WO2019214771A1 - Ermitteln einer aschebeladung eines partikelfilters für einen verbrennungsmotor - Google Patents
Ermitteln einer aschebeladung eines partikelfilters für einen verbrennungsmotor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019214771A1 WO2019214771A1 PCT/DE2019/100398 DE2019100398W WO2019214771A1 WO 2019214771 A1 WO2019214771 A1 WO 2019214771A1 DE 2019100398 W DE2019100398 W DE 2019100398W WO 2019214771 A1 WO2019214771 A1 WO 2019214771A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- regeneration
- particulate filter
- measuring device
- load
- size
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
- F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
- F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F02D41/029—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a particulate filter
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1448—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
- F01N2560/08—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a pressure sensor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/04—Methods of control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0422—Methods of control or diagnosing measuring the elapsed time
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/0601—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing being estimated
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/14—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust gas
- F01N2900/1406—Exhaust gas pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
- F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
- F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
- F01N2900/1611—Particle filter ash amount
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/08—Exhaust gas treatment apparatus parameters
- F02D2200/0812—Particle filter loading
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the invention relates to a measuring device and a measuring method for determining an ash charge of a particle filter for a
- a discharge time is determined in which the previously stored in the particulate filter oxygen is discharged. Based on the discharge time, the loading of the particulate filter with ash is determined.
- Claim can form its own and independent of the combination of all features of the independent claim invention, the subject of an independent claim, a
- a first aspect of the invention relates to a measuring device for determining an ash charge of a particulate filter for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
- the particulate filter is loaded with soot during operation of the internal combustion engine.
- the ashes are usually made
- the loading of the particulate filter thus comprises at least the loading of the particulate filter with ash and the loading of the particulate filter with soot.
- a regeneration process of the particulate filter is performed in such a way that after the completion of the regeneration process a predetermined, minimal soot load remains in the particulate filter.
- Soot loading can, for example, depending on the
- Efficiency of the particulate filter during the development of the particulate filter, internal combustion engine or motor vehicle can be specified.
- the predetermined minimum soot loading during the Operation of the particulate filter also fits, in particular
- soot is burned in the particulate filter.
- the regeneration process serves in particular to prevent a complete loading of the particulate filter, which increased to an
- the invention is based on the finding that the efficiency of the particulate filter depends inter alia on the loading of the particulate filter with soot.
- a comparatively high efficiency is achieved in particular only when the particulate filter is loaded with at least a minimum load of soot. For example, this may be a
- the measuring device is set up, downstream of the particle filter by means of a downstream exhaust gas in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine
- the pressure sensor may also be mounted upstream of the exhaust gas upstream of the particulate filter.
- the pressure sensor can also be set up in particular
- the particulate filter may include an upstream exhaust upstream of the particulate filter and an upstream exhaust downstream of the particulate filter.
- the pressure sensor can also be set up to measure the differential pressure only to measure the pressure upstream of the particle filter and to determine the pressure downstream of the particle filter by means of a model of the components following the particle filter in the exhaust system.
- the differential pressure optionally determined by the pressure sensor can be used, for example, to determine the actual regeneration variable.
- the measuring device can be arranged in particular, by means of the pressure sensor for the loading of the particulate filter before the
- the load size may be, in particular, a pressure or a variable that is characteristic of a pressure, which is standardized, for example, by means of the values of further influencing factors (eg temperature).
- the actual regeneration variable can be determined by the measuring device as a function of the deviation between the two load sizes.
- At the deviation between the two Loading variables may be, for example, a difference between the two load sizes or a ratio of the two sizes to each other.
- Ash charge of the particulate filter increases continuously and can not be reduced by a regeneration of the particulate filter. However, the ash load of the particulate filter increases so slowly that
- the simplifying assumption can be made that the ash charge before the regeneration process substantially corresponds to the ash charge after the regeneration process and thus does not change.
- the measuring device is also set up, depending on the regeneration size and one for the duration of the
- Regeneration process characteristic size to determine the ash load of the particulate filter.
- Regeneration process characteristic size may in particular be a continuous time interval, for example, be specified in milliseconds. Alternatively, it can in particular also be a discrete time measurement, for example the number of regeneration processes carried out.
- the measuring device is set up, by means of a combustion model as a function of the time duration of the regeneration process, one for the load burn-up in the
- Regeneration process characteristic modeled regeneration size to determine.
- the burn-up model gives an expected reduction in the loading of the particle filter by the regeneration process Depending on the duration of the regeneration process before. At one compared to a short regeneration process long
- Regeneration process gives the burn-up model, for example, a greater reduction in the loading of the particulate filter.
- the measuring device is also set up, the ash charge of the particulate filter in response to a deviation between the
- Regeneration size and the modeled regeneration variable may be, for example, the difference between the actual
- Regeneration size and the modeled regeneration size act. Alternatively, it may, for example, also be the ratio of the actual regeneration variable to the modeled regeneration variable. Alternatively, for example, it may also be the ratio of the modeled regeneration variable to the actual
- the measuring device can be set up with a comparatively large deviation between the actual
- Regeneration size and the modeled regeneration size to determine a comparatively high ash load of the particulate filter.
- the measuring device can be set up in particular to determine a comparatively low ash charge of the particle filter with a comparatively small deviation between the actual regeneration variable and the modeled regeneration variable.
- the burn-up model is set up to determine the modeled regeneration variable characteristic of the load burn-up in the regeneration process as a function of an exhaust gas volume flow and / or an exhaust gas temperature and / or a loading of the particle filter.
- the measuring device is set up by means of the pressure sensor for the loading of the
- the measuring device is set up, the modeled
- Regeneration size as a function of the deviation between the two load sizes to determine.
- the deviation may, for example, be the difference between the two load sizes or the ratio of the two load sizes to one another.
- the measuring device is set up, in each case at least two times an actual
- Deviation between the actual regeneration variable and the modeled regeneration variable is greater at the second time than at the first time.
- the invention is based on the finding that the ash charge of the particle filter, which increases over time, leads to an ever greater deviation of the actual regeneration variable from the modeled regeneration variable.
- the measuring device is set up, in each case at least three times an actual
- the aggregation of the deviation may be the determination of an arithmetic mean or median value.
- the aggregated deviation can, for example, be disjointed over each
- Time points are determined.
- the aggregated deviation can be determined as a floating value.
- the invention is based on the finding that the deviation between the actual regeneration variable and the modeled regeneration variable could possibly be subjected to serious, punctual interfering influences. These punctual interferences could be identified and compensated by the aggregation in the sense of a filtering.
- the measuring device is set up by means of the pressure sensor for the loading of the
- the measuring device is set up to start the regeneration process when a first threshold value for the loading variable is reached or exceeded by means of an engine control unit
- the measuring device can be set up, the first and / or second threshold value depending on a to an earlier Time to adjust certain ash charge of the particulate filter.
- the first and / or second threshold value can be raised.
- the invention is based on the finding that the ash charge of the particulate filter continuously but slowly increases during operation of the internal combustion engine.
- the measuring device can be set up to determine a higher ash charge of the particle filter in the case of a regeneration process that is longer in time compared to a regeneration process that is shorter in time.
- Regeneration process from at least one regeneration phase and advantageously from more than one regeneration phase can in particular be predetermined in a constant manner and determined, for example, empirically. Alternatively, the duration of the regeneration phase can be determined in particular during operation of the measuring device in dependence on the burn-up model.
- the measuring device is set up after completion of the
- Regeneration phase by means of the pressure sensor to determine the load size, and to start a further regeneration phase when the load size does not reach the second threshold or below.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to measuring methods for determining an ash charge of a particulate filter for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
- a regeneration process of the particulate filter is performed such that after completion of the regeneration process a predetermined, minimal soot load remains in the particulate filter.
- One step of the measurement method is to determine an actual regeneration variable that is characteristic of a charge burnup during the regeneration process of the particle filter.
- Another step in the measurement process is determining the
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of an internal combustion engine with an exhaust system connected to the internal combustion engine
- Fig. 1 shows an internal combustion engine VM, whose delivery to a
- Particle filter PF are performed downstream of the exhaust gas downstream of the particulate filter PF.
- a pressure sensor DS is mounted in the exhaust system.
- a measuring device MV is set up, the values measured by the pressure sensor DS and possibly preprocessed
- a burn-off model AM is also set up to receive the values measured and possibly preprocessed by the pressure sensor DS.
- the measuring device MV is also set up to receive a modeled loading variable for the particle filter from the burn-up model AM.
- the measuring device MV is set up to start and end a regeneration process of the particulate filter PF by controlling the internal combustion engine VM by means of an engine control device DME.
- FIG. 2 shows exemplary measuring points for a loading of the particle filter PF.
- a regeneration process rp1 of the particulate filter PF is carried out in such a way that after completion of the regeneration process rp1 a predetermined, minimal soot load remains in the particulate filter.
- Regeneration process rp1 may include, for example, a fuel cut sa and a dead time connected thereto. During the regeneration process rp1 may optionally a
- Particulate filter PF for an internal combustion engine VM of a motor vehicle is set up by means of a downstream in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine MV exhaust gas downstream of the particulate filter PF mounted pressure sensor DS to determine a load burn-off in the regeneration process of the particulate filter PF actual regeneration variable tr.
- Measuring device MV set up by means of the pressure sensor DS for the loading of the particulate filter PF before the regeneration process
- Characteristic load size x1 to determine, and by means of the
- Pressure sensor DS to determine a load for the loading of the particulate filter PF after the regeneration process characteristic x2.
- the actual regeneration variable tr can then be determined as a function of the deviation between the two load variables x1, x2.
- the measuring device MV is set up, by means of a burn-off model AM as a function of the time duration td of the
- the burn-off model AM is set up as a function of an exhaust gas volume flow and / or an exhaust gas temperature and / or a loading of the particle filter PF for the charge burn-up in the Regeneration process characteristic modeled regeneration variable mr to determine.
- the measuring device MV is set up by means of the
- Regeneration size mr as a function of the deviation between the two load sizes x1, xm to determine.
- the measuring device MV is set up, the ash charge of the
- Particle filter PF as a function of a deviation between the actual regeneration size tr and the modeled
- Regeneration size mr to determine.
- the measuring device MV is set up to determine at least two times t1, t4 an actual regeneration variable tr1, tr4 and a modeled regeneration variable mr1, mr4.
- the measuring device may be configured to detect an increase in the ash load of the particulate filter PF to the second time t4 following the first time t1, when the deviation between the actual regeneration variable tr1, tr4 and the modeled regeneration variable mr1, mr4 at the second time t4 is greater than at the first time t1.
- the measuring device MV can be set up, in each case an actual one at least three times t1, t2, t3, t4 Regeneration size tr1, tr2, tr3, tr4 and a modeled
- FIG. 4 shows an extrapolated profile of the charge B of a particle filter.
- the measuring device MV is set up, by means of the pressure sensor DS a characteristic for the loading of the particulate filter PF
- the measuring device MV Upon reaching or exceeding a first threshold value os for the load size, the measuring device MV starts the regeneration process by means of a motor control unit DME.
- the measuring device MV Upon reaching or falling below a second threshold us for the load size, the measuring device MV ends the regeneration process by means of the engine control unit DME.
- the measuring device is set up, the ash charge of the particulate filter PF as a function of a time duration td of
- the regeneration process can consist of at least one
- Regeneration phase rp1, rp2, rp3 exist, and the measuring device MV may be configured to determine the load size x by means of the pressure sensor DS after completion of the regeneration phase rp1, rp2, and to start a further regeneration phase rp2, rp3 when the load size x the second threshold us not yet reached or fallen below.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2020561001A JP7184923B2 (ja) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-05-03 | 内燃機関用の粒子フィルタのアッシュ堆積物の検出 |
US17/053,673 US11268425B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-05-03 | Determination of an ash loading of a particulate filter for an internal combustion engine |
CN201980026967.8A CN112004999B (zh) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-05-03 | 内燃机的颗粒过滤器的灰分负荷的求取 |
KR1020207028892A KR102434546B1 (ko) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-05-03 | 내연 기관용 입자 필터의 재 적재의 결정 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102018207227.2A DE102018207227B4 (de) | 2018-05-09 | 2018-05-09 | Ermitteln einer Aschebeladung eines Partikelfilters für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
DE102018207227.2 | 2018-05-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2019214771A1 true WO2019214771A1 (de) | 2019-11-14 |
Family
ID=66589151
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2019/100398 WO2019214771A1 (de) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-05-03 | Ermitteln einer aschebeladung eines partikelfilters für einen verbrennungsmotor |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11268425B2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP7184923B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR102434546B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN112004999B (de) |
DE (1) | DE102018207227B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2019214771A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018207227B4 (de) * | 2018-05-09 | 2021-10-07 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Ermitteln einer Aschebeladung eines Partikelfilters für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
US10774722B2 (en) * | 2018-09-04 | 2020-09-15 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Predictive methods for emissions control systems performance |
KR20220042765A (ko) | 2020-09-28 | 2022-04-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 비휘발성 메모리 장치, 이를 포함하는 시스템, 및 이의 제조 방법 |
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- 2019-05-03 JP JP2020561001A patent/JP7184923B2/ja active Active
- 2019-05-03 KR KR1020207028892A patent/KR102434546B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2019-05-03 US US17/053,673 patent/US11268425B2/en active Active
- 2019-05-03 CN CN201980026967.8A patent/CN112004999B/zh active Active
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DE102018207227A1 (de) | 2019-11-14 |
KR102434546B1 (ko) | 2022-08-22 |
US20210071562A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
JP7184923B2 (ja) | 2022-12-06 |
KR20200125996A (ko) | 2020-11-05 |
US11268425B2 (en) | 2022-03-08 |
CN112004999B (zh) | 2022-04-29 |
DE102018207227B4 (de) | 2021-10-07 |
CN112004999A (zh) | 2020-11-27 |
JP2021522442A (ja) | 2021-08-30 |
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