの場合もNaよりもプラズマ崩壊を起こし易い。また、CO2全てが直ちにプラズマ崩壊して水素に変わるわけではなく、高エネルギーに触れた原子が逐次変換されていく。したがって、Cと解離したOは、一時に全てが水素に変換されず、変換されていない残りのO原子は、化学的反応により酸化物を生じる。酸化物としては、増幅材のNaとでNaO、Na2Oを生じさせ、炉壁では、黒鉛膜のCと化学反応をしてCO2を生じさせる。前述のNaO、Na2Oは、個体で重いのでプラズマ空間から落下して炉底部に位置するが、炉底部での熱により逐次プラズマ崩壊して水素に変わってゆく。炉壁で生じたCO2は気体であるので、炉内壁が酸化物で被われて電磁波が発生しなくなるということがない。なお、有害物質としてのPCBの分解も可能である。
水をプラズマ空間に供給して水素を大量に採集できるし、H2OのH2は炉内に供給された瞬間に直ちにOから解離して水素ガスになるが、Oは逐次プラズマ変換して水素になっていくと同時に、プラズマ崩壊していないOはNaO、Na2Oおよび炉内のCと結合してCO2となり、CO2は上述のように徐々に変換して水素になり、炉底部に落下したNaO、Na2Oは徐々に水素に変換されていく。長時間、H2Oを処理していればNaO、Na2Oが炉底部に堆積してプラズマ空間内のナトリウムイオンが不足するので、図26に示すように、ナトリウム蒸気を別の気化炉から供給するようにすることが望ましい。なお、ここでのOは、補助エネルギー増幅材としての機能を有する。
窒素の一核子当りの結合エネルギーは7.8MeVであり、核力は7.8×14=109.2MeVでNaのそれの10分の6程度であり、プラズマ空間内でのプラズマ崩壊が生じるのは明確である。窒素ガス(N2ガス)をプラズマ空間内に入れると、プラズマ空間内の窒素と窒素から生じた水素でアンモニア(NH3)の生成が起こり、窒素は陽イオンとして、水素は陰イオン(H-)として機能して電子を取り込んでしまう。したがって、電子不足となりプラズマ空間の能力を低下させる。また、増幅材としてナトリウムを使用しているときには、Na+イオンとH-イオンが結合して水素化ナトリウム(NaH)の結晶が炉壁に付着する。したがって、このときには、プラズマ空間の温度をNaH結晶の分解温度(400℃)以上に上昇させる必要がある。通常プラズマ空間温度は200~250℃で十分であるが、Nの処理の場合には、発生電磁波のパワーアップによる電子不足解消のためと、NaHの結晶生成を抑えるために、プラズマ空間の温度を400℃以上にするのが好ましい。
現在、原子力発電では、反応の前段階で6フッ化ウラン(UF6)が生成され、遠心分離によってU235が作られている。このUF6は気体であり、これをプラズマ空間内に供給すると、ウランU238の一核子当りの結合エネルギーは、7.7MeVであり、その核力は7.7×238=1832.6MeVで、それをジュールに換算すると、2.9×10-10Jとなる。これは、どのくらいの周波数に相当するか計算すると、
ν=E/h=2.9×10-10/6.6×10-34=4×1023 …(19)
となり、遠赤外線(周波数1013)の定常波であれば(ν2のエネルギーに相当する)、プラズマ崩壊を起こせるし、定常波が増幅材の粒子に衝突しなくても、その粒子の増幅効果により生じた高エネルギー電磁波によりプラズマ崩壊を起こすことができる。しかも、プラズマ崩壊時の水素原子(陽子)が、他の原子(Na、O、C原子)より著しく多くなり(一核子の崩壊により92個の陽子が分散する)、中性子も十分に存在し、プラズマ結合の確率も増え、大量の熱が得られる。この際、電離したフッ素(F-)は、陰性元素であり、電子を取り込むので、その弊害を防止するために、主エネルギー増幅材に亜鉛、アルミニウム、チタン等の副エネルギー増幅材を加えることが望ましい。同様に気体の6フッ化プルトニウム(PuF6)も利用可能である。
プラズマ反応を利用して熱源として熱を発生して外部に取り出して熱エネルギーとして利用するとともに、同時に発生する水素をエネルギーとして利用するための装置としては、以下のような構造が考えられる。
前記プラズマ空間406は、カーボン壁401に埋設された電気ヒータ403の作動によって所定温度(微粒子を高速で走行させる温度、200℃程度で600m/s以上になる)に維持され、この温度によってカーボン壁401の内面からも定常波をなす電磁波(遠赤外線)411、411…411が放射され、処理すべき気体(CO2、H2O、N2等)は、注入管412から送り込まれ、生成されたH2ガスからは、注出管413から取出される。
このように、微粒子発生装置408と電磁波発生装置404を本体400外に設けて、それらの発生量をコントロールしつつ本体内に送り込むことができるので、プラズマ反応の制御が容易となるし、本体400を電磁波発生の為に高温に加熱する必要がなくなる。
1a…炉壁
5…プラズマ空間
6…増幅材
20…反応炉
23…気化炉
27…水素噴射筒
84…プラズマ空間
203…カーボン筒
205…プラズマ空間
Claims (18)
- 加熱により電磁波の定常波を放射する壁面で密閉空間を形成し、前記密閉空間を所定温度以上に加熱するとともに密閉空間内に電磁波のエネルギーを増幅する増幅材の微粒子を供給し、前記壁面から放射される電磁波及び前記微粒子自体から他の微粒子に放射される電磁波により前記微粒子を電離させてプラズマ空間を形成し、不確定原理に基づいて高エネルギーの電磁波を発生し、確率的に増幅材の微粒子をプラズマ崩壊させて崩壊された微粒子を陽子、中性子、電子に分離し、次いで分離したこれらの微粒子間において互いに再結合してプラズマ結合を生ぜしめるプラズマ反応方法。
- 前記プラズマ空間内に処理すべき気体を供給し、この気体成分の原子をプラズマ崩壊させた後、プラズマ結合させ、陽子と中性子との結合により発熱させてプラズマ空間の温度を高めるようにした請求項1記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 前記発熱作用を増大させるために、前記プラズマ空間に水素を供給して陽子数を増加せしめるか、又は中性子を供給してプラズマ結合を増大せしめる請求項2記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 前記増幅材は、長周期表第1族及び2族の典型元素の少なくとも一種であるか、これらの少なくとも一種を含む化合物であり、処理すべき気体は炭素ガス、水蒸気、窒素ガス、6フッ化ウラン、6フッ化プルトニウム、PCBガスのうち、少なくとも一種である請求項1記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 前記増幅材は、ステンレス、亜鉛、鉄、クロム、アルミニウム、銅、銀、金、パラジウム、白金、マンガン、モリブデン、チタン及びジルコニウムの板状、粉末状、塊状のものの少なくとも一種を含み又は液状のリン又は水銀を含む請求項3記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 電磁波を放射する壁面をステンレス材、黒鉛材、銅材、アルミニウム材のうち、少なくとも一種で構成した請求項1記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 前記増幅材を溶融塩で構成し、プラズマ空間の上部からシャワーで供給し、プラズマ空間の下部にシャワーを集めて再びプラズマ空間の上部に循環させるようにし、前記プラズマ空間内に熱配管を設置してこの熱配管とシャワーとを相互に作用させて増幅材の微粒子を生成するようにした請求項1記載のプラズマ反応方法。
- 加熱により電磁波の定常波を放射する壁面が密閉空間を形成するプラズマ反応炉本体と、前記密閉空間を所定温度以上に加熱する加熱装置と、前記密閉空間をプラズマ空間にするために供給されて電磁波のエネルギーを増幅する微粒子からなる増幅材と、前記増幅材から微粒子を発生せしめる微粒子発生装置と、を有し、前記壁面からの定常波と微粒子との相互作用により確率的に高エネルギーを発生せしめるプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記反応炉の壁面は、黒鉛材、ステンレス材、鉄材、アルミニウム材及び銅材のうち、少なくとも一種の材料からなる請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記増幅材は溶融塩からなり、この溶融塩は金属ナトリウム、金属カリウム、及びフッ化リチウムのうちの少なくとも一種からなり、この溶融塩は、外部からプラズマ反応炉のプラズマ空間内に供給され、更にプラズマ反応炉の外部に取出される循環装置によって循環される請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記増幅材は、アルカリ金属を含む化合物と、ステンレス粉、鉄粉、アルミニウム粉、亜鉛粉、銅粉のうち、少なくとも一種との組み合わせからなり、補充可能にプラズマ反応炉内に設置される請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記加熱装置はプラズマ反応炉の壁面内又は外面に設置されるか又はプラズマ反応炉内に設置される電気ヒータである請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記加熱装置は、プラズマ反応炉内に設置され、ガスバーナからの熱ガスを通す熱配管からなる請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記プラズマ空間内に水素噴射筒を対向設置し、この水素噴射筒に圧力水素を供給する請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記プラズマ空間内に熱交換器が設けられ、プラズマ空間内の熱の一部を取り出すようにした請求項14記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記微粒子発生装置は、増幅材を受ける炉本体底壁と、この底壁を加熱する加熱装置とからなる請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記微粒子発生装置は、前記本体外に設けられ、増幅材に電子銃による電子を当てて気化させる請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
- 前記本体外にマグネトロンからなる電磁波発生装置を設け、この装置からの電磁波は前記プラズマ空間内において各方向に分散放射される請求項8記載のプラズマ反応装置。
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JP2004527727A (ja) * | 2000-07-05 | 2004-09-09 | シーアールティ ホールディングス、インク | 電磁気放射起動プラズマ反応炉 |
WO2012011499A1 (ja) | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-26 | Ishikawa Yasuo | 核変換方法及び核変換装置 |
JP2014025743A (ja) * | 2012-07-25 | 2014-02-06 | Ti:Kk | 核変換方法 |
JP2016017787A (ja) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-02-01 | 泰男 石川 | 原子力発電方法及び原子力発電装置 |
JP2017022250A (ja) | 2015-07-10 | 2017-01-26 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
JP2017222550A (ja) | 2016-06-17 | 2017-12-21 | 株式会社Ti | 水素化ナトリウムの製造方法、水素発生方法及び水素発生装置 |
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JP2004527727A (ja) * | 2000-07-05 | 2004-09-09 | シーアールティ ホールディングス、インク | 電磁気放射起動プラズマ反応炉 |
WO2012011499A1 (ja) | 2010-07-20 | 2012-01-26 | Ishikawa Yasuo | 核変換方法及び核変換装置 |
JP2014025743A (ja) * | 2012-07-25 | 2014-02-06 | Ti:Kk | 核変換方法 |
JP2016017787A (ja) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-02-01 | 泰男 石川 | 原子力発電方法及び原子力発電装置 |
JP2017022250A (ja) | 2015-07-10 | 2017-01-26 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
JP2017222550A (ja) | 2016-06-17 | 2017-12-21 | 株式会社Ti | 水素化ナトリウムの製造方法、水素発生方法及び水素発生装置 |
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EP4050974A1 (en) | 2022-08-31 |
KR20220088462A (ko) | 2022-06-27 |
EP4050974A4 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
JP2023116647A (ja) | 2023-08-22 |
CN115380629A (zh) | 2022-11-22 |
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