Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

• Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export used in the treatment and/or prevention of physiological conditions associated with CRMl/XPOl activity. Selinexor is represented by the following structural formula:
• the present invention relates to a process of making a compound represented by structural formula III,
• R is a C2-C5 alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a 5-18 member heteroaryl, a C3-C12 cycloalkyl, or a 3-12 member heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, OH, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C 3
• haloalkyl -NO2, -NH2, -NH(CI-C3 alkyl), -N(CI-C3 alkyl)2, and C1-C 3 alkoxy.
• employing a combination of a catalyst, an organic base, an ether-containing solvent, an inorganic base, and a phase transfer catalyst in the methods of synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula III unexpectedly resulted in an advantageously high yield and excellent stereoselectivity, while eliminating a step of isolating an intermediate.
• FIG. 1 is an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Selinexor Form A as described in US Patent No 10,519,139.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• FIG. 2 is an XRPD pattern of an acetonitrile solvate of Selinexor, as described in US Patent No. 10,519,139.
• Alkyl means a saturated aliphatic branched or straight-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical, having, for example, 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
• “(Ci-C 6 )alkyl” means a radical having from 1-6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched arrangement.
• “(Ci- C 6 )alkyl” includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In one aspect, an alkyl group contains 2-5 carbon atoms.
• Alkane means a hydrocarbon molecule consisting of an alkyl radical, as defined above, bound to a hydrogen.
• Cycloalkyl means a saturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon radical, for example, having 3-12 carbon atoms. It can be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., fused, bridged, or spiro).
• monocyclic (C3-C8)cycloalkyl means a radical having from 3-8 carbon atoms arranged in a monocyclic ring.
• Monocyclic (C3-C8)cycloalkyl includes but is not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctane.
• Cycloalkane means a hydrocarbon molecule consisting of a cycloalkyl radical as defined above bound to a hydrogen.
• Heterocycloalkyl means a saturated ring, having, for example, 3 to 12 members, and containing carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms, which may be the same or different, selected from N, O or S and optionally containing one or more double bonds. It can be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., fused, bridged, or spiro).
• Haloalkyl refers to straight-chained or branched alkyl groups, as defined above, wherein the hydrogen atoms may be partially or entirely substituted with halogen atoms and include mono, poly, and perhaloalkyl groups where the halogens are independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.
• Heteroaryl means a monovalent heteroaromatic monocyclic or polycylic ring radical. Heteroaryl rings can have 5-18 members and contain carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S.
• They can be mono or polycyclic and include, but are not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5- thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, tetrazole, indolizine, indole, isoindole, benzo[b]furan, benzo[b]thiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, purine, 4H-quino
• Alkoxy means an alkyl radical as defined above attached through an oxygen linking atom.
• (Ci-C3)-alkoxy includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy.
• Aryl means an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon ring system containing, for example, 6-18 carbon members.
• Aryl systems include, but limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and anthracenyl.
• rene means a hydrocarbon molecule consisting of an aryl radical bound to a hydrogen.
• radicals that are optionally substituted at carbon or nitrogen atoms, as permitted by valency. Suitable subsitutions include, but are not limited to halo, CN, OH, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C 3 haloalkyl, -NO2, -NH2, -NH(CI-C3 alkyl), -N(CI-C3 alkyl)2, and C1-C 3 alkoxy.
• Halo refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• hydrocarbon solvent means an alkane, a cycloalkane, or an arene, having 5-12 carbon atoms.
• Catalyst means any compound that is capable of modifying, especially by increasing, the rate of the chemical reaction in which it participates, and which is regenerated at the end of the reaction.
• catalysts suitable for the present application include, but are not limited to l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) , and 7-methyl- 1,5,7- triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD), l,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), and quinuclidine.
• DBN l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene
• DABCO l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
• Organic base refers to an organic compound capable of accepting a proton, producing a hydroxyl ion in an aqueous solution, or donating an electron pair.
• organic bases include, but are not limited to nitrogen-containing compounds, such as Et3N, diisopropylethyamine (DIPEA), piperidine, pyridine, 4- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-m ethyl-morpholine, dimethylaniline, imidazole, 1- methylpyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,4- dimethylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine.
• nitrogen-containing compounds such as Et3N, diisopropylethyamine (DIPEA), piperidine, pyridine, 4- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-m ethyl-morpholine, dimethylaniline, imidazole, 1- methylpyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methyl
• Inorganic base refers to an inorganic compound capable of accepting a proton, producing a hydroxyl group in an aqueous medium, or donating an electron pair.
• Example of inorganic bases include, but are not limited to metal hydroxides, such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Ca(OH) 2 , Mg(OH) 2 , and Ba(OH) 2.
• Ether-containing solvent refers to an organic compound, which is liquid under ambient conditions, and which contains an R’-O-R” moiety, wherein R’ and R” are each independently selected from linear or branched alkyls, or cycloalkyls, and R’ and R” can form a 5- to 6-membered cycle together with the oxygen atom to which they are connected.
• ether-containing solvents include, but are not limited to 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF), diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DIMeTHF 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran
• DME dimethoxyethane
• CPME cyclopentyl methyl ether
• substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below.
• the term“substituted,” whether preceded by the term“optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent.
• an“optionally substituted group” can have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group and, when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position.
• an“optionally substituted group” can be unsubstitued.
• Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups can be on the same carbon atom or on different carbon atoms, as long as a stable, chemically feasible structure results.
• the term“stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds produced by the replacement of a hydrogen with deuterium or tritium, or of a carbon with a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
• Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention.
• stereoisomers is a general term for all isomers of an individual molecule that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers), geometric (cis/trans) isomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
• the present invention relates to a process of making a compound represented by structural formula III,
• R is a C2-C5 alkyl, a C6-C18 aryl, a 5-18 member heteroaryl, a C3-C12 cycloalkyl, or a 3-12 member heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halo, CN, OH, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C 3
• haloalkyl -NO2, -NH2, -NH(CI-C3 alkyl), -N(CI-C3 alkyl)2, and C1-C 3 alkoxy.
• R is a C2-C5 alkyl or a C6-C18 aryl.
• R is a C2-C5 alkyl, for example, R is isopropyl.
• R is phenyl.
• the catalyst is present in the amount from 0.05 to 0.2 molar equivalents based on the amount of the compound represented by structural formula I.
• the catalyst is present in the amount of 0.1 molar equivalents based on the amount of compound represented by structural formula I.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first aspect of the first embodiment.
• the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene, l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
• DABCO DABCO
• the catalyst is DABCO.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first and the second aspects of the first embodiment.
• the organic base is present in the amount from 0.5 to 2 molar equivalents based on the amount of compound represented by structural formula I, e.g., the organic base is present in the amount of 1.0 molar equivalents based on the amount of compound represented by structural formula I.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the third aspects of the first embodiment.
• the organic base is selected from the group consisting of DIPEA, Et3N, piperidine, pyridine, and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, e.g., the organic base is DIPEA.
• DIPEA dimethylamino
• the ether-containing solvent is selected from the group consisting of MeTHF, CPME, and MTBE.
• the ether- containing solvent is MeTHF.
• the compound of structural formula II is present in an amount from 1.0 to 1.5 molar equivalents based on the amount of compound of structural formula I.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the sixth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the inorganic base is KOH or
• the inorganic base is KOH.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the seventh aspects of the first embodiment.
• the present invention relates to the process, wherein the conditions suitable to produce a compound represented by structural formula Ilia include reacting the compound represented by structural formula I with the compound represented by structural formula II at a temperature from about 5°C to about 55°C, such as from about 10°C to about 40°C, such as from about 10°C to about 30°C (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30).
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the eighth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the conditions suitable to produce the compound represented by structural formula Ilia include reacting the compound represented by structural formula I with the compound represented by structural formula II for a period of time from about 5 hours to about 30 hours, such as from about 10 hours to about 30 hours, such as 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
• the conditions suitable to produce the compound represented by structural formula III include reacting compound represented by structural formula Ilia with an inorganic base at a temperature from about 5°C to about 55°C, such as from about 10°C to about 40°C, such as from about 10°C to about 30°C (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30).
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the tenth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the conditions suitable to produce the compound represented by structural formula III include reacting compound represented by structural formula Ilia with an inorganic base for a period of time from about 1 hours to about 20 hours, such as from abut 1 hour to about 10 hours (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10), such as about 2 hours to about 4 hours.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the eleventh aspects of the first embodiment.
• the present invention relates to the process, further including isolating the compound represented by structural formula III from a reaction mixture.
• the present invention relates to the process, wherein isolating the compound represented by structural formula III comprises:
• the C5-C 12 hydrocarbon solvent is heptane.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the thirteenth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the C5-C12 hydrocarbon solvent is isooctane.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the thirteenth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the catalyst and the organic base are present in a combined amount of less than 1 molar equivalent of the compound represented by structural formula II.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the first through the fifteenth aspects of the first embodiment.
• the present invention is a process as described hereinabove with respect to the first example embodiment and its 1 st through 16 th aspects, further comprising reacting a compound represented by structural formula (IV) with a hydrazine represented by structural formula (V)
• reacting the compound represented by structural formula (IV) with the hydrazine represented by structural formula (V) is performed in the presence of an organic acid, for example formic acid, acetic acid, or propionic acid.
• an organic acid for example formic acid, acetic acid, or propionic acid.
• the organic acid is acetic acid
• the conditions suitable to produce the compound represented by structural formula (I) include reacting the compound represented by structural formula (IV) with the hydrazine represented by structural formula (V) at a temperature from 50 °C to 60 °C.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the 1 st through the 16 th aspects of the first embodiment and the 1 st of the second example embodiment.
• the present invention is a process as described hereinabove with respect to the first example embodiment and its 1 st through 16 th aspects, further comprising reacting a compound represented by structural formula (III) with a hydrazine represented by structural formula (VI)
• the second organic base is selected from the group consisting of DIPEA, Et3N, piperidine, pyridine, and 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the 1 st through the 16 th aspects of the first embodiment and the 1 st and 2 nd aspects of the second example embodiment.
• the second organic base is DIPEA.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the 1 st through the 16 th aspects of the first embodiment, the 1 st and 2 nd aspects of the second example embodiment, and the 1 st aspect of the third example embodiment.
• the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alcohol, MeTHF, CPME, and MTBE, for example, MeTHF.
• the coupling agent is selected from the group consisting of propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P), l-Ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC).
• T3P propylphosphonic anhydride
• EDC l-Ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
• the coupling agent is the T3P.
• the conditions suitable to produce the compound represented by structural formula (VII) include reacting the compound represented by structural formula (III) with the hydrazine represented by structural formula (VI) at a temperature from -25 °C to -15 °C.
• the remainder of the values and example values of the variables of the process are as described above with respect to the 1 st through the 16 th aspects of the first embodiment, the 1 st and 2 nd aspects of the second example embodiment, and the 1 st through 4 th aspects of the third example embodiment.
• the process further comprising recrystallizing Form D of the compound represented by structural formula (VII) in an aqueous isopropyl alcohol (IP A) under the conditions suitable to produce the crystalline Form A of the compound represented by structural formula (VII).
• IP A aqueous isopropyl alcohol
• the conditions suitable for producing Form A of the compound represented by structural formula (VII) comprise:
• the present invention is a process as described hereinabove with respect to the first example embodiment and its 1 st through 16 th aspects, further comprising: reacting a compound represented by structural formula (IV)
• Example 1 Development of a telescoped process for the synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula III.
• Telescoping Stages I and II (Scheme 1) of the synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula III by eliminating the need to isolate the compound represented by structural formula Ilia is highly desirable. Telescoping Stages I and II allows for a more efficient process, due to higher overall yield, shorter process time, and fewer manipulations of the solvents and reagents. As described below, an unexpected and surprising combination of multiple reaction parameters was discovered, which permitted the discovery of a new and highly advantageous telescoped process.
• DABCO in the presence of an organic base, such as DIPEA, provides the compound represented by structural formula Ilia, wherein R is phenyl, with high conversion and stereoselectivity.
• aTime 0 minutes corresponds to the moment when the last drop of the last reagent is added;
• b Conversion was calculated by dividing the molar amount of the compound represented by structural formula I by the sum of the molar amounts of the compounds represented by structural formulas I, ZrIIIa-Ph, and E-IIIa-Ph.
• Reducing the polarity of the solvent gave improved ratios of the compound represented by structural formula Z-IIIa-Ph to the compound represented by structural formula E-IIIa-Ph (from approximately 80:20 in the case of DMF, as shown in Table 1, entry 8, to as high 95:5 in the case of MeTHF, see Table 2).
• the reduced polarity of the solvent lowered the rate of both the desired reaction and the isomerization.
• MeTHF offered higher selectivity and comparable activity, compared to toluene (Table 2, entries 2-4).
• the high conversion and selectivity of the process of Stage I using MeTHF and performing the reaction at room temperature offered the possibility of using this solvent as the carrier in a telescoped process, linking the process in Stage I with the subsequent hydrolysis step, Stage II.
• Lithium hydroxide was originally chosen as the hydrolysis reagent, since it is frequently used in ester hydrolysis processes due to the favorable reaction kinetics it provides. Hydrolysis of the compound represented by structural formula IHa-iPr with lithium hydroxide (5 equivalents) in MeTHF was relatively slow in the absence of IP A or other phase transfer agents (Table 3, entries 1-4). The process was also accompanied by significant isomerization, which resulted in production of the undesired compound
• LiOH is not a preferred reagent for pharmaceutical applications.
• IPA was examined as a co-solvent for its ability to promote reaction between the organic and aqueous phases by imparting partial miscibility.
• the presence of IPA as a co solvent significantly improved the outcome of the hydrolysis process (Table 3, entries 13-24). Table 3. Summary of the screening experiments of the hydrolysis process of Stage II.
• reaction mixture was agitated for 20 h, then washed with 5 volume equivalents of water (with respect to the volume of the compound represented by structural formula I).
• KOH provided improved rate of hydrolysis of the compound represented by structural formula Illa-iPr, while keeping Z/E isomerization levels low. Additionally, the data in Table 3 show
• the example below discloses the synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula III on a 1.0 kg scale.
• the compound represented by structural formula III is synthesized at a 72-75 % yield, with greater than 99% purity (UPLC).
• the example below discloses the synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula III on a 100 kg scale.
• the compound represented by structural formula III is synthesized in 75 ⁇ 10 % yield, with greater than 99.7% purity (UPLC).
• UPLC 99.7% purity
• the solids of the compound represented by structural formula III are precipitated with heptane, as opposed to Example 2, where the solids of the compound represented by structural formula III are precipitated with isooctane.
• the quench solution was prepared by charging water, sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid, and mixed for at least 30 min at 15/25°C until dissolved.
• the prepared quench solution was added to the second reactor containing the organic phase (6000 L reactor) and mixed for at least 15 min at a mixture temperature of 15/20°C (little to no exothermicity).
• reaction mixture in a 6000 L glass-lined reactor was stirred for at least 2 h under nitrogen at 20/25°C and then sampled. If noncompliant, the reactor was held with stirring for at least another 2 h under nitrogen at 20/25°C to form the compound represented by structural formula III. If compliant, the reaction was quenched.
• Compound (I) product was isolated by centrifugation, washed with water (12 wts), transferred to a stirred dryer, and dried under vacuum until dry and homogenous.
• the dried product is cooled to ⁇ 30°C and packaged.
• Example 5 Synthesis of the compound represented by structural formula P ⁇ I) Form D
• T3P ® 50% propylphosphonic anhydride
• the biphasic mixture was agitated for NLT 15 minutes at 15/25°C and then the layers were settled for at least 30 minutes at 15/25°C before the aqueous layer (bottom) was removed.
• the organic layer was placed under vacuum heat the mixture to 35/45°C at the jacket temperature of NMT 55 °C.
• the mixture was concentrated at 20/45°C until a residual volume of 5 volumes was reached.
• the organic mixture was filtered and transferred to the concentration vessel with a MeTHF rinse (0.43 wts).
• the MeTHF solution was heated to 35/45°C at the jacket temperature of NMT 55 °C and add filtered ACN (7.8 wts).
• Solvent exchange was performed via distillation while maintaining a mixture temperature of 20/45°C during the concentration with a jacket temperature of NMT 55 °C until approximately 10 volumes was reached.
• Example 6 Conversion of crystalline yolymoryh forms of the compound represented by structural formula (VII) preparation of Form A
• Form D and Form A referred herein are Form A and Form D as described in U.S. Patent No. 10,519,139, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the mixture was transferred followed by a water rinse (200 L) to a 6000 L dry, inert, glass- lined reactor and the temperature was held at 15/20°C while mixing for at least one hour.

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