WO2020186508A1 - 一种印度鲥的养殖方法 - Google Patents

一种印度鲥的养殖方法 Download PDF

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WO2020186508A1
WO2020186508A1 PCT/CN2019/079031 CN2019079031W WO2020186508A1 WO 2020186508 A1 WO2020186508 A1 WO 2020186508A1 CN 2019079031 W CN2019079031 W CN 2019079031W WO 2020186508 A1 WO2020186508 A1 WO 2020186508A1
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breeding
shad
indian
water
fish
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PCT/CN2019/079031
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English (en)
French (fr)
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刘青华
朱S.W
须藤直美
曹迪
傅力
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苏州鱼之源生物科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2020186508A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020186508A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a breeding method of Indian shad.
  • Indian shad (Tenualosa ilisha), also known as Bengal shad, is a warm-water fish. It is widely distributed in the waters of the low latitude Indo-Pacific region, as well as related estuaries and rivers. 95% of Indian shackles are caught in Bangladesh, India and Srints, and has become one of the most important economic fish in the local area. In recent years, due to overfishing, Indian shad population resources have declined over the years.
  • Bots in India, Bangladesh and other countries have begun to conduct a lot of research on the breeding and breeding of Indian shackles. No breakthrough has been made (Sahoo et al. 2018). Seed breeding Limited to experimental scale exploration (Chattopadhyay et al. 2018).
  • Indian shad is a warm-water fish and is not suitable for low temperature and other culture environments.
  • Applying the breeding technology of American shad to Indian shad breeding there will be many technical challenges in the breeding practice, especially the technical parameters and management measures of the breeding environment factors such as water temperature, light, and water quality during the breeding process. Larger uncertainty, therefore, there is a relatively large blindness in Indian shad breeding, and the success rate is low.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for breeding Indian shad, in order to solve the defects of the prior art such as "low breeding survival rate” and “high winter mortality”, and propose a suitable method
  • the range of key ecological factors for its growth and development, technical measures and breeding management plan establish a breeding environment and breeding technology suitable for the growth and development of Indian shad, improve its growth rate and survival rate, and promote the development of Indian shad breeding industry.
  • the present invention provides a method for breeding shad, which is carried out ecological breeding by controlling the breeding conditions of shad, and the specific method is to adjust the breeding temperature to 12-38°C, and /Or the light intensity is 100-1000 lux, and/or the breeding density is 1-50 fish/m 2 .
  • Indian shad Compared with American shad, Indian shad has a higher basal metabolic rate, has a more irritable temperament, and has stricter requirements on the external environment and water quality. Therefore, in order to achieve the best effect of Indian shad breeding, shading should be used to avoid the stress response caused by strong direct sunlight. At the same time, it is necessary to regularly measure the temperature and dissolved oxygen to maintain a suitable growth environment. For example, the most suitable temperature for the growth of Indian shad is 28-32°C, and it should be avoided that the temperature is too low or too high, which can cause stress reaction to harm Indian shad. Because the suitable water temperature of Indian shad is higher, the dissolved oxygen needs to be maintained at a higher content.
  • Indian shad begins to behave abnormally, swimming faster, increasing oxygen consumption, and accelerating oxygen deficit. Shad no longer swam in groups, but scattered and disorderly, collided with each other, and eventually died. Therefore, in the case of high water temperature, once an oxygen deficiency accident occurs in Indian shad farming, it is difficult to remedy it, and the army is often wiped out.
  • Indian shad Due to the temperature-loving nature of Indian shad, high temperature leads to high basal metabolic rate and high dependence on high concentration of dissolved oxygen. In addition, it has strict requirements on water quality and has super hearing that is rare in the biological world. It can hear higher than 180kHz Ultrasound is very sensitive to the breeding environment, and the stress response is extremely strong. Therefore, the interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen, light and water quality under the breeding conditions has a particularly significant impact on the health of Indian shad.
  • the most suitable water temperature for Indian shad is 28-32°C. In this warm temperature range, the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is low; coupled with strong light stimulation, Indian shad clusters swim faster, their metabolic rate increases, and excretion increases.
  • the aquaculture method also includes management measures such as the regulation of water quality and the regulation of salinity.
  • the regulation of the water quality is performed by applying microecological agents to purify the water.
  • the regulation of salinity means that the culture water is fresh water or the salinity is 0.5% ⁇ 3.0%.
  • microecological preparations In order to further ensure excellent water quality, regular application of probiotics, spray 1-6 times a month; especially in summer, strengthen the management of probiotics to improve water quality and reduce stress.
  • microecological preparations ensure that it is carried out on a sunny day. Add photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae to improve the efficiency of microbial water purification and reduce oxygen deficit.
  • the microecological preparation is a probiotics containing mainly probiotics such as bacillus, nitrifying bacteria and lactic acid bacteria.
  • the breeding method also includes one or more of a fingerling breeding method, a wintering breeding method and an adult fish breeding method.
  • the fingerling cultivation method refers to stocking Indian shad fry in a greenhouse fish pond or outdoor pond, and conducting fingerling cultivation under fresh water or brackish water with a salinity of less than 2.0%;
  • the overwintering cultivation method refers to when the water temperature drops to 15-20°C, large-size Indian shad fishes are fished with no nets, and the salinity of the water-carrying operation is 0.5-3%.
  • Overwintering culture is carried out in the overwintering greenhouse, and the temperature of overwintering culture is kept above 10-15°C.
  • over-wintering culture also includes the application of a microecological agent suitable for low temperature and stress spirit.
  • the adult fish breeding method refers to when the water temperature rises to 15-20°C, the overwintering Indian shad fingerlings are transferred to outdoor ponds or greenhouses for adult fish breeding, and water operations are required for handling operations.
  • the breeding method also includes feeding a floating feed with a protein content of 38-43% during the period of fingerling breeding and adult fish breeding, feeding 3-6 times a day, and each feeding time is 10-30 minutes; Apply microecological preparations regularly, sprinkle 1-6 times a month.
  • the adaptability of the shad to the light intensity and the individual development has a greater impact.
  • the light intensity is 500-1000 lux
  • the shad is in the adult fish
  • the light intensity is 100 ⁇ 500lux.
  • strong light will cause premature gonadal maturity.
  • the sexual behavior of premature shad juveniles is manifested in that the strong rear-end collision causes the fish's body to be injured, the food intake decreases, and it is more harmful to the adult fish breeding.
  • the depth of the culture water body is 1.0-4.0m
  • the culture density of fish species is 2-50 fish/m 2
  • the overwintering culture density is 4-40 fish/m 2
  • the culture density of adult fish It is 1-20 tails/m 2 .
  • the pond culture water depth is 2.5m or more.
  • the feeding amount should be reduced, the organic load pollution should be reduced, the dissolved oxygen content should be increased, the dissolved oxygen should be kept above 5ppm, and the water should be changed a lot to improve the water quality; through shading, the damage of light radiation to the shad and the warming effect of the water body should be reduced , Can reduce the mortality rate in summer.
  • the density range of the cultivation of the Indian shad is within 10 kg/m 3 .
  • Indian shad is an upper-layer filter-feeding fish that feeds strongly in large areas and is very sensitive to the environment. It can only be cultured at a low density to reduce the chance of mutual trauma.
  • the breeding density is usually 10kg/m 3 or less, and the most preferred range of Indian shad is 5-10kg/m 3 .
  • the suitable temperature for growth of American shad is 4 ⁇ 30°C, which adapts to lower water temperature.
  • the summer heat poses a greater challenge to the cultivation of American shad.
  • the physique of American shad is significantly reduced, there are more diseases, and improper management can cause a large number of deaths. Therefore, the cultivation of American shad is mostly carried out in a greenhouse. In summer, shading is used to avoid excessive temperature; in winter, the greenhouse is used for heat preservation to increase water temperature and accelerate growth.
  • Indian shad is a typical warm-water fish, and its survival temperature is 12 ⁇ 38°C.
  • Indian shackles are cultured in open-air ponds in summer, which can survive the summer naturally, but in winter they need to be kept warm in the greenhouse to survive the winter.
  • ordinary greenhouses are difficult to meet the demand for lower temperature limits of Indian shad, and require higher thermal insulation performance of the breeding greenhouse.
  • Relevant studies have shown that under freshwater aquaculture conditions, Indian shad has poor adaptability to low temperatures. When the water temperature is lower than 12°C, it will cause excessive stress response, which is easy to lose balance and mutual trauma, causing water mold to spread on the body surface and Head, causing death.
  • Indian shad can be cultured in ponds or greenhouses, and open-air ponds can be used in summer.
  • the area of shad breeding ponds is 0.5-20 acres and the water depth is 1.2-4.0m.
  • plastic film greenhouses can be used in wintering ponds in Guangdong and other places.
  • the greenhouse area is 1-10 acres, the width is 10-100m, and the water depth is 1.0-3.0m.
  • the breeding of the present invention can be divided into three stages, namely, fingerling breeding, overwintering breeding and adult fish breeding.
  • the Indian shad seedlings (3 ⁇ 5cm) are stocked in greenhouse fish ponds or outdoor ponds, and the fish species are cultivated under the condition of fresh water or brackish water with salinity lower than 2.0%.
  • Greenhouse cultivation of fingerlings The area of fish ponds for greenhouse cultivation is 20 ⁇ 200m 2 , the stocking density is 10 ⁇ 50 fish/m 2 , and the water depth is 1.0 ⁇ 2.0m;
  • Cultivation of fingerling ponds The cultivation area of fingerling ponds is 0.5-10 acres, the stocking density is 2-20 fish/m 2 , and the water depth is 1.2-3.0m.
  • the overwintering greenhouse of Indian shad needs to have good thermal insulation performance, the area of the cultivation pond is 0.5-10 acres, and the stocking density is 4-40/m 2 . During the winter, the temperature is kept above 10-15°C.
  • Indian shad has the physiological characteristics of fear of cold
  • water quality management in winter is particularly important.
  • Indian shad is in a state of stress response, and deterioration of water quality will reduce its health.
  • the ammonia nitrogen content is greater than 1.2mg/l, and no adverse effects have been found.
  • the ammonia nitrogen content is greater than 1.0mg/l for many days, it will cause scab or red head disease. Therefore, in winter, it is necessary to strengthen the management of water quality under the condition of ensuring the temperature.
  • the application of microecological preparations and stress spirits suitable for low temperature can significantly improve the survival rate of Indian shad overwintering 1-4 times a month.
  • Greenhouse adult fish breeding The area of the greenhouse fish pond is 50-400m 2 , the stocking density is 5-20 fish/m 2 , and the water depth is 1.0-3.0m;
  • feed floating feed with a protein content of 38-43%. Feeding 3-6 times a day, each feeding time 10-30min; regularly apply the microecological preparation, spray 1-6 times a month.
  • the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the present invention strengthens the characteristics of Indian shad's resistance to high temperature and fear of low temperature, and proposes a staged breeding technology suitable for Indian shad and a temperature management plan for overwintering in winter. Avoid water mold caused by low temperature, eliminate the biggest hidden danger of Indian shad breeding, and maximize the survival rate and growth rate of breeding;
  • This breeding method has high breeding efficiency, fast growth speed, and high survival rate. Taking Indian shad greenhouse cultivation as an example, within 12 months, most Indian shad can reach the market size of 600 grams, and the survival rate is more than 80%. Traditional pond culture methods require more than 16 months to reach market specifications, and the survival rate is less than 30%.
  • microecological agents and stress agents used in the embodiments of the present invention were provided by Wuxi Zhongyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • the technical solutions to implement the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the microecological agents and stress agents provided by the company. Ecological preparations and Ling Ling can also be used as alternative products to implement the solution of the present invention.
  • Indian shad is a migratory and warm-water fish.
  • the suitable temperature for survival is 12-38°C, and the optimum temperature for growth is 28-32°C. Therefore, winter heat preservation is the key to the success of Indian shad breeding.
  • winter shad breeding In order to ensure the survival rate of overwintering, in winter shad breeding must adopt greenhouse heat preservation measures, and during the whole breeding period, good water quality, suitable light and reasonable breeding density must be provided.
  • a method for breeding Indian shad includes the following steps:
  • the area of Indian shad breeding pond is 0.5-20 acres and the water depth is 1.2-4.0m.
  • plastic film greenhouses are required for overwintering ponds.
  • the greenhouse area is 1-10 acres, the width is 10-100m, and the water depth is 1.0-3.0m.
  • pond culture in order to improve the survival rate of aquaculture, pond culture can be divided into three stages, namely, fingerling cultivation, overwintering cultivation and adult fish cultivation.
  • Fingerling cultivation In spring, when the water temperature is 20-35°C, stocking Indian shad (3 ⁇ 5cm) in outdoor ponds for fingerling cultivation.
  • the breeding area of fingerling ponds is 0.5-10 acres, the stocking density is 2-20 fish/m 2 , and the water depth is 1.2-3.0m.
  • the overwintering greenhouse needs to have good thermal insulation conditions, the area of the cultivation pond is 0.5-10 acres, and the stocking density is 4-40 fish/m 2 .
  • the temperature should be kept above 10-15°C.
  • salt should be added.
  • the salinity should be kept above 0.5%, which can effectively reduce the stress response and avoid the occurrence of water mold.
  • Feeding During the period of fingerling breeding and adult fish breeding, feed floating feed with a protein content of 38-43%. Feed 3-6 times a day, each feeding time is 10-30 minutes; when feeding, feed the feed separately to avoid mutual injury during food competition.
  • the area of pond culture is large and the environmental controllability is poor.
  • the key ecological factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, light and water quality play an important role in the growth and health of shad, under the conditions of pond culture, the cooperative management of the above key ecological factors is the key to the success of Indian shad culture.
  • the temperature preference of Indian shad the suitable water temperature is 28-32°C. In this temperature range, the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is low.
  • the increase in temperature leads to an increase in the metabolic rate and an increase in the consumption of dissolved oxygen, which is likely to cause hypoxia.
  • Indian shad is often in a state of stress-sensitive response.
  • Water quality Regularly apply microecological preparations mainly based on bacillus, sprinkle 1-6 times a month; especially in summer and winter, strengthen the use of microecological preparations to improve water quality and reduce stress.
  • microecological preparations ensure that it is carried out on a sunny day. Add photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae to improve the efficiency of microbial water purification and reduce oxygen deficit.
  • a method for breeding Indian shad includes the following steps:
  • Greenhouse breeding of Indian shad is suitable for areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, using well-insulated greenhouses with a fish pond area of 50-300M 2 and a water depth of 1.0-2.5M.
  • Greenhouse farming can be divided into three stages, namely, fingerling cultivation, overwintering cultivation and adult fish cultivation.
  • Fingerling cultivation When the water temperature is 20-35°C, the Indian shad fry (3 ⁇ 5cm) is stocked in the greenhouse for fingerling cultivation.
  • the greenhouse is a shading greenhouse with a shading area of more than 90% and a light intensity of 500-1000 lux.
  • the area of the fingerling pond is 20-200m 2
  • the stocking density is 10-50 fish/m 2
  • the water depth is 1.2-2.0m.
  • Overwintering cultivation When the water temperature drops to 15-20°C, use the method of non-damaging fishing scale fish, catch large-sized fish species (50-200g) of Indian shad, operate with water, salinity is 1-3%, and transfer Go to the overwintering greenhouse for overwintering cultivation.
  • the overwintering greenhouse is a structural greenhouse with good heat preservation conditions, heating equipment or well water to increase the temperature.
  • the area of the breeding pond is 50-400m 2 , and the stocking density is 5-20 fish/m 2 .
  • the temperature should be kept above 10-15°C.
  • salt should be added.
  • the salinity should be kept above 0.5%, which can effectively reduce the stress response and avoid the occurrence of water mold.
  • Feeding During fingerling breeding and adult fish breeding, feed 3-6 times a day, each feeding time is 10-30 minutes; when feeding, feed the feed separately to avoid mutual injury during food competition.
  • Oxygen increase Waterwheel type aerators or nano-trachea aerators and other equipment can be used to increase oxygen to meet the supply of dissolved oxygen from Indian shad. Due to the physiological characteristics of oceanic migration of Indian shad, it obtains oxygen mainly through the pressing caused by rapid swimming to promote the exchange of dissolved oxygen. Therefore, in Indian shad breeding, dissolved oxygen is the most critical ecological factor, and swimming is that Indian shad obtains dissolved oxygen. Necessary behavior. A large area of aquaculture water meets the habit of large-scale swimming of Indian shad, which is of great significance for obtaining oxygen. Stirring the water to flow in the opposite direction of the Indian shad group is in line with the Indian shad’s habit of acquiring oxygen and promotes water exchange in the water body.
  • Water change The breeding greenhouse needs to be equipped with deep well water, which is used to control the water temperature within the optimum temperature for growth, and change the water to discharge polluted water and improve water quality.
  • water quality is polluted (ammonia nitrogen greater than 0.8-1.2mg/l) or the temperature exceeds the optimum temperature for growth, a large amount of water needs to be exchanged, and the amount of water exchange is 10-50% each time.
  • water exchange is one of the effective ways to regulate water temperature and improve water quality, however, the anaerobic water in deep well water, a large amount of water exchange, may cause severe hypoxia and cause accidents. Therefore, the daily management of temperature, dissolved oxygen and water quality needs to be coordinated and synchronized.
  • the suitable water temperature for Indian shad is 28-32°C. In this temperature range, the saturation value of dissolved oxygen is low, the swimming speed of the Indian shad clusters increases, the metabolic rate increases, and the excrement increases. As the metabolic rate increases, the consumption of dissolved oxygen by Indian shad increases, which increases water pollution. Dissolved oxygen and water quality quickly became the limiting factors for Indian shad farming.
  • Water quality In greenhouse culture conditions, although ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.8ppm, due to the defect of denitrification function, excessive nitrate enrichment is caused. Sometimes nitrate is higher than 2.6ppm, which is accompanied by an increase in pH. Toxicity of NH3. In order to prevent water quality from deteriorating, it is necessary to regularly apply microecological preparations, splashing 1-6 times a month; especially in summer, strengthen the use of microecological preparations to improve water quality and reduce stress. When applying microecological preparations, ensure that it is carried out on a sunny day. Add photosynthetic bacteria and probiotic algae to improve the efficiency of microbial water purification and reduce oxygen deficit.
  • Indian shad needs for light are different due to different developmental stages. Indian shad juveniles prefer light than adult fish. Related experiments have shown that juvenile shad with a body weight of 20 to 80 grams is better than that under 800 lux light conditions. Growth is fast under 200lux light; however, under 800lux light conditions, the mortality rate (42.5%) of an Indian shad (200 ⁇ 500g) is significantly higher than that under 200lux light conditions (8.6%). This is because Strong light induces premature gonad development and maturation. The three-month-long, intense sex rear-end collision in spring resulted in the death of Indian shad.
  • the cultivation of Indian shad should adjust different light intensity according to the individual developmental stage of Indian shad, especially the light should be controlled in spring to avoid direct sunlight.
  • Using different shading methods and shading areas to adjust the light intensity of the greenhouse to meet the different needs and adaptability of dark light at different developmental stages of Indian shad is the key to improving the survival rate of Indian shad breeding.
  • the light intensity of the surface layer of the water is 100 ⁇ 500lux, which is suitable for the breeding of Indian shad, and the light intensity of 500 ⁇ 1000lux is suitable for the breeding of Indian shad.
  • the pond-greenhouse culture model and the greenhouse culture model are suitable for the breeding of Indian shad, and both can achieve good breeding efficiency.
  • subtropical areas such as Guangdong
  • the pond-greenhouse culture mode when adopted, due to the high temperature, the pond water temperature in most seasons of the year is within the suitable range for the growth of Indian shad.
  • Indian shad grows faster, but due to the extreme summer Temperature has a greater impact on the survival rate of Indian shad, resulting in a lower survival rate than the greenhouse culture model. If the coordinated management of temperature, dissolved oxygen, light and water quality is strengthened to increase the survival rate, it will become the most efficient breeding model for Indian shad.

Abstract

一种印度鲥的养殖方法，通过创建适合印度鲥生长发育的养殖条件进行养殖，调节养殖温度为12～38℃，和/或光照强度为100～1000lux，和/或养殖密度为1～50尾/m2。本养殖方法解决了印度鲥养殖存在的"养殖成活率低"、"越冬死亡率高"和"生长速度慢"的养殖困难，建立适合印度鲥生长和发育的养殖环境和养殖工艺，提高其生长速度和成活率。

Description

一种印度鲥的养殖方法 技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种印度鲥的养殖方法。
背景技术
中华鲥曾是我国特有的，最名贵的经济鱼类之一，与刀鱼、河豚一道被称为“长江三鲜”。自上世纪七十年代起，由于过度捕捞、环境恶化和栖息地破坏等原因，中华鲥的资源日渐衰退，上世纪八十年代末已难见中华鲥的踪迹；在2003年，美洲鲥作为中华鲥的替代种被引入中国，在国内已形成一定的养殖规模，多种模式的鲥鱼养殖技术已成功得到应用。由于印度鲥和中华鲥属于同一个属，更为相似，近年来也被引进中国，目前印度鲥的养殖技术正处于研发阶段。
印度鲥(Tenualosa ilisha)，又称为孟加拉鲥，属于温水鱼，广泛分布在纬度较低的印度太平洋区域的海域，以及相关河口和河流，95％的印度鲥在孟加拉国、印度和缅甸被捕获，成为当地最重要的经济鱼类之一。近年来，由于过度捕捞，印度鲥种群资源历年递减，印度和孟加拉国等国的科学家开始对印度鲥的繁育和养殖进行了大量研究，目前尚未取得突破性进展(Sahoo等2018)，苗种培育仅限于试验规模的探索中(Chattopadhyay等2018)。
由于有关印度鲥养殖技术的系统性研究较少，国内外养殖户对印度鲥的养殖管理参数往往参照有关美洲鲥养殖方面的相关文献和经验。实际上，印度鲥与美洲鲥在洄游路径的生态特征等方面有显著的区别，也就是说，二者对温度的适应性等方面有着显著的差异。例如，印度鲥幼鱼当水温下降到15℃时，便离开淡水河流，南下进入温暖的南部印度海；而美洲鲥幼鱼则当水温下降到12℃时，离开淡水河流，北上进入较为寒冷的、处于缅因湾的等温带海域。因此，印度鲥是喜温水性鱼类，不适于低温等养殖环境。将美洲鲥的养殖技术照搬应用于印度鲥养殖，在养殖生产实践中会遇到诸多技术难题的挑战，尤其是在养殖过程中对水温、光照、水质等养殖环境因子的技术参数和管理措施有较大的不确定性，所以，目前印度鲥养殖存在着比较大的盲目性，成功率较低。
发明内容
发明目的：针对现有技术存在的不足，本发明的目的在于提供一种印度鲥的 养殖方法，以期解决现有技术存在着“养殖成活率低”和“越冬死亡率高”等缺陷，提出适合其生长和发育的生态关键因子的范围、技术措施和养殖管理方案，建立适合印度鲥生长发育的养殖环境和养殖工艺，提高其生长速度和成活率，促进印度鲥养殖产业的发展。
技术方案：为了解决上述技术问题，本发明提供了一种印度鲥的养殖方法，所述养殖方法通过控制印度鲥的养殖条件进行生态化养殖，具体方法是调节养殖温度为12～38℃，和/或光照强度为100～1000lux，和/或养殖密度为1～50尾/m 2。
与美洲鲥相比，印度鲥的基础代谢率较高，性情更为急躁，对外界环境和水质的要求更为苛刻。因此为达到印度鲥养殖的最佳效果，要通过遮阳，避免强烈的直射阳光刺激引发的应激反应，与此同时，需要定期测定温度和溶氧，保持适宜的生长环境。例如，印度鲥生长最适宜温度为28-32℃，应尽量避免温度过低或过高，引发应激反应对印度鲥的伤害。由于印度鲥适宜水温较高，溶氧需维持在较高的含量，当溶氧在低于3ppm时，印度鲥开始出现行为异常，游动速度较快，增加耗氧量，加速氧亏，不久鲥鱼不再集群游动，而是散乱无序，相互冲撞，最终死亡。所以，在水温较高的情况下，印度鲥养殖一旦发生缺氧事故，难以补救，往往全军覆没。
由于印度鲥的喜温性，温度高导致基础代谢率高、对高浓度溶氧的依赖性较高，加上其对水质要求苛刻，以及具有生物界罕见的超级听力，可听到高于180kHz超声波，对养殖环境非常敏感，应激反应极为强烈，所以，养殖条件下的温度、溶氧、光照和水质的相互作用对印度鲥健康状况的影响尤为显著。印度鲥最适宜水温为28-32℃，在该温暖的温度区间，溶氧的饱和值较低；加上强烈的光照刺激，印度鲥集群游动速度加快，代谢率提高，排泄物增多。随着代谢率的提高，印度鲥对溶氧的消耗速率增加，对水质污染加大，形成恶性循环，溶氧和水质很快成为印度鲥养殖的制约因子。为改善水质，施用微生态制剂，加大了溶氧的消耗，成为缺氧的主要原因之一。所以，温度-溶氧-光照-水质的协同性管理对降低印度鲥养殖风险有着重要的作用。
根据印度鲥耐高温，惧怕低温的特点，在淡水养殖条件下，通过增加盐度，可以减低应激反应，提高对低温的耐受能力；在高温期，通过定期施用微生态制剂，可以提高水质质量，降低氨氮和亚硝酸盐等制约因子等危害，建立健康有活 力的水质净化微生物菌群，可显著提高印度鲥的体质，提高成活率。因此，所述养殖方法还包括水质的调控和盐度的调节等管理措施，所述水质的调控通过施用微生态制剂进行水质净化，所述盐度的调节是指养殖水为淡水或盐度为0.5％～3.0％。
为了进一步地保证优良的水质，定期施用微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次；尤其在夏季，加强微生态制剂改善水质的管理措施，降低应激反应。在施用微生态制剂时，确保在晴天进行，要添加光合细菌和益生藻类，可提高微生物水质净化效率，降低氧亏。进一步地，所述微生态制剂为包含芽孢杆菌、硝化菌和乳酸菌等益生菌为主的益生宝。
进一步地，所述养殖方法还包括鱼种培育方法、越冬培育方法和成鱼养殖方法中的一种或多种。
进一步地，所述鱼种培育方法是指将印度鲥苗种放养在温室鱼池或室外池塘，在淡水或盐度低于2.0％的半咸水条件下进行鱼种培育；
进一步地，所述越冬培育方法指当水温下降到15-20℃时，将印度鲥大规格鱼种用无结网捕捞，带水操作，带水操作的盐度为0.5-3％，转移到越冬温室进行越冬养殖，越冬养殖温度保持在10-15℃以上。
进一步地，所述越冬养殖还包括施用适于低温的微生态制剂和应激灵。
进一步地，所述成鱼养殖方法指当水温上升到15-20℃时，将印度鲥越冬鱼种转移到室外池塘或温室进行成鱼养殖，搬运操作时，需带水操作。
进一步地，所述养殖方法还包括在鱼种培育和成鱼养殖期间投喂蛋白质含量为38～43％的浮性饲料，每日投喂3-6次，每次投喂时间10-30min；定期施用微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次。
进一步地，所述养殖方法中，所述印度鲥对光照强度的适应性与个体发育有较大的影响，当印度鲥处于鱼种阶段时，光照强度为500～1000lux，当印度鲥处于成鱼养殖阶段时，光照强度为100～500lux。在成鱼养殖阶段，较强的光照会引发性腺早熟。早熟的鲥鱼幼鱼性行为表现在，强烈的追尾造成鱼体受伤，摄食量下降，对成鱼养殖有较大的危害。
进一步地，所述养殖方法中，所述养殖水体深度1.0～4.0m，鱼种的养殖密度为2～50尾/m 2，越冬养殖密度为4～40尾/m 2，成鱼的养殖密度为1～20尾/m 2。
作为优选，池塘养殖水深为2.5m以上。通过采用上述技术方案，在夏季气候炎热，但水温超过38-40℃时，印度鲥会进入深水区避暑，因此因保证养殖印度鲥的池塘水深需在2.5m以上。高温季节应减低投喂量，减少有机负荷污染，增加溶氧含量，溶氧保持在5ppm以上，大量换水，改善水质；通过遮阳，降低光照辐射对鲥鱼的伤害和对水体的增温作用，可降低度夏的死亡率。
进一步地，所述印度鲥成鱼养殖的密度范围为10kg/m 3以内。通过采用上述技术方案，印度鲥为上层滤食性鱼类，大面积集群摄食强烈，对环境非常敏感，只能低密度养殖，以降低相互创伤的机率。养殖密度通常为10kg/m 3以下，印度鲥的最佳优选范围为5～10kg/m 3。
我们最近的综合分析表明，印度鲥与美洲鲥鱼在对温度等环境因子的适应上显著不同，所以，二者的养殖模式和养殖工艺有较大的区别。
美洲鲥鱼生长适温为4～30℃，适应于较低的水温环境，夏天酷暑对美洲鲥鱼的养殖构成较大的挑战。当水温超过34℃时，美洲鲥鱼的体质显著下降，病害较多，管理不当，会导致大量的死亡。所以，美洲鲥鱼的养殖多在温室进行，夏天通过遮阳，避免温度过高；冬天通过温室保温，提高水温，加快生长。
然而，印度鲥是典型的温水性鱼类，其生存适温为12～38℃。在我国大部分地区，印度鲥在夏天采用露天池塘养殖，是可以自然度夏的，但在冬天则需要在温室保温越冬。在江浙沪地区，普通温室难以满足印度鲥对温度下限的需求，对养殖温室的保温性能要求较高。有关研究表明，在淡水养殖条件下，印度鲥对低温的适应性较差，当水温低于12℃时，会引发过度的应激反应，容易失去平衡，相互创伤，导致水霉蔓延体表和头部，造成死亡。
基于以上两者生态特征的显著差别，我们提供了一种印度鲥的养殖方法，具体包括以下步骤：
1、场地选择
印度鲥可以选择池塘养殖或温室养殖，在夏天可以采用露天池塘养殖，印度鲥养殖池塘面积为0.5～20亩，水深1.2～4.0m。在广东等地的越冬池塘可采用塑料薄膜温室，温室面积为1～10亩，宽度为10-100m，水深为1.0-3.0m。
2、三阶段式养殖
根据印度鲥各发育阶段的生物学特性和季节适应性特点，为提高养殖成活 率，本发明的养殖还可以分为三个阶段，即鱼种培育、越冬培育和成鱼养殖。
(1)鱼种培育：
当水温在20-35℃时，将印度鲥苗(3～5cm)放养在温室鱼池或室外池塘，在淡水或盐度低于2.0％半咸水条件下进行鱼种培育。
鱼种温室培育：温室养殖的鱼池面积为20～200m 2，放养密度10～50尾/m 2，水深1.0～2.0m；
鱼种池塘培育：鱼种池塘养殖面积为0.5～10亩，放养密度2～20尾/m 2，水深1.2～3.0m。
(2)越冬培育：
近年来，孟加拉国科学家曾尝试池塘养殖捕捞的印度鲥幼鱼，由于鳞片脱落和鱼体受伤较为严重，加上冬季水温无法控制，水温一度下降到10℃，缺乏水质净化管理措施，越冬成活率低于10％，可见，印度鲥越冬期间，温度和水质均为重要，需要制定一整套如何降低应激反应的越冬管理和操作的技术措施。
当水温下降到15-20℃时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥大规格鱼种(50-200g)用无结网捕捞，带水操作，转移到越冬温室进行越冬培育。由于印度鲥种的鳞片更为松软，在水温低于15℃条件下拉网操作时，印度鲥由于不适，较为急躁，相互撞击会导致大量鳞片脱落，成为越冬水霉病的隐患。所以，需要在温度较高的条件下进行越冬转移，在搬运操作时，需带水操作，盐度为0.5-3％，从而降低印度鲥应激反应，并对受伤的鱼体进行消毒治疗。
印度鲥的越冬温室需有良好的保温性能，培育池的面积为0.5～10亩，放养密度为4-40尾/m 2。越冬期间，温度保持在10-15℃以上。
由于印度鲥具有惧怕寒冷的生理特点，冬季的水质管理尤为重要。当水温低于15℃时，印度鲥处于应激反应状态，水质恶化会降低其健康状况。在夏季，氨氮含量大于1.2mg/l，并未发现不良影响。但是在冬季，当氨氮含量大于1.0mg/l持续多日，会引发赤皮病或红头病。所以，在冬季需要在保证温度的情况下，加强对水质的管理，每月1-4次，施用适于低温的微生态制剂和应激灵，可显著地提高印度鲥越冬成活率。
在淡水养殖条件下，当水温低于10-12℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5-1.5％以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免水霉病的发生。
(3)成鱼养殖：
春天，当水温上升到15-20℃以上时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥越冬鱼种转移到室外池塘或温室进行成鱼养殖，搬运操作时，需带水操作。
温室成鱼养殖：温室鱼池的面积为50～400m 2，放养密度5～20尾/m 2，水深1.0～3.0m；
池塘成鱼养殖：池塘养殖面积为0.5～20亩，密度1～5尾/m 2，水深1.2～4.0m。当水温超过38-40℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5％以上，溶氧保持在5ppm以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免赤皮病和烂鳃病的发生。
3、日常管理
鱼种培育和成鱼养殖期间，投喂浮性饲料，蛋白质含量为38-43％。每日投喂3-6次，每次投喂时间10-30min；定期施用微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次。
通过采用上述技术方案，可以解决现有技术印度鲥应激反应强烈导致成活率低的缺陷，避免病害发生；由于印度鲥对外界环境极为敏感，日夜不间断地大面积集群快速游动，而且摄食迅猛，在高密度养殖条件下，容易造成印度鲥摄食过于集中，相互创伤，继而引发寄生虫、赤皮病和水霉病，导致死亡，所以只能提高养殖水体深度，进行较低密度的养殖，成鱼养殖密度不得超过20尾/m 2。
有益效果：相对于现有技术，本发明具有以下优点：
1、本发明根据印度鲥各发育阶段的生物学特性和季节适应性特点，强化印度鲥耐高温，怕低温的特点，提出适合印度鲥的阶段式养殖工艺和冬季越冬的温度管理方案，有效地避免了低温造成的水霉病，消除了印度鲥养殖最大的隐患，最大限度地提高养殖成活率和生长率；
2、根据印度鲥的代谢率较高，性情急躁，对水质的要求更为苛刻的特点，加强对温度，溶氧，光照和水质的协同性同步管理，可保证在满足溶氧和水质的苛刻需求的情况下，提供温度和光照适宜的养殖环境，降低应激反应和养殖风险；
3、该养殖方法养殖效率高，生长速度快，成活率高，以印度鲥温室养殖为例，在12个月内，大多数印度鲥可达到600克上市规格，成活率为80％以上，而传统池塘养殖方法需要16个月以上达到上市规格，成活率低于30％。
具体实施方式：
下面通过实施例来进一步阐述本发明。
本发明实施例中采用的微生态制剂和应激灵为无锡市中意生物技术有限公司提供，要实施本发明实施例的技术方案不限于该公司提供的微生态制剂和应激灵，市面上其他的微生态制剂和应激灵也可以作为替代产品实现本发明的方案。
印度鲥是洄游性喜温水性鱼类，生存适宜温度为12～38℃，生长最适宜温度为28～32℃，所以，冬天保温是印度鲥养殖成功的关键。为保证越冬成活率，在冬季印度鲥养殖必须采取温室保温措施，而且在整个养殖期间，必须提供良好的水质、适宜的光照和合理的养殖密度。
实施例1印度鲥池塘-温室搭配的养殖模式
一种印度鲥养殖方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)场地选择：
印度鲥养殖池塘面积为0.5～20亩，水深1.2～4.0m。在广东等地区，越冬池塘需采用塑料薄膜温室，温室面积为1～10亩，宽度为10-100m，水深为1.0-3.0m。
(2)三阶段式培育和养殖
根据印度鲥各发育阶段的生物学特性和季节适应性特点，为提高养殖成活率，池塘养殖可以分为三个阶段，即鱼种培育、越冬培育和成鱼养殖。
鱼种培育：在春季，当水温在20-35℃时，将印度鲥苗(3～5cm)放养在室外池塘进行鱼种培育。鱼种池塘养殖面积为0.5～10亩，放养密度2～20尾/m 2，水深1.2～3.0m。
越冬培育：在秋季，当水温下降到15-20℃时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥大规格鱼种(50-200g)捕捞，带水操作，转移到越冬温室(塑料薄膜温室大棚或室内养殖池)进行越冬培育。由于印度鲥种的鳞片极为松软，容易脱落，在水温15-20℃拉网操作时，印度鲥由于不适，较为急躁，相互撞击会导致大量鳞片脱落，体表严重受损，成为越冬水霉病的隐患，搬运操作时需带水操作，盐度为0.5-3％，从而降低印度鲥应激反应，并对受伤鱼体进行消毒治疗。
越冬温室需有良好的保温条件，培育池的面积为0.5～10亩，放养密度为4-40尾/m 2。越冬期间，温度保持在10-15℃以上，当水温低于10-12℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5％以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免水霉病的发生。
成鱼养殖：春天，当水温上升到15-20℃以上时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥越冬鱼种转移到室外池塘或温室进行成鱼养殖。池塘养殖面积为 0.5～20亩，密度1～5尾/m 2，水深1.2～4.0m。当水温超过38-40℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5％以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免赤皮病和烂鳃病的发生。同时，采用部分遮阳，光照控制在100-1000lux，有助于降低光照引发的应激反应，避免温度过高导致池塘缺氧，溶氧需保持在5ppm以上。
(3)日常管理
投喂：鱼种培育和成鱼养殖期间，投喂浮性饲料，蛋白质含量为38-43％。每日投喂3-6次，每次投喂时间10-30min；投喂时，要将饲料分散投喂，避免争食时相互撞伤。
池塘养殖的面积较大，环境的可控性较差。由于温度，溶氧，光照和水质等生态关键因子对鲥鱼生长健康有着重要的作用，在池塘养殖条件下，对以上生态关键因子的协同性管理是印度鲥养殖成功的关键。首先，印度鲥的喜温性，适宜水温为28-32℃。在该温度区间，溶氧的饱和值较低，然而，温度升高导致代谢率提高，对溶氧的消耗增加，容易造成缺氧；另外，在夏季，尤其是在池塘养殖条件下，由于光照强烈，印度鲥往往处于应激反应敏感的状态。随着温度和光照的提高，刺激鲥鱼集群游动速度加快，代谢率提高，排泄物增多；也就是说，随着温度、光照和代谢率的提高，印度鲥对溶氧的消耗增加，溶氧显著下降，同时代谢增加了对水质的污染，溶氧和水质很快成为印度鲥养殖的最重要的制约因子。所以，温度、溶氧、光照和水质的相互作用对印度鲥的影响是显而易见的，对四者的协同性管理对降低印度鲥养殖风险有着重要的作用。
水质：定期施用以芽孢杆菌为主的微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次；尤其在夏季和冬季，加强通过微生态制剂改善水质，降低应激反应。在施用微生态制剂时，确保在晴天进行，要添加光合细菌和益生藻类，可提高微生物水质净化效率，降低氧亏。在冬季，需要施用应激灵，降低应激反应，增强鱼体的免疫力，减少病害的侵袭。
在亚热带地区，采用本实施例的印度鲥池塘-温室搭配的养殖模式，在10-12个月内，大多数印度鲥可达到600克上市规格，成活率为64.6％～78％。
实施例2温室模式养殖印度鲥
一种印度鲥养殖方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)场地选择：
印度鲥温室养殖适用于江浙沪等地区，采用保温良好的温室，鱼池面积为50-300M 2和水深为1.0-2.5M。
(2)三阶段式温室培育和养殖
温室养殖可以分为三个阶段，即鱼种培育、越冬培育和成鱼养殖。
鱼种培育：当水温在20-35℃时，将印度鲥苗(3～5cm)放养在温室内进行鱼种培育。温室为遮阳温室，遮阳面积为90％以上，光照强度为500-1000lux。鱼种池面积为20～200m 2，放养密度10～50尾/m 2，水深1.2～2.0m。
越冬培育：当水温下降到15-20℃时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥大规格鱼种(50-200g)捕捞，带水操作，盐度为1-3％，转移到越冬温室进行越冬培育。
越冬温室为结构性温室，有良好的保温条件，具有加热设备或有井水提高温度。培育池的面积为50～400m 2，放养密度为5-20尾/m 2。越冬期间，温度保持在10-15℃以上，当水温低于8-10℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5％以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免水霉病的发生。
成鱼养殖：春天，当水温上升到15-20℃时，采用无损伤捕捞惜鳞鱼的方法，将印度鲥越冬鱼种转移到较大的遮阳温室鱼池进行成鱼养殖，遮阳面积为90％以上，光照强度为100-1000lux。鱼池面积为50～400亩，密度5～20尾/m 2，水深1.2～3.0m。当水温超过38℃时，需加盐，盐度保持在0.5％以上，可有效降低应激反应，避免赤皮病和烂鳃病的发生。
(3)日常管理
投喂：鱼种培育和成鱼养殖期间，每日投喂3-6次，每次投喂时间10-30min；投喂时，要将饲料分散投喂，避免争食时相互撞伤。
增氧：可采用水车式增氧机或或纳米气管增氧等设备增氧，满足印度鲥对溶氧供应。由于印度鲥大洋洄游的生理特点，它获取氧气主要通过快速游动造成的冲压促进溶氧的交换，所以，印度鲥养殖中，溶氧是最关键的生态因子，游动是印度鲥获取溶氧的必要行为。大面积的养殖水体满足印度鲥大范围游动的习性，对获取氧气有着重要的意义。搅动水体朝着印度鲥群反方向水体流向，符合印度鲥运动型获取氧气的习性，促进水体的水交换。
换水：养殖温室需配备深井水，用于控制水温在生长适温之内，并通过换水，排放污染水，改善水质。当水质得到污染(氨氮大于0.8-1.2mg/l)或温度超过生长适宜温度时，要进行大量换水，每次换水量为10-50％。尽管换水是调控水温和改善水质的有效方法之一，然而，深井水的无氧水，大量换水，可能导致严重缺氧，造成事故。所以，温度、溶氧和水质的日常管理需要协同性同步管理。
由于印度鲥的喜温性，温度高导致代谢率高，对溶氧的需求较高，加上其对水质要求苛刻，对环境非常敏感，应激反应强。温度、溶氧和水质的相互作用对印度鲥的影响尤为显著，所以，对三者的协同性管理对降低印度鲥养殖风险有着重要的作用。
印度鲥适宜水温为28-32℃。在该温度区间，溶氧的饱和值较低，印度鲥集群游动速度加快，代谢率提高，排泄物增多。随着代谢率提高，印度鲥对溶氧的消耗增加，对水质污染加大。溶氧和水质很快成为印度鲥养殖的制约因子。
水质：在温室养殖条件下，尽管氨氮低于0.8ppm，然而，由于反硝化功能缺陷，造成过多的硝酸盐富集，有时硝酸盐高于2.6ppm，因而伴随着pH升高，进而提高了NH3的毒性。为防止水质恶化，需定期施用微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次；尤其在夏季，加强通过微生态制剂改善水质，降低应激反应。在施用微生态制剂时，确保在晴天进行，要添加光合细菌和益生藻类，可提高微生物水质净化效率，降低氧亏。
光照强度的管理：印度鲥对光照的需求因发育阶段不同而不同，印度鲥幼鱼比成鱼更喜爱光照，有关试验表明，体重在20～80克的鲥幼鱼，在800lux光照条件下比200lux光照下的生长快；然而，800lux光照条件下，一令印度鲥(200～500克)的死亡率(42.5％)显著高于在200lux光照条件下的死亡率(8.6％)，这是因为较强的光照诱导性腺发育过早成熟，春季历时三个月的、强烈的性追尾导致印度鲥受伤致死。所以印度鲥养殖要根据印度鲥的个体发育阶段调节不同的光照强度，尤其要对一令鱼在春季控制光照，避免阳光直射。采用不同的遮阳方法和遮阳面积，调节温室的光照强度，满足印度鲥不同发育阶段对暗光的不同需求和适应性，是提高印度鲥养殖成活率的关键。一般说来，水面表层的光照强度为100～500lux适合印度鲥成鱼养殖，光照强度为500～1000lux适合印度鲥的鱼种养殖。
采用温室模式养殖印度鲥，可有效地控制养殖环境，避免自然环境对印度鲥养殖对影响，对养殖成活率有着重要的保障。在12个月内，大多数印度鲥可达到600克上市规格，成活率为82.7％-90％。
综上所述，池塘-温室养殖模式和温室养殖模式适合于印度鲥的养殖，均可取得良好的养殖效率。在广东等亚热带地区，采用池塘-温室养殖模式时，由于温度较高，整年大多数季节的池塘水温均在印度鲥生长适宜的范围之内，印度鲥生长较快，但由于酷夏的极端温度对印度鲥的成活率有较大的影响，导致成活率低于温室养殖模式。如果加强温度、溶氧、光照和水质的协同性管理，提高成活率，将成为印度鲥养殖效率最高的养殖模式。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出：对于本技术领域的技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法通过创建适合印度鲥生长发育的养殖条件进行养殖，具体方法是调节养殖温度为12～38℃，和/或光照强度为100～1000lux，和/或养殖密度为1～50尾/m 2。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法还包括水质的调控和盐度的调节，所述水质的调控通过施用微生态制剂进行净化，所述盐度的调节是指养殖水为淡水或盐度为0.5％～3.0％的半咸水。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法还包括鱼种培育方法、越冬培育方法和成鱼养殖方法中的一种或多种。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述鱼种培育方法是指将印度鲥苗种放养在温室鱼池或室外池塘，在淡水或盐度低于2.0％的半咸水条件下进行鱼种培育。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述越冬培育方法指当水温下降到15-20℃时，将印度鲥大规格鱼种用无结网捕捞，带水操作，带水操作的盐度为0.5-3％，转移到越冬温室进行越冬养殖，越冬养殖温度保持在10-15℃以上。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述越冬养殖还包括施用适于抗低温的微生态制剂和应激灵。
  7. 根据权利要求3所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述成鱼养殖方法指当水温上升到15-20℃时，将印度鲥越冬鱼种转移到室外池塘或温室进行成鱼养殖，搬运操作时，需带水操作。
  8. 根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法还包括在鱼种培育和成鱼养殖期间投喂蛋白质含量为38～43％的浮性饲料，每日投喂3-6次，每次投喂时间10-30min；定期施用微生态制剂，每月泼洒1-6次。
  9. 根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法中，当印度鲥处于鱼种阶段时，光照强度为500～1000lux，当印度鲥处于成鱼养殖阶段时，光照强度为100～500lux。
  10. 根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的印度鲥的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述养殖方法中，所述养殖水体深度1.0～4.0m，鱼种的养殖密度为2～50尾/m 2，越 冬养殖密度为4～40尾/m 2，成鱼的养殖密度为1～20尾/m 2。
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