WO2021075463A1 - 接合材、接合材の製造方法及び接合体 - Google Patents

接合材、接合材の製造方法及び接合体 Download PDF

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WO2021075463A1
WO2021075463A1 PCT/JP2020/038781 JP2020038781W WO2021075463A1 WO 2021075463 A1 WO2021075463 A1 WO 2021075463A1 JP 2020038781 W JP2020038781 W JP 2020038781W WO 2021075463 A1 WO2021075463 A1 WO 2021075463A1
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Prior art keywords
bonding material
sintered body
silver
less
particle group
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PCT/JP2020/038781
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English (en)
French (fr)
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金▲亭▼ 酒
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千住金属工業株式会社
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Application filed by 千住金属工業株式会社 filed Critical 千住金属工業株式会社
Priority to MYPI2022001510A priority Critical patent/MY195125A/en
Priority to KR1020227009180A priority patent/KR102469222B1/ko
Priority to CN202080065124.1A priority patent/CN114450106B/zh
Priority to EP20876598.2A priority patent/EP4074436A4/en
Priority to US17/642,901 priority patent/US20220347745A1/en
Publication of WO2021075463A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021075463A1/ja

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    • H01L2224/832Applying energy for connecting
    • H01L2224/83201Compression bonding
    • H01L2224/83203Thermocompression bonding, e.g. diffusion bonding, pressure joining, thermocompression welding or solid-state welding
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    • H01L2224/838Bonding techniques
    • H01L2224/8384Sintering
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    • H01L2924/1025Semiconducting materials
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    • H01L2924/1027IV
    • H01L2924/10272Silicon Carbide [SiC]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a joining material, a method for manufacturing the joining material, and a joined body.
  • the present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-188913 filed in Japan on October 15, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a power semiconductor using silicon carbide (SiC) is smaller than a conventional semiconductor using silicon, has a feature of reducing energy loss and can operate even at a high temperature of 300 ° C. or higher.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a joint material capable of producing a joint body having a joint strength superior to that of the prior art, a method for producing the joint material, and a joint body using the joint material.
  • the present invention has adopted the following configuration. That is, the first aspect of the present invention includes a sintered body in which silver powder is baked and hardened, the porosity of the sintered body is 8 to 30%, and the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface is 500 nm or more. It is a bonding material characterized by having a thickness of 3.3 ⁇ m or less.
  • a second aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a bonding material, which comprises a step of heating a coating film formed by using a dispersion liquid of a solvent and silver powder to obtain a sintered body.
  • a third aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a bonding material, which comprises a step of heating a coating film formed by using a dispersion liquid of a solvent and silver powder to obtain a sintered body.
  • the silver powder contains a first silver particle group and a second silver particle group having different average particle diameters, and the average particle diameter of the first silver particle group is 50 nm or more and less than 1000 nm, and the second silver powder.
  • This is a method for producing a bonding material, characterized in that the average particle size of the silver particle group is 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m.
  • the silver powder further contains a third silver particle group having an average particle diameter of 20 ⁇ m or more and less than 60 ⁇ m.
  • the coating film in the step of obtaining the sintered body, can be heated while the pressure applied to the coating film is 5 MPa or less. preferable.
  • the method for producing the bonding material according to the second or third aspect is a step of polishing the surface of the sintered body, or the surface of the sintered body is made of silver, copper, tin, gold and nickel. It is preferable to have a step of performing one or more kinds of plating selected from the above group.
  • the fourth aspect of the present invention is a bonded body, characterized in that the conductor and the substrate are bonded by the bonding material according to the first aspect.
  • a joint material capable of producing a joint body having a joint strength superior to that of the conventional one, a method for producing the joint material, and a joint body using the joint material.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a bonded body according to the present invention.
  • the bonded body 10 shown in FIG. 1 is a laminated body in which a conductor 12 and a substrate 14 are bonded by a bonding material 13.
  • the bonded body 10 of the present embodiment is characterized by the bonding material 13, and various known bonded bodies can be appropriately applied to other configurations.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment contains a sintered body obtained by baking silver powder, the porosity of the sintered body is 8 to 30%, and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m. It is as follows.
  • the bonding material includes a material for bonding two objects, and typically includes a material for bonding these objects interposed between a conductor and a substrate.
  • the porosity of the sintered body contained in the bonding material of the present embodiment is 8 to 30%, preferably 8 to 20%, and more preferably 9 to 15%.
  • the bonding strength between the conductor and the substrate shared strength of the bonded body
  • the shear strength means that measured by a method conforming to JIS Z 3198-7: 2003. A specific measurement method will be described later in the examples.
  • the porosity of the sintered body is measured as follows. First, the sintered body is submerged in water to measure the volume of the sintered body, and the mass of the sintered body is measured. Further, the volume when the sintered body corresponding to the mass does not have pores is calculated based on the theoretical density. The porosity of the sintered body is calculated from the measured volume and the theoretical volume when there are no pores.
  • a method of controlling the porosity of the sintered body contained in the bonding material of the present embodiment within the above range for example, a method of appropriately selecting the type or particle size of silver powder and a pressure condition at the time of sintering are appropriately set. Examples thereof include a method and a method of adjusting the amount of solvent in the dispersion liquid when producing a bonding material using the dispersion liquid of silver powder.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment may contain a substance other than the sintered body formed from silver powder, as long as the share strength of the bonded body can be made sufficient.
  • the shape of the bonding material of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a flat plate shape such as a disk and a rectangular plate; a rod shape such as a cylinder, a columnar shape, a polygonal cylinder, and a polygonal columnar shape, and a spherical shape.
  • the joining material of the present embodiment may have a wall thickness portion of 1 mm or less in order to facilitate joining.
  • the size of the bonding material is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately adjusted according to the specifications of the substrate and the conductor.
  • the shape of the bonding material is a disk shape
  • the diameter of the disk is preferably 0.5 to 50 mm, more preferably 2 to 30 mm.
  • the shape of the joint material is a rectangular plate
  • the length of the long side is preferably 0.5 to 50 mm, more preferably 2 to 30 mm.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the bonding material of the present embodiment is 500 nm or more, preferably 800 nm or more, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more. Further, the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material of the present embodiment is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 3.1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2.9 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 2.8 ⁇ m or less. is there. The upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material of the present embodiment may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 800 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably. Is 1.4 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less. As will be described later in the examples, when the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface is within the above range, the shear strength of the joint can be made excellent.
  • the numerical ranges of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface defined above may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface has a porosity of 8 to 30% and a surface roughness Ra of 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably a porosity of 8.
  • the surface roughness Ra is 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably the porosity is 8 to 27%, and the surface roughness Ra is 1.06 ⁇ m or more. It is 8 ⁇ m or less, more preferably the porosity is 8 to 27%, and the surface roughness Ra is 1.4 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the surface roughness of the joint surface of the joint material can be measured as follows. Using an ultra-depth color 3D shape measuring microscope (KEYENCE, VK-9510), the surface roughness is measured at any five points on the surface of the bonding material, and the average value is calculated.
  • the method for controlling the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface of the joint material within the above range is not particularly limited, and for example, a method of polishing the surface of the sintered body, a method of plating the surface of the sintered body, and the like are used. Can be mentioned.
  • the type of plating is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include plating one kind of metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, tin, gold and nickel, or an alloy consisting of two or more kinds.
  • the plating may be a stack of two or more layers having different compositions.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface in the bonding material is 500 nm or more, preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more. Is 1.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1.7 ⁇ m or more.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface in the bonding material is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 3.1 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 2.9 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the bonding material is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less. Yes, preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 2.9 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1.7 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment when the surface of the sintered body is polished, the numerical ranges of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface defined above are arbitrarily combined. You may.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment has a polished surface of the sintered body, the combination of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface has a porosity of 8 to 30%.
  • the surface roughness Ra is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably the porosity is 8 to 30%, and the surface roughness Ra is 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably the pores.
  • the rate is 8 to 27% and the surface roughness Ra is 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 3.1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably the porosity is 8 to 27% and the surface roughness Ra is 1.7 ⁇ m. It is 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface in the bonding material is 500 nm or more, preferably 800 nm or more, more preferably. Is 1.06 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface in the bonding material is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less. Yes, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the bonding material is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m. It is preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more and 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the numerical ranges of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface specified above are arbitrary. May be combined with.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment is plated on the surface of the sintered body, the combination of the porosity of the sintered body and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface has a porosity of 8 to 30%.
  • the surface roughness Ra is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably the porosity is 8 to 27%, and the surface roughness Ra is 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, which is more preferable.
  • the bonding material of the present embodiment described above contains a silver powder sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30%, and the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less.
  • the sintered body of silver powder having a specific pore ratio and the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface is in a specific range is adopted, according to the bonding material of the present embodiment, conventional methods have been used. It is also possible to produce a bonded body having excellent bonding strength. In addition, the sintered body does not melt even at temperatures above the melting point of the silver powder. Further, by using a bonding material containing this sintered body, bonding can be performed at a temperature lower than the melting point of the bulk.
  • the method for producing a bonding material of the present embodiment includes a step of heating a coating film formed by using a dispersion liquid of a solvent and silver powder to obtain a sintered body.
  • the dispersion liquid of the present embodiment is one in which silver powder is dispersed in a solvent.
  • the solvent include water, alcohol-based solvents, glycol ether-based solvents, terpineols, and the like.
  • alcohol-based solvents isopropyl alcohol, 1,2-butanediol, isobornylcyclohexanol, 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,5 -Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexine-2,5-diol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol, 1,1,1-tris (hydroxymethyl) Ethan, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2'-oxybis (methylene) bis (2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,
  • glycol ether-based solvent examples include diethylene glycol mono-2-ethylhexyl ether, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether. ..
  • silver powder As the silver powder here, it is preferable to use a combination of silver particle groups having different average particle diameters. By using materials having different average particle sizes in combination, a bonding material having a specific porosity (8 to 30%) can be easily produced.
  • Average particle size As the average particle size of the silver particle group, the value of the median diameter D50 is adopted.
  • the median diameter D50 of each silver powder means that measured by a laser diffraction method using SALD-2300 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) (volume average particle diameter).
  • a preferable combination of silver particle groups having different average particle sizes is a combination of a nano-order silver particle group and a micro-order silver particle group.
  • the first silver particle group and the second silver particle group having different average particle diameters are included, and the average particle diameter of the first silver particle group is 50 nm or more and less than 1000 nm, and the second silver particle group
  • the average particle size is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle size of the first silver particle group is 50 nm or more and less than 1000 nm, preferably 100 nm or more and 800 nm or less, and more preferably 200 nm or more and 500 nm or less.
  • the average particle size of the second silver particle group is 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
  • the shape of the silver particles of the first silver particle group is not particularly limited, but may be spherical or non-spherical.
  • non-spherical shapes include flakes, needles, horns, dendritic, granular, irregular shapes, teardrops, plates, ultrathin plates, hexagonal plates, columns, rods, porous, fibrous, etc. Examples include lumps, sponges, keratins, and rounds. Among such shapes, spherical and columnar shapes are preferable.
  • the second silver particle group preferably contains flake-shaped silver particles.
  • the second group of silver particles may be such that the majority of the silver particles are recognized as flakes (flakes or flakes) under a microscope. Typically, it means that 51% by mass or more of the particles (primary particles) constituting the second silver particle group have a flake (thin section or flakes) shape.
  • the flake-shaped (flaky or flaky) particles mean particles having an aspect ratio (the ratio of the longest major axis / the shortest minor axis) of 5 to 300.
  • the silver powder of the present embodiment may further contain a third group of silver particles having an average particle size of 20 ⁇ m or more and less than 60 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle size of the third silver particle group is 20 ⁇ m or more and less than 60 ⁇ m, preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 35 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less.
  • the shape of the silver particles of the third silver particle group is not particularly limited, but may be spherical or non-spherical.
  • non-spherical shapes include flakes, needles, horns, dendritic, granular, irregular shapes, teardrops, plates, ultrathin plates, hexagonal plates, columns, rods, porous, fibrous, etc. Examples include lumps, sponges, keratins, and rounds. Among such shapes, spherical and columnar shapes are preferable.
  • first silver particle group, the second silver particle group, and the third silver particle group two or more kinds having different average particle diameters may be used as each silver particle group.
  • the silver powder of the present embodiment it is preferable to use two or more kinds having different average particle diameters as the second silver particle group.
  • the second silver particle group it is preferable to use a silver particle group having an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 10 ⁇ m and a silver particle group having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m in combination.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group is 1 to 1 to 100% by mass with respect to the total mass (100% by mass) of the silver powder. It is preferably 50% by mass, more preferably 1 to 30% by mass, still more preferably 3 to 10% by mass.
  • the ratio of the second silver particle group is preferably 30 to 99% by mass, more preferably 45 to 90% by mass, and 50 to 90% by mass with respect to the total mass (100% by mass) of the silver powder. Is even more preferable.
  • the ratio of the third silver particle group is preferably 1 to 70% by mass with respect to the total mass (100% by mass) of the silver powder, and 1 to 1 to 70% by mass. 50% by mass is more preferable, and 1 to 45% by mass is further preferable. However, the sum of the ratios of the first silver particle group, the second silver particle group and the third silver particle group does not exceed 100% by mass.
  • the content of the solvent in the dispersion liquid is preferably 5% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or more. It is 20% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 6% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
  • a sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30% can be easily obtained.
  • the solvent in the dispersion liquid volatilizes and pores are formed in the sintered body.
  • the porosity of the sintered body can be set to 8 to 30%.
  • Step to obtain sintered body In the step of obtaining the sintered body in the present embodiment, the coating film formed by using the dispersion liquid of the solvent and the silver powder is heated to obtain the sintered body.
  • the above-mentioned dispersion liquid is applied onto a base to form a coating film.
  • the method of coating is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include spray coating, printing coating, spray coating, brush coating, and injection.
  • the base material include, but are not limited to, glass, quartz, silicon, metal, and the like.
  • brass can be used as the metal, but the metal is not limited thereto.
  • the heating temperature can be appropriately set as long as the sintered body can be obtained, but for example, it is preferably 150 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower.
  • the time for heating the coating film can be appropriately set as long as the sintered body can be obtained, but for example, it is preferably 15 minutes or more and 180 minutes or less, and more preferably 30 minutes or more and 90 minutes or less.
  • the pressure applied to the coating film can be preferably suppressed to 5 MPa or less, can be suppressed to 1 MPa or less, and particularly no pressurization. It is also possible to do.
  • the obtained sintered body may be cut according to the specifications of the substrate and the conductor.
  • the tool used for cutting the sintered body is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include scissors, a diamond knife, and a paper cutter.
  • the above-mentioned cut sintered body may be simply referred to as a sintered body.
  • Embodiment (i) A step of heating a coating film formed by using a dispersion liquid of a solvent and silver powder to obtain a sintered body, and the content of the solvent in the dispersion liquid is 5 mass by mass. % Or more and 25% by mass or less, a method for producing a bonding material.
  • a bonding material containing a sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30% can be easily produced.
  • the silver powder is composed of a first silver particle group and a second silver particle group having different average particle sizes of% or more and 25% by mass or less, and the average particle size of the first silver particle group is 50 nm.
  • a method for producing a bonding material which is not less than 1000 nm and has an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m of the second silver particle group.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group may be 1 to 50% by mass, and the ratio of the second silver particle group may be 50 to 99% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group may be 5 to 30% by mass, and the ratio of the second silver particle group may be 70 to 95% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group may be 5 to 15% by mass, and the ratio of the second silver particle group may be 85 to 95% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group and the second silver particle group is a ratio to the total mass (100% by mass) of the silver powder. Further, the sum of the ratios of the first silver particle group and the second silver particle group does not exceed 100% by mass. According to the embodiment (ii), by using a group of silver particles having a specific average particle size in combination, a bonding material containing a sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30% can be easily produced.
  • the silver powder is composed of a first silver particle group, a second silver particle group, and a third silver particle group having different average particle diameters of% or more and 25% by mass or less, and the first silver particles.
  • the average particle size of the group is 50 nm or more and less than 1000 nm
  • the average particle size of the second silver particle group is 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 20 ⁇ m
  • the average particle size of the third silver particle group is 20 ⁇ m or more and less than 60 ⁇ m.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group is 1 to 50% by mass
  • the ratio of the second silver particle group is 30 to 98% by mass
  • the ratio of the third silver particle group May be 1 to 69% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group is 1 to 30% by mass
  • the ratio of the second silver particle group is 30 to 90% by mass
  • the ratio of the third silver particle group May be 5 to 60% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group is 3 to 8% by mass
  • the ratio of the second silver particle group is 45 to 72% by mass
  • the ratio of the third silver particle group. May be 20 to 50% by mass.
  • the ratio of the first silver particle group, the second silver particle group, and the third silver particle group described above is a ratio to the total mass (100% by mass) of the silver powder. Further, the sum of the ratios of the first silver particle group, the second silver particle group and the third silver particle group does not exceed 100% by mass. According to the embodiment (iii), by using a group of silver particles having a specific average particle size in combination, a bonding material containing a sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30% can be easily produced.
  • the method for producing the bonded material of the present embodiment may include other steps in addition to the step of obtaining the sintered body. For example, in order to control the roughness of the surface of the obtained sintered body, a step of polishing the surface of the sintered body after the step of obtaining the sintered body, or silver, copper, etc. on the surface of the sintered body. It may further have one or more plating steps selected from the group consisting of tin, gold and nickel.
  • the method for producing the bonding material of the present embodiment includes the step of polishing the surface of the sintered body or the step of applying the plating, the bonding in the bonding material obtained by the step of polishing or the step of plating is performed.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the surface is 500 nm or more, preferably 800 nm or more, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more.
  • the upper limit of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the polishing step or the plating step is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 3.1 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 2.9 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the polishing step or the plating step may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface of the joint material obtained by the polishing step or the plating step is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 800 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the process of polishing the surface of the sintered body is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, and mechanical polishing. As will be described later in the examples, by polishing the surface of the sintered body with No. 2000 abrasive paper, a bonding material capable of producing a bonded body having sufficient bonding strength can be obtained.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonded surface in the bonded material obtained by the polishing step is preferably 500 nm or more. Is 1.06 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 1.7 ⁇ m or more.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the polishing step is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 3.1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2.9 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 2. It is 0.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the polishing step may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the combination of the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the polishing step is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 2.9 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 1.7 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the process of plating the surface of the sintered body is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include electroplating, electroless plating, and vacuum plating.
  • the type of plating is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include plating one kind of metal selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, tin, gold and nickel, or an alloy consisting of two or more kinds.
  • the step of plating may be to stack two or more layers of plating having different compositions.
  • the surface of the sintered body may be copper-plated.
  • the affinity between the bonding material and the copper substrate is strengthened, and the bonding strength is likely to be increased.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the bonding material obtained by the plating step is 500 nm or more. It is preferably 800 nm or more, more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the plating step is 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably. It is 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface in the joint material obtained by the step of plating may be arbitrarily combined.
  • the surface roughness of the joint surface of the joint material obtained by the plating step is 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1.06 ⁇ m or more. It is 0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1.4 ⁇ m or more and 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
  • the method for producing the bonded material includes a step of polishing the surface of the sintered body or a step of applying the plating on the subsequent stage side of the step (i) of the step of obtaining the sintered body.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is in a specific range, and the sintered body has a specific porosity. It can be obtained when the method for producing the bonded material includes a step of polishing the surface of the sintered body or a step of applying the plating on the subsequent side of the embodiment (ii) of the step of obtaining the sintered body.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is in a specific range
  • the sintered body is a silver powder sintered body having a specific porosity. It can be obtained when the method for producing the bonded material includes a step of polishing the surface of the sintered body or a step of applying the plating on the subsequent stage side of the embodiment (iii) of the step of obtaining the sintered body.
  • the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is in a specific range
  • the sintered body is a silver powder sintered body having a specific porosity.
  • chip parts such as capacitors and resistors, and Si chips, SiC chips, and GaN obtained by cutting out compartments of each semiconductor element from the wafer after forming semiconductor elements such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits on the wafer.
  • the substrate include a circuit board, a glass fiber reinforced epoxy-based printed circuit board, a polyimide-based substrate, a ceramics substrate, a metal substrate, a Cu lead frame, and the like.
  • the temperature at the time of joining is preferably, for example, 150 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower.
  • the pressure at the time of joining is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 MPa or more and 3 MPa or less.
  • the atmosphere at the time of joining may be performed in the air or in nitrogen.
  • a bonded material containing a silver powder sintered body having a porosity of 8 to 30% and having a surface roughness Ra of 500 nm or more and 3.3 ⁇ m or less is applied. ing. Therefore, such a bonded body has a joint strength superior to that of the conventional one.
  • Silver particle group 1A Average particle diameter 300 nm
  • Silver particle group 2A Average particle diameter 4 ⁇ m
  • Silver particle group 2B Average particle diameter 10 ⁇ m
  • Silver particle group 3 Average particle diameter 42 ⁇ m
  • Silver particle group 1B Average particle diameter 50 nm
  • the shape of the silver particles of the silver particle group 1A, 1B, 2A, and 3 was spherical, and the shape of the silver particles of the silver particle group 2B was flakes. Ethylene glycol was used as the solvent.
  • the value of the median diameter D50 was adopted.
  • the median diameter D50 of each silver powder means one measured by a laser diffraction method (volume average diameter) using SALD-2300 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
  • each value of the silver particle group indicates the ratio (mass%) of the mass of each silver particle group to the total mass of the silver powder.
  • the ratio of the solvent indicates the ratio (mass%) of the mass of the solvent to the total mass of the silver powder and the solvent.
  • Example 1 A coating film was prepared on a brass base using the dispersion liquid 1. As the brass, those composed of 65% by mass of copper and 35% by mass of zinc were used. Step to obtain sintered body: The prepared coating film was heated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes without pressure to obtain a sintered body. Using scissors, the obtained sintered body was cut into small pieces (length x width: 3 mm x 3 mm). Polishing process: The obtained small pieces were polished on the surface of a sintered body using No. 2000 abrasive paper (water-resistant abrasive paper sheet manufactured by Sankyo Rikagaku Co., Ltd.) to obtain a bonding material.
  • No. 2000 abrasive paper water-resistant abrasive paper sheet manufactured by Sankyo Rikagaku Co., Ltd.
  • Example 2 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 3 A coating film was prepared on the brass base described above using the dispersion liquid 1. Step to obtain sintered body: The prepared coating film was heated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes without pressure to obtain a sintered body. Silver plating process: The obtained sintered body was immersed in a solution of silver acetoacetate in 2-ethylhexylamine and allowed to stand at 40 ° C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the sintered body was taken out from the mixed solution and dried.
  • Example 4 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 5 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 2.
  • Example 6 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 7 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 2.
  • Example 8 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 9 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 3.
  • Example 10 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 4.
  • Example 11 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 90 minutes.
  • Example 12 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 5.
  • Example 13 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 6.
  • Example 14 A coating film was prepared on the brass base described above using the dispersion liquid 2. Step to obtain sintered body: The prepared coating film was heated at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes without pressure to obtain a sintered body. Copper plating process: In the obtained sintered body, copper (II) formate tetrahydrate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., model number: LKJ3210, primary average particle size: 20 ⁇ m) was dissolved in 2-ethylhexylamine in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was immersed in the solution and allowed to stand at 140 ° C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the sintered body was taken out from the mixed solution and dried.
  • copper (II) formate tetrahydrate manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., model number: LKJ3210, primary average particle size: 20 ⁇ m
  • Comparative Example 2 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes and the sintering was performed while pressurizing at 0.4 MPa at the time of sintering.
  • Comparative Example 3 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the sintering was performed while pressurizing at 0.4 MPa.
  • Comparative Example 4 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 5 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 7 and the surface of the sintered body was not polished.
  • Comparative Example 6 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, except that the sintering conditions were changed at 250 ° C. for 30 minutes.
  • Example 7 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 8 and the surface of the sintered body was not polished.
  • Example 9 A bonding material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion liquid used was changed to the dispersion liquid 9 and the surface of the sintered body was not polished.
  • the volume of the bonding material was measured by submerging the bonding material in water, and the mass of the bonding material was measured. In addition, the volume when the bonding material corresponding to the mass does not have pores was calculated based on the theoretical density. The porosity was calculated from the measured volume and the theoretical volume when there were no pores.
  • Table 2 shows the sintering conditions, porosity, and surface roughness of the bonding materials obtained in Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10.
  • the obtained conjugates of Examples 1 to 14 are fired.
  • the porosity of the body was 8-30%.
  • the sintered body wrapped with resin was cut using an ion milling device IM4000PLUS (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) to obtain smoothed sections. ..
  • the obtained sections were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM microscopic image of the cross section of the joint material is shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 2A is a microscopic image of the cross section of the joint material of Example 2 by SEM.
  • FIG. 2B is an SEM microscopic image of the cross section of the joint material of Example 6.
  • FIG. 2C is an SEM microscopic image of the cross section of the joint material of Comparative Example 4.
  • FIG. 2D is an SEM microscopic image of the cross section of the bonded material of Example 9.
  • FIG. 2E is an SEM microscopic image of the cross section of the bonded material of Example 10.
  • Examples 21 to 34, Comparative Examples 11 to 20 As the conductor, a Si chip (length x width: 3 mm x 3 mm) in which a Ti layer (thickness 40 nm) and an Ag layer (thickness 1000 nm) were laminated by sputtering was used in order from the Si chip side. As the bonding material, the bonding materials of Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 were used. The thickness of each bonding material was 100 ⁇ m. A copper substrate was used as the substrate.
  • the pressure is set to 0.4 MPa in the air, and heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 250 ° C. By applying, they were joined to obtain a bonded body.
  • the bonding materials of Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 were obtained.
  • the shear strengths of the obtained joints of Examples 21 to 34 and Comparative Examples 11 to 20 were measured by the following measuring methods. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • Shear strength (shear strength) of each of the joints of Examples 21 to 34 and Comparative Examples 11 to 20 was measured as follows. The measurement results are shown in Table 3. Share strength test: For each of the obtained conjugates, a universal bond tester Nordson DAGE Series 4000 (manufactured by Nordson Corporation) was used to attach the Si chip and substrate in a manner compliant with JIS Z 3198-7: 2003 under room temperature (25 ° C.) conditions. Shear strength (MPa) during the period was measured. Each sample was measured 5 times and the average value of shear strength (MPa) was calculated.
  • the bonded materials of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 obtained by using the dispersion liquid containing only the silver particle group 1B have a porosity of less than 8%, and the bonded materials of Comparative Examples 11 to 16 using these have a porosity of less than 8%. Share strength was not enough.
  • the bonding materials of Comparative Examples 7 to 10 using the dispersion liquid having a solvent content of 26% have a porosity of more than 30% of the sintered body, and the bonding materials of Comparative Examples 17 to 20 using these bonding materials The shear strength of the conjugate was not sufficient.
  • the dispersion liquid 1 is used in Example 2 and the dispersion liquid 8 is used in Comparative Example 8, and the composition of the silver powder in the dispersion liquid is silver particle group 1A / silver particles.
  • Group 2A / silver particle group 2B 10/40/50 (mass%).
  • the temperature and time at the time of sintering are set to 250 ° C. for 30 minutes, the pressure at the time of sintering is set to no pressure, and the surface of the sintered body is polished.
  • the surface roughness ( ⁇ m) / porosity (%) / share strength (MPa) of the bonded material in the bonded material was as follows. Regarding Example 2, 2.79 ⁇ m / 10.6% / 22.3 MPa (Example 22) Regarding Comparative Example 8, 2.75 ⁇ m / 36.3% / 10.6 MPa (Comparative Example 18)
  • the dispersion liquid 2 is used in Example 6 and the dispersion liquid 9 is used in Comparative Example 10, and the composition of the silver powder in the dispersion liquid is silver particle group 1A / silver particles.
  • Group 2A / silver particle group 2B / silver particle group 3 5/20/25/50 (mass%).
  • the temperature and time at the time of sintering are 250 ° C. for 30 minutes, the pressure at the time of sintering is not pressurized, and the surface of the sintered body is polished.
  • the surface roughness ( ⁇ m) / porosity (%) / share strength (MPa) of the bonded material in the bonded material was as follows. Regarding Example 6, 2.36 ⁇ m / 13.1% / 22.1 MPa (Example 26) Regarding Comparative Example 10, 2.68 ⁇ m / 35.7% / 8.6 MPa (Comparative Example 20)
  • the dispersion liquid 5 is used in Example 12 and the dispersion liquid 9 is used in Comparative Example 10, and the composition of the silver powder in the dispersion liquid is silver particle group 1A / silver particles.
  • Group 2A / silver particle group 2B / silver particle group 3 5/20/25/50 (mass%).
  • the temperature and time at the time of sintering are set to 250 ° C. for 30 minutes, the pressure at the time of sintering is set to no pressure, and the surface of the sintered body is polished.
  • the surface roughness ( ⁇ m) / porosity (%) / share strength (MPa) of the bonded material in the bonded material was as follows. For Example 12, 2.76 ⁇ m / 17.2% / 22.2 MPa (Example 32) Regarding Comparative Example 10, 2.68 ⁇ m / 35.7% / 8.6 MPa (Comparative Example 20)
  • the dispersion liquid 6 is used in Example 13 and the dispersion liquid 9 is used in Comparative Example 10, and the composition of the silver powder in the dispersion liquid is silver particle group 1A / silver particles.
  • Group 2A / silver particle group 2B / silver particle group 3 5/20/25/50 (mass%).
  • the temperature and time at the time of sintering are set to 250 ° C. for 30 minutes, the pressure at the time of sintering is set to no pressure, and the surface of the sintered body is polished.
  • the surface roughness ( ⁇ m) / porosity (%) / share strength (MPa) of the bonded material in the bonded material was as follows. Regarding Example 13, 2.61 ⁇ m / 26.3% / 21.7 MPa (Example 33) Regarding Comparative Example 10, 2.68 ⁇ m / 35.7% / 8.6 MPa (Comparative Example 20)
  • FIG. 3A is an SEM microscopic image of a cross section of a bonded body obtained by bonding by setting a pressure at 0.4 MPa and performing heat treatment at a temperature of 250 ° C. in the atmosphere.
  • FIG. 3B is a graph showing the relationship between the shear strength of the bonded body and the temperature and pressure at the time of sintering.
  • Example 1 As a result, the bonding material of Example 1 was applied in the atmosphere, and the silver-plated copper plate and the conductor could be bonded. It was clarified that the higher the temperature at the time of sintering and the higher the pressure at the time of sintering, the higher the shear strength.
  • Example 14 ⁇ Joining of unplated copper plate and conductor> Using the bonding material of Example 14, the pressure of the conductor and the unplated copper plate (solid copper plate) was set to 0.4 MPa or 1 MPa in nitrogen, and the temperatures were 250 ° C. and 300 ° C. , 350 ° C. by heat treatment to obtain a bonded body.
  • FIG. 4A is SEM imaging data of a cross section of a bonded body obtained by bonding by setting a pressure at 0.4 MPa in nitrogen and performing heat treatment at a temperature of 300 ° C.
  • FIG. 4B is a graph showing the relationship between the shear strength of the bonded body and the temperature and pressure at the time of sintering.
  • Example 14 As a result, the bonding material of Example 14 was applied in nitrogen, and the unplated copper plate and the conductor could be directly bonded. It was clarified that the higher the temperature at the time of sintering and the higher the pressure at the time of sintering, the higher the shear strength.
  • the present invention it is possible to provide a bonding material used for producing a bonded body having a bonding strength superior to that of the conventional one, a method for producing the bonding material, and a bonded body using the bonding material.
  • the bonding material of the present invention can be used at high temperatures (for example, 300 ° C. or higher), which was difficult with conventional bonding materials, and is used for electronic components including power semiconductors using silicon carbide (SiC). It is useful as a bonding material.

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Abstract

導電体(12)と基板(14)とが接合材(13)により接合されている接合体(10)において、接合材(13)として、銀粉末が焼き固められた焼結体を含み、当該焼結体の気孔率が8~30%であり、接合面の表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下であるものを採用する。

Description

接合材、接合材の製造方法及び接合体
 本発明は、接合材、接合材の製造方法及び接合体に関する。本願は、2019年10月15日に日本に出願された特願2019-188913号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
 炭化ケイ素(SiC)を用いたパワー半導体は、従来のケイ素を用いた半導体と比較して小型であり、エネルギー損失を低減する他、300℃以上という高温でも動作可能であるという特徴を有する。
 SiCパワー半導体を高温で動作させる場合、動作環境での耐熱温度が約150℃である従来のはんだは接合材として適当ではない。これに代わる接合材として、耐熱性、電気伝導率に優れる、金属微粒子が溶剤に分散したペースト(金属微粒子ペースト)を用いることが検討されている。
 しかしながら、前記金属微粒子ペーストを用いて基板とチップとを高温下で接合した場合、接合時に溶剤が揮発して、接合部に大きな気孔(ボイド)が生じる問題や、得られた接合体においてチップの位置がずれてしまうという問題があった。
 これに対し、接合部における大きな気孔の形成を抑制するために、銀粒子を加圧しつつ成型して接合材を作製し、この接合材を用いて基材間を接合するという方法が提案されている(特許文献1参照)。
特許第4876979号公報
 しかしながら、特許文献1に記載された接合材を用いて基板とチップとを高温下で接合した場合、得られた接合体の接合強度が十分ではないという問題がある。
 そこで、本発明は、従来よりも優れた接合強度を有する接合体を作製することができる接合材、その接合材の製造方法、その接合材を用いた接合体を提供することを目的とする。
 上記の課題を解決するために、本発明は以下の構成を採用した。
 すなわち、本発明の第1の態様は、銀粉末が焼き固められた焼結体を含み、前記焼結体の気孔率が8~30%であり、接合面の表面粗さRaが、500nm以上3.3μm以下であることを特徴とする、接合材である。
 また、本発明の第2の態様は、接合材の製造方法であって、溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、前記分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下であることを特徴とする、接合材の製造方法である。
 また、本発明の第3の態様は、接合材の製造方法であって、溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、前記銀粉末は、平均粒子径が相違する第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群とを含み、前記第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が50nm以上1000nm未満であり、前記第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が1μm以上20μm未満であることを特徴とする、接合材の製造方法である。
 第3の態様に係る接合材の製造方法において、前記銀粉末は、さらに、平均粒子径が20μm以上60μm未満である第3の銀粒子群を含むことが好ましい。
 また、第2又は第3の態様に係る接合材の製造方法は、前記焼結体を得る工程において、前記塗工膜に加えられる圧力を5MPa以下としつつ、前記塗工膜を加熱することが好ましい。
 また、第2又は第3の態様に係る接合材の製造方法は、さらに、前記焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記焼結体の表面に銀、銅、錫、金及びニッケルからなる群より選択される1種以上のめっきを施す工程を有することが好ましい。
 また、本発明の第4の態様は、導電体と、基板とが、前記の第1の態様に係る接合材により接合されていることを特徴とする、接合体である。
 本発明によれば、従来よりも優れた接合強度を有する接合体を作製することができる接合材、その接合材の製造方法、その接合材を用いた接合体を提供することができる。
本発明に係る接合体の一実施形態を示す断面図である。 接合材の断面の、走査型電子顕微鏡による顕微鏡像である。 接合材の断面の、走査型電子顕微鏡による顕微鏡像である。 接合材の断面の、走査型電子顕微鏡による顕微鏡像である。 接合材の断面の、走査型電子顕微鏡による顕微鏡像である。 接合材の断面の、走査型電子顕微鏡による顕微鏡像である。 本発明に係る接合材と銀めっきした銅板との接合部付近の顕微鏡像である。 本発明に係る接合体のシェア強度と、焼結時の温度及び圧力との関係を示すグラフである。 本発明に係る接合材とめっきを施していない銅板との接合部付近の顕微鏡像である。 本発明に係る接合体のシェア強度と、焼結時の温度及び圧力との関係を示すグラフである。
 図1は、本発明に係る接合体の一実施形態を示す断面図である。
 図1に示す接合体10は、導電体12と基板14とが接合材13により接合された積層体である。
 本実施形態の接合体10は、接合材13に特徴があり、その他の構成については公知の種々の接合体を適宜適用できる。
[接合材]
 本実施形態の接合材は、銀粉末が焼き固められた焼結体を含み、前記焼結体の気孔率が8~30%であり、接合面の表面粗さRaが、500nm以上3.3μm以下である。
 本明細書において、接合材とは、二つの物体を貼り合わせるものを包含し、典型的には導電体と基板との間に介在してこれらを貼り合わせるものが挙げられる。
 本実施形態の接合材が含む焼結体の気孔率は、8~30%であり、好ましくは8~20%であり、より好ましくは9~15%である。
 焼結体の気孔率が上記範囲内であると、例えば導電体と基板との接合強度(接合体のシェア強度)を優れたものとすることができる。
 ここで、シェア強度はJIS Z 3198-7:2003に準拠した方法により測定されたものを意味する。具体的な測定方法は実施例において後述する。
 本明細書において、焼結体の気孔率は、次のように測定したものである。
 まず、焼結体を水に沈めて焼結体の体積を測定し、また、焼結体の質量を測定する。また、その質量に相当する焼結体が気孔を有しない場合の体積を、理論上の密度に基づいて算出する。測定した体積と、気孔を有しない場合の理論上の体積とから、焼結体の気孔率を算出する。
 本実施形態の接合材が含む焼結体の気孔率を上記範囲内に制御する方法としては、例えば、銀粉末の種類又は粒子径を適宜選択する方法、焼結時の圧力条件を適宜設定する方法、銀粉末の分散液を用いて接合材を製造する際には当該分散液の溶剤量を調整する方法などが挙げられる。
 本実施形態の接合材は、接合体のシェア強度を十分なものとすることができる限り、銀粉末から形成された焼結体以外の物質を含んでもよい。
 本実施形態の接合材の形状としては、特に限定されず、例えば、円板、矩形板等の平板形状;円筒状、円柱状、多角筒状、多角柱状等の棒状、球状等が挙げられる。
 また、本実施形態の接合材は、接合を容易とするために、1mm以下の肉厚部分を有するものでもよい。
 接合材の大きさは、特に限定されず、基板及び導電体の仕様に応じて適宜調整すればよい。接合材の形状が円板状である場合、円板の直径は、0.5~50mmであることが好ましく、2~30mmであることがより好ましい。接合材の形状が矩形板状である場合、長辺の長さは、0.5~50mmであることが好ましく、2~30mmであることがより好ましい。
 本実施形態の接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは800nm以上であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上である。
 また、本実施形態の接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは3.1μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.9μm以下、更に好ましくは2.8μm以下である。
 本実施形態の接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値の組み合わせは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは800nm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 実施例において後述するように、接合面の表面粗さRaが、上記範囲内であると、接合体のシェア強度を優れたものとすることができる。
 本実施形態の接合材において、上述で規定された、焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの数値範囲は、任意に組み合わせてもよい。
 焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの組み合わせは、気孔率が8~30%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは気孔率が8~30%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは気孔率が8~27%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.06μm以上2.8μm以下であり、更に好ましくは気孔率が8~27%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.4μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 表面粗さ:
 接合材の接合面の表面粗さは、次のように測定することができる。超深度カラー3D形状測定顕微鏡(キーエンス、VK-9510)を用いて、接合材表面の任意の5箇所について、表面粗さを測定し、平均値を算出する。
 接合材の接合面の表面粗さRaを上記範囲内に制御する方法としては、特に限定されず、例えば、焼結体の表面を研磨する方法、焼結体の表面にめっきを施す方法などが挙げられる。めっきの種類としては特に限定されないが、銀、銅、錫、金及びニッケルからなる群より選択される1種の金属、又は、2種以上からなる合金をめっきすることが挙げられる。めっきは組成が異なる2層以上のめっきが重ねられたものであってもよい。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面が研磨されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上であり、より好ましくは1.5μm以上であり、更に好ましくは1.7μm以上である。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面が研磨されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは3.1μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.9μm以下であり、更に好ましくは2.8μm以下である。
 接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面が研磨されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値と下限値との組み合わせは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.5μm以上2.9μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.7μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 本実施形態の接合材において、焼結体の表面が研磨されたものである場合、上述で規定された、焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの数値範囲は、任意に組み合わせてもよい。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面が研磨されたものである場合、焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの組み合わせは、気孔率が8~30%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは気孔率が8~30%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは気孔率が8~27%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.5μm以上3.1μm以下であり、更に好ましくは気孔率が8~27%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.7μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面にめっきを施されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは800nm以上であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上である。 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面にめっきを施されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは2.5μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.0μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.8μm以下である。
 接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面にめっきを施されたものである場合、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値と下限値との組み合わせは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上2.0μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上1.8μm以下である。
 本実施形態の接合材において、焼結体の表面にめっきを施されたものである場合、上述で規定された、焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの数値範囲は、任意に組み合わせてもよい。
 本実施形態の接合材が、焼結体の表面にめっきを施されたものである場合、焼結体の気孔率及び接合面の表面粗さRaの組み合わせは、気孔率が8~30%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは気孔率が8~27%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは気孔率が9~15%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.06μm以上2.0μm以下であり、更に好ましくは気孔率が9~13%であり、かつ、表面粗さRaが1.4μm以上1.8μm以下である。
 以上説明した本実施形態の接合材は、焼結体の気孔率が8~30%である銀粉末の焼結体を含み、かつ、接合面の表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下であるものである。このように、接合面の表面粗さRaが特定の範囲にあって、特定の気孔率を有する銀粉末の焼結体を採用しているため、本実施形態の接合材によれば、従来よりも優れた接合強度を有する接合体を作製することができる。
 加えて、かかる焼結体は銀粉末の融点より高い温度下でも溶融しない。また、この焼結体を含む接合材を用いることにより、バルクの融点よりも低い温度で接合することができる。
[接合材の製造方法]
 本実施形態の接合材の製造方法は、溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有する。
 (溶剤)
 本実施形態の分散液は、溶剤に銀粉末が分散しているものである。
 ここでの溶剤としては、例えば、水、アルコール系溶剤、グリコールエーテル系溶剤、テルピネオール類等が挙げられる。
 アルコール系溶剤としてはイソプロピルアルコール、1,2-ブタンジオール、イソボルニルシクロヘキサノール、2,4-ジエチル-1,5-ペンタンジオール、2,2-ジメチル-1,3-プロパンジオール、2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ヘキサンジオール、2,5-ジメチル-3-ヘキシン-2,5-ジオール、2,3-ジメチル-2,3-ブタンジオール、1,1,1-トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)エタン、2-エチル-2-ヒドロキシメチル-1,3-プロパンジオール、2,2′-オキシビス(メチレン)ビス(2-エチル-1,3-プロパンジオール)、2,2-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)-1,3-プロパンジオール、1,2,6-トリヒドロキシヘキサン、ビス[2,2,2-トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)エチル]エーテル、1-エチニル-1-シクロヘキサノール、1,4-シクロヘキサンジオール、1,4-シクロヘキサンジメタノール、エリトリトール、トレイトール、グアヤコールグリセロールエーテル、3,6-ジメチル-4-オクチン-3,6-ジオール、2,4,7,9-テトラメチル-5-デシン-4,7-ジオール等が挙げられる。
 グリコールエーテル系溶剤としては、ジエチレングリコールモノ-2-エチルヘキシルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノフェニルエーテル、2-メチルペンタン-2,4-ジオール、ジエチレングリコールモノヘキシルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル等が挙げられる。
 (銀粉末)
 ここでの銀粉末には、平均粒子径が相違する銀粒子群を組み合わせて用いることが好ましい。平均粒子径が相違するものを併用することで、特定の気孔率(8~30%)を有する接合材を容易に作製できる。
 平均粒子径:
 銀粒子群の平均粒子径は、メディアン径D50の値を採用する。本発明において、各銀粉末のメディアン径D50は、SALD-2300(島津製作所製)を用いて、レーザー回折法により測定したもの(体積平均粒子径)を意味する。
 平均粒子径が相違する銀粒子群の好適な組合せとしては、ナノオーダーの銀粒子群と、マイクロオーダーの銀粒子群との組合せが挙げられる。
 例えば、平均粒子径が相違する第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群とを含み、第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が50nm以上1000nm未満であり、第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が1μm以上20μm未満であることが好ましい。
 第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径は、50nm以上1000nm未満であり、好ましくは100nm以上800nm以下であり、より好ましくは200nm以上500nm以下である。
 第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径は、1μm以上20μm未満であり、好ましくは3μm以上15μm以下であり、より好ましくは3μm以上10μm以下である。
 かかる第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群との併用により、特定の気孔率(8~30%)を有する接合材を容易に作製でき、接合強度の高められた接合体が得られやすくなる。
 第1の銀粒子群の銀粒子の形状は、特に限定されないが、球状及び非球状のいずれでもよい。非球状の例としては、フレーク状、針状、角状、樹枝状、粒状、不規則形状、涙滴状、板状、極薄板状、六角板状、柱状、棒状、多孔状、繊維状、塊状、海綿状、けい角状、丸み状等が挙げられる。このような形状の中でも、球状、柱状が好ましい。
 第2の銀粒子群はフレーク状銀粒子を含むことが好ましい。この場合、第2の銀粒子群は、銀粒子の過半数が顕微鏡下でフレーク状(薄片状又は剥片状)と認められるものであればよい。典型的には、第2の銀粒子群を構成する粒子(一次粒子)の51質量%以上がフレーク(薄片又は剥片)形状を有していることをいう。ここで、フレーク状(薄片状又は剥片状)の粒子とは、アスペクト比(最も長い長径/最も短い短径の比)が5~300である粒子を意味する。
 本実施形態の銀粉末は、さらに、平均粒子径が20μm以上60μm未満である第3の銀粒子群を含んでもよい。
 第3の銀粒子群の平均粒子径は、20μm以上60μm未満であり、好ましくは30μm以上50μm以下であり、より好ましくは35μm以上45μm以下である。
 第1の銀粒子群及び第2の銀粒子群に加えて第3の銀粒子群をさらに併用することで、特定の気孔率(8~30%)を有する接合材をより安定に作製できる。
 第3の銀粒子群の銀粒子の形状は、特に限定されないが、球状及び非球状のいずれでもよい。非球状の例としては、フレーク状、針状、角状、樹枝状、粒状、不規則形状、涙滴状、板状、極薄板状、六角板状、柱状、棒状、多孔状、繊維状、塊状、海綿状、けい角状、丸み状等が挙げられる。このような形状の中でも、球状、柱状が好ましい。
 また、第1の銀粒子群、第2の銀粒子群、第3の銀粒子群は、各銀粒子群として平均粒子径の異なる2種以上を用いてもよい。
 本実施形態の銀粉末においては、第2の銀粒子群として、平均粒子径の異なる2種以上を用いることが好ましい。例えば、第2の銀粒子群として、平均粒子径が1μm以上10μm未満の銀粒子群と、平均粒子径が10μm以上20μm未満の銀粒子群と、を組み合わせて用いることが好ましい。
 本実施形態の銀粉末として、平均粒子径が相違する銀粒子群を組み合わせて用いる場合、第1の銀粒子群の割合は、銀粉末の合計の質量(100質量%)に対して、1~50質量%であることが好ましく、1~30質量%がより好ましく、3~10質量%がさらに好ましい。
 第2の銀粒子群の割合は、銀粉末の合計の質量(100質量%)に対して、30~99質量%であることが好ましく、45~90質量%がより好ましく、50~90質量%がさらに好ましい。
 第3の銀粒子群をさらに併用する場合、第3の銀粒子群の割合は、銀粉末の合計の質量(100質量%)に対して、1~70質量%であることが好ましく、1~50質量%がより好ましく、1~45質量%がさらに好ましい。ただし、第1の銀粒子群、第2の銀粒子群及び第3の銀粒子群の割合の和は、100質量%を超えない。
 (分散液)
 本実施形態における、前記溶剤と前記銀粉末との分散液は、当該分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは5質量%以上20質量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは5質量%以上15質量%以下であり、特に好ましくは6質量%以上10質量%以下である。
 分散液中の溶剤の含有量を5質量%以上25質量%以下とすることにより、気孔率が8~30%の焼結体を容易に得ることができる。
 分散液を焼結する際に、分散液中の溶剤は揮発して、焼結体中に気孔が形成される。分散液中の溶剤の含有量を上記範囲内とすることにより、焼結体の気孔率を8~30%とすることができる。
 次に、本実施形態の接合材の製造方法について詳細に説明する。
 焼結体を得る工程:
 本実施形態における、焼結体を得る工程では、溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る。
 まず、上述の分散液を基台の上に塗工して塗工膜を形成する。塗工する方法としては、特に限定されないが、ディスペンス塗布、印刷塗布、スプレー塗布、はけ塗り、注入等が挙げられる。
 基台の材料としては、例えば、ガラス、石英、シリコン、金属等が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。実施例において後述するように、金属としては、例えば、黄銅を用いることができるが、これに限定されない。
 金属の基台を用いる場合、予め基台に潤滑離型剤を塗布しておくと、焼結体を基台から容易に剥がすことができる。
 次に、塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る。加熱の温度としては、焼結体を得られる温度であれば適宜設定することができるが、例えば、150℃以上300℃以下が好ましく、200℃以上250℃以下がより好ましい。
 塗工膜を加熱する時間としては、焼結体を得られる時間であれば適宜設定することができるが、例えば、15分間以上180分間以下が好ましく、30分間以上90分間以下がより好ましい。
 本実施形態における、焼結体を得る工程では、塗工膜に加えられる圧力を、好ましくは5MPa以下に抑えることが可能であり、1MPa以下に抑えることも可能であり、特には無加圧とすることも可能である。
 次に、基板及び導電体の仕様に応じて、得られた焼結体を切断してもよい。焼結体の切断に用いる道具としては、特に限定されず、例えば、ハサミ、ダイアモンドナイフ、ペーパーカッター等が挙げられる。本明細書において、上述の切断した焼結体を単に焼結体と呼ぶ場合がある。
 以上説明した接合材の製造方法として、より具体的には、以下に示す実施形態が好適に挙げられる。
 実施形態(i):溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、前記分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下である、接合材の製造方法。
 実施形態(i)によれば、分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量を特定の割合とすることで、気孔率8~30%の焼結体を含む接合材を容易に製造できる。
 実施形態(ii):溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、前記分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下であり、前記銀粉末は、平均粒子径が相違する第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群とからなり、前記第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が50nm以上1000nm未満であり、前記第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が1μm以上20μm未満である、接合材の製造方法。
 前記銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が1~50質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が50~99質量%であってもよい。
 前記銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が5~30質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が70~95質量%であってもよい。
 前記銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が5~15質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が85~95質量%であってもよい。
 前記第1の銀粒子群及び第2の銀粒子群の割合は、前記銀粉末の合計の質量(100質量%)に対する割合である。また、前記第1の銀粒子群及び第2の銀粒子群の割合の和は、100質量%を超えない。
 実施形態(ii)によれば、特定の平均粒子径をもつ銀粒子群を組み合わせて用いることで、気孔率8~30%の焼結体を含む接合材を容易に製造できる。
 実施形態(iii):溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、前記分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下であり、前記銀粉末は、平均粒子径が相違する第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群と第3の銀粒子群とからなり、前記第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が50nm以上1000nm未満であり、前記第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が1μm以上20μm未満であり、前記第3の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が20μm以上60μm未満である、接合材の製造方法。
 上述した銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が1~50質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が30~98質量%であり、第3の銀粒子群の割合が1~69質量%であってもよい。
 上述した銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が1~30質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が30~90質量%であり、第3の銀粒子群の割合が5~60質量%であってもよい。
 上述した銀粉末は、例えば、第1の銀粒子群の割合が3~8質量%であり、第2の銀粒子群の割合が45~72質量%であり、第3の銀粒子群の割合が20~50質量%であってもよい。
 上述した第1の銀粒子群、第2の銀粒子群及び第3の銀粒子群の割合は、銀粉末の合計の質量(100質量%)に対する割合である。また、第1の銀粒子群、第2の銀粒子群及び第3の銀粒子群の割合の和は、100質量%を超えない。
 実施形態(iii)によれば、特定の平均粒子径をもつ銀粒子群を組み合わせて用いることで、気孔率8~30%の焼結体を含む接合材を容易に製造できる。
 本実施形態の接合材の製造方法は、焼結体を得る工程に加え、これ以外の工程を有していてもよい。
 例えば、得られた焼結体表面の粗さを制御するため、焼結体を得る工程の後段側に、焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、焼結体の表面に銀、銅、錫、金及びニッケルからなる群より選択される1種以上のめっきを施す工程をさらに有していてもよい。
 本実施形態の接合材の製造方法が、前記の焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記のめっきを施す工程を有する場合、研磨する工程又はめっきを施す工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは800nm以上であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上である。
 一方、研磨する工程又はめっきを施す工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限は、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは3.1μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.9μm以下、更に好ましくは2.8μm以下である。
 研磨する工程又はめっきを施す工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 研磨する工程又はめっきを施す工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値と下限値との組み合わせは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは800nm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 焼結体の表面を研磨する工程:
 焼結体の表面を研磨する方法としては、特に限定されず、例えば、化学研磨、電解研磨、機械研磨等が挙げられる。実施例において後述するように、2000番の研磨紙を用いて、焼結体の表面を研磨することにより、十分な接合強度を有する接合体を作製することができる接合材を得ることができる。
 本実施形態の接合材の製造方法が、前記の焼結体の表面を研磨する工程を有する場合、研磨する工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上であり、より好ましくは1.5μm以上であり、更に好ましくは1.7μm以上である。
 一方、研磨する工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは3.1μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.9μm以下であり、更に好ましくは2.8μm以下である。
 研磨する工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 研磨する工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値と下限値との組み合わせは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.5μm以上2.9μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.7μm以上2.8μm以下である。
 焼結体の表面にめっきを施す工程:
 焼結体の表面にめっきを施す方法としては、特に限定されず、例えば、電気めっき、無電解めっき、真空めっき等が挙げられる。めっきの種類としては特に限定されないが、銀、銅、錫、金及びニッケルからなる群より選択される1種の金属又は、2種以上からなる合金をめっきすることが挙げられる。めっきを施す工程は、組成が異なる2層以上のめっきを重ねてめっきすることであってもよい。
 例えば接合対象物の一方が銅基板の場合には、焼結体の表面に銅めっきを施してもよい。これにより、接合材と銅基板との親和性が強まり、接合強度が高められやすくなる。
 本実施形態の接合材の製造方法が、前記の焼結体の表面にめっきを施す工程を有する場合、めっきを施す工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、500nm以上であり、好ましくは800nm以上であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上である。
 一方、めっきを施す工程によって得られる接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaは、3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは2.5μm以下であり、より好ましくは2.0μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.8μm以下である。
 めっきを施す工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さRaの上限値及び下限値は任意に組み合わせてよい。
 めっきを施す工程によって得られる、接合材における接合面の表面粗さは、500nm以上3.3μm以下であり、好ましくは1.06μm以上3.3μm以下であり、より好ましくは1.06μm以上2.0μm以下であり、更に好ましくは1.4μm以上1.8μm以下である。
 接合材の製造方法が、焼結体を得る工程の実施形態(i)の後段側に、前記の焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記のめっきを施す工程を有する場合、得られる接合材は、接合面の表面粗さRaが特定の範囲にあって、焼結体は特定の気孔率を有する。
 接合材の製造方法が、焼結体を得る工程の実施形態(ii)の後段側に、前記の焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記のめっきを施す工程を有する場合、得られる接合材は、接合面の表面粗さRaが特定の範囲にあって、焼結体は特定の気孔率を有する銀粉末の焼結体が得られる。
 接合材の製造方法が、焼結体を得る工程の実施形態(iii)の後段側に、前記の焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記のめっきを施す工程を有する場合、得られる接合材は、接合面の表面粗さRaが特定の範囲にあって、焼結体は特定の気孔率を有する銀粉末の焼結体が得られる。
[接合体]
 本実施形態の接合体は、図1に示したように、導電体と、基板とが、上述した接合材により接合されているものである。
 導電体としては、コンデンサ及び抵抗等のチップ部品や、ウエハに抵抗、トランジスタ、コンデンサ、及び集積回路などの半導体素子を形成した後にウエハから各半導体素子の区画を切り出したSiチップ、SiCチップ、GaN等が挙げられる。
 基板としては、回路基板、ガラス繊維強化エポキシ系プリント基板やポリイミド系の基板、セラミックス基板、メタル基板、Cuリードフレーム等が挙げられる。
 接合する時の温度としては、例えば、150℃以上400℃以下が好ましく、200℃以上300℃がより好ましい。
 上述した接合材を用いて、導電体と基板とを接合する方法としては、公知の方法を採用することができる。
 接合する時の圧力としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、0.1MPa以上3MPa以下であってもよい。
 接合時の雰囲気は、大気中で行われてもよく、窒素中で行われてもよい。
 上述した本実施形態の接合体においては、気孔率が8~30%である銀粉末の焼結体を含み、接合面の表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下である接合材が適用されている。このため、かかる接合体は、従来よりも優れた接合強度を有する。
 以下、実施例により本発明を説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
<使用した原料>
 銀粉末として、以下に示す銀粒子群を用いた。
 銀粒子群1A:平均粒子径 300nm
 銀粒子群2A:平均粒子径 4μm
 銀粒子群2B:平均粒子径 10μm
 銀粒子群3:平均粒子径 42μm
 銀粒子群1B:平均粒子径 50nm
 銀粒子群1A、1B、2A、3の銀粒子の形状は球状であり、銀粒子群2Bの銀粒子の形状はフレーク状であった。
 溶剤として、エチレングリコールを用いた。
 上述した平均粒子径は、メディアン径D50の値を採用した。本発明において、各銀粉末のメディアン径D50は、SALD-2300(島津製作所製)を用いて、レーザー回折法により測定したもの(体積平均径)を意味する。
<銀粉末の分散液の調製>
 上述した銀粒子群と溶剤とを、表1に示す組成で混合して、分散液1~9を調製した。表1中、銀粒子群のそれぞれの値は、銀粉末の合計の質量に対する、各銀粒子群の質量の割合(質量%)を示す。また、溶剤の割合は、銀粉末と溶剤との合計の質量に対する、溶剤の質量の割合(質量%)を示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
<接合材の製造>
 (実施例1)
 分散液1を用いて、黄銅の基台上に塗工膜を作製した。
 黄銅としては、65質量%の銅と、35質量%の亜鉛とからなるものを用いた。
 焼結体を得る工程:
 作製した塗工膜を、200℃で30分間、無加圧で加熱して焼結体を得た。ハサミを用いて、得られた焼結体を、小片(縦×横の寸法:3mm×3mm)に切断した。
 研磨する工程:
 得られた小片を、2000番の研磨紙(三共理化学製 耐水研磨紙シート)を用いて焼結体の表面を研磨し、接合材を得た。
 (実施例2)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例3)
 分散液1を用いて、上述した黄銅の基台上に塗工膜を作製した。
 焼結体を得る工程:
 作製した塗工膜を、200℃で30分間、無加圧で加熱して焼結体を得た。
 銀めっきを施す工程:
 得られた焼結体を、2-エチルヘキシルアミンにアセト酢酸銀を溶解させた溶液に浸漬し、40℃で10分間、静置した。続いて、焼結体を混合液から取り出して乾燥させた。
 (実施例4)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、実施例3と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例5)
 用いる分散液を分散液2に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例6)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、実施例5と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例7)
 用いる分散液を分散液2に変更した以外は、実施例3と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例8)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、実施例7と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例9)
 用いる分散液を分散液3に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例10)
 用いる分散液を分散液4に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例11)
 焼結条件を250℃で90分間に変更した以外は、実施例5と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例12)
 用いる分散液を分散液5に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例13)
 用いる分散液を分散液6に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (実施例14)
 分散液2を用いて、上述した黄銅の基台上に塗工膜を作製した。
 焼結体を得る工程:
 作製した塗工膜を、250℃で30分間、無加圧で加熱して焼結体を得た。
 銅めっきを施す工程:
 得られた焼結体を、窒素雰囲気中、2-エチルヘキシルアミンにギ酸銅(II)四水和物(和光純薬工業株式会社製、型番:LKJ3210、一次平均粒子径:20μm)を溶解させた溶液に浸漬し、140℃で10分間、静置した。続いて、焼結体を混合液から取り出して乾燥させた。
 (比較例1)
 用いる分散液を分散液7に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例2)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更し、焼結時に0.4MPaで加圧しつつ焼結したた以外は、比較例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例3)
 焼結時に0.4MPaで加圧しつつ焼結した以外は、比較例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例4)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、比較例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例5)
 用いる分散液を分散液7に変更し、焼結体の表面を研磨しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例6)
 焼結条件を250℃で30分間に変更した以外は、比較例5と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例7)
 用いる分散液を分散液8に変更し、焼結体の表面を研磨しなかった以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例8)
 用いる分散液を分散液8に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例9)
 用いる分散液を分散液9に変更し、焼結体の表面を研磨しなかった以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 (比較例10)
 用いる分散液を分散液9に変更した以外は、実施例2と同様にして接合材を得た。
 実施例1~14、比較例1~10において得られた各接合材について、次に示す測定方法によって、気孔率と表面粗さをそれぞれ測定した。
 [気孔率の測定]
 接合材を水に沈めて接合材の体積を測定し、接合材の質量を測定した。また、その質量に相当する接合材が気孔を有しない場合の体積を、理論上の密度に基づいて算出した。測定した体積と、気孔を有しない場合の理論上の体積とから、気孔率を算出した。
 [表面粗さの測定]
 超深度カラー3D形状測定顕微鏡(キーエンス、VK-9510)を用いて、接合材表面の任意の5箇所について、表面粗さを測定し、平均値を算出した。測定箇所の大きさは、1400μm×1050μmであった。
 実施例1~14、比較例1~10において得られた各接合材の、焼結条件、気孔率、表面粗さを表2に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
 銀粉末が銀粒子群1と銀粒子群2とを含み、分散液中の溶剤の含有量が5質量%以上25質量%以下である場合、得られた実施例1~14の接合体の焼結体の気孔率は、8~30%であった。
 得られた焼結体を樹脂で包埋した後、イオンミリング装置 IM4000PLUS(株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)を用いて、樹脂で包理した焼結体を切断し、平滑化した切片を得た。得られた切片を、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて観察した。接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像を図2に示した。
 図2Aは、実施例2の接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像である。図2Bは、実施例6の接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像である。図2Cは、比較例4の接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像である。図2Dは、実施例9の接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像である。図2Eは、実施例10の接合材断面のSEMによる顕微鏡像である。
 その結果、実施例2、6、9、10の接合材の断面には、比較例4の接合材の断面に比較して、気孔が多く認められた。
<接合体の製造>
 (実施例21~34、比較例11~20)
 導電体として、Siチップ側から順に、Ti層(厚み40nm)及びAg層(厚み1000nm)がスパッタリングにより積層されたSiチップ(縦×横の寸法:3mm×3mm)を用いた。接合材として、実施例1~14、比較例1~10の各接合材を用いた。各接合材の厚さは100μmであった。基板として、銅基板を用いた。
 基板、接合材、導電体を、接合材の研磨した面が接合面になるように、この順で重ねた後、大気中にて圧力を0.4MPaに設定し、温度250℃で加熱処理を施すことにより接合して、接合体を得た。実施例1~14、比較例1~10の各接合材を用いて、実施例21~34、比較例11~20の接合体を得た。
 得られた実施例21~34、比較例11~20の接合体のシェア強度を、次に示す測定方法によって測定した。結果を表3に示す。
 [シェア強度試験]
 実施例21~34、比較例11~20の各接合体のシェア強度(せん断強度)を次のように測定した。測定結果を表3に示す。
 シェア強度試験:
 得られた各接合体について、万能型ボンドテスター NordsonDAGE Series4000(Nordson Corporation製)を使用して、室温(25℃)条件下、JIS Z 3198-7:2003に準拠した方法で、Siチップと基板との間のせん断強度(MPa)の測定を行った。各試料について5回測定を行い、せん断強度(MPa)の平均値を算出した。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000003
 気孔率が8~30%である実施例1~14の接合材を用いた場合、実施例21~34の接合体のシェア強度は十分であった。
 接合面の表面粗さRaが500nm以上3.3μm以下である実施例1~14の接合材を用いた場合、得られた実施例21~34の接合体のシェア強度は十分であった。
 焼結体の表面を研磨して得られた実施例1、2、5、6、9~13の接合材を用いた場合、得られた実施例21、22、25、26、29~33の接合体のシェア強度は十分であった。
 焼結体の表面にめっきを施して得られた実施例3、4、7、8、14の接合材を用いた場合、得られた実施例23、24、27、28、34の接合体のシェア強度は十分であった。
 分散液中の溶剤の含有量を5質量%以上25質量%以下の範囲内で増やし、得られた実施例12、13の接合材を用いて接合体を得た場合、実施例32、33の接合体のシェア強度は十分であった。
 銀粒子群1Bのみを含む分散液を用いて得られた比較例1~6の接合材は、焼結体の気孔率が8%未満であり、これらを用いた比較例11~16の接合体のシェア強度は十分ではなかった。
 溶剤の含有量が26%である分散液を用いた比較例7~10の接合材は、焼結体の気孔率が30%よりも大きく、これらの接合材を用いた比較例17~20の接合体のシェア強度は十分ではなかった。
 焼結体の表面を研磨せず、かつ、めっきを施さなかった比較例5、6、7、9の接合材を用いた場合、得られた比較例25、26、27、29の接合体のシェア強度は十分ではなかった。
 また、以下に述べるように、実施例の接合材と、比較例の接合材とを、条件(a)及び条件(b)下で対比することにより、次に示すことが明らかになった。
 ≪条件(a):分散液における銀粉末の組成、及び焼結条件が同一のものを比較≫
 (1)実施例2の接合材と、比較例8の接合材との対比
 (2)実施例6の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比
 (3)実施例12の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比
 (4)実施例13の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比
 実施例2の接合材と、比較例8の接合材との対比:
 接合材を製造する際、実施例2については分散液1、比較例8については分散液8がそれぞれ用いられており、分散液における銀粉末の組成は、いずれも、銀粒子群1A/銀粒子群2A/銀粒子群2B=10/40/50(質量%)である。
 焼結条件は、いずれも、焼結時の温度、時間を250℃、30分間、焼結時の圧力を無加圧に設定し、焼結体の表面を研磨している。
 接合材における表面粗さ(μm)/気孔率(%)/接合体のシェア強度(MPa)は、以下のとおりであった。
  実施例2について、2.79μm/10.6%/22.3MPa(実施例22)
  比較例8について、2.75μm/36.3%/10.6MPa(比較例18)
 実施例6の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比:
 接合材を製造する際、実施例6については分散液2、比較例10については分散液9がそれぞれ用いられており、分散液における銀粉末の組成は、いずれも、銀粒子群1A/銀粒子群2A/銀粒子群2B/銀粒子群3=5/20/25/50(質量%)である。
 焼結条件は、いずれも、焼結時の温度、時間を250℃、30分間、焼結時の圧力を無加圧、焼結体の表面を研磨している。
 接合材における表面粗さ(μm)/気孔率(%)/接合体のシェア強度(MPa)は、以下のとおりであった。
  実施例6について、2.36μm/13.1%/22.1MPa(実施例26)
  比較例10について、2.68μm/35.7%/8.6MPa(比較例20)
 実施例12の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比:
 接合材を製造する際、実施例12については分散液5、比較例10については分散液9がそれぞれ用いられており、分散液における銀粉末の組成は、いずれも、銀粒子群1A/銀粒子群2A/銀粒子群2B/銀粒子群3=5/20/25/50(質量%)である。
 焼結条件は、いずれも、焼結時の温度、時間を250℃、30分間、焼結時の圧力を無加圧に設定し、焼結体の表面を研磨している。
 接合材における表面粗さ(μm)/気孔率(%)/接合体のシェア強度(MPa)は、以下のとおりであった。
  実施例12について、2.76μm/17.2%/22.2MPa(実施例32)
  比較例10について、2.68μm/35.7%/8.6MPa(比較例20)
 実施例13の接合材と、比較例10の接合材との対比:
 接合材を製造する際、実施例13については分散液6、比較例10については分散液9がそれぞれ用いられており、分散液における銀粉末の組成は、いずれも、銀粒子群1A/銀粒子群2A/銀粒子群2B/銀粒子群3=5/20/25/50(質量%)である。
 焼結条件は、いずれも、焼結時の温度、時間を250℃、30分間、焼結時の圧力を無加圧に設定し、焼結体の表面を研磨している。
 接合材における表面粗さ(μm)/気孔率(%)/接合体のシェア強度(MPa)は、以下のとおりであった。
  実施例13について、2.61μm/26.3%/21.7MPa(実施例33)
  比較例10について、2.68μm/35.7%/8.6MPa(比較例20)
 ≪条件(b):接合材の表面粗さが同一(1.06μm)のものを比較≫
 実施例14の接合材と、比較例1の接合材との対比:
 接合材における表面粗さ(μm)/気孔率(%)/接合体のシェア強度(MPa)は、以下のとおりであった。
  実施例14について、1.06μm/11.6%/18.5MPa(実施例34)
   比較例1について、1.06μm/5.3%/12.5MPa(比較例11)
 上記の条件(a)及び条件(b)下での対比より、たとえ接合面の表面粗さが同程度であっても、その表面粗さが特定の範囲(500nm以上3.3μm以下)であり、かつ、焼結体の気孔率が数値限定(8~30%)の内と外のそれぞれの効果について、接合体のシェア強度の点で顕著な差異があること、が明らかになった。加えて、その接合体のシェア強度について、気孔率の数値範囲(8~30%)内の全体にわたり顕著性があることも明らかになった。
 すなわち、「焼結体の気孔率 8~30%」と「接合面の表面粗さRa 500nm以上3.3μm以下」とを組み合わせた場合、シェア強度は格別顕著なものになることが明らかになった。
<銀めっきを施した銅板と導電体との接合>
 導電体と、銀めっきした銅板とを、実施例1の接合材を用いて、大気中にて、圧力を0.4MPa又は1MPaに設定し、温度200℃、250℃、300℃でそれぞれ加熱処理を施すことにより接合して、接合体を得た。
 図3Aは、大気中にて、圧力を0.4MPaに設定し、温度250℃で加熱処理を施すことにより接合して得られた接合体断面の、SEMによる顕微鏡像である。図3Bは、接合体のシェア強度と、焼結時の温度及び圧力との関係を示すグラフである。
 その結果、大気中で、実施例1の接合材を適用し、銀めっきした銅板と導電体とを接合することができた。焼結時の温度が高いほど、また、焼結時の圧力が高いほど、シェア強度が高くなることが明らかになった。
<めっきが施されていない銅板と導電体との接合>
 導電体と、めっきが施されていない銅板(無垢銅板)とを、実施例14の接合材を用いて、窒素中にて、圧力を0.4MPa又は1MPaに設定し、温度250℃、300℃、350℃でそれぞれ加熱処理を施すことにより接合して、接合体を得た。
 図4Aは、窒素中にて、圧力を0.4MPaに設定し、温度300℃で加熱処理を施すことにより接合して得られた接合体断面の、SEMによる撮像データである。図4Bは、接合体のシェア強度と、焼結時の温度及び圧力との関係を示すグラフである。
 その結果、窒素中で、実施例14の接合材を適用し、めっきが施されていない銅板と導電体とを直接に接合することができた。焼結時の温度が高いほど、また、焼結時の圧力が高いほど、シェア強度が高くなることが明らかになった。
 本発明によれば、従来よりも優れた接合強度を有する接合体を作製するために用いられる接合材、その接合材の製造方法、その接合材を用いた接合体を提供することができる。 本発明の接合材は、従来の接合材では困難であった高温下(例えば300℃以上)での使用が可能であり、炭化ケイ素(SiC)を用いたパワー半導体などを備えた電子部品用の接合材として有用である。
10…接合体、12…導電体、13…接合材、14…基板

Claims (7)

  1.  銀粉末が焼き固められた焼結体を含み、前記焼結体の気孔率が8~30%であり、
     接合面の表面粗さRaが、500nm以上3.3μm以下である、接合材。
  2.  溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、 前記分散液中の前記溶剤の含有量が、5質量%以上25質量%以下である、接合材の製造方法。
  3.  溶剤と銀粉末との分散液を用いて形成した塗工膜を加熱して焼結体を得る工程を有し、 前記銀粉末は、平均粒子径が相違する第1の銀粒子群と第2の銀粒子群とを含み、
     前記第1の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が50nm以上1000nm未満であり、
     前記第2の銀粒子群の平均粒子径が1μm以上20μm未満である、接合材の製造方法。
  4.  前記銀粉末は、さらに、平均粒子径が20μm以上60μm未満である第3の銀粒子群を含む、請求項3に記載の接合材の製造方法。
  5.  前記焼結体を得る工程において、前記塗工膜に加えられる圧力を5MPa以下としつつ、前記塗工膜を加熱する、請求項2~4のいずれか一項に記載の接合材の製造方法。
  6.  さらに、前記焼結体の表面を研磨する工程、又は、前記焼結体の表面に銀、銅、錫、金及びニッケルからなる群より選択される1種以上のめっきを施す工程を有する、請求項2~5のいずれか一項に記載の接合材の製造方法。
  7.  導電体と、基板とが、請求項1に記載の接合材により接合されている、接合体。
PCT/JP2020/038781 2019-10-15 2020-10-14 接合材、接合材の製造方法及び接合体 WO2021075463A1 (ja)

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