WO2021017828A1 - 一种高频驻波振幅分布的高精度测量方法 - Google Patents

一种高频驻波振幅分布的高精度测量方法 Download PDF

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WO2021017828A1
WO2021017828A1 PCT/CN2020/102064 CN2020102064W WO2021017828A1 WO 2021017828 A1 WO2021017828 A1 WO 2021017828A1 CN 2020102064 W CN2020102064 W CN 2020102064W WO 2021017828 A1 WO2021017828 A1 WO 2021017828A1
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spot
amplitude distribution
deflection
standing wave
feature
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张祥朝
牛振岐
王飞利
王伟
徐敏
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Fudan University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01HMEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of optical engineering, and is specifically a method for measuring the amplitude distribution of a high-frequency standing wave.
  • the hemispherical resonant gyroscope and other components achieve performance through the resonant standing wave generated by excitation, so the measurement of its vibration characteristics is an important guarantee for mechanism analysis and improvement of component performance.
  • the measured component is plated with a metal film, and the formed electrode and the signal detector form a capacitance, so the vibration measurement can be realized by detecting the change of the capacitance characteristic [1].
  • the average distance change at the electrode and the spatial distribution of the amplitude cannot be obtained.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a high-precision measurement method for the amplitude distribution of the standing wave of a smooth surface element, so as to facilitate the analysis of the vibration mode and vibration characteristics.
  • the high-precision measurement method for the amplitude distribution of the standing wave of the smooth surface element provided by the present invention is based on the deflection technology, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • (u 0 v 0 ) represents the entire
  • the center of gravity coordinates of the feature spot, (u(i,j),v(i,j)) represents the coordinate of any pixel in the feature spot;
  • step (4) Perform eigenvalue decomposition on the normal matrix M in step (4), where the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue is the extension direction of the feature spot [5]; draw a straight line perpendicular to the extension direction from the center of the feature spot , The width of the characteristic spot along the straight line is the original circle spot diameter d;
  • the normal deflection range of the measuring point caused by vibration can be obtained.
  • the components in the x and y directions are written as s x , s y , and the z-direction component is normalized;
  • the modal method is used for integral reconstruction to obtain the amplitude distribution z [6] in the whole area, that is, to solve the partial differential equation, so that the objective function is minimized:
  • D x and D y respectively represent the differential matrix along the x and y directions, and the x and y components of the normal deflection can be approximated and optimized to obtain z.
  • the system of the present invention has simple structure, high sensitivity and strong anti-interference ability, can measure the standing wave amplitude distribution in a local area of the component, and is of great significance for component vibration mechanism and characteristic analysis and component resonance performance guarantee.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the deflection measurement amplitude.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the formation of blurred spots in the deflection measurement.
  • Figure 3 shows the binarization pattern displayed on the screen.
  • Figure 4 shows the blurred image obtained by shooting.
  • Figure 5 shows the recognition contour of the blurred spot.
  • Figure 6 shows the extension direction of the blur spot and the calculation of the yaw distance.
  • Figure 7 shows the normal x-direction yaw range.
  • Figure 8 shows the normal y-direction yaw range.
  • Figure 9 shows the actual solution of the standing wave amplitude distribution.
  • Embodiment 1 In this embodiment, the measured component is a plane with a diameter of 70 mm, and the vibration is excited from the lower surface, and the frequency is 4500 Hz.
  • the focal length of the camera is 55mm, and the size of a single pixel is 8 ⁇ m ⁇ 8 ⁇ m.
  • the screen adopts ipad mini, the angle between the center point of the two and the excitation point is 45°, the distance between the center of the screen and the excitation point of the component is 172mm, and the distance between the optical center of the camera and the excitation point is 240mm, as shown in Figure 1. .
  • the standing wave of the component under test causes the local normal to change, so the reflection optics will swing accordingly, and the corresponding image will form blurred spots, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the round spot pattern is displayed on the screen, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the camera exposure time is set to 0.05 seconds, and the collected images are shown in Figure 4.
  • the Sobel operator is used to identify the boundary of the feature spot; for clarity, we only draw the identification boundary of a feature spot in the upper left corner in FIG. 5.
  • the normal matrix of all pixels in the contour is subjected to eigenvalue decomposition, and the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue is the AB direction shown in FIG. 6.
  • the normal yaw range of the component can be obtained, and its z component is normalized to obtain the lateral component (s x , s y ), respectively As shown in Figure 7, Figure 8.
  • the amplitude distribution obtained after reconstruction and fitting using the modal method is shown in Figure 9. Therefore, the method of the present invention can accurately obtain the amplitude distribution of the measurement area.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
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Abstract

一种光滑表面元件高频谐振驻波振幅分布的测量方法,包括:构建偏折测量系统,将相机和投影屏幕相对于被测元件左右对称放置;投影显示圆斑图样,用相机测量高频振动元件反射形成的模糊特征斑;采用差分算子识别特征斑的边界,拟合得到圆斑偏斜距离;基于标定获得的系统几何参数,计算被测表面各部分的法向偏转量;最后重构积分得到驻波振幅分布,系统结构简单,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,可以测量元件局部区域的驻波振幅分布,对于元件振动机理与特性分析、元件谐振性能保障有重要意义。

Description

一种高频驻波振幅分布的高精度测量方法 技术领域
本发明属于光学工程技术领域,具体为一种测量高频驻波振幅分布的方法。
背景技术
半球谐振陀螺等元件通过激励产生的谐振驻波实现性能,因此其振动特性的测量是进行机理分析、提升元件性能的重要保障。传统上通常将被测元件上镀金属膜,所形成的电极与信号探测器构成电容,于是振动测量可以通过探测电容特性的变化来实现[1]。但是这种方法得到的是电极处的平均距离变化,无法得到振幅的空间分布。随后研究者提出基于全息干涉的时间平均法[2],可以在多个振动周期内采用全息干板记录叠加的干涉条纹,通过光学再现得到谐振子的平均振幅。但是该方法需要全息干板记录与定影,操作复杂,而且难以数字化。为此研究者提出数字全息干涉测量方法,采用CCD记录干涉图像,再利用菲涅尔衍射重构得到振幅分布[3]。但是较大的振幅会导致干涉条纹过密,无法正确解析振幅;同时,CCD像素远远大于全息干板的显像颗粒,导致记录分辨率严重下降,影响了振幅测量的精度。因此,光滑表面元件驻波振型的高精度测量方法,是当前面临的重要难题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种光滑表面元件驻波振幅分布的高精度测量方法,以便于分析振型与振动特性。
本发明提供的光滑表面元件驻波振幅分布的高精度测量方法,是基于偏折技术的,具体步骤如下:
(1)搭建偏折测量光路,投影屏幕和相机相对于被测元件左右对称放置;
(2)在屏幕上显示二值化圆斑图样,经过振动元件反射后在相机成像;
(3)采用Sobel微分算子对图像进行处理,并采用二值化识别图像中特征斑的边界[4],以灰度w(u,v)为权重计算斑点中心:
Figure PCTCN2020102064-appb-000001
(4)对特征斑中所有点坐标构造正规矩阵:
M=∑w(i,j)δ(i,j) Tδ(i,j),
其中,δ(i,j)=(u(i,j)-u 0,v(i,j)-v 0),表示特征斑中每个像素的坐标偏差,(u 0v 0)表示 整个特征斑的重心坐标,(u(i,j),v(i,j))表示特征斑中任意像素的坐标;
(5)对步骤(4)中的正规矩阵M进行特征值分解,其中最大特征值对应的特征向量即为特征斑的延伸方向[5];从特征斑重心画出一条垂直于延伸方向的直线,特征斑沿该直线方向的宽度即为原始圆斑直径d;
(6)从特征斑重心沿其延伸方向画一条直线,与特征斑边界的两个交点记为A、B;线段AB长度与圆斑直径d之差的一半即为该点极限振幅引起的成像偏差;
(7)利用偏折标定的几何参数,便可得到振动引起的测量点法向偏摆范围,将其x,y方向的分量分别写作s x,s y,并将z向分量归一化;
(8)采用modal法进行积分重构,得到全区域振幅分布z[6],也即解偏微分方程,使得目标函数最小:
E(z)=‖zD x-s x2+||D yz-s y|| 2  (2)
其中,D x、D y分别表示沿x、y方向的微分矩阵,和法向偏摆的x、y方向分量进行逼近优化,就可以解得z。
由于此方程的解不唯一,求解后将振幅分布整体偏移,使得驻点振幅为零。
本发明的系统结构简单,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,可以测量元件局部区域的驻波振幅分布,对于元件振动机理与特性分析、元件谐振性能保障有重要意义。
参考文献
[1]万泉.微型半球谐振陀螺检测与控制系统研究,苏州大学硕士学位论文,2018
[2]樊尚春.轴对称壳谐振陀螺,国防工业出版社,2013
[3]A Asundi,VR Singh.Time-averaged in-line digital holography interferometry for vibration analysis.Applied Optics 2006;45(11):2391-2395
[4]L Li,X Zhang,H Xiao and M Xu.Segmentation of non-stochastic surfaces based on non-subsampled contourlet transform and mathematical morphologies.Measurement2016;79:137-146
[5]GH Golub and CF van Loan.Matrix Computations.4Edition.The John Hopkins University Press,2013
[6]I Mochi and KA Goldberg.Modal wavefront reconstruction from its gradient.Applied Optics 2015;54:3780–3785.。
附图说明
图1为偏折测量振幅示意图。
图2为偏折测量模糊斑形成原理图。
图3为屏幕显示的二值化图样。
图4为拍摄得到的模糊斑图像。
图5为模糊斑的识别轮廓。
图6为模糊斑的延伸方向及偏摆距离计算。
图7为法向的x方向偏摆范围。
图8为法向的y方向偏摆范围。
图9为实际解得的驻波振幅分布。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例结合附图进一步说明本发明。
实施例1:本实施例中被测元件为口径70mm的平面,从下表面进行振动激励,频率为4500Hz。相机焦距为55mm,单个像素的尺寸为8μm×8μm。屏幕采用ipad mini,二者的中心点和激励点连线的夹角都是45°,屏幕中心到元件激励点的距离为172mm,相机光心到激励点的距离为240mm,如图1所示。被测元件驻波引起局部法向变化,因此反射光学随之发生偏摆,对应图像就会形成模糊斑,如图2所示。在屏幕上显示圆斑图样,如图3所示。相机曝光时间设为0.05秒,所采集的图像如图4所示。采用本发明中的方法,利用Sobel算子识别特征斑边界;为了清晰起见,我们在图5中只画出左上角一个特征斑的识别边界。将轮廓内的所有像素的正规矩阵进行特征值分解,最大特征值对应的特征向量即为图6所示的AB方向。得到圆斑的偏摆距离之后,结合相机、屏幕、元件直径的相对距离,可以得到元件法向的偏摆范围,将其z分量归一化,得到横向分量(s x,s y),分别如图7、图8所示。利用modal法经过重构拟合后得到的振幅分布如图9所示。因此本发明中的方法可以准确得到测量区域的振幅分布。

Claims (1)

  1. 一种高频驻波振幅分布精密测量方法,基于偏折技术的,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
    (1)搭建偏折测量光路,投影屏幕和相机相对于被测元件左右对称放置;
    (2)在屏幕上显示二值化圆斑图样,经过振动元件反射后在相机成像;
    (3)采用Sobel微分算子对图像进行差分计算,对算子进行二值化处理,识别所采集图像中特征斑的边界,以灰度w(u,v)为权重计算斑点中心:
    Figure PCTCN2020102064-appb-100001
    (4)对特征斑中所有点坐标构造正规矩阵:
    M=∑w(i,j)δ(i,j) Tδ(i,j),
    其中,δ(i,j)=(u(i,j)-u 0,v(i,j)-v 0)表示特征斑中每个像素的坐标偏差,(u 0 v 0)表示整个特征斑的重心坐标,(u(i,j),v(i,j))表示特征斑中任意像素的坐标;
    (5)对步骤(4)中的正规矩阵M进行特征值分解,其中最大特征值对应的特征向量即为特征斑的延伸方向;从特征斑重心画出一条垂直于延伸方向的直线,特征斑沿该直线方向的宽度即为原始圆斑直径d;
    (6)从特征斑重心沿其延伸方向画一条直线,与特征斑边界的两个交点记为A、B;线段AB长度与圆斑直径d之差的一半即为该点极限振幅引起的成像偏差;
    (7)利用偏折标定的几何参数便可得到振动引起的测量点法向偏摆范围,将其x,y方向的分量分别写作s x,s y,并将z向分量归一化;
    (8)采用modal法进行积分重构得到全区域振幅分布z,也即解偏微分方程,使得目标函数最小:
    E(z)=‖zD x-s x2+||D yz-s y|| 2   (2)
    其中,D x、D y分别表示沿x、y方向的微分矩阵,和法向偏摆的x、y方向分量进行逼近优化,解得z;求解后振幅分布整体偏移,使得驻点振幅为零。
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