Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
  • H03F3/24—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages
  • H03F3/245—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers of transmitter output stages with semiconductor devices only
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
  • G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
  • G01R27/04—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant in circuits having distributed constants, e.g. having very long conductors or involving high frequencies
  • G01R27/06—Measuring reflection coefficients; Measuring standing-wave ratio
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
  • H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
  • H03F1/0211—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the supply voltage or current
  • H03F1/0216—Continuous control
  • H03F1/0233—Continuous control by using a signal derived from the output signal, e.g. bootstrapping the voltage supply
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
  • H03F3/189—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
  • H03F3/19—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
  • H03F3/193—High-frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only with field-effect devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
  • H03G3/00—Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers
  • H03G3/20—Automatic control
  • H03G3/30—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices
  • H03G3/3036—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers
  • H03G3/3042—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers in modulators, frequency-changers, transmitters or power amplifiers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
  • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
  • H04B1/3827—Portable transceivers
  • H04B1/3833—Hand-held transceivers
  • H04B1/3838—Arrangements for reducing RF exposure to the user, e.g. by changing the shape of the transceiver while in use
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
  • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
  • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
  • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
  • H04W52/30—Transmission power control [TPC] using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/132—Hybrid coupler placed in a feedback circuit of an amplifier
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/198—A hybrid coupler being used as coupling circuit between stages of an amplifier circuit
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
  • H03F2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers
  • H03F2200/471—Indexing scheme relating to amplifiers the voltage being sensed
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
  • H04B1/02—Transmitters
  • H04B1/04—Circuits
  • H04B1/0458—Arrangements for matching and coupling between power amplifier and antenna or between amplifying stages
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
  • H04B1/02—Transmitters
  • H04B1/04—Circuits
  • H04B2001/0408—Circuits with power amplifiers

Definitions

• Hand-held and other electronic devices that transmit radio frequency (RF) signals are known to emit radiation that can be absorbed by persons in close proximity to the electronic device. Exposure to such radiation is sometimes referred to as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) exposure.
• SAR Specific Absorption Rate
• the Federal Communications Commission mandates requirements for the level of SAR exposure that can be generated by specified devices, such as cell phones. Because the amount of radiation generated by an electronic device is proportional to the amount of power used to generate the corresponding transmitted RF signal (the transmit power), the FCC requirements can be met by placing a limit on the maximum transmit power for the device. However, limiting the transmit power of the device in this way can undesirably reduce the transmit range and reliability for the device.
• Some devices employ a dynamic power control scheme, wherein dedicated proximity sensors detect the presence of a person near the device, and in response temporarily reduce the transmit power.
• dedicated proximity sensors detect the presence of a person near the device, and in response temporarily reduce the transmit power.
• conventional dynamic power control schemes are difficult to implement, requiring additional hardware, such as proximity sensors, and/or complex software development.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic device that controls transmit RF power based on monitoring a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) on a signal path between a power amplifier and an antenna in accordance with some embodiments.
• FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a power control feedback loop of the electronic device of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments.
• VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
• FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of transmit power control based on user proximity to the electronic device of FIG. 1 in accordance with some
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a method of controlling transmit power at an electronic device based on monitoring VSWR in accordance with some
• FIGs. 1 -4 illustrate techniques for controlling transmit RF power at an electronic device based on monitoring a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
• the electronic device includes a power amplifier that sets the power of a transmit signal that is transmitted via an antenna of the device, and further includes a VSWR detector to identify the VSWR at a signal path between the antenna and the power amplifier.
• a person e.g., a user
• a power controller of the electronic device sets a gain of the power amplifier based on the VSWR to ensure that the SAR exposure to the person is maintained below a specified threshold.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an electronic device 100 that controls transmit power based on monitoring VSWR in accordance with some embodiments.
• the electronic device 100 is any device that transmits signals and whose proximity to a user or other person varies during normal use.
• the electronic device 100 is a handheld device such as a cell phone or a tablet, a laptop or desktop computer, a server, a game console, and the like.
• the electronic device 100 includes modules and circuits not specifically illustrated at FIG. 1 , such as one or more processing units (e.g. CPUs and GPUs) configured to execute instructions to perform operations on behalf of the electronic device 100.
• the processing units generate data for transmission via a wireless transceiver of the electronic device 100.
• the wireless transceiver is generally configured to transmit data according to one or more corresponding wireless communication standards, such as one or more Bluetooth, wireless local area network (WLAN), and wireless wide area network (WWAN) standards.
• WLAN wireless local area network
• WWAN wireless wide area network
• FIG. 1 illustrates portions of the above-referenced wireless transceiver, including a power amplifier 102 and an antenna 104.
• the power amplifier 102 is generally configured to receive an input signal representing data to be transmitted and to amplify a magnitude of the input signal based on the gain of the power amplifier 102.
• the gain of the power amplifier 102 is an adjustable value that is controlled by a signal designated POWER CONTROL.
• the electronic device 100 is configured to adjust the POWER
• CONTROL signal and therefore the gain of the power amplifier 102 to maintain SAR exposure associated with the electronic device 100 within acceptable limits.
• the antenna 104 is generally configured to receive the output signal (that is, the amplified input signal) of the power amplifier 102 via a signal path and to wirelessly transmit the received signal.
• the signal path is a transmission line, metal wire or other conductor that transfers signals from the power amplifier 102 to the antenna 104.
• the signal path can include one or more modules not specifically illustrated at FIG. 1 , such as one or more filters, couplers, diodes, and the like to support good signal fidelity and other specified requirements for the transferred signal.
• a user or other person in proximity to the electronic device 100 is exposed to near field RF radiation as a result of the antenna 104 transmitting
• the electronic device 100 employs a directional coupler 108 to provide a reflected signal from the antenna 104 to a VSWR detector 1 10, which detects increased reflection from the antenna caused by the close near field proximity of a person to the antenna 104 and adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal based on the detected proximity. For example, in response to detecting that a person is within a threshold distance to the antenna 104 as indicated by an increase in the magnitude of the reflected signal, the VSWR detector 1 10 adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal to reduce the gain of the power amplifier 102.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal to increase the gain of the power amplifier 102, thereby increasing the transmit power for the signal transmitted by the antenna 104.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 dynamically adjusts the transmit power of the electronic device 100 based on a person’s proximity to the antenna 104, thereby maintaining SAR exposure below the specified limit while supporting sufficient transmit power for a satisfactory user experience.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 identifies the VSWR along the signal path. Close proximity to the antenna refers to the near field region of the antenna that is susceptible to impedance changes, thus increasing the magnitude of reflected signal in the intended frequency band when loaded by a human body. In some embodiments, the VSWR detector 1 10 identifies the VSWR by monitoring a power level, referred to as reflected power, of a reflected signal transmitted along the signal path, and calculates the VSWR according to the following formula:
• V t is the voltage magnitude of the signal provided by the power amplifier 102 along the signal path and V r is the voltage magnitude of the reflected signal along the signal path.
• V r In operation, in the absence of a person in relatively close proximity to the antenna 104, V r is relatively low, and therefore the VSWR value is also relatively low. As the person moves in close proximity to the antenna 104, V r increases as signals are reflected by the person to the antenna 104 and the signal path. The increase in V r results in an increase in the VSWR value. In response to the increase in the VSWR value, the VSWR detector adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal to reduce the gain of the power amplifier, thus reducing the SAR exposure level when the person moves in close proximity to the antenna 104.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 is configured to adjust the POWER CONTROL signal based on the relationship of the VSWR value to one or more threshold values.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 compares the VSWR level to a threshold value corresponding to a specified proximity of a person to the antenna 104.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 adjusts the gain of the power amplifier 102, using the POWER CONTROL signal, by a specified amount.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal to maintain a specified relationship, such as a specified linear relationship or other specified mathematical relationship, between the VSWR level and the gain of the power amplifier 102.
• the one or more thresholds or the mathematical relationship that govern modification of the gain of the power amplifier 102 are, or are based on, programmable values that are set by a programmer of the electronic device 100.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit diagram of a circuit 200 including a feedback control loop that adjusts a gain of a power amplifier based on a measured VSWR in accordance with some embodiments.
• the circuit 200 is employed at the electronic device 100 and forms at least a portion of the VSWR detector 1 10.
• the circuit 200 includes a power amplifier 202 (corresponding in some embodiments to the power amplifier 102 of FIG. 1 ), an antenna 204 (corresponding in some embodiments to the antenna 104 of FIG. 1 ), a filter 206, a directional coupler 208, a resistor 214, an RF detector 217 including a diode 212 and a driver 216, and a control module 218.
• the power amplifier 202 includes an input to receive an input signal and an output.
• the filter 206 includes an input connected to the output of the power amplifier 202 and an output.
• the directional coupler 208 includes a terminal connected to the output of the filter 206, a terminal connected to the antenna 204, a terminal connected to a terminal of the RF detector 217, and a terminal connected to a terminal of the resistor 214.
• the resistor 214 includes another terminal connected to a ground reference voltage.
• the control module 218 includes an input connected to the output of the RF detector 217 and an output to provide the POWER CONTROL signal to the power amplifier 202.
• the directional coupler 208 is generally arranged so that the input port is connected to the output of the filter 206, transmitted port is coupled to the antenna 204, the coupled port is connected to the resistor 214, and the isolated port is connected to the input of RF detector 217.
• the directional coupler 208 is thus connected, and the resistor 214 sized, so that in the absence of a presence near the antenna 204, and assuming the power amplifier 202 is providing the output signal at a nominal power level, the amount of reflected power at the isolated port (and therefore at the input of the RF detector 217) is relatively low.
• the effective impedance of the antenna 204 is altered, so that the amount of reflected power at the negative input of the detector circuit increases.
• the control module 218 is generally configured to measure the signal provided by the RF detector 217 and based on the measured signal generate VSWR values for the signal provided to the antenna 204.
• the control module 218 is further configured to compare the measured VSWR value to a programmable control threshold and, in response to determining that the VSWR value exceeds the threshold, sets the POWER CONTROL to reduce the gain of the power amplifier 202, reducing the power of the output signal provided to the antenna 204, thereby reducing SAR radiation levels to within a specified tolerance.
• the control module 218 continues to measure the reflected power from the antenna 204 and, in response to the VSWR value falling below the threshold (indicating that the person is no longer within the threshold proximity of the antenna 204) sets the POWER control signal to return the power of the output signal to the nominal power level.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a diagrams 330, 331 , and 332 that together illustrate an example of transmit power control based on user proximity to the electronic device 100 of FIG. 1 in accordance with some embodiments.
• the x axes of each of the diagrams 330, 331 , and 332 each represent time, while the y-axis of the diagram 330 represents the VSWR measured by the VSWR detector 1 10, the y-axis of the diagram 331 represents the RF power of the output signal of the power amplifier 102, and the y-axis of the diagram 332 represents the level of SAR radiation emitted by the antenna 104.
• a human body prior to a time 335, a human body is not within a threshold proximity to the antenna 104. Accordingly, the VSWR detected by the VSWR detector 1 10 is below a threshold level 336. The VSWR detector 1 10 thereby sets the POWER CONTROL signal to set the power output of the power amplifier 102 to a maximum level. Therefore, prior to the time 335 the level of SAR radiation is above a threshold set by the FCC, as illustrated by diagram 332. At time 335, a human body moves within a threshold proximity to the antenna 104, thereby increasing the VSWR above the threshold level 3336.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 adjusts the POWER CONTROL signal to reduce the power of the output signal of the power amplifier 102, as illustrated by diagram 331 .
• the adjustment in the POWER CONTROL signal causes the level of SAR radiation to fall below the FCC threshold, as illustrated by diagram 332.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 400 of controlling transmit power at an electronic device based on monitoring VSWR in accordance with some
• the method 400 is described with respect to an example implementation at the electronic device 100 of FIG. 1.
• the electronic device 100 is turned on or reset.
• the proximity of a person to the antenna 104 is unknown. Accordingly, to ensure that SAR exposure is maintained within specified limits, the electronic device 100 initializes the power amplifier 102 to have a relatively low gain.
• the VSWR detector 1 10 measures the VSWR along the signal path and compares the VSWR to a threshold value. If the VSWR is below the threshold value, the method flow moves to block 406 and the VSWR detector 1 10 sets the POWER CONTROL signal to increase the gain of the power amplifier 102 to a full, nominal level. The method flow returns to block 404 and the VSWR detector 1 10 continues to monitor the VSWR along the signal path. At block 404, in response to the VSWR detector 1 10 determining that the VSWR is above the threshold value, the method flow moves to block 408 and the VSWR detector detects the amount of reflected power along the signal path.
• the VSWR detector Based on the reflected power, the VSWR detector sets the POWER CONTROL signal to reduce the gain of the power amplifier 102. At block 410, based on the adjusted POWER CONTROL signal, the gain of the power amplifier 102 is reduced, thereby reducing SAR exposure to any person in proximity to the antenna 104.
• a method includes: identifying a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) for a voltage provided by a power amplifier to an antenna; and adjusting the power amplifier in response to the VSWR indicating a human body presence in near field proximity to the antenna.
• identifying the VSWR includes: detecting a reflected signal on a signal path between the power amplifier and the antenna; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflected signal.
• identifying VSWR includes: identifying a reflection coefficient based on the reflected signal and a signal transmitted to the antenna along the signal path; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflection coefficient.
• detecting the reflected signal includes: detecting the reflected signal at a directional coupler in the signal path, and using an RF detector to rectify the reflected signal.
• adjusting the power amplifier includes:
• adjusting the power amplifier includes: reducing a power output of the power amplifier by an adjustment amount, the adjustment amount based on the VSWR.
• a method includes: identifying a proximity of a human body presence to an antenna of a device based on a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) for a voltage provided by a power amplifier to the antenna; and adjusting the power amplifier based on the identified proximity.
• VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio
• adjusting the power amplifier includes: adjusting a power supplied to the power amplifier by a first amount in response to identifying the proximity is within a first threshold; and adjusting the power supplied the power amplifier by a second amount in response to identifying the proximity is within a second threshold.
• adjusting the power amplifier includes: adjusting a power supplied to the power amplifier to a pre-calibrated level in response to identifying the proximity is within a threshold.
• the threshold is a programmable value.
• the method includes: detecting a reflected signal on a signal path between the power amplifier and the antenna; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflected signal.
• identifying VSWR includes: identifying a reflection coefficient based on the reflected signal and a signal transmitted to the antenna along the signal path; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflection coefficient.
• a device includes: a power amplifier; an antenna coupled to the power amplifier via a signal path or transmission line; a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) detector configured to identify a VSWR for a voltage provided by a power amplifier to the antenna; and a power control module configured to adjust the power amplifier in response to the VSWR indicating a human body presence in proximity to the antenna.
• the VSWR module identifies the VSWR by: detecting a reflected signal on a signal path between the power amplifier and the antenna; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflected signal.
• the VSWR module identifies the VSWR by: identifying a reflection coefficient based on the reflected signal and a signal transmitted to the antenna along the signal path; and identifying the VSWR based on the reflection coefficient.
• the device includes a directional coupler, and wherein the VSWR detector detects the reflected signal at a directional coupler in the signal path.
• the power control module is to adjust the power amplifier by:
• the power control module is to adjust the power amplifier by:
• a computer readable storage medium may include any non-transitory storage medium, or combination of non-transitory storage media, accessible by a computer system during use to provide instructions and/or data to the computer system.
• Such storage media can include, but is not limited to, optical media (e.g., compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-Ray disc), magnetic media (e.g., floppy disc, magnetic tape, or magnetic hard drive), volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or cache), non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) or Flash memory), or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based storage media.
• optical media e.g., compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-Ray disc
• magnetic media e.g., floppy disc, magnetic tape, or magnetic hard drive
• volatile memory e.g., random access memory (RAM) or cache
• non-volatile memory e.g., read-only memory (ROM) or Flash memory
• MEMS microelectromechanical systems
• the computer readable storage medium may be embedded in the computing system (e.g., system RAM or ROM), fixedly attached to the computing system (e.g., a magnetic hard drive), removably attached to the computing system (e.g., an optical disc or Universal Serial Bus (USB)-based Flash memory), or coupled to the computer system via a wired or wireless network (e.g., network accessible storage (NAS)).
• system RAM or ROM system RAM or ROM
• USB Universal Serial Bus
• NAS network accessible storage
• certain aspects of the techniques described above may implemented by one or more processors of a processing system executing software.
• the software comprises one or more sets of executable instructions stored or otherwise tangibly embodied on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium.
• the software can include the instructions and certain data that, when executed by the one or more processors, manipulate the one or more processors to perform one or more aspects of the techniques described above.
• the non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, for example, a magnetic or optical disk storage device, solid state storage devices such as Flash memory, a cache, random access memory (RAM) or other non-volatile memory device or devices, and the like.
• the executable instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable storage medium may be in source code, assembly language code, object code, or other instruction format that is interpreted or otherwise executable by one or more processors.
• the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Quality & Reliability (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Transmitters (AREA)
• Transceivers (AREA)

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• 2018
  • 2018-07-31 US US16/050,984 patent/US20200044612A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2019
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  • 2019-07-17 JP JP2021504815A patent/JP2021532674A/ja active Pending
  • 2019-07-17 KR KR1020217003119A patent/KR20210027438A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 2019-07-17 EP EP19845416.7A patent/EP3830964A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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