WO2020134388A1 - 一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法 - Google Patents
一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/28—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using fluid dynamics, e.g. using Navier-Stokes equations or computational fluid dynamics [CFD]
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- G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
- G06F2111/06—Multi-objective optimisation, e.g. Pareto optimisation using simulated annealing [SA], ant colony algorithms or genetic algorithms [GA]
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- G06F2111/08—Probabilistic or stochastic CAD
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- G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
- G06F2119/06—Power analysis or power optimisation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
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- the invention relates to the field of ocean current power generation, in particular to a high stiffness design method for blades based on random isometric analysis.
- a hot topic in the field of ocean current power generation is the design of blades with high stiffness.
- the blade In severe weather or astronomical tide, the blade is prone to deformation and damage.
- the airfoil curve In order to increase the stiffness of the blade without increasing the weight and cost of the blade, the airfoil curve must be optimized to increase the stiffness of the blade while ensuring the hydrodynamic performance of the blade. Therefore, this is a design problem of maximizing blade stiffness under the constraint of hydrodynamic performance.
- the materials of the horizontal axis ocean current energy generator blades are mostly composite materials, and their material properties are obviously random.
- the service environment of the horizontal-axis ocean current energy generator is the ocean, and the impact load of ocean current also has a natural randomness.
- the existence of these uncertainties makes the response of the horizontal axis ocean current energy generator blade inevitably random.
- the stochastic response analysis of horizontal axis ocean current energy generator blades mainly includes experimental methods and simulation methods.
- the experimental method requires a lot of experiments to simulate uncertainties such as random loads.
- sensors cannot be arranged on all surfaces of the blade, which affects the accurate collection of random response information of the blade and ultimately affects the accuracy of the experimental results.
- the simulation method uses the existing three-dimensional modeling and numerical calculation software to establish a simulation model of the horizontal-axis ocean current energy generator blade for analysis and calculation.
- the three-dimensional model can easily modify the size, so that the blades of different sizes can be obtained efficiently and at low cost.
- the structural response under load meets the requirements of high rigidity design.
- the difficulty of blade simulation analysis is to accurately represent the randomness of blade material properties and external loads, and to discretize the random displacement response, of which the construction of a random displacement response discrete scheme is difficult.
- the construction of the random displacement response discrete scheme as a prerequisite for obtaining the blade random displacement response expression determines the efficiency and accuracy of the final calculated blade random response.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for designing a blade with high stiffness based on random isometric analysis in view of the deficiencies of the prior art. This method determines the material properties and external loads of the blades according to the manufacturing conditions of the blades and the service environment, and establishes a random field model of the blade material properties and external loads; establishes the optimal design model of the blades according to the high rigidity design requirements of the blades, and finds the optimal design model solution.
- a random isogeometric analysis method is used to analyze the random normal displacement of the blade in the objective function, the material properties of the blade and the random field of the external load are discretized, and the discrete scheme of the random normal displacement is determined to obtain its random normal displacement , The random normal displacement analysis of the blade with random uncertainties in both material and load is realized, and the high stiffness design of the blade airfoil is realized.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a method for designing a blade with high stiffness based on random isometric analysis, which includes the following steps:
- the blade airfoil is parameterized, and the blade design parameters and their value ranges are determined according to the airfoil design rules.
- ori is the blade The maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the initial airfoil; x min is the lower
- the stochastic isogeometric analysis method is used to calculate the random normal displacement of the blade under the action of random material properties and random external loads, which is used to characterize the blade stiffness in the high stiffness design model, and then calculate the most of the blade high stiffness design model.
- the optimal solution can obtain the optimized blade airfoil.
- step 3 the genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution of the blade high rigidity design model, which specifically includes the following sub-steps:
- step 3.2 a random isogeometric analysis method is used to calculate the random normal displacement of the blade considering the random uncertainty of the blade material and the external load space, including the following steps:
- the complexity reduction factor In order to reduce the complexity of the subspace, the inverse matrix of the stiffness matrix at the mean value of the random field of the material properties is used as the complexity reduction factor, and the complexity reduction factor is multiplied on the left and right sides of the system balance equation respectively to realize the random Krylov sub Space pretreatment;
- ⁇ a 1 ,a 2 ,...a m ⁇ is the coefficient vector; It is the blade displacement when the material properties of the blade and the random field of the external load are average; It is the mean value of the random field of the blade material properties, M 1 and M 2 are the reserved items of the blade material properties and the random field of the external load by Karhunen-Loève expansion; To reduce the complexity factor, Is a random stiffness matrix, F i is a random load vector, and m is the number of reserved items in the random Krylov subspace basis vector discrete scheme; with They are unrelated Gaussian random variables.
- the beneficial effects of the present invention are: comprehensively considering the material properties of the blade and the randomness of the external load it receives, establishing a random field of the two for analysis, so that the calculation model of the blade displacement is more comprehensive and more in line with the actual situation.
- the advanced isogeometric analysis technology is used to calculate the displacement of the blade under the influence of random uncertain materials and random external loads, which eliminates the approximate error generated when the 3D CAD model is converted to the CAE analysis model in principle.
- using random Krylov subspace basis vector to discretize the random displacement of the blade the calculation efficiency is high, and the analysis result of the random displacement is more accurate.
- the combination of genetic algorithm and stochastic geometric analysis method is used to improve the blade stiffness under the premise of ensuring the blade hydrodynamic performance and realize the high stiffness design of the blade.
- Figure 1 is a flow chart of high stiffness design of blades
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart of random isometric analysis of blades
- Figure 3 is a T-spline model diagram of the horizontal axis ocean current energy generator blades
- Figure 4 is a graph showing the results of the analysis of the average displacement and standard deviation of the horizontal axis ocean current energy generator blades
- Figure 5 is a comparison chart of the blade airfoil of the horizontal axis ocean current energy generator before and after optimization.
- Figure 1 is a flow chart of high stiffness design of blades, and the figure is a flow chart of blade random geometric analysis method.
- the design method of the blade's high rigidity is as follows:
- Airfoil parameterization according to the airfoil design rules, determine the initial airfoil and design variables of the blade and their value range.
- the NACA 65421 airfoil was selected as the initial airfoil, which showed excellent hydrodynamic performance in actual sea trials.
- the airfoil curve of NACA65421 is divided into four segments connected end to end. The starting and ending points of the four curves are shown in Table 1.
- each curve is fitted by a third-order Bezier curve, a total of 13 control points are required, ⁇ P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , P 5 , P 6 , P 7 , P 8 , P 9 , P 10 , P 11 , P 12 , P 13 ⁇ , each control point has two coordinate parameters X, Y, but some points have the same X or Y coordinates, such as: P3, P4 and P5 points With the same Y coordinate, P 6 , P 7 and P 8 have the same X coordinate, and P 9 , P 10 and P 11 have the same Y coordinate.
- the final airfoil structure parameters are 17, that is, 17 design variables.
- the range of values of these variables is shown in Table 2, where X i
- ori , i ⁇ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, 13 ⁇
- variable Physical meaning variation range Y 1 The ordinate of the control point P 1 (50% ⁇ 150%) Y 1
- x is the design vector
- x min is the lower limit of the design vector value
- x max is the upper limit of the design vector value, as shown in Table 2
- r ⁇ E( ⁇ )
- F( ⁇ ) ⁇ is the characterization of the blade material Random field vector of Young's modulus E( ⁇ ) and current load F( ⁇ ) randomness
- ⁇ is the sample set in the random field
- f(x,r) [ ⁇ (U( ⁇ )), ⁇ (U( ⁇ ))] is the objective function to characterize the blade stiffness, ⁇ (U( ⁇ )) is the average value of the random normal displacement of the blade, ⁇ (U( ⁇ )) is the standard deviation of the random normal displacement of the blade;
- g(x) R L/D
- new (x) is the maximum lift-drag ratio of the blade airfoil
- ori is the maximum lift-drag ratio of the initial airfoil
- Rhinoceros Use Rhinoceros to build a three-dimensional parametric model of the blade T-spline, as shown in Figure 3. Import into MATLAB and set the boundary conditions.
- Spectral decomposition is performed on the covariance function of the random field, and the covariance function is represented by its eigenvalue and corresponding eigenfunction. Since the T-spline basis function is a complete set of basis in Hilbert space, the characteristic function can be expressed by T-spline basis function. The representation of the random field covariance function using the T-spline basis function has undetermined coefficients, which need to be solved further.
- the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the blade material properties and the covariance function of the random field of the external load can be obtained by the second kind of Fredholm integral equation, but the equation can only be obtained in a few simple random field models. The rest of the cases The Galerkin method can only be used to find numerical solutions. Application of the Galerkin method requires that the truncation error is orthogonal to the expansion space of the T-spline basis function. This method eventually turns into a generalized eigenvalue problem. Solving this equation gives the eigenvalue and the undetermined coefficient in step 3.2.2.1). The calculation results of the eigenvalues of the blade material properties and the covariance function of the external load random field are shown in Table 3.
- the random field is discretized into the product of random variables, coefficients and T-spline basis functions, thereby simplifying the disposal of the random field into random variables Disposal issues.
- the system stiffness matrix is transformed into a matrix with fewer different eigenvalues, thereby greatly reducing the subspace complexity, and using a smaller number of basis vectors to obtain higher calculation accuracy.
- the application of the Bubnov-Galerkin condition can ensure that the error is minimized, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the random Krylov subspace basis vector discrete scheme.
- the error should be orthogonal to the base vector of the preprocessed Krylov subspace, from which the undetermined coefficients in step 3.2.3.4) can be calculated;
- the output scheme is output, and the airfoil before and after optimization is shown in Figure 5.
- the maximum lift-drag ratio of the optimized rear airfoil is 113.9, which is greater than the initial value of 106.1
- the standard deviation The maximum value of ⁇ (U( ⁇ ) ori ) max 0.93.
- the optimized airfoil maintains the hydrodynamic performance of the original airfoil, while the stiffness is improved and more robust, which meets the high stiffness design requirements of the blade.
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法。该方法首先根据叶片的制造情况与服役环境建立其材料属性与外载荷的随机场模型,在此基础上,根据叶片的高刚度设计需求和升阻比约束条件建立其优化设计模型,并对模型进行求解。求解过程中,采用随机等几何分析方法计算叶片在材料属性及外载荷随机性影响下的随机位移,同时计算叶片翼型的最大升阻比,进而计算出当前种群个体的适应度,从而实现了保证升阻比前提下的叶片高刚度设计。本发明提出的叶片高刚度设计方法综合考虑了叶片材料属性及外载荷的随机性,采用基于随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的随机等几何分析方法计算叶片的随机位移,能高效地获得高精度的叶片随机位移。
Description
本发明涉及海流能发电领域,尤其涉及一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法。
海流能发电领域研究的一大热点问题即为叶片的高刚度设计问题。在恶劣天气或是天文大潮等情况下,叶片容易发生变形损坏。为了提升叶片的刚度而不增加叶片重量和成本,必须在保证叶片水动力学性能的前提下优化翼型曲线以提高叶片刚度。因此这是一个水动力学性能约束下的叶片刚度最大化设计问题。
水平轴海流能发电机叶片的材料多为复合材料,其材料属性具有明显的随机性。水平轴海流能发电机的服役环境为海洋,海流的冲击载荷也存在着天然的随机性。这些不确定性的存在使得水平轴海流能发电机叶片的响应也必然存在随机性。水平轴海流能发电机叶片的随机响应分析主要有实验法和仿真法。实验法需进行大量实验来模拟随机载荷等不确定性,采集位移等随机响应信息时,无法在叶片全部表面都布置传感器,影响了叶片随机响应信息的准确釆集,最终影响实验结果的精度。此外在优化设计过程中,不断变化的叶片尺寸使得实验法需要制造大量的不同尺寸的叶片,成本高昂,不具备可行性。仿真方法借助现有的三维建模及数值计算软件建立水平轴海流能发电机叶片的仿真模型进行分析计算,三维模型可以方便地修改尺寸,从而可以高效而低成本地获得不同尺寸的叶片在随机载荷作用下的结构响应,满足高刚度设计的要求。
叶片仿真分析的难点在于精确地表示叶片材料属性和外载荷的随机性,并对随机位移响应进行离散,其中随机位移响应离散方案的构建是难点。随机位移响应离散方案的构建作为得到叶片随机位移响应表达式的先决条件,决定了最终计算所得叶片随机响应的效率与精度。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足,提供一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法。该方法根据叶片的制造情况与服役环境确定其材料属性与所受外载荷,建立叶片材料属性与外载荷的随机场模型;根据叶片高刚度设计需求建立叶片的优化设计模型,寻找设计模型最优解。优化过程中采用随机等几何分析方法分析目标函数中叶片的随机法向位移,对该叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场进行离散,确定随机法向位移的离散方案,得到其随机法向位移的表达式,从而实现了材料与载荷均存在随机不确定性的叶片随机法向位移分析,进而实现了叶片翼型的高刚度设计。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
1)叶片翼型参数化,根据翼型设计规则确定叶片设计参数及其取值范围。
2)采用随机场描述考虑空间相关不确定性的叶片材料属性及外载荷,根据叶片的高刚度设计需求给出叶片翼型优化设计目标函数和约束函数表达式,建立叶片的高刚度设计模型:
s.t.g(x)=R
L/D|new(x)≥R
L/D|ori;
x
min≤x≤x
max
其中,x为叶片的设计向量,包括多个叶片设计参数;r={E(θ),F(θ)}为随机场向量,其两个分量E(θ)和F(θ)分别表征存在空间相关不确定性的叶片材料属性和外载荷的随机场,θ为随机场中的样本集合;f(x,r)=[μ(U(θ)),σ(U(θ))]为表征叶片刚度的目标函数,U(θ)为叶片在随机材料属性与随机外载荷共同作用下的随机法向位移,μ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的平均值,σ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的标准差;g(x)=R
L/D|new(x)为叶片翼型的最大升阻比,与r无关;R
L/D|ori为叶片初始翼型的最大升阻比;x
min为叶片设计向量取值的下限,x
max为设计向量取值的上限。
3)应用随机等几何分析方法计算得到在随机材料属性与随机外载荷共同作用下的叶片随机法向位移,用于表征高刚度设计模型中的叶片刚度,进而计算得到叶片高刚度设计模型的最优解,得到优化后的叶片翼型。
进一步地,步骤3)中,采用遗传算法求解叶片高刚度设计模型的最优解,具体包括以下子步骤:
3.1)生成初始种群,进化代数k=0;
3.2)应用随机等几何分析方法计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片的随机法向位移;
3.3)计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片翼型的最大升阻比;
3.4)根据叶片随机法向位移以及翼型的最大升阻比计算叶片高刚度设计模型中目标函数与约束函数值,从而获得当前代种群中所有个体的适应度;
3.5)根据适应度对当前代种群中的所有个体进行排序;
3.6)判断是否到达最大进化代数,是,则导出最优解,否则进行选择、交叉和变异等遗传操作,生成新种群,进化代数k=k+1,返回步骤3.2);
3.7)根据最优解获得叶片最优翼型的设计参数值。
进一步地,步骤3.2)中,采用随机等几何分析方法来计算考虑叶片材料及外载荷空间相 关随机不确定性的叶片随机法向位移,包括以下步骤:
a)建立叶片T样条参数化三维模型,设置边界条件。
b)对叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:
b.1)对随机场协方差函数进行特征分解,得到第二类Fredholm积分方程;
b.2)应用T样条基函数表示随机场协方差函数的特征函数,得到随机场协方差函数的T样条基函数表达式;
b.3)应用伽辽金方法求解第二类Fredholm积分方程,求得随机场协方差函数的一系列特征值以及b.2)表达式中待定系数的值;
b.4)应用Karhunen-Loève展开得到叶片材料属性以及外载荷随机场的离散型表达式,将随机场离散为随机变量、系数以及T样条基函数的乘积;
b.5)根据实际情况确定Karhunen-Loève展开的保留项数;
b.6)计算得到随机刚度矩阵以及材料属性随机场均值处的刚度矩阵,计算得到随机载荷向量以及外载荷随机场均值处的载荷向量。
c)对叶片的随机法向位移进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:
c.1)构建叶片的系统平衡方程的随机Krylov子空间;
c.2)为了降低子空间复杂度,采用材料属性随机场均值处的刚度矩阵的逆矩阵作为降复杂度因子,在系统平衡方程的左右两侧分别乘以降复杂度因子,实现对随机Krylov子空间的预处理;
c.3)计算得到叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场均处于均值时的叶片位移;
c.4)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量,应用基向量离散叶片的随机法向位移,获得叶片的位移表达式;
c.5)根据实际情况确定随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的保留项数。
c.6)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的误差;
c.7)施加布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件,使误差达到最小,保证随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的精度。根据布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件的弱形式或强形式,计算得到c.4)表达式中的待定系数向量;
c.8)得到叶片的随机法向位移。
进一步地,基于随机Krylov子空间基向量离散的随机法向位移U(θ)的计算公式如下:
式中:{a
1,a
2,…a
m}为系数向量;
为叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场均处于均值时的叶片位移;
为叶片的材料属性随机场的均值,M
1和M
2分别为叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场应用Karhunen-Loève展开的保留项数;
为降复杂度因子,
为随机刚度矩阵,F
i为随机载荷向量,m为随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的保留项数;
和
分别为互不相关的高斯随机变量。
本发明的有益效果是:综合考虑了叶片的材料属性及其所受外载荷的随机性,建立二者的随机场进行分析,使叶片位移的计算模型更全面,更符合实际情况。在叶片高刚度设计中利用先进的等几何分析技术来计算叶片在随机不确定性材料及随机外载荷影响下的位移,从原理上消除了三维CAD模型转为CAE分析模型时产生的近似误差。同时,利用随机Krylov子空间基向量将叶片的随机位移进行离散,计算效率高,且随机位移的分析结果更精确。应用遗传算法与随机等几何分析方法相结合,在保证叶片水动力学性能的前提下提高了叶片刚度,实现了叶片的高刚度设计。
图1为叶片的高刚度设计流程图;
图2为叶片的随机等几何分析流程图;
图3为水平轴海流能发电机叶片的T样条模型图;
图4为水平轴海流能发电机叶片的位移均值和标准差分析结果图;
图5为优化前后的水平轴海流能发电机叶片翼型对比图。
以下结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
图1为叶片的高刚度设计流程图,图为叶片随机等几何分析方法的流程图。叶片的高刚度设计方法具体如下:
1)翼型参数化,根据翼型设计规则确定叶片的初始翼型和设计变量及其取值范围。
选取NACA 65421翼型为初始翼型,该翼型在实际海试中表现出了出色的水动力学性能。 将NACA 65421的翼型曲线分为4段首尾相连的曲线,4条曲线的起止点分别如表1所示。
表1
| 曲线 | 起点 | 终点 |
| 1 | 后缘 | 吸力面顶点 |
| 2 | 吸力面顶点 | 前缘 |
| 3 | 前缘 | 压力面顶点 |
| 4 | 压力面顶点 | 后缘 |
该翼型具有一个锋利的后缘,这会导致叶片加工难度增大而且影响叶片的局部刚度,因此先对其后缘作钝化处理。钝化处理后,每条曲线都由一条三阶Bezier曲线来拟合,总共需要13个控制点,{P
1,P
2,P
3,P
4,P
5,P
6,P
7,P
8,P
9,P
10,P
11,P
12,P
13},每个控制点具有X、Y两个坐标参数,但是某些点具有相同的X或Y坐标,如:P3、P4和P5点具有相同的Y坐标,P
6、P
7和P
8具有相同的X坐标,P
9、P
10和P
11具有相同的Y坐标。因此,最终的翼型结构参数为17个,即设计变量为17个。这些变量的取值范围如表2所示,其中X
i|ori和Y
i|ori,i={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13}分别为初始翼型的控制点P
i的X坐标和Y坐标值。
表2
| 变量 | 物理意义 | 变化范围 |
| Y 1 | 控制点P 1的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 1|ori |
| X 2 | 控制点P 2的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 2|ori |
| Y 2 | 控制点P 2的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 2|ori |
| X 3 | 控制点P 3的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 3|ori |
| Y 3 | 控制点P 3的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 3|ori |
| X 4 | 控制点P 4的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 4|ori |
| X 5 | 控制点P 5的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 5|ori |
| Y 6 | 控制点P 6的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 6|ori |
| Y 7 | 控制点P 7的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 7|ori |
| Y 8 | 控制点P 8的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 8|ori |
| X 9 | 控制点P 9的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 9|ori |
| Y 9 | 控制点P 9的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 9|ori |
| Y 10 | 控制点P 10的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 10|ori |
| Y 11 | 控制点P 11的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 11|ori |
| X 12 | 控制点P 12的横坐标 | (50%~150%)X 12|ori |
| Y 12 | 控制点P 12的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 12|ori |
| Y 13 | 控制点P 13的纵坐标 | (50%~150%)Y 13|ori |
2)采用随机场描述考虑空间相关不确定性的叶片材料属性及外载荷,根据叶片的高刚度设计需求给出叶片翼型优化设计目标函数和约束函数表达式,建立叶片的高刚度设计模型:
s.t.g(x)=R
L/D|new(x)≥R
L/D|ori;
x
min≤x≤x
max
其中,x为设计向量,x
min为设计向量的取值下限,x
max为设计向量的取值上限,如表2所示;r={E(θ),F(θ)}为表征叶片材料杨氏模量E(θ)以及海流载荷F(θ)随机性的随机场向量,θ为随机场中的样本集合;
叶片的杨氏模量均值为μ
E=2×10
8Pa,标准差为σ
E=2×10
6Pa,协方差函数为指数型:
其中,l
x=l
y=l
z=3m分别表示叶片在X轴、Y轴和Z轴方向上的相关长度。
叶片所受海流载荷的均值为μ
q=1×10
3N,标准差为σ
q=50N,协方差函数为指数型:
其中,l
x=l
y=l
z=3m分别表示叶片在X轴、Y轴和Z轴方向上的相关长度。
f(x,r)=[μ(U(θ)),σ(U(θ))]为表征叶片刚度的目标函数,μ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的平均值,σ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的标准差;
g(x)=R
L/D|new(x)为叶片翼型的最大升阻比,R
L/D|ori为初始翼型的最大升阻比,根据Xfoil软件分析结果,其值为106.1。
3)遗传算法求解叶片高刚度设计模型,设置遗传算法最大进化代数为500,种群规模为100,交叉概率为0.80,变异概率为0.10。
3.1)生成初始种群,进化代数k=0;
3.2)应用随机等几何分析方法计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片的随机法向位移:
3.2.1)利用Rhinoceros建立叶片T样条三维参数化模型,如图3所示。导入MATLAB中,设置边界条件。
3.2.2)对该叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:
3.2.2.1)随机场协方差函数的T样条基函数表示形式
对随机场的协方差函数进行谱分解,将协方差函数由其特征值和对应的特征函数表示。由于T样条基函数为希尔伯特空间中的一组完备基,特征函数可以应用T样条基函数表示。应用T样条基函数的随机场协方差函数表示形式存在待定系数,需要进一步求解得到。
3.2.2.2)伽辽金方法求解协方差函数的特征值以及待定系数
叶片材料属性以及外载荷随机场的协方差函数的特征值与特征函数可以通过第二类Fredholm积分方程来求得,但该方程仅在少数简单的随机场模型中可以求得解析解,其余情况只能应用伽辽金法求得数值解。应用伽辽金法要求截断误差正交于T样条基函数的展开空间,该方法最终转为广义特征值问题,求解该方程可得特征值和步骤3.2.2.1)中的待定系数。叶片材料属性以及外载荷随机场的协方差函数的特征值计算结果如表3所示。
表3
| 序号 | 材料属性随机场协方差函数特征值 | 外载荷随机场协方差函数特征值 |
| 1 | 4.91e+16 | 3.07e+07 |
| 2 | 4.87e+16 | 3.04e+07 |
| 3 | 4.75e+16 | 2.97e+07 |
| 4 | 4.62e+16 | 2.89e+07 |
| 5 | 4.48e+16 | 2.80e+07 |
| 6 | 4.33e+16 | 2.70e+07 |
3.2.2.3)Karhunen-Loève展开离散随机场
应用Karhunen-Loève展开得到叶片的材料属性以及外载荷随机场的离散型表达式,将随机场离散为随机变量、系数以及T样条基函数的乘积,从而将随机场的处置问题简化为随机变量的处置问题。
3.2.2.4)确定Karhunen-Loève展开的保留项数
本例在利用Karhunen-Loève展开来表示随机场时保留4项级数,以便能通过适当的计算消耗得到较为精确的结果。
3.2.2.5)计算得到随机刚度矩阵以及材料属性随机场均值处的刚度矩阵,计算得到随机载荷向量以及外载荷随机场均值处的载荷向量。
3.2.3)对该叶片的随机结构响应进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:
3.2.3.1)构建叶片的系统平衡方程的随机Krylov子空间;
3.2.3.2)采用材料属性随机场均值处刚度矩阵的逆矩阵作为降复杂度因子,在系统平衡方程的左右两侧分别乘以降复杂度因子,实现对随机Krylov子空间的预处理;
由于随机Krylov子空间基向量的个数取决于系统刚度矩阵不同特征值的个数,而随机场 均值处刚度矩阵的逆矩阵具有的不同特征值个数较少,且具有较小的随机性,将其作为降复杂度因子,将系统刚度矩阵转化为具有较少不同特征值个数的矩阵,从而大幅降低子空间复杂度,使得采用较少数目的基向量即可得到较高的计算精度。
3.2.3.3)计算得到叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场均处于均值时的叶片位移;
3.2.3.4)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量,应用基向量离散叶片的随机位移,获得叶片的位移表达式,该表达式中的待定系数需要进一步求解得到。
3.2.3.5)确定随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的保留项数
本例在使用随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案来表示叶片的随机位移时,取3项基向量,从而通过适当的计算消耗得到较为精确的结果。
3.2.3.6)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的误差;
3.2.3.7)施加布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件,以保证误差最小
施加布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件,可以确保误差达到最小,从而保证随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的精度。根据布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件,要求误差应正交于预处理Krylov子空间的基向量,由此可以计算得到步骤3.2.3.4)中的待定系数;
3.2.3.8)得到叶片的随机位移,其法向位移的均值和标准差如图4所示。
3.3)应用Xfoil软件计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片翼型的最大升阻比;
3.4)根据叶片随机法向位移以及翼型的最大升阻比计算叶片高刚度设计模型中目标函数与约束函数值,从而获得当前代种群中所有个体的适应度;
3.5)根据适应度对当前代种群中的所有个体进行排序;
3.6)判断是否到达最大进化代数,是,则导出最优解,否则进行选择、交叉和变异等遗传操作,生成新种群,进化代数k=k+1,返回步骤3.2)。
3.7)根据最优解获得叶片最优翼型的设计参数值。
当算法达到终止条件,输出结果方案,优化前后的翼型如图5所示。将结果与初始方案进行对比,优化后翼型的最大升阻比为113.9,大于106.1的初始值,优化后翼型的随机法向位移均值的最大值为μ(U(θ)
new)
max=16.82mm,标准差的最大值为σ(U(θ)
new)
max=0.85,而初始翼型的随机法向位移均值的最大值为μ(U(θ)
ori)
max=19.31mm,标准差的最大值为σ(U(θ)
ori)
max=0.93。优化后翼型的保持了初始翼型的水动力学性能,而刚度有了提升并且更加稳健,符合叶片的高刚度设计要求。
Claims (4)
- 一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:1)叶片翼型参数化,根据翼型设计规则确定叶片设计参数及其取值范围。2)采用随机场描述考虑空间相关不确定性的叶片材料属性及外载荷,根据叶片的高刚度设计需求给出叶片翼型优化设计目标函数和约束函数表达式,建立叶片的高刚度设计模型:s.t.g(x)=R L/D|new(x)≥R L/D|ori;x min≤x≤x max其中,x为叶片的设计向量,包括多个叶片设计参数;r={E(θ),F(θ)}为随机场向量,其两个分量E(θ)和F(θ)分别表征存在空间相关不确定性的叶片材料属性和外载荷的随机场,θ为随机场中的样本集合;f(x,r)=[μ(U(θ)),σ(U(θ))]为表征叶片刚度的目标函数,U(θ)为叶片在随机材料属性与随机外载荷共同作用下的随机法向位移,μ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的平均值,σ(U(θ))为叶片随机法向位移的标准差;g(x)=R L/D|new(x)为叶片翼型的最大升阻比,与r无关;R L/D|ori为叶片初始翼型的最大升阻比;x min为叶片设计向量取值的下限,x max为设计向量取值的上限。3)应用随机等几何分析方法计算得到在随机材料属性与随机外载荷共同作用下的叶片随机法向位移,用于表征高刚度设计模型中的叶片刚度,进而计算得到叶片高刚度设计模型的最优解,得到优化后的叶片翼型。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,采用遗传算法求解叶片高刚度设计模型的最优解,具体包括以下子步骤:3.1)生成初始种群,进化代数k=0;3.2)应用随机等几何分析方法计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片的随机法向位移;3.3)计算当前代种群中各个体所对应叶片翼型的最大升阻比;3.4)根据叶片随机法向位移以及翼型的最大升阻比计算叶片高刚度设计模型中目标函数与约束函数值,从而获得当前代种群中所有个体的适应度;3.5)根据适应度对当前代种群中的所有个体进行排序;3.6)判断是否到达最大进化代数,是,则导出最优解,否则进行选择、交叉和变异等遗传操作,生成新种群,进化代数k=k+1,返回步骤3.2);3.7)根据最优解获得叶片最优翼型的设计参数值。
- 根据权利要求2所述的一种基于随机等几何分析的叶片高刚度设计方法,其特征在于,步骤3.2)中,采用随机等几何分析方法来计算考虑叶片材料及外载荷空间相关随机不确定性的叶片随机法向位移,包括以下步骤:a)建立叶片T样条参数化三维模型,设置边界条件。b)对叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:b.1)对随机场协方差函数进行特征分解,得到第二类Fredholm积分方程;b.2)应用T样条基函数表示随机场协方差函数的特征函数,得到随机场协方差函数的T样条基函数表达式;b.3)应用伽辽金方法求解第二类Fredholm积分方程,求得随机场协方差函数的一系列特征值以及b.2)表达式中待定系数的值;b.4)应用Karhunen-Loève展开得到叶片材料属性以及外载荷随机场的离散型表达式,将随机场离散为随机变量、系数以及T样条基函数的乘积;b.5)根据实际情况确定Karhunen-Loève展开的保留项数;b.6)计算得到随机刚度矩阵以及材料属性随机场均值处的刚度矩阵,计算得到随机载荷向量以及外载荷随机场均值处的载荷向量。c)对叶片的随机法向位移进行离散,具体包括以下子步骤:c.1)构建叶片的系统平衡方程的随机Krylov子空间;c.2)为了降低子空间复杂度,采用材料属性随机场均值处的刚度矩阵的逆矩阵作为降复杂度因子,在系统平衡方程的左右两侧分别乘以降复杂度因子,实现对随机Krylov子空间的预处理;c.3)计算得到叶片的材料属性以及外载荷的随机场均处于均值时的叶片位移;c.4)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量,应用基向量离散叶片的随机法向位移,获得叶片的位移表达式;c.5)根据实际情况确定随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的保留项数。c.6)计算随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的误差;c.7)施加布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件,使误差达到最小,保证随机Krylov子空间基向量离散方案的精度。根据布勃诺夫-伽辽金条件的弱形式或强形式,计算得到c.4)表达式中的待定系数向量;c.8)得到叶片的随机法向位移。
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