Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
  • C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
  • C23C18/1646—Characteristics of the product obtained
  • C23C18/165—Multilayered product
  • C23C18/1653—Two or more layers with at least one layer obtained by electroless plating and one layer obtained by electroplating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
  • C23C18/1619—Apparatus for electroless plating
  • C23C18/1632—Features specific for the apparatus, e.g. layout of cells and of its equipment, multiple cells
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
  • C23C18/1803—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces
  • C23C18/1824—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces by chemical pretreatment
  • C23C18/1837—Multistep pretreatment
  • C23C18/1844—Multistep pretreatment with use of organic or inorganic compounds other than metals, first
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
  • C23C18/20—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins
  • C23C18/2006—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins by other methods than those of C23C18/22 - C23C18/30
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
  • C23C18/20—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins
  • C23C18/2006—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins by other methods than those of C23C18/22 - C23C18/30
  • C23C18/2046—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins by other methods than those of C23C18/22 - C23C18/30 by chemical pretreatment
  • C23C18/2073—Multistep pretreatment
  • C23C18/2086—Multistep pretreatment with use of organic or inorganic compounds other than metals, first
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
  • C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
  • C23C18/31—Coating with metals
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
  • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
  • D06M10/025—Corona discharge or low temperature plasma
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
  • D06M11/50—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with hydrogen peroxide or peroxides of metals; with persulfuric, permanganic, pernitric, percarbonic acids or their salts
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
  • D06M11/59—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with ammonia; with complexes of organic amines with inorganic substances
  • D06M11/61—Liquid ammonia
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
  • D06M11/83—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with metals; with metal-generating compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls; Reduction of metal compounds on textiles
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/322—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing nitrogen
  • D06M13/325—Amines
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06Q—DECORATING TEXTILES
  • D06Q1/00—Decorating textiles
  • D06Q1/04—Decorating textiles by metallising

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a so far not disclosed method of continuous mass production of metal plated textile material with high electric conductivity, namely in full width, which is based on a conventional textile technology with converting operations among which operations of chemical and electrochemical metal plating are predominant.
• Treatment of the surface of textile material with metal is a process that always requires complex pre treatment of the textile fiber surface to ensure subsequent precise deposition of the respective metal.
• the present invention mainly modifies the continuous textile technology of unwinding and winding of textile material (the roll to roll method) in such a way to make the rates of the converting operations of textile material (plasmatic and chemical treatment, rinsing, dewatering, drying, impregnation etc.) comparable to the rates of the metal plating (chemical and electrochemical) operations.
• the present invention further relates to the device for the execution of this method, metal plated textile material obtained this way and its use.
• roll to roll refers to synchronous unwinding of textile material from a roll (from a coil), which is rewound onto another roll (into a coil) after passing the respective production line.
• full width is a textile- industry expression for a method of processing textile material in the unfolded state, i.e. its stretching in the transversal as well as longitudinal direction.
• the width of the textile material is not limited, it results from the width of the production line, respectively.
• a continuous technology in the sense of the present invention and in conformity to the textile- industry definition is a process characterized as synchronous, i.e. textile material moving at the same rate at all points of the production line while at the input of the production line, there is pure textile material in coils and at the end of the line, coils of metal plated and treated textile material are withdrawn for commercial purposes.
• synchronous i.e. textile material moving at the same rate at all points of the production line while at the input of the production line, there is pure textile material in coils and at the end of the line, coils of metal plated and treated textile material are withdrawn for commercial purposes.
• the continuousness is related to continuous and simultaneous spraying of two reaction solutions onto discontinuous substrates with defined toughness that are placed on a belt or chain conveyor.
• the graphically outlined linear arrangement of the production operations nor the text of the patent indicate the possibility of carrying out continuous metal plating of textile material from a coil (the roll to roll textile material treatment principle).
• the original methods of metal plating of non-conductive substrates, including textile materials are based on chemical pre-treatment, mostly oxidative, with subsequent reductive activation of the materials with rare metals, mostly palladium (Pd) or silver (Ag).
• rare metals mostly palladium (Pd) or silver (Ag).
• the entire chemical plating with metals of the copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) type is carried out in a catalytic manner, by immersion of activated textile material into a bath comprising a mixture of salts of the respective metals, reduction agents and additives at a certain pH value and temperature.
• a bath comprising a mixture of salts of the respective metals, reduction agents and additives at a certain pH value and temperature.
• the range of published and patented formulations of baths and operation conditions is considerable.
• the principle of all of them is catalytic precipitation of the respective metals on the surface of activates fibers of textile materials, no chemical reaction occurring between the bath components within the bath volume (e.g. CN101831798, US 4,925.706, US2004086646).
• the mentioned principle of metal plating of textile materials is characterized by a considerable induction start-up time of the entire precipitation, which is too slow for the needs of industrial production of metal plated textile material (for most commercial baths the metal plating rate achieves the value of 5 pm of the particular metal an hour).
• the baths can be satisfactory for piece products of smaller dimensions, but in case on textile materials the baths deteriorate quickly and their operation is inconvenient from the economical and environmental point of view.
• the reaction mixtures are aqueous solutions of metallic salts on the one hand and aqueous solutions of potassium borohydride (KBH 4 ; potassium borohydride) or sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ; sodium borohydride) on the other one, and they get only mixed together on the surface of the substrate.
• KH 4 potassium borohydride
• NaBH 4 sodium borohydride
• the said borohydride reaction has been amply published and used in practice as a production process of nanocrystals in many branches. The reaction is very rapid and enables precipitation of a wide range of reducible metals in the form of nanocrystals in a solution, the nanocrystals being well adsorbed onto non-conductive surfaces under certain conditions.
• the principle of the invention is a technological process in the roll to roll mode with a sequence of several technological operations out of which the fundamental one is two-stage chemical reduction of metal ions, together with device to carry out these operations.
• the invention is based on a method of continuous metal plating by unwinding and subsequent winding of metal plated textile material in full width, the method comprising the following steps: under an inert gas atmosphere, or under a plastic foil barrier,
• textile material is subjected to the step of primary chemical metal plating, which consists of:
• a reductant comprising borohydrides of alkaline metals ( TBHf), hypophosphites of alkaline metals (H 2 PO 2 ), derivatives of formaldehyde (HCHO), or hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) or their mixtures, in an aqueous alkaline medium,
• TBHf alkaline metals
• H 2 PO 2 hypophosphites of alkaline metals
• HCHO formaldehyde
• N 2 H 4 hydrazine
• a reductant comprising borohydrides of alkaline metals (M + BH 4 ), hypophosphites of alkaline metals (H 2 P0 2 ), derivatives of formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) or hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH), their mixtures, in an aqueous alkaline medium,
• the first (primary) stage of the chemical metal plating according to the present invention is based on a non-catalytic reaction of metallic ions with reducing agents producing metallic nanoparticles that are deposited on non-conductive substrates, particularly textile materials, in an electrokinetic and diffusion manner. Adsorption of the nanoparticles of metals and their alloys on fibers of the textile material provides a metallic film with a nanometric thickness that activates the textile material for the subsequent (secondary) chemical metal plating.
• Nanoparticles of metals and their alloys generated by common chemical processes are characterized with their electric charge, quantified as the zeta potential, the value and potential of which generally depend on pH of the medium, the contents and character of the present ionic and non-ionic substances, the temperature and size of the nanoparticles.
• Textile fibers in aqueous media are also characterized with the zeta potential the value and polarity of which also depends on pH of the medium, the contents and character of the present ionic and non-ionic substances, on the temperature and last, but no least, also the state and type of material.
• Adsorption of nanoparticles onto textile fibers then depends on many parameters influencing mutual electrostatic tension between the nanoparticles of metals and their alloys and fibers of the textile material the character and direction of which is induced by the polarity of the zeta potentials of the nanoparticles and textile fibers.
• the selection of the physicochemical conditions of the technological process according to the present invention is used to adjust the electrostatic tension between the zeta potentials of the nanoparticles and textile fibers in such a way that the nanoparticles of metals and their alloys are very quickly attracted and adsorbed on the textile fibers.
• the adsorption rate under these conditions expressed in grams of deposited metal per m 2 per a time unit then depends on the concentration of nanoparticles in the reaction mixture, more accurately expressed, on the reaction rate of occurrence of these nanoparticles.
• the kinetics of the entire process of deposition of metals or their alloys according to the present invention is optimized on the basis of a kinetic measurement of the time dependence of the zeta potential of nanoparticles of metals occurring during the primary reaction. Data obtained by the measurement depending on the composition of the reaction solution represent the basis for the formulation of the final composition of the primary solutions.
• the objective of optimization of the kinetics of the deposition process of metals or their alloys is mainly to adjust compatibility with the technological speed of the line, defined as the speed of movement of the textile material in full width in meters per minute.
• the technological process according to the present invention then consists in a determined optimum setting of all the above-mentioned parameters to make the rate of the primary metal plating reaction, expressed as time in minutes that is necessary for at least 80% deposition of metals or their alloys, correspond to the speed of movement of the textile material in full width and the length of the endless conveyor of the primary part of the line.
• the primary metal plating refers to activation of the surface of fibers of the textile material with adsorbed particles of metals and their alloys, an important precondition for successful activation being the smallest possible size of adsorbed metal particles, their adequate concentration and homogeneity on the fiber surface (the“film character”).
• This precondition can be met according to the present invention by means of a non-catalyzed kinetically controlled redox reaction of suitable complexes of metal ions with reducing substances at suitable selected concentrations of the constituents, pH and temperature.
• anions with the capability of forming complexes with ions of these metals must be excluded from the formulation of the solutions for the primary chemical metal plating (a negative influence on the zeta potential of the nanoparticles).
• An equally important precondition for successful (quantitative) adsorption of nanoparticles is the shortest possible path of their diffusion from the solution onto the fibers.
• the said precondition is best met by the methodology of precipitation of nanoparticles directly in the 3D structure of the textile in the“in situ” mode in cooperation with forced movement of the reaction solutions within this structure.
• Another precondition for successful adsorption of nanoparticles on textile fibers with substantial elimination of their coagulation consists in ensuring the least possible volume of the reaction solution outside the 3D structure of the textile.
• these preconditions are, according to the present invention, achieved by separate (simultaneous) application of two reaction solutions onto the moving textile material in full width, which is placed on a synchronously moving, horizontally situated endless belt.
• the optimum quantity of the applied reaction solutions, their ratios and concentrations are adjusted with respect to the type, specific weight and thickness of the processed textile material in such a way to only completely fill the 3D structure of the textile with the mixture of the reaction solutions whose volume and concentration of the constituents per m 2 of textile will be sufficient to achieve the required activation of the textile material.
• a universal reducing substance is an alkaline borohydride, especially sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), as its use in other industries has considerably reduced its commercial price and at present, it is already produced industrially.
• a certain problem is represented by its quick hydrolysis at lower pH values of the solution and emissions of hydrogen.
• Metal nanoparticles generated by sodium borohydride are always alloys of the metal with elementary boron (1-10% by weight), depending on pH and temperature.
• Other usable reduction agents are alkaline hypophosphites (H2PO2 ), derivatives of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), which can be advantageously used for the deposition of alloys.
• the second (secondary) stage of chemical metal plating according to the present invention is based on a modification of generally known catalytic (autocatalytic) processes of stable reaction solutions of complexes of metals with reduction agents that occur on the surface of primarily metal plated (activated) fibers of textile material.
• catalytic autocatalytic
• oxidation of the hypophosphite is strongly catalyzed on the Ni surface while electrons are released that are employed within delocalization on the nickel surface to reduce metal ions (Ni, Cu).
• copper ions are autocatalytically reduced with the use of reduction agents of the borohydride (BHL ), formaldehyde (HCHO), hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH) and others. Reactions proceeding in cooperation with the surface on which metal is deposited exhibit a provably higher metal plating quality than metal plating by means of nanoparticle deposition.
• BHL borohydride
• HCHO formaldehyde
• NH 2 OH hydroxylamine
• thermodynamically stable baths that are kinetically slow at a normal temperature, and thus unsuitable for use within the roll to roll process according to the present invention.
• the technological process of the secondary metal plating according to the present invention consists in formulation of two reaction solutions that are applied on textile material in full width placed on an endless conveyor in the form of a reaction mixture prepared before the application or in the course of the application at such a rate for the 3D structure of the textile material to be completely filled.
• the optimum composition of the solutions, pH and concentrations of constituents depend on the character of the textile material, but in any case they must ensure the technologically required metal plating within the time period given by the line in the roll to roll mode.
• the secondary metal plating according to this invention makes it possible to apply pure metals as Ni, Co, Cu and Ag or their unlimited mixtures with the use of a borohydride (sodium (NaBTfi), potassium (KBH4) and lithium salt (L1BH4)) alone or its mixture with sodium hypophosphite (NaH 2 P0 2 ).
• the metallic coatings always comprise a certain percentage of boron or boron with phosphorus.
• the process of primary and secondary chemical metal plating according to the present invention proceeds at a defined rate immediately after mixing of the reaction solutions or after the contact with the primary metal plating in the 3D structure of the textile material (in situ process).
• reaction mixtures on continuously moving textile material can be implemented by continuous single-point or multiple injection under a reverse movement of the nozzles, simultaneous pouring, spreading, with or without a lamella blade, or with a roller, or by“slot die” coating while the application of the solutions must ensure 100% and even filling of the pores of the textile material in lull width.
• the chemical metal plating provides a sufficiently conductive film on the surface of the fibers that can be subsequently reinforced with the same or different metal or alloys with the possibility of surface finish with protective varnishes.
• the device for the implementation of the above-mentioned textile material metal plating technology is designed and structurally conceived in such a way to achieve the highest possible production capacity, all the technological conditions being met.
• the speed of the technology according to the present invention is limited by the reaction rates of chemical metal plating, which cannot be accelerated without a decrease of the metal plating quality and which proceeds on the order of several minutes from the application of the reaction solutions until the end of the reaction. Therefore, the design of the optimum continuous operation process in the roll to roll arrangement has been adapted for an up to five times increased capacity, the given rate of the production device in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 meters in a minute being maintained.
• the production capacity can even be increased more than five times, the given rate and size of the line being maintained.
• the unwinding operation according to the present invention enables synchronous central unwinding of up to five coils with full width at a rate of 0.5 to 2.0 m/min, the unwound textile being vertically layered into one belt (grouping). With a suitable modification of the production device, e.g. extension of its length, the rate can even be further increased.
• the winding operation of finished products enables synchronous central winding onto up to five (or more) separated coils in full width at a rate of 0.5 to 2.0 m/min.
• a removing device 9 at the bottom side of the belt is used for this purpose that applies an aqueous solution of an acid (e.g. nitric acid) onto the belt, then rinses the belt with washing liquid and wipes off the excessive liquid.
• an acid e.g. nitric acid
• cleaning stations are located that are based on a sequence of vacuum suction of residues of the process liquid, rinsing with demineralized water and suction of excessive water from the treated textile material. Waste from the cleaning stations is drained into storage tanks where residues of heavy metals are converted to poorly soluble precipitates and subsequently processed in the central cleaning station. All the reaction solutions are stirred centrally and transported to the production device via a pipeline.
• the selection of the textile material has been driven by the effort to achieve high universality for the use in widest possible fields of clothing constructs, design, electrical engineering, package industry, civil engineering etc. At the same time, this selection made it necessary to specify requirements for the parameters of the continuous mode of the production device. With respect to these reasons, a decision was made to implement the metal plating process, or to construct the production device for textile material with high porousness, mechanical strength in all the directions, low specific weight (up to 100 g/m , preferably up to 60 g/m 2 ) in the form of woven or non-woven textile or fibers.
• the textile material can be a natural or synthetic fabric of the organic or inorganic origin or their mixture. From the point of view of chemical composition, these may be natural (e.g. cotton, wool, silk, viscose, cellulose in general), synthetic (e.g. polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyacrylate, polyurethane, polystyrene, glass) or combined textile materials (e.g. cotton/polyester, wool/polyester, nylon/cotton, wool/polyamide). A suitable representative of these materials is e.g.
• Textile material represents a variable group of substances the surface characteristic of which strongly depend on the history/method of its production.
• the principal parameter for metal plating is good wetting of textile fibers in the reaction mixtures of chemical metal plating. Wettability of textile materials, or their high surface tension can be achieved through their suitable treatment (physical, chemical or biological or a combination of methods); however, low time demands represent a precondition for implementation of such treatment within the line according to the present invention.
• a treatment of textile materials, e.g. with permanent hydrophobization, is very complicated and time-consuming and it must carried out separately before the metal plating.
• Fig. 1 presents a schematic description of the structural and technological arrangement of a roll to roll line for metal plating of textile material according to the present invention, which graphically specifies the sequence of consecutive six synchronously proceeding technological operations.
• Textile material in the form of a coil having a defined width is centrally unwound and vertically grouped into a textile material belt consisting of up to five layers of the textile material while the sum of specific weights of individual layers should not exceed 100 g/m 2 .
• the unwinding rate and tension in individual layers are controlled centrally in such a way to be constant, i.e. synchronous in all the parts of the line.
• the unwinding rate is determined by the movement speed of the grouped textile material, its tension being adjusted by the winding and drive units within the line (conveyor belt drives).
• the second part of the continuous line represents a process(es) and suitably designed associated devices wherein the textile material is treated physically or by the action of chemical agents to achieve high wettability in aqueous solutions and to increase adhesion of the metal to the fiber by modifying the fiber surface trough a change of its structure or chemical composition.
• Naturally hydrophilic textile materials e.g. cotton, viscose
• materials that are easily subject to hydrolysis by the action of alkaline hydroxides at an elevated temperature or modification by suitable chemical agents by their adsorption on the surface or surface reaction with surface functional groups of the textile material
• suitable chemical agents by their adsorption on the surface or surface reaction with surface functional groups of the textile material
• do not need to be physically, in this case plasmatically, treated e.g. polyester, polyamide
• textile materials that are naturally strongly hydrophobic and nonreactive e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene
• Plasmatic treatment of textile material in full width is carried out by its continuous passage through a plasma discharge, which is implemented under atmospheric conditions by means of either a barrier discharge, or high- frequency corona. In both the cases, high frequency discharges are employed between two electrodes separated by at least one dielectric with inserted high voltage of up to 80 kV at a frequency of up to 20 kHz, and a power of 400 to 2000 W.
• the time period of exposure to plasma is determined by the movement speed of the textile material and the width of the electrodes and varies on the order of a few seconds.
• the surface of textile fibers is strongly eroded by the effects of plasma due to impacts of accelerated electrons and gas ions. At the same time, impurities are also removed from the surface.
• the fiber surface After plasma treatment, the fiber surface generally exhibits high surface energy (50-60 mN/m), which however rather pertains to a thin low-molecular oxidized layer that is not well attached to the fiber surface. The presence of the said low-molecular oxidized layer then has a very negative effect on adsorption and adhesion of metal nanoparticles and reduces homogeneity of the final metal plating of textile materials.
• the textile material treated by plasma must be subjected to effects of a cleaning bath to remove the low-molecular oxidized layer from the fiber surface, to expose the eroded surface of the fibers, and to adjust concentrations of active groups (-OH, -HCO, -COOH, - NH 2 etc.) on them.
• the textile material has not been subject to plasma treatment, under continuous movement, the textile material is exposed to the effect of chemical agents that do not have the character of surfactants and that are suitably absorbed or superficially react with functional groups (e.g. -OH, -HCO, -COOH, -NH 2 ) on the textile material surface. All these treatments lead to such an increase of subsequent adsorption and adhesion of the respective metal on textile material fibers that would not be possible without their execution.
• the operation parameters of the cleaning bath are adjusted by the selection of solutions, pH and temperature in such a way that the treatment of the textile material should be as efficient as possible within the shortest possible time, on the order of a few minutes, i.e. from 0.5 to 2 minutes.
• the composition of the cleaning bath depends on the type of the textile material, but in general, an alkaline bath with pH in the range of 10 to 14 at the temperatures of 60 to 80 °C is employed.
• the alkaline bath is formulated from aqueous solutions of hydroxides of alkaline metals (NaOH, KOH and LiOH) in the concentration range of 1 to 20% by weight.
• the bath may also comprise additions of oxidizing substances as e.g. hydrogen peroxide (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4) or peroxides of inorganic acids (e.g.
• the above-mentioned alkaline bath can be used, having suitable pH and containing inorganic substances as alkaline silicates, carbonates, phosphates and others.
• the station is structurally designed as a pool bath with vertical immersion and emersion with a subsequent three-roller assembly for pressure removal of excessive solution from the bath by rinsing with demineralized water (distilled water can possibly be used) and vacuum removal of excessive water from the textile material belt.
• demineralized water distilled water can possibly be used
• the design of the part of the line - unit 3 for primary chemical metal plating of textile material in full width under continuous movement is based on using a horizontally situated endless conveyor belt 8 to transport the textile material, to place the textile material in a horizontal position and at the same time to carry a mixture of the reaction solutions no. 1 and no. 2 of the primary chemical metal plating.
• the conveyor with a driving and tensioning assembly of rollers, with a horizontal sliding and flat liner is fitted with a commercial belt or belt made of non- woven foil the width of which is 10 cm bigger than that of the textile material.
• the surface of the belt can be made of PVC, PU, PE, PP, PET etc., the most suitable being PVC.
• the length of the belt is set in such a way that at the given length and movement speed of the belt in the range or 0.5 to 2 meters in a minute, 80% deposition of the metal on the textile material should be accomplished.
• the usual setting of the conveyor length is 1.5 to 3 meters.
• the movement speed of the conveyor belt is the same (synchronous) as the speed of the textile material.
• the primary part of the line further comprises an application device 10, deactivation device 9, belt device IT to eliminate the influence of atmospheric oxygen in the form of an endless belt and a terminal device 12 to clean the chemically metal plated textile material.
• the application device 10 which is situated at the beginning of the conveyor belt 8, must enable simultaneous application of two reaction solutions of primary chemical metal plating under the designations no. 1 and no. 2.
• the mutual ratio of the applied solutions can be adjusted and maintained at a constant ratio while they only get mixed in the 3D structure of the textile material (in situ process).
• Continuous application of the solutions no. 1 and 2 can be realized with the use of generally known operations as e.g. injection with linear transversal movement of the nozzles, dual pouring with longitudinal spreading with a blade or roller or the slot die application.
• the control of the application rate of the solutions in ml/minute must ensure reproducible and 100% filling of the 3D structure of the continuously moving textile material.
• An important part of the conveyor belt is a deactivation device 9 that is situated at the bottom part of the conveyor belt 8.
• the surface of the conveyor belt 8 also gets activated and metal plated and this metal plating must be continuously removed.
• the removal of undesired metal plating from the conveyor belt 8 is achieved through its dissolution with diluted nitric acid (e.g. 10% by weight solution) with a subsequent rinse with demineralized water by means of the deactivation device 9 and mechanical wiping.
• the process of primary metal plating is inhibited by atmospheric oxygen and its influence can be eliminated with a belt device P . to eliminate the influence of atmospheric oxygen in the form of inert atmosphere, or with a barrier made of plastic foil in the form of an endless belt, which however must also be reproducibly cleaned to remove undesired metal plating, namely with diluted nitric acid.
• the station of primary metal plating is terminated with a considerate rinse of the activated textile material in the terminal device 12 with demineralized water with vacuum suction of excessive water.
• the textile material primarily treated this way then continuously passes into the station of secondary chemical metal plating.
• the primary chemical metal plating process is a redox process between complex metal ions contained in the solution no. 1 as oxidizing agents and substances of a reduction character contained in the solution no. 2, whose mutual ratio, concentration, ambient pH and temperature are adjusted in such way for the reaction between them to be accomplished within the time period during which the conveyor belt covers the technological length of 1.5 to 3 meters.
• metal ions of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), silver (Ag) or palladium (Pd) can be used. With respect to the price of silver and palladium, their use is not preferred.
• ions of copper and nickel as such or in a mixture are used.
• the rate of the reaction between the metal ions and reducing substances can be controlled with additives based on substances forming complex compounds with these ions.
• the said general rule is applicable in our case, but according to the present invention it is only restricted to substances having a non-ionic character.
• primary, secondary and tertiary amines or their mixtures that are well soluble in water even at high pH can be preferably used, as e.g.
• ammonia (NH 3 ), ethanolamine (NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH), diethanolamine ((C 2 H 4 OH) 2 NH), triethanolamine ((C 2 H 4 OH) 3 NO), propanolamine (CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 NH 2 ), methylethanolamine (CH 3 NHC 2 H 4 OH), dimethylethanolamine ((CH 3 ) 2 NC 2 H 4 0H)), diethanolmethylamine (CH 3 N(C 2 H 4 OH) 2 ).
• the solution no. 1 for the primary chemical metal plating is adjusted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to pH in the range of 8 to 10, preferably to 8.5 at a set temperature from 20 to 25 °C.
• NaOH sodium hydroxide
• the mutual ratio of the metal ion and amine in the solution no. 1 for primary chemical metal plating is set in the range of 1 : 1 to 1 : 8, the preferred ratio is 1 :4 to 1 :6.
• the solution no. 2 for the primary chemical metal plating is an aqueous solution of a reducing agent in the form of sodium borohydride (NaBFL t ) as such or in mixtures with sodium hypophosphite (NaH 2 P0 2 H 2 0).
• aBFL t sodium borohydride
• NaH 2 P0 2 H 2 0 sodium hypophosphite
• pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to the value of 12 to 14.
• the solutions no. 1 and no. 2 of the primary chemical metal plating can be applied onto the textile material in mutual volume ratios of 10:1 to 1: 10 while the ratios of 2: 1 to 1:2 are mostly preferred, the 1:1 ratio being advantageously used.
• the surface of fibers of the textile material is covered by nanocrystals of the used metals and their amorphous alloys with boron and partly phosphorus in the form of a continuous film with a very high surface resistance (some MW to tens of MW per square; within this invention, the term square refers to a delimited area of textile material in full width, with the dimensions of 5x5 cm, while the dimensions of the sides of the delimited area are not restricted in any way, or they result from the sensitivity and accuracy of the used measurement device of surface resistance, respectively), which represents the basis for the catalytic and autocatalytic processes of the secondary chemical metal plating in the next stage.
• the design of the primary part of the chemical metal plating is terminated by a rinse of the textile material with demineralized water and suction of its excess.
• a part of the line device - unit 4 intended for the secondary chemical metal plating of textile material in full width during continuous movement is structurally designed in the same way as the station for the primary chemical metal plating according to the present invention. It is based on a conveyor belt 8), preferably made of PYC, that comprises the same application device 10 of the solutions of the secondary chemical metal plating no. 3 and no. 4, the same deactivation device 9 for continuous cleaning of the conveyor belt 8f to remove undesired metal plating, a belt device 14/ to eliminate atmospheric oxygen and a terminal device 12 to remove residues of the chemical metal plating solutions.
• the length of the conveyor belt 8) varies in the range of 2 to 6 meters depending on the selected metal plating technology.
• the secondary chemical metal plating process according to the present invention is again a redox process between complex metal ions as oxidizers and substances of a reducing character whose mutual ratio, concentration, ambient pH and the temperature are adjusted in such a way for the reaction to be accomplished within the 3D structure of the textile and within the time period that is determined by the movement speed of the conveyor belt and its length (2 to 6 meters).
• a substantial change in the secondary metal plating process as compared to the primary metal plating is a change of the reaction mechanism from the process of thermodynamically unstable reduction of metallic ions in the entire volume of the reaction solution to catalytic and autocatalytic processes, mostly restricted to the resulting primary metal plating surface.
• the secondary metal plating solution produced by mixing of the reaction mixtures referred to as no. 3 and 4 together, is relatively stable at a normal temperature, but on contact with the primary metal plating layer a quick catalytic or autocatalytic reaction occurs that is associated with precipitation of metal on the primary metal plating surface.
• metal ions of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni) or their mixtures can be used again, namely in the form of their sulfate and hypophosphite salts, which are converted to mixed complexes of non-ionic amines in the secondary chemical metal plating solution no. 3.
• primary, secondary and tertiary amines or their mixtures can be used again, e.g. ammonia (NH 3 ), ethanolamine (NH2 H4OFI), diethanolamine ((C 2 H 4 OH)2NH), triethanolamine ((C2H4 OH) 3 NO), propanolamine (CH 3 CH(OH)CH2NH 2 ), methylethanolamine (CH 3 NF1C2H40H), dimethylethanolamine ((CH 3 ) 2 NC 2 H40H)), diethanolmethylamine (CH 3 N(C 2 H 4 OH) 2 ).
• ammonia NH 3
• ethanolamine NH2 H4OFI
• diethanolamine (C 2 H 4 OH)2NH)
• triethanolamine ((C2H4 OH) 3 NO)
• propanolamine CH(OH)CH2NH 2 )
• methylethanolamine CH 3 NF1C2H40H
• dimethylethanolamine ((CH 3 ) 2 NC 2 H40H))
• pH values of the solutions no. 3 are adjusted in the range of 9 to 11, preferably to 9.5 to 10 at a set temperature of 20 to 40_°C.
• the mutual ratio of the metal ion and amine in the solution no. 3 is set in the range of 1:1 to 1 :4, the preferred ratio is 1 :2 to 1 :3.
• the secondary chemical metal plating solution no. 4 is an aqueous solution of the reducing agent sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) with possible additions of sodium hypophosphite the pH of which is adjusted to pH 12 to 14 with sodium hydroxide.
• NaBH 4 sodium borohydride
• the concentrations of the secondary chemical metal plating solutions are 10 to 20 times higher than the concentrations of the primary chemical metal plating solutions.
• the mutual volume ratio of the secondary chemical metal plating solutions during application is preferably in the range of 1 :2 to 2: 1 while their total volume per a time unit must at least correspond to the free volume in the 3D structure of the textile material to be metal plated during the said time unit.
• the final product of the secondary chemical metal plating station is electrically conductive textile material with the area resistance of 10 to 100 W per square, which is cleaned by vacuum suction of residues of the secondary chemical metal plating solutions, rinsing with demineralized water and vacuum suction of excessive water.
• the clean metal plated textile material continuously passes to the electroplating station at the rate of 0.5 to 2.0 meters in a minute. 5. Electroplating of textile material
• the design of the line part - device 5 for electroplating of textile material in full width under continuous movement according to the present invention is based on the conventional electroplating technology of the pool type with external filtration, a basket anode with replenishment of the anode metal and a cathode, which is the chemically metal plated textile material.
• the anode metal can be Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Cu, Sn, Zn, In, Bi, Cr and their alloys while electroplating baths are solutions of the respective metal salts, mostly in the sulfate or chloride form (e.g. copper sulfate (CuS0 4 -5H 2 0), tin sulfate (SnS0 4 ), zinc sulfate or chloride (ZnS0 4 or ZnCl 2 ), nickel chloride (NiCl 2 )).
• CuS0 4 -5H 2 0 copper sulfate
• SnS0 4 tin sulfate
• ZnS0 4 or ZnCl 2 zinc sulfate or chloride
• NiCl 2 nickel chloride
• the bath can comprise gloss-making, wetting or other additives modifying the resulting electroplating of the textile material, which must exhibit the required electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties.
• the entire electroplating process is continuously monitored and adjusted as necessary to reproducibly achieve these characteristics.
• the compositions of electroplating baths and precipitation conditions as the cathodic and anodic current density and inserted voltage are generally known and have been widely published in the world [5-7]
• the electroplated textile material is also cleaned by vacuum suction of the residues of the solution from the electroplating baths, rinsing with demineralized water and vacuum suction of excessive water.
• the metal plated textile can be already protected from atmospheric and chemical corrosion through the selection of corrosion-resistant alloys, e.g. copper-nickel (also referred to as white copper) in the chemical metal plating or electroplating stages.
• corrosion-resistant alloys e.g. copper-nickel (also referred to as white copper) in the chemical metal plating or electroplating stages.
• Corrosion resistant-metals and alloys are suitable, but in most cases their entire metallic surface exhibits a high friction coefficient value and subsequently, such materials easily abrade against each other. In the case of textile material, this is a substantial defect.
• One possibility of increasing the corrosion and abrasion resistance of metal plated surface consists in fitting the surface with a protective layer with high adhesion to the metallic surface even under wet conditions (hydrophobic properties) and with a low friction coefficient.
• the metal plated textile can be fitted with a protective layer in a varnishing device 6 by varnishing under continuous movement by immersion into a bath with commercially available water-dilutable dispersion and emulsion varnishes and glazing, mostly based on highly hydrophobic fluorocarbon polymers of type C8 or C6 or lubricants on the basis of sodium alkyl thiolates, or formulated with the presence of nanoparticles (nanotechnology) [8].
• the varnishing or application of lubricants require processes that will not cause a considerable reduction of permeability of the textile material (according to EN ISO 9237) and will not change its sensual characteristics and especially will not cause sticking of the grouped textile belt together.
• the said characteristics and conditions during continuous wetting of textile material in full width can be achieved using the process according to the present invention, which is characterized by adjusting the viscosity and concentration of varnishes or lubricants to such a value that the subsequent pressure treatment on rollers, vacuum suction of excessive varnish or lubricant, overpressure separation of individual textile layers with hot air and final hot air drying at temperatures of 80 to 200 °C for several minutes should only reduce the air permeability by 10% at the most. If the said technological operations do not cause sticking of the grouped textile belt together and the 10% limit or permeability reduction is met, good sensual feeling of the textile and high-quality protective function of the varnish or lubricant can be expected.
• the final product in the form of metal plated, varnished and dry textile material in full width is continuously divided into individual centrally controlled coils in the ungrouping device 7 according to this invention.
• the winding rate and tension is synchronized with the unwinding and line processes through the central control unit.
• the winding device 7 comprises a structural and program solution of the need to change the tension in the textile belts on transition from the technological part to the winding part. Winding sometimes requires a different tension due to tightening of the wound textile on the beam.
• Fig. 1 - A schematic description of the structural and technological arrangement of the continuous roll to roll line
• the input textile material is non-woven polyester textile with the width of 1.1 m and specific weight of 30 g/m 2 .
• the unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material is 1 meter in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is one layer.
• the chemical treatment is carried out in a bath with the composition of 100 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 10 g of sodium percarbonate (Na 2 C0 3 ⁇ l,5H 2 0 2 ) per 1000 ml of demineralized water (DW) at the temperature of 60 °C for 1 minute.
• the primary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 2 minutes (the length of the conveyor belt is 2 meters) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen.
• the secondary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 5 minutes (the length of the conveyor belt is 5 meters).
• the continuous electroplating proceeds in a constant current electroplating (galvanostatic) mode for 1 minute. Further, continuous wetting is carried out in the Pragokor Seal Cu protective varnish, then overpressure dewatering and hot-air drying at 120°C for 2 minutes.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 - 5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 - 6II 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBHfi, 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Copper plating bath Pragogal 2500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Cu anode.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 26 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Copper plating bath Pragogal 2500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Cu anode.
• Fig. no. 2 shows an example of attenuation of electromagnetic radiation (axis Y in the range of 0 to 100 dB) with the above mentioned exemplary treated textile material depending on the radiation frequency (axis X in the range of 30 MHz to 1.5 GHz).
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Tin plating bath Pragogal 5500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Sn anode.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 - 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Zinc plating bath Pragogal 3700, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Zn anode.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g ofNaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 26 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g ofNaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Nickel plating bath Pragogal 1051, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Ni anode.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 0.5 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 24.5 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating no electroplating.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 1.0 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 24.0 g of CuS0 4 - 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g ofNaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating no electroplating.
• the input textile material is non- woven polyester textile with the width of 1.1 m and specific weight of 10 g/m 2 .
• the unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material is 1 meter in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is 3 layers.
• the chemical treatment is carried out in a bath with a composition of 100 g of NaOH and 15 ml of hydrogen peroxide (35%) per 1000 ml of demineralized water (DW) at the temperature of 60°C for 1 minute.
• the primary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 2 minutes (the length of the conveyor belt is 2 meters) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen.
• the secondary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 5 minutes (the length of the conveyor belt is 5 meters). It is followed by overpressure dewatering and hot-air drying at 120°C for 2 minutes.
• Solution no. 1 4 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 2 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 15 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 1.0 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 24.0 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 1 2 g of CuS0 - 5H 2 0, 4 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 10 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 6.5 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 18.5 g of CuS0 4 - 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g ofNaBH 4 , 4 g ofNaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• the input textile material is non- oven polyester textile with the width of 1.1 meters and specific weight of 10 g/m 2 . Unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material 0.75 meters in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is 3 layers.
• Primary chemical metal plating in the range of 2.7 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 2 meters) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen. Secondary chemical metal plating in the range of 6.6 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 5 meters).
• Solution no. 1 6 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 8 g of triethanolamine, 8 g of sodium hypophosphite per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 6.5 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 18.5 g of CuS0 4 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• the input textile material is non- woven viscose textile with the width of 1.1 m and specific weight of 45 g/m 2 . Unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material 1.5 meters in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is 1 layer.
• Primary chemical metal plating in the range of 1.3 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 2 meters) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen. Secondary chemical metal plating in the range of 3.5 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 5 meters).
• Overpressure dewatering and hot-air drying at 180 °C for 2.2 minutes Example no. 11
• Solution no. 1 5 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 1 g of AgN0 3 , 10 g triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Copper plating bath Pragogal 2500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Cu anode.
• the input textile material is viscose non-twisted endless fibers in the warp arrangement in the width of 1.1 meters. Unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material 1.0 meter in a minute. Primary chemical metal plating in the range of 2.0 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 2 m) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen. Secondary chemical metal plating in the range of 5.0 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 5 meters). Overpressure dewatering and hot-air drying at 180 °C for 2.2 minutes
• Solution no. 1 5 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 1 g of AgN0 3 , 10 g triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• the input textile material is non- woven polypropylene textile with the width of 1.1 meters and specific weight of 30 g/m 2 .
• the unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material is 1 meter in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is one layer.
• Primary chemical metal plating in the range of 2 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 2 meters) in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen. Secondary chemical metal plating in the range of 5 minutes (length of the conveyor belt 5 meters).
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 - 5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 ' 6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 25 g of CuS0 4 ⁇ 5H 2 0, 30 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 9.5.
• Solution no. 4 2 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Copper plating bath Pragogal 2500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Cu anode.
• the input textile material is non- woven polyester textile with the width of 1.1 m and specific weight of 30 g/m 2 .
• the unwinding and winding rate and travel speed of the textile material is 0.5 meter in a minute.
• the number of layers of the textile material to be metal plated is one layer.
• the chemical treatment is carried out in a bath with the composition of 20 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) per 1000 ml of demineralized water (DW) for 1 minute.
• the primary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 6 minutes in a protective barrier atmosphere against oxygen.
• the secondary chemical metal plating proceeds in the range of 4 minutes and electroplating realizes with the same time-out in an adjusted a constant current electroplating mode.
• Solution no. 1 3 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 3 g of NiS0 4 -6H 2 0, 14 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW, pH 8.5.
• Solution no. 2 0.5 g of NaBH 4 , 1 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 3 50 g of CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 70 g of triethanolamine per 1 liter of DW.
• Solution no. 4 4 g of NaBH 4 , 4 g of NaOH per 1 liter of DW.
• Electroplating Copper plating bath Pragogal 2500, Pragochema a.s. Praha, Cu anode.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
• Chemically Coating (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=70483202

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (3)

Cited By (1)

Citations (14)

Family Cites Families (5)

• 2018
  • 2018-11-06 CZ CZ2018-606A patent/CZ308348B6/cs unknown
• 2019
  • 2019-11-06 EP EP19805516.2A patent/EP3877583B1/en active Active
  • 2019-11-06 WO PCT/CZ2019/000053 patent/WO2020094162A1/en not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (15)

Non-Patent Citations (5)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events