Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/443—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with oxygen as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
  • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
  • C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D493/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating or preventing joint damage resulting from joint injury and arthritis, or for cartilage repair.
• Osteoarthritis represents the most common musculoskeletal disorder. Approximately 40 million Americans are currently affected and this number is predicted to increase to 60 million within the next twenty years as a result of the aging population and an increase in life expectancy, making it the fourth leading cause of disability OA is characterized by a slow degenerative breakdown of the joint including both the articular cartilage (containing the cells and matrix which produce lubrication and cushioning for the joint) and the subchondral bone underlying the articular cartilage. OA can be considered a consequence of various etiologic factors. For example, it can be caused by abnormal biomechanical stress or genetic or acquired abnormalities of articular cartilage or bone.
• Current OA therapies include pain relief with oral NSAIDs or selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors, intra-articular (IA) injection with agents such as corticosteroids and hyaiuronan, and surgical approaches.
• COX-2 selective cyclooxygenase 2
• IA intra-articular
• Joint damage e.g., acute joint injury, such as a meniscal or ligament tear, or an intra- articular fracture can also lead to arthritis, e.g., posttraumatic arthritis. Because articular cartilage has a limited ability to repair, even small undetectable damage can often get worse over time and lead to OA.
• Current treatments for joint injury can include surgery and other invasive procedures focused on regeneration of damaged joints as well as treatment with agents to reduce pain and inflammation.
• MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells
• TGFps growth factors
• BMPs growth factors
• WG201 1/008773 describes peptide compositions and use of those compositions for treating or preventing arthritis and joint injury and for inducing differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. Additionally, WO2012/129562 describes small molecule compounds, compositions and use of those compositions for amelioration of arthritis and joint injury and for inducing differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes.
• the present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating or preventing joint damage resulting from joint injury and arthritis, or for cartilage repair.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (1):
• W is phenyl or pyridyl
• R 1 is hydrogen o Ci- 6 aikyl
• R 2 is phenyl or a 5-8 membered heteroaryl having 1-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; wherein R 2 is substituted by 1-2 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci_ 6 aiky!, Ci- 6 haioalkyl or Ci- 6 alkoxy;
• R 3 is independently selected from halo, cyano, C h alky!, C -ehaloalky!, Ci. 6 alkoxy, C 3 -e cycloalkyl and 5-8 membered heterocyclyl; or R 3 is hydrogen when n is 0; and
• n 0-2;
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (1 ) or sub-formulae thereof, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the invention provides a combination, in particular a pharmaceutical combination, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and one or more therapeutically active ageni(s).
• the compounds of the invention can be used for treating, ameliorating or preventing acute joint damage or injury, such as arthritis (osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, systemic rheumatoid arthritis) or degenerative disc disease. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agent(s), can be used for Inducing hyaline cartilage production.
• the present invention provides novel compounds that stimulate hyaline cartilage production in injured joints.
• the present invention provides novel compounds and compositions for repairing cartilage. Also provided are compositions and methods to treat, prevent or ameliorate arthritis or joint injury by administering a compound or composition of the invention into a joint, a cartilage tissue or a cartilage proximal tissue, or systemieai!y. Further, the invention provides compositions and methods for inducing hyaline cartilage production.
• Ci- 6 alkoxy refers to a radical of the formula -OR a where R a is a Ci- 6 alkyi radical as generally defined above.
• Examples of Ci. 6 alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, pentoxy, and hexoxy.
• the alkyi portion of the aikoxy may be optionally substituted, and the substituents include those described for the alkyl group below.
• Ci_ 6 alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to six carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.
• Examples of Ci-ealkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methyleibyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl and 1 ,1-dimethylethyi (f-butyl).
• amino refers to the radical -NH 2 . Unless otherwise indicated, the compounds of the invention containing amino moieties may include protected derivatives thereof. Suitable protecting groups for amino moieties include acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyi, and the like.
• Heterocyciyl or“heterocyclic”, as used herein, refer to a stable 5- or S-membered non- aromatic monocyclic ring radical which comprises 1 , 2, or 3, heteroatoms individually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heterocyciyl radical may be bonded via a carbon atom or heteroatom.
• heterocyciyl include, but are not limited to, pyrrolinyi, pyrroiidyi, ietrahydrofuryi, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidyi, piperazinyi, tetrahydropyranyl or morpbo!iny!.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring radical which comprises 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms individually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• the heteroaryl radical may be bonded via a carbon atom or heteroatom.
• heteroary! include, but are not limited to, fury!, pyrro!y!, thienyl, pyrazoiyl, imidazoiyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyi, triazoiyl, tetrazolyi, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyi, pyrimidyl or pyridy!.
• ICso refers to the molar concentration of an inhibitor or modulator that produces 50% inhibition.
• Halo or“halogen”, as used herein, refers to fiuoro, chioro, bromo, and iodo.
• Halo-substituted Ci-galkyl refers to a C h alky! radical as defined above, substituted by one or more halo radicals as defined above.
• Ci- ealkyl examples include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, dif!uoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1 ,3-dibromopropan-2-yl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl and 1 ,4,4-trifluorobutan-2-yl.
• Protected derivatives refers to derivatives of inhibitors in which a reactive site or sites are blocked with protecting groups. Protected derivatives are useful in the preparation of inhibitors or in themselves may be active as inhibitors. Examples of protected group includes, but are not limited to, acetyl, tetrahydropyran, methoxymethyl ether, b- methoxyethoxymeiby!
• ether p-methoxybenzyi, methylthiomethyl ether, pivaloyi, silyl ether, carbobenzyloxy, benzyl, tert- buioxy ca rho n y I , p-methoxyphenyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, acetals, ketals, acylals, dithianes, methylesters, benzyl esters, ferf-butyl esters, and silyl esters.
• suitable protecting groups can be found in T.W. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999.
• chondrocytes refers to differentiated cartilage ceils.
• Chondrocytes produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix which is composed of collagen and proteoglycans. Chondrocytes are derived from the differentiation of chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs). Differentiation is the process a specialized cell type is formed from a less specialized ceil type, for example, a chondrocyte from a chondrogenic progenitor ceil (CPC).
• CPCs chondrogenic progenitor cells
• chondrocyte differentiation agent refers to an agent that induces chondrogenic progenitor ceils to differentiate into mature chondrocyte, which then synthesize the cartilage extra-cellular matrix (ECM).
• the term“subject” refers to mammals, primates (e.g., humans, male or female), dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, rats and mice in certain embodiments, the subject is a primate. In yet other embodiments, the subject is a human.
• the term“inhibit”, “inhibition” or“inhibiting” refers to the reduction or suppression of a given condition, symptom, or disorder, or disease, or a significant decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process.
• the term“treat”,“treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers to alleviating or ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof); or alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter or biomarker associated with the disease or disorder, including those which may not be discernible to the patient.
• the term“prevent”,“preventing” or“prevention” of any disease or disorder refers to the prophylactic treatment of the disease or disorder; or delaying the onset or
• a subject is“in need off a treatment if such subject would benefit biologically, medically or in quality of life from such treatment.
• a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of the compound of the present invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc.
• the term“a” refers to an amount of the compound of the present invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc.
• therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound of the present invention that, when administered to a subject in need thereof, is effective to at. least partially alleviate, inhibit, prevent and/or ameliorate joint damage resulting from joint injury and arthritis.
• the term“a therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of the compound of the present invention that, when administered to a ceil, or a tissue, or a non- cellu!ar biological material, or a medium, is effective to promote chondrogenesis.
• administering refers to administration to a specific joint.
• the term“pharmaceutical composition” refers to a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with at least one
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a substance useful in the preparation or use of a pharmaceutical composition and includes, for example, suitable diluents, solvents, dispersion media, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives, isotonic agents, buffering agents, emulsifiers, absorption delaying agents, salts, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, wetting agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, and combinations thereof, as would be known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22 nd Ed. Pharmaceutical Press, 2013, pp. 1049-1070).
• the present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating or preventing joint damage resulting from joint injury and arthritis, or cartilage repair.
• Embodiment 1 A compound of Formula (1), or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described above.
• Embodiment 2 A compound of Formula (1) according to Embodiment 1 , or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 2 is phenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyi or pyrimidinyl; each of which is substituted by 1-2 substituents independently seiected from halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 5 haioaikyl or Ci- 6 alkoxy.
• Embodiment 3 A compound of Formula (1) according to Embodiment 1 , or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 2 Is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl or pyrimidinyl: each of which is substituted by 1-2 substituents independently selected from halo, Ci- 6 alkyl, Ci- 5 haioaikyl or Ci- 6 alkoxy; or R 2 is pyridyi substituted by halo, Ci- S haioaikyl or Ci- S alkoxy.
• Embodiment 4 A compound of Formula (1) according to any one of Embodiments 1 -3, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
• Embodiment 5 A compound of Formula (1) according to any one of Embodiments 1 -3, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
• Embodiment 6 A compound of Formula (1) according to any one of Embodiments 1 -3, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
• Embodiment 7 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-8, wherein said compound is of Formula (2):
• X is N, CH or CR 4 ;
• R 4 is halo, cyano, Ci. s a!kyl, Ci. s haloalkyi or Ci- S aikoxy
• Embodiment 8A A compound according to Embodiment 7, wherein said compound is of Formula (2A): or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein
• X is N, CH or CR 4 ;
• R 4 is halo, cyano, Ci- 5 alkyl, Ci- 5 haioaikyi or Ci- 6 alkoxy.
• Embodiment 8B A compound according to Embodiment 7, wherein said compound is of Formula (2B):
• X is N, CH or CR 4 ;
• R 4 is halo, cyano, C h alky!, Ci. s haloalkyi or Ci. s alkoxy.
• Embodiment 9 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7 and 8A-8B, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R 3 , if present, is fiuoro, chloro, methyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifiuoromethyi, cyano, cyclopropyl or morphoiinyi.
• Embodiment 10 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7 and 8A-8B, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R 3 is hydrogen and n is 0.
• Embodiment 10A A compound according to any of Embodiments 1-3, wherein said compound is of Formula (3A):
• Embodiment 10B A compound according to any of Embodiments 1 -3, wherein said compound is of Formula (3B):
• Embodiment 10C A compound according to any of Embodiments 1 -3, wherein said compound is of Formuia (3B):
• Embodiment 1 GD.
• Embodiment 1 1A A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 1 GA-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 2 is selected from:
• Embodiment 1 1 B A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 1 GA-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
• Embodiment 1 1 C A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 10A-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 2 is selected from:
• Embodiment 1 1 D A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 1 GA-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable
• R 2 is selected from F 3 C and F 3 C
• Embodiment 1 1 E A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 10A-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
• Embodiment 1 1 F A compound according to to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 10A-10D, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 2 is
• Embodiment 12 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10 and 1 1 A-1 1 F, or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R 1 Is hydrogen.
• Embodiment 13 A compound according to Embodiment 1 , wherein said compound is selected from a compound in Table 2; or an enantiomer, an enantiomeric mixture thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound is selected from: rae-(1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-N-(6-ch!oro-5-(trifiuoromeihyi)pyridin-2-yl)-5-hydroxy-3-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1 ]heptane-2-carboxamide;
• Embodiment 14 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A- 10D, 1 1 A- 1 1 F and 12-13 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least 50%, at least 75%, at least. 85%, or at least 95% of the (1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S) enantiomer in one embodiment, the compound is selected from:
• Embodiment 15 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 1 GA-1 QD, 11A-11 F and 12-14 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Embodiment 16 A combination comprising a compound according to any one of
• Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A-10D, 1 1A-11 F and 12-14 and one or more therapeutically active agent are provided.
• Embodiment 17 A compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A- 10D, 11 A- 1 1 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent, for use in treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury in a subject in need thereof, or for cartilage repair.
• Embodiment 18 Use of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -7, 8A-8B, 9- 10, 10A-1 GD, 11A-11 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent, in the manufacture of a medicament for arthritis or joint injury, or for cartilage repair.
• Embodiment 19 A method for treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury, or for cartilage repair in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A- 10D, 11 A- 1 1 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent; thereby treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury, or repairing cartilage, in said subject.
• Embodiment 20 A method according to Embodiment 19, wherein said compound is administered orally.
• Embodiment 21 A compound according to Embodiment 17, a use according to
• Embodiment 22 A method of inducing hyaline cartilage production, comprising contacting chondrogenic progenitor ceils with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A-10D, 11A-1 1 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent; thereby inducing hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix.
• Embodiment 23 A method of inducing hyaline cartilage production, comprising contacting chondrogenic progenitor ceils with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A-10D, 11A-1 1 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent; thereby inducing hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix.
• Embodiment 23 A method of inducing hyaline cartilage production, comprising contacting chondrogenic progenitor ceils with a therapeutic
• a method of inducing differentiation of chondrogenic progenitor cells into mature chondrocytes comprising contacting chondrogenic progenitor ceils with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-7, 8A-8B, 9-10, 10A- 10D, 11 A- 1 1 F and 12-14 and optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent; thereby inducing differentiation of chondrocyte progenitor cells into mature chondrocytes.
• Embodiment 24 A method according to Embodiment 22 or Embodiment 23, wherein said contacting step is performed in vitro or in vivo in a mammal; and when in vivo, the chondrogenic progenitor ceils are present in the mammal.
• Embodiment 25 A method according to Embodiment 24, wherein said contacting step occurs in an extracellular matrix or biocompatibie scaffold.
• Embodiment 26 A compound according to Embodiment 17, a use according to
• Embodiment 18 or an embodiment according to any one of Embodiments 19-25, wherein said second therapeutic agent is a chondrocyte differentiation agent.
• Embodiment 27 A compound according to Embodiment 17, a use according to
• said second therapeutic agent is selected from angiopoietin-iike 3 protein (ANGPTL3), Insulin growth factor (IGF1), SMG4690, Janus kinase inhibitor, oral salmon calcitonin, SD-6010, vitamin D3, collagen hydroiyzate, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), rusalatide acetate, avocado soy unsaponifiables (ASU), a steroid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID), hyaluronic acid, kartogenin, TPX-1 Q0, and a chondrocyte differentiation agent having Formula (I) or sub- formulae thereof as described in WO 2015/175487.
• ANGPTL3 angiopoietin-iike 3 protein
• IGF1 Insulin growth factor
• SMG4690 Insulin growth factor
• Janus kinase inhibitor Janus kinase inhibitor
• oral salmon calcitonin SD-6010
• vitamin D3
• Embodiment 28 The compound according to Embodiment 27, the use according to Embodiment 27, or an embodiment according to Embodiment 27, wherein said second therapeutic agent is a chondrocyte differentiation agent selected from:
• the term“compounds of the present invention” refers to compounds of Formula (1) and sub-formulae thereof (e.g., Formula (2)) and enantiomers and salts thereof, as well as retainers, tautomers, isotopically labeled compounds (Including deuterium substitutions), and inherently formed moieties.
• a compound represented herein as a single enantiomer encompasses the enantiomer of the depicted compound and mixtures of the enantiomers, including racemic mixtures.
• Any asymmetric atom (e.g., carbon or the like) of the co pound(s) of the present invention can be racemic or enantiomericai!y enriched, for example fhe (R)-, (S)- or (R,Sy configuration.
• Any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by chiral chromatography such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• each asymmetric atom has ai least 5Q % enantiomeric excess, at least 60 % enantiomeric excess, at least 70 % enantiomeric excess, at least 80 % enantiomeric excess, ai least 90 % enantiomeric excess, at least 95 % enantiomeric excess, or at least 99 % enantiomeric excess in the (Ry or (S)- configuration.
• any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include, for example, isotopes of hydrogen.
• isotopes particularly deuterium (i.e., 2 H or D) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index or tolerability it is understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent of a compound of Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof.
• concentration of deuterium may be defined by the isotopic enrichment factor.
• isotopic enrichment factor means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope if a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted as being deuterium, such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (80% deuterium incorporation), at least 45QQ (87.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 55QQ (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 8000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 8333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 8488.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 88QQ (99% deuterium Incorporation), or at least 8833.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation). It should be understood that the term“isotopic enrichment factor” can be applied to any isotope in the same manner as described
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 3 H, n C, 13 C, 14 C, 1S N, 1S F 31 P, 32 P, 3S S, 35 Ci, 123 i, 124 l, 125 l respectiveiy. Accordingly it should be understood that the invention includes compounds that incorporate one or more of any of the aforementioned isotopes, including for example, radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H and 14 C, or those into which non-radioactive isotopes, such as 2 H and 13 C are present.
• Such isotopicaliy labelied compounds are useful in metabolic studies (with 14 C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPEC! including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPEC single-photon emission computed tomography
• an 1S F or labeled compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies.
• Isotopicaliy- labeled compounds of Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying examples using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in place of the non-iabeled reagent previously employed.
• the compounds of the present invention are either obtained in the free form, as a salt thereof.
• the terms“salt” or“salts” refers to an acid addition or base addition salt of a compound of the invention.“Saits” include in particular“pharmaceutical acceptable salts”.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of this invention and, which typically are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the compounds of the present invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids inorganic acids from which sails can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fu marie acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,
• Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
• Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, ammonium salts and metals from columns I to XII of the periodic table.
• the salts are derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silver, zinc, and copper; particularly suitable salts include ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
• Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyciic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like.
• Certain organic amines include isopropylamine, benzathine, cholinate, diethanolamine, diethyiarnine, lysine, meglumine, piperazine and tromethamine.
• the present invention provides compounds of the present invention in acetate, ascorbate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besyiate, bromide/hydrobromide,
• Intermediate 1 b can be prepared from commercially available methyl propiolate, 1a, via bromination and Diels-Alder reaction with furan.
• Intermediate 1 c can be prepared via hydroboration/oxidation of intermediate 1 b. Debromination of 1c with zinc and acetic acid afforded intermediate 1 d.
• Intermediate 1e can be prepared by conjugate addition of intermediate 1 d using a rhodium catalyst; subsequent amide bond formation using an aniline and LiHMDS provided compounds of Formula (1).
• the invention further includes any variant of the present processes; for example, wherein an intermediate product obtainable at any stage thereof is used as starting material and the remaining steps are carried out; wherein starting materials are formed in situ under the reaction conditions; or wherein the reaction components are used in the form of their salts or optically pure material.
• Compounds of the invention and intermediates can also be converted into each other according to methods generally known to those skilled in the art.
• the present invention provides a method of treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury in a subject in need thereof, the method including administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, wherein the subject has or is at risk of joint damage or arthritis.
• the invention also provides a method of treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury in a human patient, the method comprising: administering orally the patient a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of the invention, thereby treating, ameliorating or preventing arthritis or joint injury in the patient.
• the patient has arthritis or joint injury in some embodiments, the individual does not have, but is at risk for, arthritis or joint injury.
• the arthritis is osteoarthritis, trauma arthritis, or autoimmune arthritis.
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful for inducing hyaline cartilage production, comprising contacting chondrogenic progenitor ceils (CPC) with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof, optionally in combination with a second therapeutic agent; thereby inducing hyaline cartilage production.
• CPC chondrogenic progenitor ceils
• hyaline cartilage production is induced by preventing chondrocyte hypertrophy of chondrocytic progenitor ceils.
• hyaline cartilage production is induced by inducing differentiation of chondrogenic progenitor ceils into mature chondrocytes, particularly, mature chondrocytes producing hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix.
• CPCs can differentiate into different types of ceils including, but not limited to, osteoblasts, hyaline chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Differentiation is the process by which a specialized cell type is formed from a less specialized cell type, for example, a chondrocyte from a chondrogenic progenitor in some embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo in a mammal and the progenitor cells are present in the mammal.
• Inducing chondrocyte differentiation of chondrogenic progenitor can be accomplished using any suitable amount of a compound of the present invention in some embodiment, the compound of the present invention can be present in an amount form about 0.1 g to about 100Q0 mg, e.g., 1.0 mg to 1000 g, e.g., 10 mg to 500 mg, according to the particular application and potency of the active component in some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be administered orally once daily at a dose of 1 mg/kg to about 300mg/kg. Treatment duration can vary from a week or less to chronic treatment in severe osteoarthritis.
• compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention may be used to treat, ameliorate or prevent any type of articular cartilage damage (e.g., joint damage or injury) including, for example, damage arising from a traumatic event or tendon or ligament tear.
• the compounds or compositions of the invention are administered to prevent or ameliorate arthritis or joint damage, for example where there is a genetic or family history of arthritis or joint damage or joint injury or prior or during joint surgery.
• compounds, compositions and methods are used to treat joint damage.
• the joint damage is traumatic joint injury in other embodiments, the joint damage is damage arising from age or inactivity.
• the joint damage is damage arising from an autoimmune disorder.
• the joint damage is damage arising from a metabolic disorder (e.g. diabetes) in some embodiments of the invention
• compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention may be used to treat, ameliorate or prevent osteoarthritis.
• the compounds, compositions and methods are used to ameliorate or prevent arthritis in a subject at risk of having or acquiring arthritis in some embodiments, the compounds, compositions and methods are used to ameliorate or prevent joint damage in a subject at risk of having or acquiring joint damage.
• compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention are useful for stimulating hyaline cartilage production in cartilagenous tissues that have been damaged, e.g , due to traumatic injury or chondropathy.
• compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention are useful for treatment of cartilage damage in joints, e.g., at articulated surfaces, e.g., spine, shoulder, elbow, wrisf, joints of the fingers, hip, knee, ankle, and joints of the feet.
• diseases or disorders that may benefit from treatment include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune diseases, or osteochondritis dessicans.
• cartilage damage or disruption occurs as a result of certain genetic or metabolic disorders, cartilage malformation is often seen in forms of dwarfism in humans, and/or cartilage damage or disruption is often a result of reconstructive surgery; thus compounds, compositions, and methods would be useful therapy in these patients, whether alone or in connection with other approaches.
• compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention may be used to treat, ameliorate or prevent various cartilagenous disorders and/or associated symptoms or effects of such conditions.
• Exemplary conditions or disorders for treatment, amelioration and/or prevention with compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to systemic lupus erythematosls, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease, spondyloarthropathies,
• Ehiers Danlos syndrome systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) or tendon disease.
• Other conditions or disorders that may benefit from treatment with compounds for amelioration of associated effects include idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis), Sjogren's syndrome, systemic vasculitis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune
• pancytopenia pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), autoimmune thrombocytopenia
• thrombocytopenic purpura idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
• thyroiditis Gve's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic thyroiditis
• diabetes mellitus immune-mediated renal disease (glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis), demye!inating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guiliain-Barr syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
• hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, G, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses), autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• compositions of the present invention can promote expression of collagen in human dermal fibroblast.
• Collagen is the major structural component of the dermi. Collagen is vital for skin health and has been widely used in dermal treatment of wrinkles and skin aging, and as a healing aid for burn patients. Collagen is produced in fibroblast, and both human and bovine collagen is widely used.
• the invention therefore provides a method of increasing production of collagen in fibroblast by contacting the fibroblasts with a compound or composition of the invention, thereby increasing the production of collagen in the fibroblast.
• the contacting may be in vivo by direct injection of the compound in the areas to be treated.
• the contacting may be in vitro into a population of fibroblasts.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition comprises at least two pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as those described herein.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for particular routes of administration such as ora! administration, parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, infusion, transdermal or topical administration), and rectai administration. Topical administration may also pertain to inhalation or intranasal application.
• compositions of the present invention can be made up in a solid form (including, without limitation, capsules, tablets, pills, granules, powders or suppositories), or in a liquid form (including, without limitation, solutions, suspensions or emulsions). Tablets may be either film coated or enteric coated according to methods known in the art.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are tablets or gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with one or more of:
• diluents e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine
• lubricants e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol
• binders e.g , magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylceilulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; if desired
• disintegrants e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures
• compounds of the invention will be administered in therapeutically effective amounts via any of the usual and acceptable modes known in the art, either singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents in some embodiments, compounds and compositions of the present invention are applied by direct injection into the synovia! fluid of a joint, systemic administration (oral or intravenously) or directly into a cartilage defect, either alone or complexed with a suitable carrier for extended release of the compound. In some embodiments, compounds or compositions are administered in a biocompatible matrix or scaffold.
• Compounds, compositions, and methods of the present invention can also be used in conjunction with a surgical procedure at an affected joint. Administration of a compounds or composition of the invention may occur prior to, during or in conjunction with, and/or after a surgical procedure.
• compounds, compositions and methods of the invention can be used to expand chondrocyte populations in culture for autologous or allogenic chondrocyte implantation (AGi). Chondrocytes can be optionally implanted with concurrent treatment consisting of administration of compounds and compositions of the present invention.
• chondrocytes can be harvested arthroscopiea!iy from an uninjured minor load-bearing area of a damaged joint, and can be cultured in vitro, optionally in the presence of compounds and compositions of the present invention and/or other growth factors to increase the number of ceils prior to transplantation. Expanded cultures are then optionally admixed with compounds and compositions of the present invention and/or placed in the joint space or directly into the defect in certain embodiments, expanded cultures (optionally with compounds of the present invention) are placed in the joint space suspended in a matrix or membrane.
• compounds and compositions of the present invention can be used in combination with one or more periosteal or perichondria! grafts that contain cartilage forming ceils and/or help to hold the transplanted chondrocytes or chondrocyte precursor cells in place.
• compounds and compositions of the present invention are used to repair cartilage damage in conjunction with other procedures, including but not limited to lavage of a joint, stimulation of bone marrow, abrasion arthroplasty, subchondral drilling, or microfracture of proximal subchondral bone.
• compositions of the present invention and growth of cartilage additional surgical treatment may be beneficial to suitably contour newly formed cartilage surface(s).
• the compound of the present invention may be administered either simultaneously with, or before or after, one or more other therapeutic agent.
• the compound of the present invention may be administered separately, by the same or different route of administration, or together in the same pharmaceutical composition as the other agents.
• a therapeutic agent is, for example, a chemical compound, peptide, antibody, antibody fragment or nucleic acid, which is therapeutically active or enhances the therapeutic activity when administered to a patient in combination with a compound of the invention.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof, and a second therapeutic agent(s).
• the second agent may be one or more additional chondrocyte differentiation agents.
• chondrocyte differentiation agent include but are not limited to angiopoietin-like 3 protein (ANGPTL3), insulin growth factor (IGF1), SM04690 (Wnt inhibitor), Janus kinase inhibitors (such as ruxoiitinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib), oral salmon calcitonin, SD-6010 (iNOS inhibitor), vitamin D3 (choiecalciferol), collagen hydroiyzate, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), rusalatide acetate, avocado soy unsaponifiabies (ASU), a steroid, a non-steroida! antiinflammatory agent (NSA!D), or hyaluronic acid, kartogenin, TPX
• the compound Formula (1) or sub-formulae thereof and the other therapeutic agent can be provided together in the same pharmaceutical composition, or in separate form, e.g. in the form of a kit, for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in therapy.
• the therapy is the treatment of joint damage resulting from joint injury or arthritis.
• the pharmaceutical composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as described above.
• the pharmaceutical composition or combination of the present invention can be in unit dosage of abou 1 -1000 g of active ingredient(s) for a subject of about 50-70 kg, or about 1 -500 g or about 1-250 g or about 1-150 g or about 0.5-100 g, or about 1 -50 g of active ingredients.
• the therapeutically effective dosage of a compound, the pharmaceutical composition, or the combinations thereof, is dependent on the species of the subject, the body weight, age and individual condition, the disorder or disease or the severity thereof being treated. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine the effective amount of each of the active ingredients necessary to prevent, treat or inhibit the progress of the disorder or disease.
• the above-cited dosage properties are demonstrable in vitro and in vivo tests using advantageously mammals, e.g., mice, rats, dogs, monkeys or isolated organs, tissues and preparations thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention can be applied in vitro in the form of solutions, e.g., aqueous solutions, and in vivo either enterally, parenteraiiy,
• the invention provides a kit comprising two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions, at least one of which contains a compound of Formula (1) or sub- formulae thereof.
• the kit comprises means for separately retaining said compositions, such as a container, divided bottle, or divided foil packet.
• a container, divided bottle, or divided foil packet An example of such a kit is a blister pack, as typically used for the packaging of tablets, capsules and the like.
• the kit of the invention may be used for administering different dosage forms, for example, oral and parenteral, for administering the separate compositions at different dosage intervals, or for titrating the separate compositions against one another.
• the kit of the invention typically comprises directions for administration.
• the compound of the invention and the other therapeutic agent may be manufactured and/or formulated by the same or different
• the compound of the invention and the other therapeutic may be brought together into a combination therapy: (i) prior to release of the combination product to physicians (e.g. in the case of a kit. comprising the compound of the invention and the other therapeutic agent); (ii) by the physician themselves (or under the guidance of the physician) shortly before administration; (iii) in the patient themselves, e.g. during sequential administration of the compound of the invention and the other therapeutic agent.
• Ail starting materials, building blocks, reagents, acids, bases, dehydrating agents, solvents, and catalysts utilized to synthesis the compounds of the present invention are either commercially available or can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Houben-Weyl 4th Ed. 1952, Methods of Organic Synthesis, Thieme, Volume 21). Unless otherwise specified, starting materials are generally available from commercial sources, such as but not limited to, TCI Fine Chemical (Japan), Aurora Fine Chemicals LLC (San Diego, CA), FCH Group (Ukraine), Aldrich Chemicals Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Fairlawn, N.J.), Maybridge Chemical Company, Ltd. (Cornwall, England), Matrix Scientific (USA), Enamine Ltd (Ukraine), Combi-Blocks, Inc. (San Diego, CA), Oakwood Products, Inc. (USA), Apollo Scientific, Ltd. (UK).
• the compounds of the present invention can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art as shown in the following examples.
• conventional protecting groups are used to protect reactive functional groups in accordance with standard practice, for example, see T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts in“Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, 1991
• starting materials are generally available from non-excluding commercial sources such as but not limited to TCI Fine Chemical (Japan), Aurora Fine
• Method A The system runs a gradient from 10% B to 90% B in 1.35 minutes. A 0.6 minute wash at 100% B follows the gradient. The remaining duration of the method returns the system to initial conditions. Unless otherwise stated the examples provided are characterized using method A.
• the system Waters system consists of:
• Method B The system runs a gradient from 5% B to 100% B in 1 .9 minutes. A 0 4 minute wash at 100% B follows the gradient. The remaining duration of the method returns the system to initial conditions. NMR Methods Employed in Characterization of Examples
• ISCO flash chromatography is performed on Teledyne COMBIFLASH® system with prepacked silica RediSep® column.
• the Thar Prep Investigator system consists of:
• the system flows at 2mL/min (4mL/min for the WhelkO-1 column) and is kept at 30 degrees C.
• the system back pressure is set to 125bar
• Each sample is screened through a battery of eleven 3pm columns:
• the system runs a gradient from 5% co-solvent to 50% co-solvent in 5 minutes followed by a 0.5 minute hold at 50% co-solvent, a switch back to 5% co-solvent and a Q.25 minute hold at initial conditions.
• a 4 minute equilibration method that flows 5% co- solvent through the next column to be screened.
• the typical solvents screened are MeOH, eGH ⁇ 20m NH 3 , MeOH+0.5%DEA, IRA, and IPA+20mM MH 3 .
• an isocraiic method can be developed and, if necessary, scaled up for purification on the Thar PrepSO system.
• Step A To a stirring solution of methyl propio!ate (1a, 200 g, 2.38 mol, 198 rnL) in acetone (2.50 L) was added AgNG 3 (36.4 g, 214 m ol, 36.0 mL). After S min, NBS (445 g, 2 50 ol) was added portionwise, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was triturated with 10% EtOAc/PE (1500 mL), and the filtrate was concentrated again. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-5% EtOAc/PE) to give methyl 3-bromopropioiate as a yellow oil which was used for the next step directly.
• Step B A solution of methyl 3-bromo-7-oxablcyclo[2.2.1jhepta-2,5-diene-2-carboxylate (1 b, 13Q g, 563 mmol, 1.00 eg) in THF (8QQ mL) was treated with BHs-THF (1 M, 563 mL, 563 mmol) and was stirred at 0 °C for 2 hr.
• Step C A solution of intermediate 1 c (5 g, 21.1 mmol) and AcOH (3.45 mL, 60.2 mmol) in 1 :1 THF:waier (100 mL) at Q °C was treated with Zn (2.63 g, 40.2 mmol) and was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and was washed with saturated aqueous NaHC03 and brine and was dried (NasSGi), filtered, and concentrated to afford the crude product rac-methyl (1 R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate (1 d), which was used directly in the next step without purification.
• LC-MS: Rt 0 57 min; MS m/z [M+H] + 171.1.
• Step D A solution of rac-methyl (1 R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicycio[2.2.1 jhept-2-ene-2- carboxyiate (500 mg, 2.94 mmol), (3-(trifluoromethyi)phenyl)boronic acid (670 mg, 3.53 mmol), rac-BINAP (183 mg, 0.294 mmol), K 2 C0 3 (203 mg, 1.47 mmol), and chloro(1 ,5- cyc!ooctadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (72.4 mg, Q.147 mmol) in 4:1 1 ,4-dioxane:water (15 mL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (15 mg, Q.Q47 mmol) and 2-fluoro-5 ⁇
• Examples 2-89 described infra were synthesized according to the protocol described for Example 1 using methyl (1R,4S,5S)-3-bromo-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2- carboxylate (intermediate 1c) and various boronic acid/esiers in Step D and various anilines in Step E.
• Example 7 rac-i 1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(8-cvcioDiOPyl-4-(trijluoromethyl)Dyridin-2-yl)-5- hvdroxy-3-(3-(trifluoromethvi)phenyl)-7-oxabicvcloi2.2.1lheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 8 rac-( ⁇ R.2R,3S.4R,5S)-5-hvdroxy-N-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3- (3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 16 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-i4-fluoro-3-(trifliioromethvi)pbenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(3-
• Example 17 rac-P R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-N-f3-fluoro-5-ftrifjuoromethyj3 ⁇ 4pbenyl)-5-hydiOxy-3-3 ⁇ 43- (trifluoromethvDphenyl)-7-oxabicvcloi2.2.'nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 21 rac-(1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-N-(3-methoxY-5-ftriflijoromeibyl)phenvD-3-f3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 22 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-N-(2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-7-oxabicvclof2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 23 rac-ft R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-N-(4-morpholina-3-(trifluaiOmethv0phenyl)-3- f3-(tiifluorometbYj)phenyj3 ⁇ 4-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.nbeptane-2-earboxamide
• Step D A solution of rac-methyi (1 R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1 ]hept-2-ene-2- carboxyiate (50Q mg, 2.94 mmol), (3-(trifiuoromeihyi)phenyi)boronic acid (67Q mg, 3.53 mmol), rac-BINAP (183 mg, 0.294 mmol), K 2 C0 3 (203 mg, 1 .47 mmol), and cbloro(1 ,5 ⁇
• Step E A solution of rac-methyi (1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyi)- 7-oxabicyc!o[2.2.1 ]heptane-2-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.32 mmol) and 6-chioro-5- (trifluoromeibyi)pyridin-2-amine (75 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at RT was treated with 1 LIHMDS in THF (760 pL, 0.76 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 26 .2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdfOxy-3-i3-(trifluoromethyrtphenvh-N-(5-
• Example 30 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-(3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethvDphenvD-7-oxabicvclor2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 31 rac-P R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-N-(4-methoxY-3-ftrifiuoromeihyl)phenvD-3-f1- methyl-3-i ⁇ rifiuoromethvD-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-Qxabicvcioi2.2.tlheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 32 rac-fl R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hvdrexy-3- ⁇ 1 -methyl-3-(trifluoremethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4- vl)-N-(3-(trifluoromethvl)phenvl)-7-oxabicvclof2.2.1lheptane-2-carboxamide
• Step D A solution of rac-methy! (1 R,4R s 5S)-5 ⁇ hydroxy ⁇ 7-oxabicydo[2.2.1 ]hept-2-ene ⁇ 2- carboxyiate (500 mg, 2.94 mrnol), (1 -methyl-3 ⁇ (trifiuoromethyl) ⁇ 1 H-pyrazoi-4-yl)boronic acid (684 mg, 3.53 mol), rac-BINAP (183 rng, 0.294 mrnol), K2C03 (203 mg, 1 .47 m ol), and ch!oro(1 ,5-cyciooetadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (72.4 rng, 0.147 rnmoi) in 4:1 1 ,4 ⁇ dioxane:water (15 mL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methy! (1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(1 -methyl-3- (trifluoromethy!-1 H-pyrazo!-4-y!-7-oxabicyclo[2.2 1 ]heptane-2-carboxy!ate (100 g, 0.31 mmol) and 5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine (74 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at RT was treated with 1 M LiHMDS in THF (750 pL, 0.75 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 37 rac-fl R.2R,3S.4R,5S)-5-bvdroxy-3-C1-methyl-3 ⁇ ftnfluoromethvD-f H-pyrazoi-4 ⁇ yl)-N-(4-morphoiino-3-(triiiuoiOmethvi)phenyl)-7-oxabicvclo[2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Step D A solution ofrac-meihyi (1R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-Qxabscycio[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2- carboxyiate (50Q mg, 2.94 mmol), (1-methy!-3-(trifluoromethy!-1 H-pyrazol-4-yi)boronie acid (684 mg, 3.53 mmol), rac-BINAP (183 g, 0.294 mmol), K 2 C0 3 (2Q3 mg, 1.47 mmol), and chloro(1 ,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(i) dimer (72.4 mg, 0.147 mmol) in 4:1 1,4-dioxane:water(15 rnL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 b.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-bydroxy-3 ⁇ (1-methyi-3- (trifluorQmethyi) ⁇ 1H-pyrazol ⁇ 4-yi) ⁇ 7-oxabiGyclQ[22.1]heptane-2 ⁇ carbQxyiate (100 g, 031 mmol) and 4-(trifiuorornethyl)pyridin-2-arnine (61 g, 0.38 mrnol) in THF (3 rnL) at RT was treated with 1 LiFIMDS in THF (750 pL, 075 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 39 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(6-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-hvdroxy-3- (1-methyl-3-(trifiuoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl3 ⁇ 4-7-oxabicvclof2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 40 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(6-cyclopropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5- hydroxy-3-d -methyi-3-(trifluoromethyi3 ⁇ 4-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicyclof2.2.nheptane-2- carboxamide
• Example 45 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-i3-fluoro-5-(trifliioromethvi)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1 - methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicvclo[2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 46 rac- ft R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(4-cvano-3-(trifluoromethvi)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(3-
• Example 48 rac-Ci R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N ⁇ i2-cvano-5- ⁇ 5-bvdroxy-3-i3 ⁇
• Step D A solution of rac-methyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2- carboxy!ate (500 mg, 2.94 mmol), (3-(trifSuoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (670 mg, 3.53 mmol), rac-B!NAP (183 mg, 0.294 mmol), K 2 CO 3 (203 g, 1.47 mmol), and chloro(1,5- cyclooctadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (72.4 mg, 0.147 mmol) in 4:1 1 ,4-dioxane:vvater (15 mL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (1 QQ mg, 0.32 mmol) and 2-amino-4- (trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (71 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (3 rnL) at RT was treated with 1 M
• Example 49 rac-(1 R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(2-cvano-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1 - methvi-3-(trifiuoromethvi)-1H-pyrazol-4-vi)-7-oxabicvcloi2.2.Hheptane-2-carboxamide
• Step D A solution of rac-methyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7-oxabicycio[2.2.1jhept-2-ene-2- carboxyiate (500 mg, 2.94 mmol), (1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H ⁇ pyrazo!-4-yl)boronle acid (684 g, 3.53 mmol), rac-BINAP (183 g, 0.294 mmol), K 2 C0 3 (203 mg, 1.47 mmol), and chloro(1 ,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (72.4 mg, 0.147 mmol) in 4:1 1,4-dioxane:water(15 rnL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(1-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (100 g, 031 mmol) and 2-amino-4-(trif!uoromethy!)benzonitrile (70 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at RT was treated with 1 M LiHMDS in THF (750 pL, 0.75 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 50 rao-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(3.5-bisftrifluoromethvnphenviV5-hvdroxy-3-(1-methyl-3- ftrifluoromethvi)-1H-pyrazoi-4-vi)-7-oxabicvclo[2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 51 rac-(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S3 ⁇ 4 N-(4 Cvano-3-(trif]uoromethyl)phenvD-5-hydroxy-3-(1- methyi-3-(ififluoromethylMH-pyrazol-4-yi)-7-oxab:cyC!Oj2.21 ihepiane-2-carboxamsde
• Example 52 rac-(1R,2R.3S.4R,5S)-N-(2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl ’ )phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(1- methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicvclof2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 55 rac-(1R,2R.3S.4R,5S)-N-(3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl ’ )phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(1- methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl3 ⁇ 4-7-oxabicvclof2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 56 rac-i1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-i4-fluoro-3- phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-i1-
• Example 57 rac-(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S3 ⁇ 4-N-(2fluoro-3-(trif]uoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1- methyl-3-(trifiuoromethvh-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-pxabicvdoi2.2.1lheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 58 rac-(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-N-(3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(1- methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicvcloi2.2.11heptane-2-Garboxamide
• Example 59 rac-(1R,2R.3S,4R,5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1-isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-f3-ftririiiQromethv0phenyl)-7 ⁇ oxabicvclo?2.2.11heptane-2-carbQxamide
• Example 80 rac-(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)- N-(4-meihvl-3-(trifluoromethvi)pnenyi)-7-oxab!cycloi2.2 ljheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 62 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-
• Example 65 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5SV5-hvdroxy-N-(3-metbyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(2-
• Example 68 raod R,2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdiOxy-3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-methyl-3-
• Example 70 rac-fl R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-N-(3-
• Example 72 rac-f 1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S3 ⁇ 4-N-(2-GyanQ-5-itrjfiuQrometbyDphenvi)-5-bydroxy-3-(l- methyl-3 -pyrazoj-5-yl)-7-Qxabicvcioi2.2.tlheptane-2-carboxamide
• Step D A solution ofrac-methyi (1R,4R,5S)-5-hydrQxy-7-oxabicycio[2.2.1]hepi-2-ene-2- carboxyiate (514 mg, 3.02 mmol), (1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazoi-5-yl)boronic acid (703 g, 3.62 mmol), fac-BINAP (188 g, 0.302 mmol), K G0 3 (209 mg, 1.51 mmol), and chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (74.5 mg, 0.151 mmol) in 4:1 1,4-dioxane:water(10 mL) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 !> C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-3-(1 -methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (100 g, 0.31 mmol) and 2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (88 mg, 0.47 mol) in THF (3 mL) at RT was treated with 1 M LiHMDS in THF (970 pL, 0.97 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 73 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenvD-5-hvdraxy-3-(1- methyl-3-itrifluQromethyi)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-7-oxabicyciot2.2.1lheptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 75 rac-(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S3 ⁇ 4-N-(2fluoro-5-(trif]uoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1- methYl-3-(tfifiuoromethyi)-lH-pyfazol-5-Yl)-7-oxab!CYCiof2.2.1 ihepiane--2-carboxamsde
• Example 77 rac-d R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdraxy-3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-
• Example 78 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(2-cvano-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hvdroxy-3-(2- methoxypyridin-4-yl3 ⁇ 4-7-oxabicvclof2.2.11heptane-2-carboxamide
• Title compound was prepared from rac-methyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1 jhept-2-ene-2-carboxy!ate (intermediate 1d) using Steps D-E as in Scheme 1
• Step D A solution of rac-methyl (1R,4R,5S) ⁇ 5-hydroxy-7-oxabicydG[22.1]hept-2 ⁇ ene-2 ⁇ carboxyiate (500 g, 2.94 mol), (2-methoxypyridin-4-yi)boronic acid (539 mg, 3.53 mol), rac-BINAP (183 g, 0.294 m ol), K 2 C0 3 (203 g, 1.47 mmol), and ch!oro(1,5- cyciooctadiene)rhodium(l) dimer (72.4 mg, 0.147 mmol) in 4:1 1 ,4-dioxane:water (10 L) was degassed with nitrogen and was warmed at 100 °C for 1 h.
• Step E A solution of rac-methyl (1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-bydroxy-3-(2-methoxypyridin-4-yi)-7- oxabicycio[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 2-amino-4- (trifluoromethyi)benzonitrile (80 mg, 0.43 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at RT was treated with 1M LiHMDS in THF (860 pL, 0.86 mmol) and was stirred at RT for 18 h.
• Example 81 rac-f 1 R,2R.3S.4R,5S)-5-hvdroxy-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(5- (tnfiuorosTietnyl)pyridin 3-v1 ⁇ 7-oxabicyclo
• Example 82 raod R,2R.3S.4R.5S)-5-hvdroxy-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(6- (trifiuoromethyi)pyridin-3-yl)-7-oxabieyc!oi22.1]hepiane-2-carboxarnicSe
• Example 84 rac-f 1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S3 ⁇ 4-N-(2-cvano-5-(trifiuoromethyl)phenvD-5-hvdroxy-3-(1 - isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pYrazQl-4-yi)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-Garboxamide
• Example 85 rac-(1R.2R.3S.4R.5S)-N-(2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(1- isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethvD-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7-oxabicyclof2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxamide
• Example 88 rac-(1 R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-hvdroxy-3-(1 -isopropyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-4- yD-N-3 ⁇ 43-methyj-5-ftrifluoromethyj3 ⁇ 4phenyl)-7-Qxabicvcjoi2.2.nheptane-2-carboxamide
• the compounds of the present invention were evaluated in the Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity assay to determine the ability of the compounds to prevent chondrocyte hypertrophy in normal human articular chondrocytes (NHACs).
• ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
• NHACs normal human articular chondrocytes
• NHACs Normal human articular chondrocytes
• CGM Chondrocyte Growth Medium
• NHACs were expanded in Chondrocyte Growth Medium (CGM) from Lonza until they reached a 60-80% confiuency.
• CGM Chondrocyte Growth Medium

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