WO2020073280A1 - 一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备及方法 - Google Patents

一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备及方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020073280A1
WO2020073280A1 PCT/CN2018/109840 CN2018109840W WO2020073280A1 WO 2020073280 A1 WO2020073280 A1 WO 2020073280A1 CN 2018109840 W CN2018109840 W CN 2018109840W WO 2020073280 A1 WO2020073280 A1 WO 2020073280A1
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Prior art keywords
block
breeding
hatching
nursery
water
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PCT/CN2018/109840
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘青华
须藤直美
孟涵
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苏州鱼之源生物科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2020073280A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020073280A1/zh
Priority to US17/227,424 priority Critical patent/US20210227808A1/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/003Aquaria; Terraria
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A01K61/17Hatching, e.g. incubators
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • A01K63/042Introducing gases into the water, e.g. aerators, air pumps
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01KANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • A01K63/047Liquid pumps for aquaria
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of aquaculture technology, and relates to a functional block separation of a pond, which is divided into a breeding block, an incubation block and a nursery block, so as to improve the fish, especially the precious with strong stress response A method for the natural breeding of fish.
  • the method of "inducing natural spawning artificially” is relatively mild.
  • broodstock with mature gonads are placed in spawning ponds for cultivation, providing better nutrition, suitable temperature, light and water flow.
  • the eco-environment of water quality induces its natural spawning in artificial “egg collecting barrels”, “egg collectors” or “fish nests”.
  • the artificial spawning equipment is taken out and placed in the incubation equipment for incubation. Because there is no need for artificial insemination, the damage to broodstock is small, and the fertilization rate and hatching rate are high, which is considered to be the most effective breeding method.
  • the latest research by scholars at home and abroad has found that reducing stress response can improve the reproduction efficiency of natural spawning methods.
  • the main methods include putting the breeding group in the imitative ecological spawning pool in advance before the breeding season and carefully raising it to allow broodstock Adapted to the spawning pond, under the conditions of flowing water close to the natural environment (including the daily rhythm of temperature and light), significantly increased the gonad coefficient of fish (Wylie et al. 2018).
  • Cortisol content (l22-148ng / g) is significantly lower than broodstock (l63-195ng / g) of "artificially induced natural spawning" (Liu et al. 2018).
  • the pond is divided into three ecological environment-specific functional blocks, namely breeding areas Block, hatching block and nursery block, and functional optimization of the block, to strengthen the prenatal adaptive cultivation of broodstock, so that it can accurately meet the imitation ecological conditions of prenatal gonad development, natural spawning, hatching and nursery, Reduce stress response and increase production efficiency.
  • a block-type imitation ecological pond breeding and nursery equipment provided by the present invention, the pond is divided into a breeding block, a hatching block and a nursery block connected in sequence, and an aeration device is provided in the pond;
  • a grid frame, the air outlet of the aeration device is provided in a breeding block, an incubation block and a nursery block; it also includes a first water pump and a first cage, the first cage is set in the incubation block, The first water pump is disposed in the first cage, and the first water pump is used to pump the water of the hatching block into the breeding block; and further includes a second water pump and a second cage, the second cage is disposed in the nursery area In the block, the second water pump is arranged in the second cage, and the second water pump is used to pump the water of the seedling raising block into the breeding block.
  • the first sunshade device is provided on the top of the hatching block.
  • a second shading device is further included, and the first shading device is disposed at the top of the center of the nursery block.
  • the aeration device includes an air pump, a ventilation pipe, a group of nano gas stones or air exhausts connected in sequence, and the group of nano gas stones or air exhausts are disposed in a breeding block or an incubation area Blocks and nursery blocks; preferably, the air pump is a turbo air pump.
  • the first grid frame and the second grid frame are 5-40 mesh frames.
  • the present invention also provides a block-type ecological pond propagation and nursery method, including the following steps:
  • Aeration Before use, use the aeration device to inflate the breeding block, the hatching block and the nursery block, so that each block is evenly aerated and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient;
  • this method divides the pond into three functional blocks specific to the ecological environment, namely, the breeding block, the hatching block, and the nursery block, according to the different physiological characteristics and ecological needs of propagation and seedling raising, and Carry out functional optimization of the block to adapt the broodstock to the spawning environment as soon as possible, so as to accurately meet the imitative ecological conditions of natural development and maturation of gonads, natural spawning, hatching and nursery.
  • the above three blocks have completely independent and different ecological needs and production functions.
  • the ecological characteristics of the breeding block are unidirectional flowing water, sufficient light, stable and excellent clear water ecological environment to meet the special needs of strong water flow stimulation, rhythmic temperature, light and water quality for the development of gonads ; Place the broodstock in a reproduction block that imitates the natural ecology and has a large flowing aquaculture environment for adaptive cultivation, so that the broodfish can adapt to the spawning environment as soon as possible, and promote the natural development and maturation of the gonads, and spawn naturally. The larvae enter the hatching block with the small circulating water flow, and hatch naturally.
  • the ecological characteristics of the hatching block are a dark environment, uniform aeration, to meet the fertilized eggs and the first hatchlings love micro-turning, to avoid the harm of sunlight radiation; before hatching, green water in the nursery block Bait breeding, prepare sufficient small zooplankton for the first hatchlings.
  • the ecological characteristics of the nursery block are green water, sufficient phytoplankton and nutrients, dissolved oxygen, aeration, and gentle light, which requires continuous fertilization and green water cultivation to meet the growth needs of zooplankton. After the incubation is completed, the newly hatched larvae enter the nursery block along with the large circulating water flow, ingest the palatable bait for cultivation.
  • the method orderly integrates the natural breeding of ponds and the method of cultivating fry with high-density circulating water
  • the present invention divides the pond into three functional blocks specific to the ecological environment, and performs functional optimization of the blocks to accurately meet the ecologically-like conditions of natural development and maturation of gonads, natural spawning, hatching and seedling raising , Significantly improve the spawning rate, hatching rate and nursery rate; through the small cycle and the big cycle, the three blocks will be integrated in an orderly and automated manner, and finally integrated into a one-way circulating water high-density nursery system, which comprehensively improves reproduction And nursery efficiency.
  • the present invention has the following outstanding advantages over the prior art:
  • This method strengthens broodstock prenatal cultivation and has a high spawning rate.
  • the breeding block provides a warm and excellent prenatal imitation ecological breeding environment for breeding groups, which is conducive to promoting the development of gonads, has a strong induction effect on the synchronization of gonad development, and improves the spawning rate of broodstock.
  • there is no need to induce labor which avoids the stress response caused by the traditional method of inducing labor before spawning. It is particularly effective for varieties that have a strong stress response, irregular gonadal development, or cannot accurately implement artificial induction.
  • This method has high production efficiency for spawning and hatching.
  • the small loop effectively integrates spawning and hatching, and automates hatching, overcoming the traditional methods of manual hatching, which are complicated, time-consuming, and labor-intensive.
  • the large loop allows the newly hatched larvae to automatically flow into the nursery block with sufficient bait, expanding the nursery. The area and flowing water promote the self-purification function of the water body, and help the growth of bait and fry.
  • the method is simple and easy to implement, has strong controllability, does not require special equipment, has low cost, is suitable for the propagation and breeding of precious sea freshwater fish with harsh ecological environment, and has a large promotion value.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a block-type ecological pond propagation and seedling raising equipment. The best embodiment of the invention
  • Block-type imitation ecological pond breeding and nursery equipment as shown in FIG. 1, the pond is divided into a breeding block 1, a hatching block 2 and a nursery block 3 connected in sequence, aeration device 4 is provided in the pond; the breeding A first grid frame 5 is provided between the block 1 and the hatching block 2, and a second grid frame 6 is provided between the hatching block 2 and the nursery block 3.
  • the first grid frame 5 and the second grid frame 6 are 5-40 mesh frames.
  • the aeration device 4 includes an air pump 41, a ventilation pipe 42, a group of nano air stones or air exhaust 43 connected in sequence, the group of nano air stones or air exhaust 43 is set in the breeding block 1, the incubation area In block 2 and nursery block 3; in the present invention, the air pump 41 is a turbo air pump.
  • It also includes a first water pump 21, a first cage 22 and a first sunshade device 23, the first cage 22 is disposed in the incubation block 2, the first water pump 21 is disposed in the first cage 22, A water pump 21 is used to pump the water of the hatching block 2 into the breeding block 1; the first shading device 23 is provided on the top of the hatching block 2.
  • It also includes a second water pump 31, a second cage 32, and a second shading device 33, the second cage 32 is disposed in the nursery block 3, the second water pump 31 is disposed in the second cage 32, The second water pump 31 is used to pump the water of the seedling raising block 3 into the breeding block 1; the first shading device 33 is provided on the top of the center of the seedling raising block 3.
  • Raising seedlings using the above-mentioned block-like ecological pond propagation and seedling raising device includes the following steps:
  • the pond is an earth pond or a cement pond, which is divided into three functional blocks, such as a breeding block 1, an incubating block 2, and a nursery block 3; as the weather in the spring is volatile, adopting greenhouse pond nursery can reduce bad weather Effects on spawning, hatching and nursery.
  • the aeration device 4 is used to inflate the breeding block 1, the hatching block 2 and the nursery block 3, so that each block is evenly aerated and has sufficient dissolved oxygen. That is, the aeration device 4 uses a turbo air pump to inflate the above three functional blocks through the ventilation pipe. Due to the uniform distribution of nano gas stones or air exhaust in each block, each block of the pond is evenly aerated and has sufficient dissolved oxygen.
  • the first water pump 21 pumps the water of the hatching block 2 into the breeding block 1, the water of the breeding block 1 enters the hatching block 2 via the first grid frame 5, so that the breeding block 1 and the hatching block 2 A small circulating water flow is formed between them to stimulate the development of broodstock gonads and spawn broodstock; the spawned eggs are divided into sticky eggs, floating eggs and semi-floating eggs, which are placed in the breeding block 1 to produce ovaries for collection Sticky eggs; use aeration device 4 to inflate evenly in breeding block 1, so that floating eggs and semi-floating eggs are evenly distributed in the water layer; water flow is pushing breeding block 1 into the water through the first grid frame 5 At the same time of incubating block 2, floating eggs, semi-floating eggs and larvae are also allowed to flow into incubating block 2; in this way, the small circulating water flow 24 formed continuously keeps floating eggs, semi-floating eggs and primary eggs The hatchlings are introduced from the breeding block 1 to the hatching block 2.
  • the broodstock is caught from the breeding block 1, to prevent broodstock from eating fish eggs or fry, and to make the batch of fish eggs or fry close, to prevent the size difference from being disparate, and to avoid different batches of The fry kill each other; broodstock that have not spawned can be placed in a new spawning pond and reused to continue spawning.
  • the second sunshade device 33 is built in the center of the nursery block 3 to shade the nursery block 3; sunlight has an important role in promoting the cultivation of bait, but it has a strong radiation killing effect on fry, especially larvae. Sunshade provides sun protection for larvae and light for plankton; when the sunlight is too strong At that time, the larvae will collectively inhabit under the second shading device 33 to avoid radiation damage;
  • Example 2 Natural propagation and nursery of American mandarin fish in a block-like imitation ecosystem.
  • the American silver mandarin fish (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), referred to as the silver mandarin fish, is an important freshwater fish in the United States. It was introduced to China at the end of the last century. The meat is tender, sweet, and has no intermuscular thorns. It is favored by the market. Silver mandarin fish spawns in cave pits, and males protect their eggs. The production of silver mandarin fish using traditional natural spawning methods is low, resulting in a serious shortage of seed and restricting the development of the industry.
  • the pond In a block-type pond propagation and nursery system for the breeding of silver mandarin fish, the pond is an earth pond or a cement pond, and is divided into three functional blocks, a breeding block, an incubation block, and a nursery block.
  • the pond is inflated by the air pump 41 through the air duct 42 to the above three functional blocks, and the nano gas stones or air exhausts 43 are evenly distributed, so that the pond blocks are evenly aerated and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient.
  • the first pump 21 pumps water into the breeding block 1 to form a small
  • the circulating water flow 24 stimulates the development of the gonads of the broodstock; when the gonads are mature and the temperature reaches 18-22 ° C, the male fish of the silver mandarin fish builds a cave pit at the bottom of the pond of the breeding block, attracting the female fish to enter the cave pit to lay eggs, the male The fish squeezes out the semen and fertilizes it, then drives the female away, and the male fish guards the eggs in the pit to prevent other fish from eating eggs. [0059] After 2-3 days of incubation, the larvae hatch and float in the water layer of the breeding block 1.
  • the larvae continue to flow from the breeding block 1 to the hatching block 2 with the small circulating water flow, and continuously bring the newly hatched larvae from the breeding block 1 and concentrate them in the hatching block 2. Floating in the water.
  • the first cage 22 can effectively prevent the larvae from entering the cage and avoid the suction injury of the first water pump 21.
  • the hatching block 1 is completely covered by the first shading device 23, so as to avoid the harm of the solar radiation to the newly hatched larvae.
  • a second cage 32 is installed, and a second water pump 31 is built in.
  • the second water pump 31 is turned on, and the water in the nursery block is pumped into the breeding block 1 to form a large circulating water flow 34, and the young hatchlings will continuously pass through the second grid with the large circulating water flow Box 6 enters the nursery block 3 and starts feeding on the bait for cultivation.
  • a second sunshade device 33 is built with a sunshade cloth in the center of the nursery block to partially shade the nursery block. Sunlight has an important role in promoting the cultivation of bait, but it has a strong radiation killing effect on fry, especially larvae.
  • Part of the sunshade provides a protective effect for the larvae, also provides light for plankton, increases the water temperature, and promotes the rapid feed. Grow. When the sunlight is too strong, the larvae will collectively inhabit the second shading device 33 to avoid radiation damage. As the fry continue to grow up, Yingui fry will enter the hatching block 2 and the breeding block 1 against the current, enter and exit, and are evenly distributed in the three blocks. The three blocks merged with each other and finally integrated into one, forming a unidirectional circulation high-density running water seedling raising system.
  • probiotic preparations for example, mainly containing probiotics such as Bacillus, nitrifying bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, spray 1-6 times a month, through the water flow to strengthen The water purification ability of the water body establishes a healthy and energetic water purification microorganism group.
  • Example 3 Natural reproduction and nursery of barramundi in a block-like ecosystem.
  • Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), a carnivorous fish, distributed in Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and Western Pacific A rare fish along the ocean coast. The individual is large and the meat is delicious. It is loved by the European and American seafood market. Barramundi was introduced to China in the 1970s and has been favored by farmers in Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and other places. This is because it not only grows faster and has higher yields, but also because of its wide-salt characteristics, it is suitable for seawater and freshwater. Aquaculture has broad prospects for inland and coastal aquaculture promotion. However, the production rate of barramundi is low, and the seeds need to be imported in large quantities, which restricts the development of barramundi aquaculture industry.
  • Barramundi The main difficulty of artificial reproduction of barramundi lies in its special hermaphrodite biological characteristics, nutritional requirements and reproductive habits of migratory seas, long spawning period, and strong dependence on environmental changes. Barramundi grows faster in fresh water under natural conditions. Barramundi can weigh 3-5 kg in 2-3 orders. 3-4 reams of barramundi migrate from inland waters to 30-32% salinity. On the coast, the gonads gradually mature and lay eggs. Barramundi is a hermaphrodite that matures first in males. Most fish in 3-4 orders develop into males, and fish in 5-6 orders begin to sexually transform. Most fish transform into females and participate in reproduction. The reproduction period in nature From April to August. Domestic scholars have little research on their biological characteristics and ecological habits, using traditional artificial induction methods, low spawning rate, low seedling survival rate, fry feeding each other, there is no effective solution, barramundi fry long-term Depends on imports.
  • the pond is an earth pond or a cement pond, and is divided into three functional blocks, a breeding block, an incubation block, and a nursery block.
  • the pond is inflated by the air pump 41 through the air duct 42 to the above three functional blocks, and the nano gas stones or air exhausts 43 are evenly distributed, so that the pond blocks are evenly aerated and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient.
  • barramundi is relatively sensitive to changes in the external environment, has a strong stress response to manual operations, and the development of the gonadal is not synchronized, it is necessary to establish an environmentally-controllable, stable, unaffected by weather, and excellent water quality imitation ecological broodstock Strengthen cultivation facilities.
  • the water temperature is higher than 15-18 ° C, select more than 3 reams of intact scales, no damage, active activity, and well-developed gonadals, and place them in the seawater of breeding block 1.
  • the ratio of male to male is The salinity is 15-32%.
  • feed marine fish special feed or chilled small fish 2-3 times a day.
  • the breeding block 1 and the hatching block 2 are separated by the first grid frame 5 in the middle (mesh 5-40) to prevent broodstock from entering the hatching block 2 from the breeding block 1.
  • a first cage 22 with a built-in first pump 21 (mesh is 60-100 mesh) is installed, which is formed by the first pump 21 pumping water into the breeding block 1
  • the small circulating water flow 24 stimulates the development of the gonads of the broodstock; in the early stage of cultivation, the salinity is 15-25%. .
  • Male barramundi begin to chase female fish and spawn naturally.
  • the fertilized egg of barramundi is a floating egg. Under aeration, it floats in the water. A part of the fertilized egg will flow into the hatching block 2 with a small circulating water flow. Incubate at 28 ° C within 20 hours. Newly hatched larvae continue to flow from breeding block 1 to hatching block 2 with small circulating water currents, and concentrate to float in the water layer of the hatching block.
  • the first cage 22 of the hatching block can effectively prevent the fertilized eggs and larvae from entering the cage and avoid the inhalation injury of the first water pump 21.
  • the hatching block is completely covered by the first shading device 23 to avoid the damage of fertilized eggs and newly hatched larvae by sunlight radiation.
  • barramundi broodstock are caught from breeding block 1 to prevent broodstock from feeding on fry, as well as to make the batch of spawns or fry as close as possible to prevent large differences in size and avoid different batches.
  • the fry kill each other; because spawning of barramundi is not concentrated, broodstock that have not spawned can be placed in a new spawning pond and reused to continue spawning. Since the small cycle continuously introduces and accumulates fertilized eggs and larvae in the hatching block, when catching broodstock, it will not cause damage to the fry by mixing the pool water when pulling the net.
  • a second cage 32 is installed, and a second water pump 31 is built in.
  • On the second day of hatching when most larvae swim flat, turn on the second water pump 31 to pump the water from the nursery block into the breeding block 1 to form a large circulating water flow 34. The larvae will continue to follow the large cycle
  • the water flow enters the nursery block 3 through the second grid frame 6 to start feeding and feeding. 7-10 days before spawning of barramundi, fermented organic fertilizer (50-100 kg / mu) is put in the nursery area to implement green water to cultivate bait organisms.
  • the initial population of barramundi for barramundi is small, about 1.6 mm, and rotifer (60-100um) is the most suitable.
  • rotifer 60-100um
  • adding Chlorella, Isochrysis galbana mother liquor every 2-3 days to nutritionally fortify the bait organisms helps to increase the survival rate of nursery.
  • feed a mixture of fish paste and fry capsule feed daily and gradually increase the content of the feed. Sprinkle 5-10 times a day, adhere to a small number of meals, and spread evenly.
  • a second shade device 33 is built with a shade cloth in the center of the seedling raising block to partially shade the seedling raising block.
  • Sunlight plays an important role in promoting the cultivation of algae and natural bait, but it has a strong effect on fry, especially larvae.
  • Shooting damage, part of the sunshade provides sunshade protection for larvae, and also provides light for plankton.
  • the larvae or fry will collectively inhabit the second shading device 33 to avoid radiation damage.
  • the barramundi fry will enter the hatching block 2 and breeding block 1 against the current, enter and exit, and are evenly distributed in the three blocks.
  • the three blocks merged with each other and finally integrated into one, forming a unidirectional circulation high-density running water seedling raising system.
  • probiotic preparations for example, mainly containing probiotics such as Bacillus, nitrifying bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, spray 1-6 times a month, through the water flow to strengthen The ability of probiotics in water to purify water quality, and maintain healthy and viable water purification microbial flora.
  • Adopting the block-type ecological reproduction and seedling raising system of the present invention significantly improves the spawning efficiency and seedling survival rate of barramundi, especially improves the efficiency of barramundi breeding.
  • bait culture and bait supplement are combined. The bait is sufficient at an early stage and grows fast. The larval rearing and the fingerling rearing can be merged together. There is no need to divide the ponds, and the muddy water can kill the fry when the fry are caught.
  • the spawning rate of barramundi broodstock is 96%, and 73,000 barramundi seedlings of 6-8 cm have been bred, and the individual size is uniform, reducing the mutual residuals of fish. The risk of food has great market potential.

Abstract

一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备,将池塘划分为依次连接的繁殖区块(1)、孵化区块(2)和育苗区块(3),池塘内设置曝气装置(4);所述繁殖区块(1)和孵化区块(2)之间设有第一网格框(5),所述孵化区块(2)和育苗区块(3)之间设有第二网格框(6),所述曝气装置(4)的出气口设置于繁殖区块(1)、孵化区块(2)和育苗区块(3)内。一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗方法,将池塘分隔成生态环境特异的三个功能性区块,并进行区块功能性优化,精准地满足性腺自然发育成熟、自然产卵、孵化和育苗的仿生态条件,显著提高产卵率、孵化率和育苗率;通过小循环和大循环将三个区块进行有序的、自动化融合,最后整合成为单向循环水高密度育苗系统,综合性地提高了繁殖和育苗的效率。

Description

说明书 发明名称:一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备及方法 技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于水产养殖技术领域, 涉及一种将池塘进行功能性区块分隔, 划 分成繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块, 从而提高鱼类, 尤其是应激反应强烈的 名贵鱼自然繁育效率的方法。
背景技术
[0002] 目前, 鱼类人工繁殖主要采用“人工催产”的方法进行的, 即将性腺成熟的亲 鱼进行人工激素注射催产或催熟, 人工授精获得的受精卵在孵化设备中孵化, 然后搬入育苗池进行培育。 常规的“人工催产”繁殖方法技术复杂, 由于无法对性 腺发育成熟度进行准确的判断, 需要储备大量的亲鱼, 进行多次催产操作, 所 以对亲鱼的损伤较大, 而且需要借助复杂的设备和不间断的人工维护, 成为水 产养殖生产中工作强度最大、 难度最大和风险最大的工作之一。 很多鱼类由于 应激反应较强, 或性腺发育成熟度难以判断, 导致人工催产的盲目性很大, 而 且, 亲鱼一旦激素催产, 不产卵便由于性腺膨胀而死亡, 繁殖效率低或无法实 施人工繁殖。
[0003] 采用“人工诱导自然产卵”的方法较为温和, 在繁殖季节, 对性腺发育较为成熟 的亲鱼置入产卵池进行培育, 提供较好的营养, 适宜的温度、 光照和水流等优 良的水质生态环境, 诱导其自然产卵于人造的“收卵桶”、 “集卵器”或“鱼巢”。 发 现大量产卵后, 将人造产卵设备取出, 置入孵化设备中进行孵化。 由于无需进 行人工授精, 对亲鱼的伤害较小, 而且受精率和孵化率高, 被认为是最有效的 繁殖方法。
[0004] 鱼类自然产卵方面的研究鲜有报道, 相关繁殖生理和激素诱导的系统性研究更 为少见。 鱼类自然产卵实践中经常出现的问题是, 性腺发育不同步, 产卵期较 长, 往往持续两个多月左右, 费时费力, 繁殖效率较低; 而且, 很多受精卵无 法获取, 造成损失。 我们的研究表明, 跗鱼、 黄金斑、 银桂鱼和尖吻鲈等性情 急躁的名贵鱼的性腺发育不同步, 其原因往往是由于在培育期间的应激反应过 度造成的 (liu等 2018) 同样, Shourbela (2016) 也报道了慢性应激反应 (chro nic stress) 抑制了 鱼性腺发育的激素诱导作用。 弓 I发应激反应的原因很多, 主 要起因于养殖环境不稳定、 水质不良、 营养不当、 以及人为惊吓、 受伤等原因 。 例如, 采用常规的产前“人工诱导自然产卵”的方法, 银桂鱼产卵率低 (<62% ) , 而且性腺发育同步性差, 产卵期持续 82天, 产出的鱼卵无法集中收集, 鱼 苗自相残杀, 导致育苗率较低, 难以应用于规模化生产。
[0005] 国内外学者最新的研究发现, 降低应激反应可提高自然产卵方法的繁殖效率, 主要方法包括在繁殖季节之前, 提前将繁殖群体放入仿生态产卵池, 精心饲养 , 让亲鱼适应产卵池, 在接近自然环境 (包括温度和光照的日节律) 流水条件 下, 显著提高鱼类性腺系数 (Wylie等 2018) 提前进入产卵池培育的美国银桂 鱼亲鱼在产卵时的皮质甾醇含量 (l22-148ng/g) 显著低于“人工诱导自然产卵” 的亲鱼 (l63-195ng/g) (Liu等 2018) 有关研究表明, 改善产卵前亲鱼培育的 生态环境, 降低其应激反应, 促使性腺自然成熟, 优化繁殖和育苗的方法, 对 提高繁殖效率和育苗效率, 促进名贵鱼类养殖产业发展有着重要的应用价值。 然而, 目前这些仅停留在实验研究阶段, 仍然没有较好的装置和成熟的工艺。 技术问题
[0006] 技术问题: 为了解决现有“人工催产”技术中亲鱼损耗大, 技术复杂、 工作强度 大, 以及“人工诱导自然产卵”周期长, 繁育效率低, 成本高, 制约产业发展的问 题, 本发明根据亲鱼、 受精卵和鱼苗对生态环境需求的特异性、 生物学特征, 以及仿生态循环水高密度育苗原理, 将池塘分隔成三个生态环境特异的功能性 区块, 即繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块, 并进行区块功能性优化, 强化亲鱼 的产前适应性培育, 从而可以精准地满足产前性腺发育成熟、 自然产卵、 孵化 和育苗的仿生态条件, 降低应激反应, 提高生产效率。
问题的解决方案
技术解决方案
[0007] 技术方案: 本发明提供的一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 将池塘划分为 依次连接的繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块, 池塘内设置曝气装置; 所述繁殖 区块和孵化区块之间设有第一网格框, 所述孵化区块和育苗区块之间设有第二 网格框, 所述曝气装置的出气口设置于繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块内; 还 包括第一水泵和第一网箱, 所述第一网箱设置于孵化区块, 第一水泵设置于第 一网箱内, 第一水泵用于将孵化区块的水抽至繁殖区块内; 还包括第二水泵和 第二网箱, 所述第二网箱设置于育苗区块, 第二水泵设置于第二网箱内, 第二 水泵用于将育苗区块的水抽至繁殖区块内。
[0008] 作为改进, 还包括第一遮阳装置, 所述第一遮阳装置设于孵化区块的顶部。
[0009] 作为另一种改进, 还包括第二遮阳装置, 所述第一遮阳装置设于育苗区块中央 的顶部。
[0010] 作为另一种改进, 所述曝气装置包括依次连接的气泵、 通气管道、 一组纳米气 石或气排, 所述一组纳米气石或气排设置于繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块内 ; 优选地, 所述气泵为渦轮式气泵。
[0011] 作为另一种改进, 所述第一网格框和第二网格框为 5-40目的网格框。
[0012] 本发明还提供了一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗方法, 包括以下步骤:
[0013] ( 1) 曝气: 使用前, 利用曝气装置为繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块充气, 使各区块曝气均匀、 溶氧充足;
[0014] (2) 繁殖: 将性腺发育良好的亲鱼置入繁殖区块内, 第一水泵将孵化区块的 水泵入繁殖区块、 繁殖区块的水经由第一网格框进入孵化区块, 从而在繁殖区 块和孵化区块之间形成小循环水流, 刺激亲鱼性腺发育, 使亲鱼产卵; 产下的 鱼卵分为粘性卵、 浮性卵和半浮性卵, 在繁殖区块内放入产卵巢, 用于收集粘 性卵; 利用曝气装置在繁殖区块内均匀充气, 使得浮性卵和半浮性卵均匀分布 在水层中; 水流在推动繁殖区块的水流经由第一网格框进入孵化区块的同时, 也使浮性卵、 半浮性卵和初孵仔鱼流入孵化区块; 批次产卵结束后, 将亲鱼从 繁殖区块捕出;
[0015] (3) 孵化: 鱼卵在孵化区块内进行孵化; 孵化前 0-0天在育苗区块培育饵料生 物; 孵化时, 当初孵仔鱼开始平游时, 开启第二水泵, 第二水泵将育苗区块的 水泵入繁殖区块、 繁殖区块的水经由第一网格框进入孵化区块、 孵化区块的水 经由第二网格框进入育苗区块, 从而在繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块之间形 成大循环水流, 初孵仔鱼随着大循环水流经第二网格框进入育苗区块育苗; [0016] (4) 育苗: 初孵仔鱼在育苗区块内进行育苗。
[0017] 具体而言, 该方法根据繁殖和育苗不同的生理特点和生态需求, 将池塘分隔成 生态环境特异的三个功能性区块, 即繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块, 并进行 区块功能性优化, 让亲鱼尽快适应于产卵环境, 从而精准地满足性腺自然发育 成熟、 自然产卵、 孵化和育苗的仿生态条件。 以上三个区块对优异水质的相同 要求外, 具有完全独立的、 不同的生态需求和生产功能。
[0018] 繁殖区块的生态特征为单向流水、 充足的光照、 稳定的和优异的清水生态 环境, 以满足亲鱼性腺发育对较强的水流刺激、 以及节律性温度、 光照和水质 的特殊需求; 将亲鱼置于仿自然生态的、 较大流水养殖环境的繁殖区块进行适 应性培育, 让亲鱼尽快适应于产卵环境, 促使性腺自然发育成熟, 并自然产卵 , 产出的受精卵或仔鱼随小循环水流进入孵化区块, 自然孵化。
[0019] 孵化区块的生态特征为阴暗的环境, 均匀的曝气, 以满足受精卵和初孵仔 鱼对微翻水的喜爱, 避免阳光辐射的危害; 孵化前, 在育苗区块进行绿水饵料 培育, 为初孵仔鱼准备充足的小型浮游动物。
[0020] 育苗区块的生态特征则为绿水, 充足的浮游植物和营养、 溶氧、 曝气、 温 柔光照, 需要不断地肥水和绿水培育, 以满足浮游动物的生长需求。 孵化完成 后, 初孵仔鱼随大循环水流进入育苗区块, 摄食适口饵料, 进行培育。
[0021] 批次产卵结束时, 大部分鱼卵或初孵仔鱼已随小循环水流进入孵化区块, 可以在不损伤鱼苗的情况下, 将亲鱼从繁殖区块捕出, 防止亲鱼残食鱼卵或鱼 苗; 未产卵的亲鱼可放入新的产卵池继续产卵, 提高亲鱼的重复利用率、 避免 不同批次的鱼苗相互残杀, 轮繁轮捕的新工艺可进行繁殖批次化生产。
[0022] 随着鱼苗的生长, 繁殖和孵化的功能丧失, 大循环流水将三个区块功能融 合, 最终整合为一体, 流水可提高水质微生物净化作用, 形成单向循环的高密 度流水育苗系统。
[0023] 该方法将池塘自然繁殖和高密度循环水培育鱼苗的方法有序地整合为一体
, 构成操作简便、 生产有序、 稳定可靠的名贵鱼类繁殖和育苗系统, 轮繁轮捕 的新工艺可进行繁殖批次化生产, 节约了成本, 提高了效率。
发明的有益效果 有益效果
[0024] 有益效果: 本发明将池塘分隔成生态环境特异的三个功能性区块, 并进行区块 功能性优化, 精准地满足性腺自然发育成熟、 自然产卵、 孵化和育苗的仿生态 条件, 显著提高产卵率、 孵化率和育苗率; 通过小循环和大循环将三个区块进 行有序的、 自动化融合, 最后整合成为单向循环水高密度育苗系统, 综合性地 提高了繁殖和育苗的效率。
[0025] 具体而言, 本发明相对于现有技术具有以下突出的优势:
[0026] ( 1) 该方法强化了亲鱼产前培育, 产卵率高。 一方面, 繁殖区块为繁殖 群体提供了温馨优异的产前仿生态养殖环境, 有利于促进性腺发育, 对性腺发 育同步性具有较强的诱导作用, 提高亲鱼的产卵率。 另一方面, 无需催产, 避 免了传统方法在产卵前催产操作引发的应激反应, 对应激反应较强、 性腺发育 不规则, 或无法准确实施人工催产的品种尤为有效。
[0027] (2) 该方法对亲鱼损伤小, 可以重复利用。 轮繁轮捕的新工艺可进行繁 殖多批次化生产, 亲本多次配对, 重复利用率高; 避免不同批次的鱼苗相互残 杀。 由于受精卵和初孵仔鱼会全部集聚在孵化区块, 轮繁轮捕时, 不会因捕捞 亲鱼搅混水呛死鱼苗。
[0028] (3) 该方法产卵和孵化的生产效率高。 小循环将产卵和孵化有效整合, 自动化孵化, 克服了传统方法人工孵化操作复杂、 费时、 劳动强度大等弊病; 大循环让初孵仔鱼无损伤自动流入饵料充足的育苗区块, 扩大了育苗面积, 流 水促进了水体自净功能, 有助于饵料和鱼苗生长。
[0029] (4) 该方法将生态功能特异的产卵、 孵化、 育苗有序、 自动化整合, 降 低人工操作对受精卵和鱼苗的伤害, 提高了鱼类繁殖和育苗的设施利用率和生 产效率, 为鱼类繁殖和育苗的自动化提供了有价值的技术方案。
[0030] (5) 该方法简便易行, 可控性强, 无需特殊设备, 成本低廉, 适宜于对 生态环境苛刻的名贵海淡水鱼类的繁殖和育苗, 具有较大的推广价值。
对附图的简要说明
附图说明
[0031] 图 1为区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备的结构示意图。 实施该发明的最佳实施例
本发明的最佳实施方式
[0032] 下面对本发明作出进一步说明。
[0033] 实施例 1
[0034] 区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 见图 1, 将池塘划分为依次连接的繁殖区块 1 、 孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3 , 池塘内设置曝气装置 4; 所述繁殖区块 1和孵化区块 2 之间设有第一网格框 5 , 所述孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3之间设有第二网格框 6。 所 述第一网格框 5和第二网格框 6为 5-40目的网格框。
[0035] 所述曝气装置 4包括依次连接的气泵 41、 通气管道 42、 一组纳米气石或气排 43 , 所述一组纳米气石或气排 43设置于繁殖区块 1、 孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3内; 本 发明中, 所述气泵 41为渦轮式气泵。
[0036] 还包括第一水泵 21、 第一网箱 22和第一遮阳装置 23 , 所述第一网箱 22设置于孵 化区块 2, 第一水泵 21设置于第一网箱 22内, 第一水泵 21用于将孵化区块 2的水 抽至繁殖区块 1内; 所述第一遮阳装置 23设于孵化区块 2的顶部。
[0037] 还包括第二水泵 31、 第二网箱 32和第二遮阳装置 33, 所述第二网箱 32设置于育 苗区块 3, 第二水泵 31设置于第二网箱 32内, 第二水泵 31用于将育苗区块 3的水 抽至繁殖区块 1内; 所述第一遮阳装置 33设于育苗区块 3中央的顶部。
[0038] 利用上述区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗装置育苗, 包括以下步骤:
[0039] ( 1) 曝气:
[0040] 池塘为土池或水泥池, 被分隔为繁殖区块 1、 孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3等三个功 能性区块; 由于春季天气变化无常, 采用温室池塘育苗, 可降低恶劣天气对产 卵、 孵化和育苗的影响。
[0041] 使用前, 利用曝气装置 4为繁殖区块 1、 孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3充气, 使各区块 曝气均匀、 溶氧充足。 即, 曝气装置 4利用渦轮式气泵通过通气管道为以上三个 功能性区块充气, 由于各区块内均匀分布纳米气石或气排, 使得池塘各个区块 曝气均匀, 溶氧充足。
[0042] (2) 繁殖: 亲鱼在繁殖区块 1内进行繁殖;
[0043] 将性腺发育良好的亲鱼置入繁殖区块 1内; 在孵化区块 2靠近繁殖区块 1的角落 , 安装内置有第一水泵 21的第一网箱 22网衣为 60-100目, 第一网箱 22可有效地阻 止鱼卵或仔鱼进入第一网箱 22内, 以免第一水泵 21的吸入; 繁殖区块 1和孵化区 块 2由网目 5-40的第一网格框 5分隔, 有效阻止亲鱼从繁殖区块 1进入孵化区块 2;
[0044] 第一水泵 21将孵化区块 2的水泵入繁殖区块 1、 繁殖区块 1的水经由第一网格框 5 进入孵化区块 2, 从而在繁殖区块 1和孵化区块 2之间形成小循环水流, 刺激亲鱼 性腺发育, 使亲鱼产卵; 产下的鱼卵分为粘性卵、 浮性卵和半浮性卵, 在繁殖 区块 1内放入产卵巢, 用于收集粘性卵; 利用曝气装置 4在繁殖区块 1内均匀充气 , 使得浮性卵和半浮性卵均匀分布在水层中; 水流在推动繁殖区块 1的水流经由 第一网格框 5进入孵化区块 2的同时, 也使浮性卵、 半浮性卵和初孵仔鱼流入孵 化区块 2; 这样, 由形成的小循环水流 24, 不断地将浮性卵、 半浮性卵和初孵仔 鱼从繁殖区块 1引入孵化区块 2。
[0045] 批次产卵结束后, 将亲鱼从繁殖区块 1捕出, 防止亲鱼残食鱼卵或鱼苗, 也使 得鱼卵或鱼苗的批次接近, 防止大小差异悬殊, 避免不同批次的鱼苗相互残杀 ; 未产卵的亲鱼可放入新的产卵池, 重复使用, 继续产卵。
[0046] (3) 孵化: 鱼卵在孵化区块 2内进行孵化;
[0047] 孵化区块 2顶部由第一遮阳装置 23全部覆盖, 以避免阳光辐射对受精卵的伤害
[0048] 孵化前 10-20天在育苗区块 3绿水饵料培养, 培育轮虫、 枝角类等饵料生物; 在 育苗区块 3与繁殖区块 1相接处, 安装第二网箱 32, 内置有第二水泵 31 ; 孵化时 , 当初孵仔鱼开始平游时, 开启第二水泵 31, 第二水泵 31将育苗区块 3的水泵入 繁殖区块 1、 繁殖区块 1的水经由第一网格框 5进入孵化区块 2、 孵化区块 2的水经 由第二网格框 6进入育苗区块 3 , 从而在繁殖区块 1、 孵化区块 2和育苗区块 3之间 形成大循环水流, 初孵仔鱼随着大循环水流经第二网格框 6进入育苗区块 6育苗
[0049] (4) 育苗: 初孵仔鱼在育苗区块 3内进行育苗;
[0050] 在育苗区块 3的中央搭建第二遮阳装置 33 , 将育苗区块 3部分遮阳; 阳光对 饵料培育有着重要的促进作用, 但对鱼苗尤其是仔鱼有较强的辐射杀伤作用, 部分遮阳为仔鱼提供了遮阳保护作用, 也为浮游生物提供了光照; 当阳光过强 时, 仔鱼会集体栖息于第二遮阳装置 33下, 避免辐射伤害;
[0051] 随着鱼苗不断地长大, 鱼苗会逆水进入孵化区块 2和繁殖区块 1, 进进出出
, 均匀地分布于三个区块, 三个区块相互融合, 最后整合为一体, 形成单向循 环的高密度育苗系统。
[0052]
[0053] 下面例举几个更具体的实例以说明本发明。
[0054] 实施例 2 美国桂鱼在区块式仿生态系统中的自然繁殖和育苗。
[0055] 美国银桂鱼 ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus) , 简称银桂鱼, 是美国重要的游钓淡水 鱼, 上个世纪末引入中国, 肉质细嫩, 甜美, 无肌间刺, 受到市场的青睐。 银 桂鱼在穴坑产卵, 雄鱼护卵。 采用传统自然产卵的方法生产银桂鱼产量较低, 造成苗种严重短缺, 制约产业发展。
[0056] 银桂鱼繁殖效率低的主要原因是由于它特殊的生物学特征。 它属于多次产卵的 肉食性鱼, 性腺较小, 一次产卵数量有限, 加上它应激反应较大, 人工催产效 率低, 损伤较大, 所以, 自然产卵是主要的繁殖方式。 然而, 繁殖后, 必须将 所有的亲鱼捕获, 而且拉网时会严重伤害鱼苗。 如果不及时将亲本全部捞出, 亲本会残食鱼苗, 而且, 不同批次的鱼苗相互残杀, 前功尽弃。
[0057] 在用于银桂鱼繁殖的区块式池塘繁殖和育苗系统中, 池塘为土池或水泥池, 被 分隔为繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块等三个功能性区块。 将池塘由气泵 41通 过通气管道 42为以上三个功能性区块的充气, 均匀分布纳米气石或气排 43 , 使 得池塘各区块曝气均匀, 溶氧充足。
[0058] 由于美国银桂鱼对外界环境比较敏感, 而且有较强的应激反应, 在初春, 当水 温高于 15°C以上时, 将性腺发育良好的亲鱼置入繁殖区块 1, 进行产卵前培育。 繁殖区块 1和孵化区块 2由中间的第一网格框 5 (网目为 5-40) 分隔, 防止亲鱼从 繁殖区块 1进入孵化区块 2。 在孵化区块 2靠近繁殖区块 1的角落, 安装内置有第 一水泵 21的第一网箱 22 (网衣为 60- 100目) , 由第一水泵 21泵水进入繁殖区块 1 形成小循环水流 24, 刺激亲鱼性腺发育; 当性腺发育成熟, 温度达到 18-22°C时 , 银桂鱼的雄鱼在繁殖区块的池底建穴坑, 吸引雌鱼进入穴坑产卵, 雄鱼挤出 精液受精, 然后将雌鱼赶走, 雄鱼守在穴坑护卵, 以防其他鱼吃卵。 [0059] 经 2-3天的孵化, 仔鱼孵出, 在繁殖区块 1的水层中浮游。 仔鱼随小循环水流不 断地从繁殖区块 1流入孵化区块 2, 不断将初孵仔鱼从繁殖区块 1带出, 集中在孵 化区块 2, 初孵仔鱼在孵化区块 2随着充气而浮游在水中。 第一网箱 22可有效地 阻止仔鱼进入网箱内, 避免第一水泵 21的吸入伤害。 孵化区块 1由第一遮阳装置 23全部覆盖, 以避免阳光辐射对初孵仔鱼的伤害。 批次产卵结束时, 将银桂鱼 亲鱼从繁殖区块 1捕出, 防止亲鱼残食鱼苗, 也使得鱼卵或鱼苗产出的批次接近 , 防止大小差异悬殊, 避免不同批次的鱼苗相互残杀; 未产卵的亲鱼可放入新 的产卵池, 重复使用, 继续产卵。 由于小循环不断地将初孵仔鱼导入并集中在 孵化区块, 捕捞亲鱼时, 不会因拉网对鱼苗造成伤害。
[0060] 在育苗区块 3与繁殖区块 1相接处, 安装第二网箱 32, 内置有第二水泵 31。 当大 多数初孵仔鱼平游时, 开启第二水泵 31, 将育苗区块的水泵入繁殖区块 1, 形成 大循环水流 34, 初孵仔鱼将不断地随着大循环水流经过第二网格框 6进入育苗区 块 3 , 开始摄食饵料, 进行培育。 在育苗区块的中央用遮阳布搭建第二遮阳装置 33 , 将育苗区块部分遮阳。 阳光对饵料培育有着重要的促进作用, 但对鱼苗尤 其是仔鱼有较强的辐射杀伤作用, 部分遮阳为仔鱼提供了遮阳保护作用, 也为 浮游生物提供了光照, 提高了水温, 促进了饵料快速生长。 当阳光过强时, 仔 鱼会集体栖息于第二遮阳装置 33 , 避免辐射伤害。 随着鱼苗不断地长大, 银桂 鱼苗会逆水进入孵化区块 2和繁殖区块 1, 进进出出, 均匀地分布于三个区块。 三个区块相互融合, 最后整合为一体, 形成单向循环的高密度流水育苗系统。
[0061] 在育苗期间, 要保持大循环水体流动, 定期施用益生菌制剂, 例如, 以包含芽 孢杆菌、 硝化菌和乳酸菌等益生菌为主, 每月喷洒 1-6次, 通过水体流动, 强化 水体的水质净化能力, 建立健康有活力的水质净化微生物菌群。
[0062] 2017年, 采用本发明的区块式仿生态繁殖和育苗系统显著地提高了银桂鱼产卵 效率和育苗成活率。 在 600平方米的区块式繁殖和育苗系统中, 银桂鱼亲鱼无一 损失, 产卵率为 83%, 培育出 12.7万尾 3cm的银桂鱼苗, 获得较好的经济效益。
[0063]
[0064] 实施例 3: 尖吻鲈在区块式仿生态系统中的自然繁殖和育苗。
[0065] 尖吻鲈 ( Lates calcarifer) , 是肉食性鱼类, 分布在东南亚、 北澳洲和西太平 洋沿海的名贵鱼。 个体较大, 肉质鲜美, 深受欧美名贵海鲜市场的爱戴。 尖吻 鲈上个世纪 70年代引入中国, 一直受到海南、 广东、 福建等地养殖户的追宠, 这是因为它不仅生长较快, 产量高, 而且它的广盐特性, 适合在海水和淡水养 殖, 有着广阔的内陆和沿海养殖推广前景。 然而, 尖吻鲈的人工繁殖产量低, 苗种需要大量进口, 制约着尖吻鲈养殖产业的发展。
[0066] 尖吻鲈人工繁殖的主要难度在于它特殊的雌雄同体的生物学特征、 营养需求和 降海洄游的生殖习性, 产卵期较长, 对环境变迁的依赖性较强。 尖吻鲈在自然 条件下, 在淡水生长较快, 2-3令的尖吻鲈体重可达 3-5公斤。 3-4令的尖吻鲈从 内陆水域洄游到盐度 30-32%。的沿海, 性腺逐渐发育成熟和产卵。 尖吻鲈是一种 雄性先成熟的雌雄同体鱼, 3-4令的鱼大多数鱼发育成雄性, 5-6令的鱼开始性转 化, 大多数鱼转变成雌性, 参与繁殖, 自然界的繁殖期从 4月到 8月。 国内学者 对其繁殖生物学特征和生态习性研究较少, 采用传统人工催产的方法, 产卵率 低, 育苗成活率低, 鱼苗相互残食, 尚无有效的解决方案, 尖吻鲈的鱼苗长期 依赖进口。
[0067] 在用于尖吻鲈繁殖的区块式池塘繁殖和育苗系统中, 池塘为土池或水泥池, 被 分隔为繁殖区块、 孵化区块和育苗区块等三个功能性区块。 将池塘由气泵 41通 过通气管道 42为以上三个功能性区块的充气, 均匀分布纳米气石或气排 43 , 使 得池塘各区块曝气均匀, 溶氧充足。
[0068] 鉴于尖吻鲈对外界环境变化比较敏感, 对人工操作有较强的应激反应, 性腺发 育不同步, 需要建立具有环境可控、 稳定、 不受天气影响, 水质优异的仿生态 亲鱼强化培育设施。 在初春, 当水温高于 15-18°C以上时, 挑选 3令以上的、 鳞片 完整、 无损伤、 活动活跃的、 性腺发育良好的亲鱼, 置入繁殖区块 1的海水中, 雌雄比例为
Figure imgf000012_0001
盐度为 15-32%。, 进行产卵前适应性培育。 培育期间, 投喂 海水鱼亲鱼专用饲料或冰鲜小鱼, 每日 2-3次。 繁殖区块 1和孵化区块 2由中间的 第一网格框 5 (网目为 5-40) 分隔, 防止亲鱼从繁殖区块 1进入孵化区块 2。 在孵 化区块 2靠近繁殖区块 1的角落, 安装内置有第一水泵 21的第一网箱 22 (网衣为 6 0-100目) , 由第一水泵 21泵水进入繁殖区块 1形成小循环水流 24, 刺激亲鱼性腺 发育; 培育前期, 盐度为 15-25%。。 当性腺逐渐发育成熟, 温度达到 25-30°C时, 雄性尖吻鲈开始追逐雌鱼, 并自然产卵。 尖吻鲈的受精卵为浮性卵, 在曝气的 情况下, 在水中浮动, 一部分受精卵会随小循环水流流入孵化区块 2。 在 28°C条 件下, 20小时内孵出。 初孵仔鱼随小循环水流不断地从繁殖区块 1流入孵化区块 2, 集中在孵化区块的水层中浮游。
[0069] 孵化区块的第一网箱 22可有效地阻止受精卵和初孵仔鱼进入网箱内, 避免第一 水泵 21的吸入伤害。 孵化区块由第一遮阳装置 23全部覆盖, 以避免阳光辐射对 受精卵和初孵仔鱼的伤害。 批次产卵结束时, 将尖吻鲈亲鱼从繁殖区块 1捕出, 防止亲鱼残食鱼苗, 也使得产出的鱼卵或鱼苗批次尽量接近, 防止大小差异悬 殊, 避免不同批次的鱼苗相互残杀; 由于尖吻鲈产卵不集中, 未产卵的亲鱼可 放入新的产卵池, 重复使用, 继续产卵。 由于小循环不断地将受精卵和初孵仔 鱼导入并集聚在孵化区块, 捕捞亲鱼时, 不会造成拉网时搅混池水对鱼苗的伤 害。
[0070] 在育苗区块 3与繁殖区块 1相接处, 安装第二网箱 32, 内置有第二水泵 31。 孵出 第二天, 当大多数初孵仔鱼平游时, 开启第二水泵 31, 将育苗区块的水泵入繁 殖区块 1, 形成大循环水流 34, 初孵仔鱼将不断地随着大循环水流经过第二网格 框 6进入育苗区块 3 , 开始摄食饵料, 进行培育。 在尖吻鲈产卵前 7-10天, 在育苗 区块投放发酵的有机肥 (50-100公斤 /亩) , 实施绿水培育饵料生物。 尖吻鲈初 孵仔鱼的个体较小, 大约为 1.6mm, 小轮虫 (60-100um) 最为适宜。 育苗初期一 星期内, 每日检查小轮虫数量, 并补充轮虫, 使轮虫数量不低于 4-6个 /ml。 育苗 期间, 每 2-3天添加小球藻、 等鞭金藻母液, 对饵料生物进行营养强化, 有助于 提高育苗成活率。 育苗第 15-25天, 随着鱼苗生长速度加快, 每天投喂鱼浆与鱼 苗胶囊饲料的混合液, 并逐渐增加饲料的含量, 每日泼洒 5-10次, 坚持少量多餐 , 均匀泼洒, 补充天然饵料的不足, 逐渐加强驯食。 当鱼苗达到 3-4公分时, 直 接投喂胶囊饲料, 做到定点、 定时、 定量。 当鱼苗达到 4-5公分时, 要捕捞鱼苗 , 带水进行分筛, 分池饲养, 避免鱼苗相互残食。 当规格达到 6-8公分时, 再次 分筛, 此时, 尖吻鲈鱼种已完成驯食, 相互残食现象较少, 可以销售或养殖。
[0071] 在育苗区块的中央用遮阳布搭建第二遮阳装置 33 , 将育苗区块部分遮阳。 阳光 对藻类和天然饵料培育有着重要的促进作用, 但对鱼苗尤其是仔鱼有较强的辐 射杀伤作用, 部分遮阳为仔鱼提供了遮阳保护作用, 也为浮游生物提供了光照 。 当阳光过强时, 仔鱼或鱼苗会集体栖息于第二遮阳装置 33 , 避免辐射伤害。 随着鱼苗不断地长大, 尖吻鲈苗会逆水进入孵化区块 2和繁殖区块 1, 进进出出 , 均匀地分布于三个区块。 三个区块相互融合, 最后整合为一体, 形成单向循 环的高密度流水育苗系统。
[0072] 在育苗期间, 要保持大循环水体流动, 定期施用益生菌制剂, 例如, 以包含芽 孢杆菌、 硝化菌和乳酸菌等益生菌为主, 每月喷洒 1-6次, 通过水体流动, 强化 水体益生菌对水质的净化能力, 并保持健康有活力的水质净化微生物菌群。
[0073] 采用本发明的区块式仿生态繁殖和育苗系统显著地提高了尖吻鲈产卵效率 和育苗成活率, 尤其是提高了尖吻鲈的育苗效率。 由于尖吻鲈的鱼苗较小, 大 约为 1.62mm, 在鱼苗在早期生长慢, 卵黄囊较大, 人为操作容易受伤, 成活率 较低。 该方法中将饵料培养和饵料补充结合起来, 饵料早期充足, 生长快, 并 可将仔鱼培育和鱼种培育合并在一起, 不必分池, 也避免捕捞鱼苗时浑水呛死 鱼苗。 在 520平方米的区块式繁殖和育苗系统中, 尖吻鲈亲鱼产卵率为 96%, 培 育出 7.3万尾 6-8cm的尖吻鲈苗种, 而且个体大小均匀, 降低了鱼苗相互残食的风 险, 有较大的市场潜力。

Claims

权利要求书
[权利要求 1] 一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 其特征在于: 将池塘划分为依 次连接的繁殖区块 (1) 、 孵化区块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) , 池塘内 设置曝气装置 (4) ; 所述繁殖区块 (1) 和孵化区块 (2) 之间设有 第一网格框 (5) , 所述孵化区块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) 之间设有第 二网格框 (6) , 所述曝气装置 (4) 的出气口设置于繁殖区块 (1)
、 孵化区块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) 内; 还包括第一水泵 (21) 和第一 网箱 (22) , 所述第一网箱 (22) 设置于孵化区块 (2) , 第一水泵 (21) 设置于第一网箱 (22) 内, 第一水泵 (21) 用于将孵化区块 ( 2) 的水抽至繁殖区块 (1) 内; 还包括第二水泵 (31) 和第二网箱 ( 32) , 所述第二网箱 (32) 设置于育苗区块 (3) , 第二水泵 (31) 设置于第二网箱 (32) 内, 第二水泵 (31) 用于将育苗区块 (3) 的 水抽至繁殖区块 (1) 内。
[权利要求 2] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 其特征 在于: 还包括第一遮阳装置 (23) , 所述第一遮阳装置 (23) 设于孵 化区块 (2) 的顶部。
[权利要求 3] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 其特征 在于: 还包括第二遮阳装置 (33) , 所述第一遮阳装置 (33) 设于育 苗区块 (3) 中央的顶部。
[权利要求 4] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 其特征 在于: 所述曝气装置 (4) 包括依次连接的气泵 (41) 、 通气管道 (4 2) 、 一组纳米气石或气排 (43) , 所述一组纳米气石或气排 (43) 设置于繁殖区块 (1) 、 孵化区块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) 内; 优选地 , 所述气泵 (41) 为渦轮式气泵。
[权利要求 5] 根据权利要求 1所述的一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗设备, 其特征 在于: 所述第一网格框 (5) 和第二网格框 (6) 为 5-40目的网格框。
[权利要求 6] 一种区块式仿生态池塘繁殖育苗方法, 其特征在于: 包括以下步骤: (1) 曝气: 使用前, 利用曝气装置 (4) 为繁殖区块 (1) 、 孵化区 块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) 充气, 使各区块曝气均匀、 溶氧充足;
(2) 繁殖: 亲鱼在繁殖区块 (1) 内进行繁殖; 将性腺发育良好的亲 鱼置入繁殖区块 (1) 内, 第一水泵 (21) 将孵化区块 (2) 的水泵入 繁殖区块 (1) 、 繁殖区块 (1) 的水经由第一网格框 (5) 进入孵化 区块 (2) , 从而在繁殖区块 (1) 和孵化区块 (2) 之间形成小循环 水流, 刺激亲鱼性腺发育, 使亲鱼产卵; 产下的鱼卵分为粘性卵、 浮 性卵和半浮性卵, 在繁殖区块 (1) 内放入产卵巢, 用于收集粘性卵
; 利用曝气装置 (4) 在繁殖区块 (1) 内均匀充气, 使得浮性卵和半 浮性卵均匀分布在水层中; 水流在推动繁殖区块 (1) 的水流经由第 一网格框 (5) 进入孵化区块 (2) 的同时, 也使浮性卵、 半浮性卵和 初孵仔鱼流入孵化区块 (2) ; 批次产卵结束后, 将亲鱼从繁殖区块
⑴ 捕出;
(3) 孵化: 鱼卵在孵化区块 (2) 内进行孵化; 孵化前 10-20天在育 苗区块 (3) 培育饵料生物; 孵化时, 当初孵仔鱼开始平游时, 开启 第二水泵 (31) , 第二水泵 (31) 将育苗区块 (3) 的水泵入繁殖区 块 (1) 、 繁殖区块 (1) 的水经由第一网格框 (5) 进入孵化区块 (2 ) 、 孵化区块 (2) 的水经由第二网格框 (6) 进入育苗区块 (3) , 从而在繁殖区块 (1) 、 孵化区块 (2) 和育苗区块 (3) 之间形成大 循环水流, 初孵仔鱼随着大循环水流经第二网格框 (6) 进入育苗区 块 ⑹ 育苗;
(4) 育苗: 初孵仔鱼在育苗区块 (3) 内进行育苗。
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