WO2019144779A1 - 茶粕直接作为促进动物健康生长添加剂的制备方法和使用方法 - Google Patents
茶粕直接作为促进动物健康生长添加剂的制备方法和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019144779A1 WO2019144779A1 PCT/CN2019/000010 CN2019000010W WO2019144779A1 WO 2019144779 A1 WO2019144779 A1 WO 2019144779A1 CN 2019000010 W CN2019000010 W CN 2019000010W WO 2019144779 A1 WO2019144779 A1 WO 2019144779A1
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- tea
- samovar
- feed
- saponin
- oil
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- 150000002205 flavan-3-ol derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- VHBFFQKBGNRLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N flavone Chemical compound O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VHBFFQKBGNRLFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVQAJTFOCKOKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N flavonol Natural products O1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C(O)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 HVQAJTFOCKOKIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004515 gallic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002949 hemolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000304 hepatotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
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- WGEYAGZBLYNDFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N naringenin Natural products C1(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2OC(C1)C1=CC=C(CC1)O WGEYAGZBLYNDFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940117954 naringenin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000007625 naringenin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000186 progesterone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003387 progesterone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020339 pu-erh tea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical group OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004456 rapeseed meal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003307 slaughter Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[Cl-].CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/111—Aromatic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the field of agricultural and sideline product processing application, and relates to a preparation method and a use method for directly using tea samovar as an additive product for promoting healthy growth of animals, and can be classified into the use invention of agricultural and sideline products.
- Camellia also known as Camellia, refers to the perennial tree or shrub species of the Camellia. Linnaeus plant with high oil content, fruit for oil extraction, and a certain cultivated area. Collectively. Including the most widely distributed common oil tea (C. Oleifera Abel), C. meiocarpa, C. reticulata, Zhejiang safflower oil tea (C. chekangoleosa), Jixian oil tea (C. yuhsiensis) and Vietnam Local oil teas such as C.vietnamensis also include various types of Camellia trees that have both dual viewing and oil production functions.
- Tea tree also known as tea tree, refers to the Camellia Sinensis (Linnaeus) O.Kuntze plant of the family Camellia Sinensis (Linnaeus); its leaves or buds can be directly brewed with boiling water after proper processing; including green tea (Longjing tea, pearl tea) , Huangshan Maofeng, Duyun Maojian, etc.), black tea (Qianmen Gongfu black tea, small black tea, red broken tea, etc.), oolong tea (Tieguanyin tea, Wuyi rock tea, phoenix single tea, etc.), white tea (white silver needle) Tea, white peony tea, Gongmei tea, etc.), yellow tea (Monting Huanghua tea, Huoshan yellow bud tea, Junshan silver needle tea, etc.), black tea, Pu'er tea and other tea trees.
- green tea Longjing tea, pearl tea
- Huangshan Maofeng Duyun Maojian
- black tea Qianmen
- Tea seed including camellia seed (also known as camellia seed) and tea seed, which is the seed of tea fruit; tea seed shell (also called tea inner shell) accounts for about 1/3 of the total weight of tea seed, tea Seed kernels (also known as tea kernels) account for about 2/3 of the weight.
- camellia seed also known as camellia seed
- tea seed which is the seed of tea fruit
- tea seed shell also called tea inner shell
- tea Seed kernels also known as tea kernels
- Tea Pu It includes the outer skin or outer shell of camellia (tea-fruit fruit) and tea seed fruit; the peel is mostly oblate or olive-shaped.
- Tea seed the fruit of various types of tea (leaf) trees that are consumed daily, and is a by-product of tea production.
- Tea oil An oil product obtained by pressing or leaching a tea seed or camellia seed as a raw material.
- Tea cake refers to the by-products of tea seeds or camellia seeds as raw materials, after pressing oil, which are divided into cakes and slices.
- Tea scent Also known in the open literature as tea bran or tea or tea slag.
- This patent refers to the broad sense, including not only the various by-products after oil extraction by the leaching method, but also the tea cake in the term 8 because the cake is pulverized and then becomes powdery enamel, which can be regarded as the same raw material in nature. That includes oil tea cake, camellia cake, tea seed meal and tea seed cake. It is the general name for the solid waste after processing tea seed oil. It is a by-product; it has not been processed by other processes; it is usually purple brown or light brown. There are a variety of physical forms such as cakes, flakes, granules, fine powders, etc.; also includes oily tea stalks and oil-free samovar; grass samovar and grass-free samovar.
- Tea saponin also known as camellia saponin or saponin, is the unified name of various saponins in Camellia (including camellia and tea tree), belonging to the olean-type five-ring three with similar main structure. a homologous mixture of steroidal saponins; with saponin generality. Tea saponin has a bitter and spicy taste, which will obviously irritate the nasal mucosa and has characteristics such as hemolytic activity, which is considered by some experts to be an anti-nutritional factor.
- Tea Polyphenols refers to the various plant parts derived from tea (leaf) and Camellia oleifera, and has a number of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecular structure, including tannins, flavonoids, etc.; Or tea pot or tea pot.
- Tannin Tannin Also known as tannin, it belongs to the category of tea polyphenols. Tannin is a kind of water-soluble phenolic compound with a molecular weight of 500-3000. According to the chemical structure, tannin can be divided into hydrolyzed tannin and condensed tannin. Condensed tannic acid is a flavanol derivative. The 2-position of the alkanol is bonded to catechol or benzenetriol via a carbon-carbon bond; the tannic acid is hydrolyzed, and has an ester bond in the molecule, which is a gallic acid ester of glucose.
- Tannins are negatively charged active molecules that react chemically with single positively charged proteins in saliva (hand-glove mode), causing astringent sensation on the surface of the mouth and feeling dry.
- the samovar tannin is considered by some experts to be an anti-nutritional factor because of its astringency.
- Proanthocyanidins condensed tannins, which are structurally composed of different amounts of catechin or epicatechin. Simple proanthocyanidins are dimers of catechins, or epicatechins, or catechins and epicatechins. According to the degree of polymerization, the di-pentamer is generally referred to as an oligomer (abbreviated as OPC), and the pentamer is referred to as a polymer (referred to as PPC).
- OPC oligomer
- PPC polymer
- Flavonoids In a narrow sense, a class of compounds in which the parent nucleus is 2-phenylchromanone, known as flavonoids. Usually yellow, ketone carbonyl at position 4, most commonly 2-phenyl chromone (2-phenylbenzopyranone), flavonol; broadly refers to two benzene rings (A ring , B ring) A class of components that are linked by three carbon chains are called flavonoids. Most of them have a basic skeleton of 6C-3C-6C, and often have a substituent such as a hydroxyl group, a methoxy group, a methyl group or an isopentenyl group.
- the flavonoids in this patent include the two definitions above.
- the method for detecting the content of active ingredients in the product, if not specified, is preferably tested according to the following method.
- Tea saponin is tested by weight method or industry standard method extracted by HG/T 4492-2013 or ethanol method.
- Tannin is determined according to GB/T15686-2008 sorghum tannin content or national standard for edible tannins.
- Hormesis Chinese translation for toxic excitatory effects or low dose-promoting effects; is a term used to describe virulence factors.
- This dose-effect relationship model is neither the most widely used threshold model in traditional toxic risk assessment nor the linear non-threshold model, but a biphasic dose effect model. It is a U-shaped or J-curve mode, that is, a high-dose toxic factor (such as a toxic substance) is harmful to an organism, and a low dose is beneficial to an organism.
- tea seed oil has also been approved by the Ministry of Health as a new resource food in 2009.
- the by-product of tea seed oil, namely tea seed meal, is also increasing.
- the method of detoxification of tea scorpion currently has a pit burying fermentation method, an alkali detoxification method, a water extraction method, and a solvent method.
- the use of pit-buried fermentation for detoxification requires digging and sealing, and it takes a long time; the alkali detoxification method needs to add alkali solution, boil, filter, and dry, and the alkali detoxification method will also destroy the protein; the water extraction method needs to add hot water and heat preservation.
- the solution is centrifuged to remove the solution, repeatedly leached and dried; the solvent method is used for extracting tea saponin, and the tea stalk needs to be pulverized, added repeatedly by adding, for example, ethanol, and then dried.
- the technology of detoxification and detoxification of other strains is still not perfect. Some methods are not only cumbersome and time-consuming, but also have poor results. At present, they are only small or pilot stages, and they have not achieved scale industrial production, and have not been widely popularized. application.
- samovar is still used as organic fertilizer, fish pond clearing agent or fuel; some are used as raw materials to extract high concentrations of tea saponin for washing, pesticides, building materials, mining, etc. industry.
- the repeated extraction of tea saponin has high production cost and long time, and ethanol is a flammable and explosive material with certain danger: at the same time It may also cause waste of other active ingredients.
- the method has many process steps, low yield of finished products, large amount of residual materials and difficulty in drying, resulting in high cost and high price; the production and sales volume of the products adopting the patented technical scheme are less.
- Shijiazhuang Hu Guotian's patent 2009100746177 is entitled “Production Method of Multi-effect Oil Tea Cake Powder Feed Additive”, but it still has the following disadvantages: it is necessary to use ultra-fine pulverization to break the cell wall, then add water for ultrasonic pulverization, and finally spray drying is complicated. And cumbersome production processes. In fact, in the process of tea oil production, the cell wall is destroyed by heating and cooking oil tea seeds, and the degree of wall breaking is sufficient to release various soluble active substances such as tea saponin and tannin, and it is not necessary to take time and effort to break the wall.
- the tea saponin produced by the method has the same tea saponin content, and the amount of the tea saponin is 2%, which results in the tea saponin dosage of up to 2000-3000 ppm (calculated by containing at least 10% tea saponin in the samovar).
- the feeding test in the patent literature the first group of glycosides dose is 2500ppm, the glycosides contain 30% tea saponin (oil tea saponin), that is, the first group of tea saponin dose is only 750ppm, it has obviously affected Food intake.
- This patented method is used to process tea samovar, and the content of tea saponin is still 10-18%; adding 2% will still cause the animal feed intake to drop significantly or refuse to eat; in addition, the steps are complicated and the cost is significantly increased. Based on the above reasons, this patent is In practice, it has not been applied and promoted, and is currently in an invalid state.
- the content of tea saponin in the test product is 18%, but the test method is not indicated; 0.5% dosage is 5 kg per ton of feed, and the amount of tea saponin reaches 900 ppm; However, this dose did not lead to a decrease in daily feed intake, but increased slightly (77.13 and 75.6 g/day); this is related to the catechin and broiler chicken published in the Food and Feed Industry magazine in 2010.
- the actual dosage obtained is: the intake of tea saponin reaches 54 mg-45 mg/kg (body weight)/day; Take a step back and think that the tea saponin content in the tea stalk is only 15% (18% may be high), and the actual dosage is also: 37.5-45mg/kg (body weight) / day; this is compared with the test dosage in other literatures. Compared with the recommended upper limit, the dosage is also significantly higher.
- the samovar is considered to be a low-grade agricultural and sideline product. So far, the samovar itself has not been approved by any national health planning committee or related institutions as a new resource food, food additive, health food raw material or food homologous food. There is no place in the country where there is a habit of eating tea. It is generally considered that tea is not suitable for consumption. It is necessary to extract the corresponding effective active ingredients for human consumption or for medical purposes.
- samovar is an agricultural and sideline product of edible oil plants, and is not on the blacklist of all kinds of prohibited products.
- the samovar is directly used as a preparation method and a use method for promoting animal health growth additives.
- tea saponin The first major active ingredient, tea saponin. It is reported in the literature that the content of tea saponin in tea sorghum ranges from 10-15%, and some ranges from 12% to -18%; the reasons for this difference are: on the one hand, related to the origin of raw materials and processing technology; on the other hand, with tea soap For the detection method of the prime; for the gravimetric method, the detection value of the tea saponin extracted by the ethanol method is higher than the detection value of the n-butanol extraction; this is because the ethanol extract also contains flavonoids, tannins or Other components such as alkaloids; and the main n-butanol extract is tea saponin.
- the tea saponin has high content of tea saponin, has strong bitter and spicy taste, and easily irritates the nasal mucosa; it has poor palatability and strong hygroscopicity.
- tea saponin is a natural nonionic surfactant. It has good and stable emulsification effect, foaming ability, and also has the efficacy of sterilization, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-seepage which other surfactants do not have.
- tea saponin can stimulate the secretion of hormones in animals, such as adrenal gland and progesterone (corticosterone). Because corticosterone has a strong effect on glucose metabolism, it can promote glycogenogenesis and glucose regeneration. The use of blood sugar is suppressed, so that blood sugar can be temporarily increased. Tea saponin can also lower cholesterol levels in the liver and serum, thus reducing blood fat.
- corticosterone has a strong effect on glucose metabolism, it can promote glycogenogenesis and glucose regeneration.
- the use of blood sugar is suppressed, so that blood sugar can be temporarily increased.
- Tea saponin can also lower cholesterol levels in the liver and serum, thus reducing blood fat.
- the second ingredient, tannins includes tea polyphenols.
- the content of tannin in tea samovar is about 2%, and some literatures say that it reaches 6-7% content; samovar tannin is considered by some experts as an anti-nutritional factor because of its astringency; but the polyphenolic hydroxy chemical structure of tannin And unique chemical properties give the tannins a strong antioxidant capacity.
- tannins are adsorbed with sugars, amino acids, proteins and iron ions in feeds, such adsorption is reversible and is easily desorbed in an acidic environment. Tannins have been approved as food additives; plant tannins are generally considered safe. Tannin is also attributed to the category of tea polyphenols.
- Camellia tannins also has a variety of effects such as antibacterial and antiviral, anti-cardiovascular and vascular diseases. It has the effect of natural antibacterial and antiseptic in the food field, can be used as a stabilizer in liquid beverages, and can also be used as a raw material for health foods.
- the third active ingredient is flavonoids.
- the content of flavonoids in tea samovar has been reported to be about 0.2%, and some reports are 1.3%. It may be closely related to the detection method and has a bitter taste.
- the flavonoids in samovar are mainly kaempferol and naringenin. And its derivatives.
- the fourth active ingredient ceramide.
- Japanese Patent JP2004189683 and Guangxi Guilin Sun Buxiang's authorized patent 1020587727B "Calamide-containing tea seed extract and preparation method thereof" describe that the samovar also contains a natural ceramide, and mentions that ceramide is a double
- the molecular lipid layer component which belongs to the lipid structural unit of sphingomyelin, has important biological functions, such as messenger action and initiation of apoptosis, and has certain effects in regulating apoptosis, cell differentiation, transport and proliferation. The function. Others believe that it can also play a role in processes such as cancer control, neurasthenia, diabetes, obesity and inflammation.
- the fifth active ingredient is caffeine and other alkaloids.
- the samovar contains about 1% caffeine, which is a xanthine alkaloid compound; the samovar contains about 1.5-3% of alkaloids (nitrogen-containing basic organic compounds, most of which have complex cyclic structures, and nitrogen is contained in
- the biological activity of the ring may be as diverse as other natural nitrogen-containing organic compounds (such as vitamin B1).
- Alkaloids have a bitter taste, such as caffeine, which is also a central nervous stimulant, and moderate intake is extremely beneficial.
- tea seed protein there are about 12-18% tea seed protein, about 30% tea polysaccharide and beneficial trace mineral elements.
- the sorrel is spicy and bitter
- the palatability is very poor (commonly known as toxic), and it cannot be directly used in the feed.
- the Hormesis model (biphasic dose effect model, low dose promoting effect) was used to scientifically judge the efficacy of tea samovar and accurately analyze the relationship between the amount and efficacy of samovar; It is preliminarily determined that the amount of the low-dose promoting effect of the tea sorghum in the feed ranges from 250 g to 4 kg per ton of full-price feed.
- the problem can be solved by simply using the amount of tea in the full-price feed per ton, which is controlled within a reasonable range of 250 g to 4 kg; preferably 0.5-2 kg, most preferably 0.8-1 kg;
- the usage and dosage can improve the growth performance of the animal, such as an increase in daily weight gain, an improvement in the ratio of meat to meat, and a decrease in mortality.
- the samovar is generally considered to be a certain agricultural and sideline product with certain toxicity and should not be used directly in the feed; this understanding is based on existing experience and animal test cases, but it does make sense; but this kind of toxic understanding of samovar And understanding is general and vague, mainly staying in the traditional cognitive stage of toxic and non-toxic. From the perspective of the influence of samovar on animal feed intake, according to the traditional toxic risk model, the toxicity of samovar may indeed belong to a threshold model rather than a linear non-threshold model. ).
- the feed industry technicians have little understanding and accurate knowledge of the Hormesis model, and can not make scientific judgments; it is difficult to judge from another angle (such as improving animal growth performance) that the toxicity model of samovar may also belong to the Hormesis model. , that is, the two-phase dose effect model.
- tea sorghum is generally considered to be toxic by the people in the feed industry cannot be used directly; the main reason is that it is used as a feed ingredient.
- tea mites such as soybean meal, rapeseed meal and other mites are by-products of edible oil plants; second, they all contain more crude protein, and third, tea glutinous rice is cheaper, about 2,000 yuan per ton. Easy to buy; therefore, the feed industry technicians can easily treat it as a feed ingredient. Once used as a raw material, the amount used in the feed is likely to be too large. The starting point is 1-3%, that is, 10-30 kg of tea per ton.
- the samovar can't be used directly, but the technicians often forget that the samovar is cheaper, the crude protein content is high, and it is easy to purchase. Therefore, every effort is made to use the samovar to replace other expensive raw materials to reduce the cost; Because it contains more anti-nutritional factors such as tea saponin and tannin, it can only be used as feed ingredients after detoxification or detoxification (such as extraction of tea saponin or fermentation); 5-10% or more can be added to the feed, and the animal test can be accepted and the cost can be reduced, so there is a certain market for this usage.
- detoxification or detoxification such as extraction of tea saponin or fermentation
- the price of the remaining (after detoxification) samovar is still nearly 2,000 yuan per ton, that is, the price difference between the samovar and the (detoxification) samovar is not obvious; More driving force and enthusiasm, extracting high value-added tea saponin, so that a kind of tea samovar becomes two kinds of products, the economic benefits are obviously increased, manufacturers have imitated, a large number of detoxification tea ⁇ (that is, after extracting tea saponin)
- the slag is listed as a feed ingredient; the problem of using the samovar in the feed industry is indirectly solved to some extent, and the problem of tea mash feed is no longer urgent.
- the samovar is indeed very cheap, only 2 yuan per kilogram, which is cheaper than raw materials such as soybean meal; therefore, the workers in the feed are subjectively more likely to classify the samovar as raw materials, like yam ⁇ Cotton mites and other mites are the same; in fact, this major premise is biased, the samovar function positioning is wrong, should not be used as raw materials; the wrong direction, naturally easy to make a mistake.
- the inventor thoroughly analyzes the nature of the tea scorpion and determines the characteristics of various unique active ingredients contained in the samovar, the corresponding effective content characteristics and corresponding efficacy characteristics (such as bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and immunity). Etc.) These three characteristics are completely more in line with the main technical characteristics of feed additives; although according to several surface characteristics of samovar (a scorpion, a by-product of an edible oil plant, containing more crude protein, the price is also cheap), Tea stalks are also reasonable in terms of raw materials; however, according to the comprehensive evaluation, according to the main distinctive features and comparative advantages of samovar, the first choice should be classified as functional feed additives, not feed ingredients; Positioning.
- samovar has the functions of bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-oxidation and immunity enhancement; from the practical application effect of this patent, samovar does promote the growth of livestock and poultry. To improve the daily gain, improve the material ratio, and reduce the actual effect of the mortality rate; therefore, samovar is a potent and exact plant-derived additive that can partially replace or completely replace the planting additives for the growth-resistant growth of the market. ⁇ is a truly affordable green additive.
- the inventor after deep understanding of the Hormesis model; and after analyzing the main mechanism of action of the active ingredients in the samovar (such as the determination that most tea saponin itself is not absorbed by the intestine, the main effect On the surface of the cell membrane, enhance the permeability of the cell membrane, promote the absorption of nutrients) and practical work experience; confirm that the toxicity model of the samovar is the Hormesis model, also known as the biphasic dose effect model, ie at high doses (as Sun Yanfa's broiler In the test, the amount of samovar 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%) is harmful to the organism, while the low dose (such as 0.025--0.4% in the patent example) is beneficial to the organism; the dose-effect relationship of the toxicant
- the curve is also referred to as a U-shaped curve or a low dose promoting effect mode.
- the scope of protection required by the present invention is the range of dose use in the low dose promoting effect of the tea bud, that is, the range of the theoretical lowest effective dose (NOAEL, NoObserved Adverse Effect Level). It is equivalent to the dosage range of 250g to 4kg per ton in the samovar in the animal feed of this patent.
- tea samovar Inventors from the comparative advantage characteristics of tea samovar (common tea saponins containing about 15% tea saponin, tannins about 2%) summed up the three technical characteristics, namely rich and varied active ingredient characteristics, effective content characteristics and actual According to the efficacy characteristics, it is recognized that tea samovar should be classified as a functional additive; it should not be attributed to feed ingredients.
- tea is a treasure, which contains a variety of natural active ingredients, such as tea saponin, tea polyphenols including tannins (including proanthocyanidins) and flavonoids, ceramides and caffeine alkaloids, etc. Rich in variety and high in content; these unique active ingredients, which naturally aggregate together, may have a natural and well-developed synergistic effect, without the need for time-consuming and laborious extraction or extraction with organic solvents; and some active ingredients are very It is difficult to completely extract it by solvent; some may decrease or lose all of its activity during the extraction process.
- the samovar is directly added to the feed for use in all activities and nutrients without any loss of component or activity; all active ingredients are fully utilized to exert their unique biological activities.
- tea saponin is mainly due to its excellent nonionic surfactant characteristics, hydrophilic groups, lipophilic groups, and good
- the stability of tea saponin does not need to be absorbed into the intestinal cells to play a role
- tea saponin is active in the intestinal lumen, it has a very strong and stable emulsification, can promote oil and fat Digestion and absorption
- 2 can bind to cholesterol in the intestinal cell mucosa, activate cell lipid rafts, enhance cell membrane permeability, promote absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells
- 3 activate intestinal immune-related cells, especially APC cells , macrophage T cells, etc., enhance the immune response.
- the inventor can accurately understand and scientifically apply the toxic excitatory effect model of the samovar (biphasic dose effect model or U-mode), that is, harmful to the organism at high doses, and beneficial to the organism at low doses; ⁇ animal test results, scientific analysis, comprehensive judgment: LOEL, Lowest Observed Effect Level, Maximum Response Level and NoObserved Adverse Effect Level Value, and the proportional relationship between the three dose values; the NOAEL value is about 10-20 times the LOEL value on average; the optimal dose is about one-fifth of the NOAEL value.
- the key point of the present invention is to correct the technical bias, that is, the prejudice that the samovar is toxic and cannot be used directly in the feed; at the same time, the samovar is accurately positioned as a functional feed additive instead of the protein in the samovar.
- the toxic excitatory effect model (biphasic dose effect model) was used to scientifically judge the efficacy of samovar; the effective component content was accurately analyzed (such as the tea saponin content in ordinary samovar was 15%). Left and right), the relationship between the different doses and the actual functional effects; it is preliminarily determined that the range of low-dose use of tea sorghum in livestock and poultry full-price feed is 250g-4kg per ton.
- the invention has strong practicability and is very beneficial to realize the upgrading of the samovar industry; the accurate positioning of the samovar functional feed additive, the added value is rapidly increased; and will greatly benefit the late samovar direct food. Additive, tea, health care, and even direct pharmaceutical; to do a strong and strong tea business chain, to lay a solid theoretical foundation and accumulated rich practical application experience.
- the inventor intends to apply for patent protection first, and then submit the product approval or report to the permitted use list.
- the invention patent is to promote and promote the progress of the whole science and technology. It is forward-looking and leading.
- the products (including technical solutions or usage plans) invented by the invention may not have been approved by the state or listed in the permission list. It is completely understandable.
- the patents After obtaining the preliminary examination and the publication of the document or the patent authorization, the patents will actively prepare various materials and reports on the premise of certain rights protection, and report to the relevant state administrative departments for approval or permission to obtain administrative licenses. And then actually put into practice (authorized production and or sales).
- the samovar has a wide range of sources and can be rapidly produced and industrialized in large quantities. At the same time, the by-products of the majority of tea farmers are used efficiently, the demand will be greater, the samovar will not only sell better, but the price may also rise, the income of tea farmers Can improve.
- the processing cost of tea powder is low or zero cost.
- Some manufacturers produce samovar fine powder, which can be directly sold by simply replacing it with a feed grade label.
- the technical solution of the present invention is almost zero cost. If the tea cake or coarse-grained tea stalk is processed into fine samovar, the production method is also very simple, the production process is zero-emission, no pollution; the samovar is fully utilized; the ordinary pulverizer can be used, and the pulverization processing cost is very low. (about 80-200 yuan per ton of crushing costs), almost no threshold, easy to learn and easy to use.
- the tea glutinous product is directly added to the feed, and it is not necessary to detoxify. It can be added directly at a low dose (such as 1--2 kg per ton) for a long time.
- the method is simple, the cost of use is low (cost is about 2-4 yuan per ton), and the disease resistance
- the growth promoting effect is significant and exact. At the same time, it can partially or completely replace other plant feed additives that are more expensive, which can save costs. It can also partially or completely replace the use of growth-promoting antibiotics to reduce the residue and pollution of antibiotics.
- Tea scorpion products can be widely used in animal feed, long-term use, and no pollution to the environment.
- Tea scorpion products can antibacterial, prevent disease, promote growth, but also have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, enhance the immunity of animals; is pure natural and pollution-free, is a promising anti-growth green product. It is not only cheap but also worth the money.
- many parties benefit, and both the tea maker and the customer (feed or aquaculture) can easily adopt the technical solution of the present invention, which is more than one step. It is a good thing that many parties can benefit together; therefore, it is easy to get a large-scale promotion and universal use, and it has good economic, ecological and social benefits.
- the invention scientifically and simply solves the technical problem of the tea scorpion used for feed.
- the samovar can enter the growth of livestock and poultry, increase the daily gain, improve the ratio of meat to meat, and reduce the mortality rate; I am worried that the samovar will have toxic side effects on livestock and poultry; this invention can utilize all the samovar resources efficiently and reasonably, which is a good deed of benefiting the country and the people.
- tea saponin content is detected by the ethanol extraction weight method and the tannin (can also measure the tea polyphenols) content by the national standard method, and record; set different quality standards of the product (such as tea saponin not less than 15%, single Ning is not less than 1.5% as a standard grade product; tea saponin content is between 10-15%, tannin content is less than 1.5%, which is a general grade product; tea saponin content below 10% can be regarded as Level product).
- tea standard grade products (tea saponin content of not less than 15%, tannin content of not less than 1.5%).
- the dose range in the low-dose-promoting effect of samovar is from the theoretical minimum onset dose (LOEL) to no visible harmful dose (NOAEL), and the NOAEL value is The LOEL value is 10-20 times; the optimal dose is one-fifth of the NOAEL value.
- the relationship between the amount of the tea stalk and the effect of using different gradients from 250 grams to 4 kilograms per ton; 250 grams (which is regarded as the LOEL value) to 4 kilograms (equivalent to the NOAEL value)
- the recommended optimal dosage for tea standard products is 0.8-1 kg per ton of feed, which is the best for livestock and poultry growth. If tea stalks are used to control disease at a certain stage, it is recommended to add 2-4 kg per ton in the short term (one to two weeks).
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 900 A-day broilers of the same age were randomly divided into 6 groups, namely 1 control group and 5 test groups; 150 animals in each group, and the control group (T0) was fed the basal diet; Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed with the samovar products of Example 1 in the basal diet: 250 g, 500 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, 4 kg/ton, called T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 group. Broilers are raised with thick padding; the lighting, temperature and light conditions are basically the same; all broilers are free to eat and drink; routine management work is carried out during feeding.
- the basal diet was prepared according to the nutritional standard of AA commercial broilers, which was a corn-soybean-type diet with a crude protein content of 19.5%. The test lasts for 42 days and the test results are as follows:
- Example 3 Growth performance test of piglets
- Trial design 120 healthy piglets were selected, with an average body weight of about 15 kg. They were randomly divided into 6 groups, 20 piglets in each group, and the control group (T0) was fed the basal diet; the test groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were respectively The product of Example 1 was added to the basal diet by 250 g, 500 g, 1 kg, 2 kg, and 4 kg/ton, which were called T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 groups. All test pigs were fed ad libitum and water and fed as usual for a period of 30 days. The test results are as follows:
- the amount of samovar is controlled within 0.25-4 kg, which is generally beneficial; this is also in line with the low dose promoting effect model of Hormesis theory; it is recommended to be used in the feed for a long time, the optimal dosage is 1 kg.
- the dosage can be increased to 2-3 kg per ton in a short period of time (one to two weeks). If you have a disease, try adding 4 kg, which should have a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of diseases.
- the production method of the invention is simple and easy to operate; some powdery products can be directly used without further processing; the production method of the invention has zero pollution and zero discharge, and is fully utilized, belonging to a green and safe health product; Eco-friendly, non-polluting, no harmful residues; sustainable development; whether it is a feed enterprise or a breeding unit, can be used, used well, value-for-money; promote growth and disease prevention, the invention is easy to promote and popularize, Not only the tea farmers and tea oil plants directly benefit, but also the majority of farmers also benefit at the same time, in one fell swoop, turning waste into treasure, benefiting the country and the people.
- the invention corrects the technical bias in the feed industry for many years, and adopts the Hormesis model, that is, the low-dose promoting effect completely corrects the wrong viewpoint that the accumulated tea scorpion in the industry is toxic and cannot be used; and officially establishes the low-dose use of the tea stalk.
- the dosage is a scientific concept of adding 0.8--1 kg per ton of feed; within the scope of the claims of the present invention (0.25-4 kg), any simple modifications and changes made to the present invention, such as dilution of the loading body, etc. It falls within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Abstract
首次采用Hormesis模型(即毒物兴奋效应或低剂量促进效应)研究茶粕在饲料中的用量和功效之间的关系，确定茶粕低剂量促进效应的用量范围为在单胃动物饲料中，每吨全价饲料添加0.25-4公斤；茶粕这种用法用量能提高动物生长性能，如日增重增加，料肉比改善，病死率降低。
Description
技术领域：本发明属于农副产品加工应用领域，涉及一种将茶粕直接作为促进动物健康生长添加剂产品的制备方法和使用方法，可归类于农副产品的用途发明。
本发明所涉及到的术语名称，特作如下说明和解释；若本专利所指的术语与行业术语有冲突，其完全共性或共同的部分，发明人均予认可；若行业术语的定义及内涵本身并不清晰或无标准共识时，以发明人的下列定义为准，并首选作广义性的或扩张性的解释，除非另有说明。
1.油茶树：也称山茶树，指山茶科(Theacea)山茶属(Camellia.Linnaeus)植物中种子含油率较高、果实用于榨油，且有一定栽培经营面积的多年生乔木或灌木树种的统称。包括分布最广的普通油茶(C.OleiferaAbel)、小果油茶(C.meiocarpa)、滇山茶(C.reticulata)、浙江红花油茶(C.chekangoleosa)、攸县油茶(C.yuhsiensis)和越南油茶(C.vietnamensis)等地方油茶，也包括兼具观赏和产油双功能的各类山茶树。
2.茶树：也称茶叶树，指山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属Camellia Sinensis(Linnaeus)O.Kuntze植物；其叶子或芽经适当加工后可以用开水直接泡饮；包括绿茶(龙井茶、珠茶、黄山毛峰、都匀毛尖等)、红茶(祁门工夫红茶、小种红茶、红碎茶等)、乌龙茶(铁观音茶、武夷岩茶、凤凰单枞茶等)、白茶(白毫银针茶、白牡丹茶、贡眉茶等)、黄茶(蒙顶黄芽茶、霍山黄芽茶、君山银针茶等)、黑茶、普洱茶等各类茶树。
3.茶籽：包括山茶籽(也称油茶籽)和茶叶籽，是茶果的种籽；茶籽中茶籽壳(也称茶内壳)约占茶籽总重量的1/3，茶籽仁(也称茶仁)约占重量的2/3。
4.茶蒲：包括山茶果(油茶果)和茶叶籽果实的外皮或外壳；果皮多呈扁圆形或橄榄形。
5.茶叶籽：即日常中饮用的各类茶(叶)树的果实，为茶叶生产的副产品。
6.茶油：以茶叶籽或油茶(山茶)籽为原料，经过压榨和或浸提等方法而获得的油制品。
7.饼：为机械物理压榨后所得的副产品；粕：为化学溶剂浸出取油后所得的副产品。
8.茶饼：指以茶叶籽或山茶籽为原料，榨油之后的副产品，有饼状和片状之分。
9.茶粕：在公开文献中也称为茶麸或茶枯或茶粕渣。本专利中指的是广义，不仅包括浸取方法取油后的各类副产品；也包括术语8中的茶饼，因为饼粉碎后就成粉状粕，本质上可视为相同的原料。即包括油茶饼、油茶粕、茶叶籽粕和茶叶籽饼，是加工生产茶籽取油后的固体下脚料的总称，属于副产品；且没有经过其他工艺再加工；通常都呈紫褐色或淡褐色；有饼状、片状、颗粒、细粉状等多种物理形态；也包括带油茶粕和无油茶粕；带草茶粕和无草茶粕。
10.茶皂素Tea saponin：也称山茶皂甙或皂苷，是山茶科山茶属植物(包括油茶和茶树等)中各类皂素的统一称呼；属于主体结构相似的齐墩果烷型五环三萜类皂苷的同系混合物；具有皂甙的通性。茶皂素有苦辛辣味，会明显地刺激鼻粘膜，并具有溶血性等特征，被一些专家认为是抗营养因子。
11.茶多酚Tea Polyphenols：指来源于茶(叶)树和油茶树中各类部位，其分子结构中有若干个酚性羟基的植物成分总称，包括单宁、黄酮类等；可来自茶叶或茶粕或茶蒲等。
12.单宁Tannin：也称鞣质，归属于茶多酚的范畴。单宁是一类水溶性、分子量在500～3000之间的酚类化合物；按化学结构单宁可分为水解单宁和缩合单宁；缩合单宁酸，是黄烷醇衍生物，分子中黄烷醇的2位通过碳-碳键与儿茶酚或苯三酚结合；水解单宁酸，分子中具有酯键，是葡萄糖的没食子酸酯。单宁为带负电荷的活性分子，易和唾液中单正电荷蛋白质发生化学反应(手-手套模式)，会使口腔表层产生收敛感，感觉干涩。茶粕单宁因其涩味被一些专家认为是抗营养因子。
13.原花青素Proanthocyanidins：也就是缩合单宁，在结构上由不同数量儿茶素(catechin)或表儿茶素(epicatechin)结合而成。简单原花青素是儿茶素、或表儿茶素、或儿茶素与表儿茶素形成的二聚体。按聚合度大小，通常将二～五聚体称为低聚体(简称OPC)，将五聚体以上称为高聚体(简称PPC)。
14.黄酮类化合物Flavonoids：狭义是指母核为2-苯基色原酮的一类化合物，称为黄酮类化合物。通常为黄色，4位具有酮式羰基，最多见的就是2-苯基色原酮(2-苯基苯并γ吡喃酮)类，即黄酮醇；广义是指凡两个苯环(A环、B环)通过三碳链相互联结而成的一类成分称为黄酮类化合物。大多具有6C-3C-6C的基本骨架，且常有羟基、甲氧基、甲基、异戊烯基等取代基。本专利中黄酮类化合物包括上述两种定义。
15.产品中有效成份含量的检测方法，若无特殊说明，首选按以下法进行检测。
1)茶皂素按HG/T 4492-2013或乙醇法提取的重量法或行业标准方法进行检测。
2)单宁按GB/T15686-2008高粱中单宁含量，或食用单宁的国家标准测定。
3)茶多酚检测：按GB/T 8313-2008方法或其他行业标准方法进行检测。
16.Hormesis：中文译为毒物兴奋效应或低剂量促进效应；是用来描述毒性因子的专业术语。这种剂量-效应关系模型，既不是传统毒物风险评估中应用最多的阈值模型(threshold model)，也不是线性非阈值模型(linear non-threshold model)，而是双相剂量效应模型，也可称为U型或J型曲线模式，即高剂量时致毒因素(如有毒物质)对生物体有害，而低剂量时对生物体有益。
背景技术：我国是油茶大国，据统计每年茶油产量约为50万吨，同时伴随而产生的油茶副产品茶粕约150万吨和茶蒲近300万吨。油茶多长在南方丘陵山区，这两个副产品深加工比例都不大；茶粕有些用来提取茶皂素，而茶蒲绝大多数被当作燃料烧掉。
同时我国也是产茶叶大国，据统计每年可产茶叶籽约为80万吨，茶叶油约10万吨；同时相伴产生的茶叶籽饼粕近60-70万吨。同时茶叶籽油也作为为新资源食品2009年获得卫生部批准，茶叶籽油的副产品，即茶叶籽粕也越来越多。
现状：近年来，人们对于山茶油和茶叶籽油的开发关注较多，同时对两类茶粕的开发利用也渐渐重视起来。从两类茶粕成份来看，含有约12-18％粗蛋白，30％多的总糖，矿物质元素等多种成份，应该能成为饲料原料，但由于茶粕中通常含有10--18％不等的茶皂素，2％左右的单宁(茶多酚)，1.5--3％的生物碱，0.2％左右的黄酮及30％左右的纤维素，具有强烈的刺激性和辛辣苦涩味，适口性极差；特别是茶皂素和单宁等被一些专家认为是抗营养因子。因此饲料行业内，绝大多数技术人员，普遍认为茶粕饲料化首先需要解决的是脱毒问题，即去掉茶皂素和单宁等抗营养因子后的去毒或脱毒茶粕，才可在饲料中使用。如《中国畜牧杂志》1987年第4期《茶籽饼去毒后喂猪的实验》以及刁欢2014年《微生物发酵法改良油茶粕饲用品质研究进展》。
茶粕脱毒的方法目前有坑埋发酵法、碱解毒法、水提法、溶剂法。采用坑埋发酵脱毒需要挖坑、密封，且需要较长时间；碱解毒法需要加入碱溶液、煮沸、过滤、烘干，碱解毒法还会破坏蛋白质；水提法需要加入热水、保温、离心滤去溶液、反复浸提、烘干；溶剂法提取茶皂素，需要将茶粕粉碎、加入如乙醇等反复浸提，还要再烘干。另外的菌种发酵去毒脱毒的技术还不完善，有的方法不仅繁琐费时且效果不佳，目前都只是小试或中试阶段，都没有实现规模工业化生产，更没有得到广泛地普及和应用。
如瑞安市普罗生物科技公司杨钟华于2014年09月16申请的公开号为104286383A的专利《一种茶籽粕脱毒方法》；安徽农业大学蔡海莹于2013年04月17申请的公开号为103211084A专利《富含生物酶的茶粕发酵饲料的制备方法》。安徽大别山科技开发有限公司余光明2015年08月05申请的公开号为105028920A的专利《一种用于饲料添加的优质茶粕渣及其制备方法》利用混合菌种(枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌和放线菌)对茶粕进行发酵；安徽省领航动物保健品有限责任公司臧春云2017年04月21日申请的公开号为06858114A的专利《一种利用油茶粕制备脂肪猪饲料辅料》中利用枯草芽孢杆菌对茶粕进行发酵。
目前大部分茶粕仍旧被当作有机肥料、鱼塘清塘剂或燃料来使用；也有一部分用来作为原料，从中提取高浓度的茶皂素，用于洗化、农药、建材织、采矿等行业。
与本发明较接近的现有技术有如下几个：
一：浙江大学詹勇的专利ZL96193005.5，名称为《含有三萜类皂素提取物的饲料组合物和营养保健剂》，从山茶科植物种子榨油残渣(油茶饼粕)中提取茶皂素(三萜皂甙)，作为饲料添加剂使用，但对茶粕连续三次用乙醇，反复提取茶皂素的生产成本高，耗时长，且乙醇属于易燃易爆物品，具有一定的危险性：同时也可能造成其他有效成份的浪费。另外此方法生产的工艺步骤多，成品收率低，剩余物量大且干燥很困难，导致成本高，价格贵；采用该专利技术方案的产品产量和销量都较少。
二：石家庄胡国田的专利2009100746177名称为《多效油茶饼粕粉饲料添加剂的生产方法》，但仍存在以下缺点：要采用超微粉碎破细胞壁，再加水进行超声波粉碎，最后是喷雾干燥等较为复杂和繁琐的生产工艺。其实茶油生产过程中，会采用加热蒸煮油茶籽等方式破坏细胞壁，破壁程度足以释放各种茶皂素、单宁等易溶性活性物质，不必再次费时费力去破壁。
该法生产的茶粕，其茶皂素含量不变，在饲料中添加量2％，导致茶皂素剂量高达2000-3000ppm(以茶粕中至少含有10％茶皂素计算)。该专利文献里的采食性试验，第一组糖萜素剂量为2500ppm，糖萜素含有30％茶皂素(油茶皂甙)，即第一组茶皂素剂量只有750ppm，就已经明显影响采食量。而第二组茶皂素剂量达到2000--3000ppm，茶皂素特有的辛辣刺激和单宁的苦涩味仍存在，本来采食量会显著下降，可能是因为含有3-7％茶油，极具香味和诱食作用，或其他试验误差等原因，导致采食量下降不明显；同时试验也没有设立空白对照组，也没有在同一天里连续饲喂二顿或三顿；因此从茶皂素含量高低的逻辑分析和试验设计上的先天缺陷角度来判断，采食量试验数据结果明显存疑。
特别说明：全国中小型茶油厂居多，收购油茶籽占到了60-70％；多数都是带壳压榨，所产茶饼会含有残油3-7％，因含有余油，售价较贵；通常被一些规模化油厂收购了，再用化学浸提法对茶饼进行二次提油，所以市售绝大多数茶粕都是不含油的(约0.5％)，不具诱食作用，适口性差；部分大型茶油厂，会尝试采用剥壳机对茶籽进行脱内壳，但因茶籽大小不一，剥壳机性能差异，脱壳率不稳定，有一定程度的破损，总体上无壳茶粕是很较少的。
此专利方法加工茶粕，茶皂素含量仍为10-18％；按2％添加，仍会导致动物采食量明显下降或拒食；加之步骤复杂，成本显著增加，基于以上原因，此专利在实际中并没有得到应用和推广，目前处于无效状态。
三：孙艳发等发表在《饲料研究》2016(19)：32-37的文章《日粮添加茶籽饼粕对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和抗氧化功能的影响》，曾尝试将茶籽粕直接用于饲料；文章最后的结论是茶籽饼粕在饲料中适宜的添加量为0.5％，且于肉鸡21天前添加为宜；而文章摘要中表述是：试验结果表明，与对照组相比日粮添加0.50％茶籽饼粕对各阶段肉鸡生长性能没有显著影响(P＞0.05)，可显著降低14d肉鸡的病死率(P＜0.05)。实际上与对照组相比，日增重没增加，反而料肉比明显变差，这说明0.5％茶粕用量导致生长性能变差，此用量是明显失败的。
同时试验数据表明：其他四组14天的病死率都是0，而0.5％茶粕组的病死率是3.33％+/-7.45％(此数据十分可疑，需进一步核实)，这与降低病死率的结论是前后矛盾的。
试验表明茶粕添加量达0.75％和1％时对生长性能有明显副作用，采食量减少，料肉比变差。
特别值得一提的是：该文章中介绍试验产品中的茶皂素含量为18％，但未注明检测方法；0.5％用量即每吨饲料加5公斤，此时茶皂素用量达到900ppm；但该剂量没导致日采食量下降，反而略有所增加(77.13与75.6克/天)；这与陈玮等2010年发表在《粮食与饲料工业》杂志上的《茶皂素对肉仔鸡生长性能，屠宰性能和肉质的影响》中所表述的结论：添加200-500mg/kg(ppm)的茶皂素均可以降低(肉鸡)平均日食量，是明显矛盾的；因此其结论0.5％的茶粕 用量组并没有降低肉鸡的采食量是存疑的。
如果按肉鸡日采食量为体重的5-6％，饲料中茶皂素用量为900ppm来计算；得到的实际用量是：茶皂素摄入量达到54mg-45mg/公斤(体重)/天；退一步认为试验中茶粕里的茶皂素含量只有15％(18％可能是偏高了)，实际用量也达到：37.5-45mg/公斤(体重)/天；这与其他文献中的试验用量或推荐量上限相比，用量也是明显高多了。
总而言之，肉鸡饲料中添加0.5％茶粕对促进生长是无效的，反而导致料肉比变差，其结论在肉鸡饲料中，茶粕适宜的添加量为0.5％也是明显有误有错的。
到目前为止，在饲料允许使用的饲料原料目录和饲料添加剂目录的列表中，都没有查到茶粕被列在其中；这很可能与饲料行业内普遍存在的技术偏见有关，即茶粕有强烈的刺激性和辛辣苦涩味(俗称有毒)，适口性极差，动物拒食有关；饲料界绝大多数技术人员普遍认为茶粕不能直接用于饲料，若要使用，首先必需要解决脱毒或去毒问题；正因上述二个原因，导致茶粕没有上充许使用的目录；同时茶粕也不在药物饲料添加剂品种目录中，即任何形式的茶粕暂时都还没有被列入在饲料允许目录中合法使用。
行业内专家正热衷于，采用不同工艺和方法，从茶粕中提取各类活性物质，如茶皂素，茶多酚或单宁，黄酮类化合物，茶籽多糖，茶籽蛋白等并发表了大量的技术文章，申请了很多的发明专利。如合肥信达膜科技有限公司2017年08月20日申请的《一种高纯度茶皂素的提取方法》专利；信阳师范学院华锐学院高进勇等于2016年01月18日申请的《一种油茶粕中黄酮苷的快速制备方法》。
可能是由于茶粕被认为是低档农副产品，目前为止，茶粕本身还一直没有被任何的国家卫计委或相关机构批准为新资源食品，食品添加剂，保健食品原料或食药同源的食品，国内也没有任何地方有食用茶粕的习惯，即普遍认为茶粕不宜食用；需要提取出其中相应的有效活性成份，才有可能供人食用或作医药用途。
另外茶粕是食用油厂的农副产品，也不在各类禁止使用的产品黑名单列表上。
发明内容：茶粕直接作为促进动物健康生长添加剂的制备方法和使用方法。
首先对本发明中茶粕的几种主要活性成份进行详细介绍：
第一种主要活性成份茶皂素。文献报道茶粕中茶皂素的含量范围有的是10-15％，有的则为12％--18％；这种差异的原因：一方面与原料产地和加工工艺有关；另一方面与茶皂素的检测方法有关；如重量法检测中，乙醇法提取的茶皂素的检测值，要比正丁醇提取的检测值要高；这是因为乙醇提取物中还会含有黄酮、单宁或生物碱等其他成份；而正丁醇提取物中主要就是茶皂素。茶粕中茶皂素含量高，有较强的苦辛辣味，易刺激鼻粘膜引起喷嚏；适口性差，吸湿性较强。
张星海2003年在《茶皂素性质及应用研究近况》及江和源2007在《茶皂素的性质、制备与 应用》的文章中都介绍说，茶皂素是一种天然非离子表面活性剂，具有良好稳定的乳化功效、发泡能力，还具有其他表面活性剂所没有的杀菌、消炎、镇痛、抗渗等药效。
张星海的文章还提到茶皂素可刺激动物体内激素的分泌，如肾上腺及质激素(皮质甾酮)，由于皮质甾酮对糖代谢作用很强，可促进糖元异生和葡萄糖新生，抑制血糖的利用，因此能使血糖暂时增加。茶皂素也能降低肝及血清中的胆固醇水平，因而有降血脂作用。
詹勇专利ZL96193005.5和郝媛华2015年《茶皂素的生物学活性及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展》都提及茶皂素具有增强免疫能力，并具有抗氧化的功效。
第二种成份单宁，包括茶多酚在内。茶粕中单宁的含量约为2％左右，有个别文献说达到6-7％含量；茶粕单宁因其涩味被一些专家认为是抗营养因子；但单宁的多酚羟基化学结构和独特的化学性质使单宁呈现出较强的抗氧化能力。另外虽然单宁会与饲料中糖类、氨基酸、蛋白质和铁离子等相吸附，但这种吸附是可逆的，在酸性环境中极易解吸的。单宁已经被批准为食品添加剂；植物单宁通常被认为是安全的。单宁也归属于茶多酚的范畴，茶多酚已被列入国标GB2760-2007《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》中，主要功能是抗氧化剂。公开文献介绍油茶单宁还具有抑菌和抗病毒，抗心脑血管疾病等多种功效。在食品领域里使用具有天然抗菌防腐的功效，作为稳定剂可用于液体饮料中，还可作为保健食品的原料。
第三种活性成份黄酮类。茶粕中黄酮含量有报道约为0.2％，也有的报道为1.3％，可能与检测方法有密切关系，具苦味；同时有公开文献表明茶粕中的黄酮类化合物主要是山奈酚、柚皮素及其衍生物等。如陈虹霞等在2011年《林产化学与工业》上发表的文章《油茶饼粕中黄酮苷类化合物的分离与结构鉴定》中，指出油茶饼粕中黄酮苷主要为山奈酚3-O-[2-O-β-D-半乳糖-6-O-α-L-鼠李糖]-β-D-葡萄糖苷和为山奈酚3-O-[2-O-β-D-木糖-6-O-α-L-鼠李糖]-β-D-葡萄糖苷。
侯留鑫等在2013年在《食品科学》上发表文章《一种新型茶叶籽黄酮单体的分离鉴定及其抗氧化活性》中，分离到新的黄酮类化合物，即柚皮素-7-O-(β-D-吡喃木糖基(1→6))(β-D-葡萄糖基(1→3)-α-L-鼠李糖基(1→2))-β-D-葡萄糖苷。
江河源等在2005年《茶叶科学》上发表文章《茶籽饼粕中黄酮苷的HPLC分析、制备与MS鉴定》中，指出茶籽饼粕中的黄酮苷，主要有山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷和山奈酚-3-O-(6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基；)-β-D-半乳糖苷两种。
同时在王成章授权专利101899070B《一种中压柱快速分离油茶饼粕中黄酮苷的制备方法》和高进勇专利申请号201610027047.6《一种油茶粕中黄酮苷的快速制备方法》的文献中，介绍说茶粕中还含有黄酮类天然活性成份，具有抗炎，抗氧化，雌性激素样作用以及抗菌及抗病毒等功效，并能使血管舒张，保护心脑；改善记忆，抗抑郁焦虑和神经保护等多种生理活性，黄酮类已有不少被开发成新型植物药，如银杏总黄酮等，并具有解肝脏毒的作用。
第四种活性成份：神经酰胺。另外日本专利JP2004189683和广西桂林孙步祥的授权专利102058727B《含神经酰胺的茶籽提取物及其制备方法》中介绍了茶粕中还含有一种天然的神经酰胺，并提及神经酰胺是一种双分子脂质层组分，属于鞘磷脂的类脂结构单元之一，有重 要的生物学作用，如信使作用及启动细胞凋亡，在调节细胞凋亡、细胞分化、转运及增殖等方面有一定的功能。还有人认为在诸如控制癌症、神经衰弱、糖尿病、肥胖及炎症等过程中也能发挥作用。
第五种活性成份咖啡因等生物碱。茶粕中含有约1％的咖啡因，属黄嘌呤生物碱化合物；茶粕中含生物碱约1.5-3％(含氮的碱性有机化合物，多数有复杂的环状结构，氮素包含在环内)其生物学活性可能与其他天然的含氮有机化合物(如维生素B1)一样，具有多种生理功效。生物碱具有苦味，如咖啡因，它同时也是一种中枢神经兴奋剂，适量摄入是极有益的。
另外茶粕中还有茶籽蛋白约12-18％，茶多糖约30％多以及有益的微量矿物质元素。
饲料行业内普遍存在很大程度的技术偏见：因为茶粕有强烈的刺激性和辛辣苦涩味，适口性极差，影响动物采食量，甚至动物拒食有关(俗称有毒)；所以饲料界绝大多数技术人员普遍认为茶粕不能直接用于饲料，茶粕只有在脱毒或去毒后，才能用到饲料中；同时此技术偏见已引导不少的技术人员去开发各种工艺去脱毒或去毒或降毒。
虽然孙艳发等的文章《日粮添加茶籽饼粕对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和抗氧化功能的影响》，提到在肉鸡饲料中直接添加茶粕，但其结论0.5％添加量并没有提高日增重，反而料肉比变差；0.75％和1％的添加更是副作用明显，日增重下降，料肉比更差，这是茶粕有毒的实际例子；即使0.5％添加茶粕也没有明显益处，这是典型的失败案例。
到目前为止，将茶粕粉碎后(不作任何提取或深加工；不去毒或降毒或脱毒)原样直接加到畜禽饲料中使用，并取得促生长等积极效果的文献，一直未见有公开报道。
发明需要能够解决的技术问题是：茶粕辛辣苦涩味，适口性极差(俗称有毒)，无法在饲料中直接使用的难题。
发明人的技术方案：首次在饲料业内，对茶粕采用Hormesis模型(双相剂量效应模型，低剂量促进效应)来科学研判茶粕的功效，准确分析茶粕的用量和功效之间的关系；初步确定茶粕在饲料中低剂量促进效应的用量范围为：每吨全价饲料添加250克-4公斤。
即只需将茶粕在每吨全价饲料中的用量，控制即250克-4公斤的合理范围内，即可解决上述难题；优选0.5-2公斤，最优选是0.8-1公斤；茶粕的这种用法用量，能提高动物生长性能，如日增重增加，料肉比改善，病死率降低。
发明人在阅读国内外大量文献后并结合工作经验，总结出本发明的几个要点：
一：业内在对茶粕的认识上存在技术偏见的四个可能原因。
1.茶粕普遍被认为是有一定毒性的农副产品，不宜直接在饲料中使用；这种理解基于现有经验和动物试验案例，的确是有道理的；但这种对茶粕所谓有毒的认识和理解是笼统和模糊的，主要仍停留在有毒和无毒的传统认知阶段。从茶粕对动物采食量的影响角度来看评判，按照传统毒物风险模型，茶粕的毒性的确可能是属于有阈值的模型(threshold model)，而不是 线性非阈值模型(linear non-threshold model)。因为饲料业技术人员对Hormesis模型很少有了解和准确的认知，更无法进行科学判断；所以很难从另一角度(如提高动物生长性能)来认定茶粕的毒性模型还可能属于Hormesis模型，即双相剂量效应模型。
2.另外茶粕之所以被饲料行业内人员普遍认为有毒，无法直接使用；主因是被当作饲料原料在使用。细细分析具体原因如下：一是茶粕像豆粕、菜粕等粕类，都是食用油厂的副产品；二是都含有较多粗蛋白，三是茶粕价格便宜，每吨约2000多元，容易购买；因此饲料业内技术人员极易将其当作饲料原料来看待，一旦作为原料的话，在饲料中用量就容易偏大，起点用量就是1-3％，即每吨添加10-30公斤茶粕，至少也是5公斤起步(如孙艳发文章中的用量就是0.5％，0.75和1％)；若不事先脱毒或去毒，就有极明显副作用，如采食量显著下降，生长缓慢，即俗称的茶粕有毒，根本就不能当原料在饲料中使用。
3.茶粕无法直接使用，但技术人员往往念念不忘茶粕价格又便宜，粗蛋白含量又高，又很容易采购，因此千方百计想利用茶粕，用来替代其它较贵原料，以降低成本；但因含较多茶皂素、单宁等抗营养因子，只有在将茶粕去毒或降毒(如提取茶皂素或发酵)后，才可当作饲料原料使用；况且去毒后茶粕在饲料中可添加5-10％或更多，且动物试验的效果能接受，成本又能降低，因此这种用法有一定的市场。特别是工厂在提取高附加值的茶皂素后，剩余(去毒后)茶粕的售价每吨仍近二千元，即茶粕和(去毒)茶粕的价差不太明显；工厂更有驱动力和积极性，提取高附加值的茶皂素，这样将一种茶粕变成两类产品，经济效益明显增加，厂商纷纷仿效，大量去毒茶粕(即提取茶皂素后的渣)上市，被当作饲料原料使用；饲料界利用茶粕的问题，某种程度上得到间接解决，茶粕饲料化问题不再紧迫。
4.另外从价格上来看，茶粕的确很便宜，每公斤只有2元多，比原料如豆粕等还便宜；因此饲料内从业人员，主观上更易将茶粕归为原料类，像豆粕菜粕棉粕等粕类一样；事实上这个大前提就偏了，茶粕功能定位定错了，不应该当作原料来用；方向错了，自然就易一错百错。
二：发明人能够全面纠正饲料行业内对茶粕技术偏见的三个要点：
1.发明人从茶粕本质上深入仔细分析，判定茶粕所含有的多种独特活性成份特征，相应的有效含量特征及对应的功效特征(如杀菌抑菌、消炎、抗氧化、提高免疫力等)，这三种特征其完全更符合饲料添加剂的主要技术特征；虽然根据茶粕的几个表面特征(粕类，食用油厂的副产品，含有较多的粗蛋白，价格也便宜)，将茶粕归为原料类也有合理之处；但综合评估下来，根据茶粕的主要显著特征和比较优势特征，首选应当归为功能性饲料添加剂类，而不是饲料原料类；更不宜模糊定位，错误定位。
2.从内在活性成份和含量上看，茶粕具有杀菌抑菌、消炎、杀病毒、抗氧化、提高免疫力之功效；从本专利的实践应用效果上看，茶粕的确具有促进畜禽生长，提高日增重，改善料比，减少病死率的实在功效；因此茶粕是一种功效显著且确切的植物源添加剂，能够部分取代或完全替代市场上替抗促生长的植提添加剂，茶粕是真正物美价廉的绿色添加剂。
3.发明人在深入了解毒物兴奋效应(Hormesis)模型之后；并且是在分析清楚茶粕中活性成份的主要作用机理之后(如认定绝大多数茶皂素本身并不被肠道吸收，主要作用于细胞膜表面， 增强细胞膜的通透性，促进营养物质吸收)以及实际工作经验后；确认茶粕的毒性模型是Hormesis模型，也称为双相剂量效应模型，即高剂量时(正如孙艳发的肉鸡试验中，茶粕用量0.5％，0.75％，1％)对生物体有害，而低剂量时(如本专利实施例中0.025--0.4％用量)对生物体有益；这种毒物的量效关系曲线也被称为U型曲线或低剂量促进效应模式。本发明需要保护的范围也就是茶粕低剂量促进效应中的剂量使用范围，即理论上的最低起效剂量(Lowest Observed Effect Level)到无可见有害剂量(NOAEL，NoObserved Adverse Effect Level)的范围，相当于本专利中畜禽饲料里，茶粕中每吨添加250克到4公斤的剂量范围。
三：发明人总结的发明原理和发明要点和有如下十条：
1：发明人从茶粕的比较优势特征(普通茶粕含茶皂素15％左右，单宁2％左右)总结出的三个技术特征，即丰富多样的活性成份特征，有效含量特征及实际功效特征，认定茶粕应当首选归为功能性添加剂；而不应该归属于饲料原料之类。
2：在发明人眼里茶粕浑身都是宝，其所含有多种天然活性成份，如茶皂素、茶多酚包括单宁(含原花青素)和黄酮、神经酰胺以及咖啡因类生物碱等，品种丰富且含量较高；这些独特的活性成份，本身天然聚在一起，可能具有天生的进化好的协同作用，根本不必费时费力用有机溶剂进行提取或萃取出来；况且有的活性成份是很难通过溶剂完全提取出来的；有的在提取过程中活性就下降或全部丧失。茶粕直接添加到饲料中使用，全部活性和营养，没有任何成分流失或活性下降；所有的有效成份全部充分利用起来，发挥各自独特的生物活性。
3：发明人认为茶粕中的主要活性成份茶皂素，发挥功效的主要原因是其优异的非离子表面活性剂的特征，同时具有亲水基团，又有亲油基团，并具有良好的稳定性；茶皂素并不需要被吸收进入肠道细胞内才发挥作用；茶皂素多数是在肠腔内就发挥活性作用，其具有①很强很稳定的乳化作用，能促进油脂的消化和吸收；②能与肠道细胞粘膜上的胆固醇结合，活化细胞脂筏，增强细胞膜的通透性，促进肠细胞对营养物质的吸收；③能激活肠道免疫相关细胞，特别是APC细胞，巨噬T细胞等，增强免疫应答反应。
4：发明人认为茶粕中的茶皂素经口摄入，其本身并不会在肠道吸收，而是会排出体外；所以其使用效果，在达到相应的足够有效剂量后，再额外添加并无多大益处，反而会有一定副作用，如影响动物采食量，损伤肠道细胞粘膜；所以控制茶粕的用量非常之重要。
5：发明人能准确认识和科学运用茶粕的毒物兴奋效应模型(双相剂量效应模型或U型模式)，即高剂量时对生物体有害，而低剂量时对生物体有益；结合相关茶粕的动物试验结果，科学分析，综合研判：最低起效剂量(LOEL，Lowest Observed Effect Level)，最佳效果剂量(Maximum response level)和无可见有害剂量(NOAEL，NoObserved Adverse Effect Level)三个关键值，以及三个剂量值之间的比例关系；NOAEL值平均约是LOEL值的10-20倍；最佳剂量平均约是NOAEL值的五分之一。
6：综合考虑茶粕中活性成份含量，茶粕在饲料中的用量，以及使用效果间的辩证关系；科学合理制定茶粕产品的质量标准，规范在饲料中的推荐用法用量和功效预期。
7：不同茶籽品种，不同产地来源，不同加工工艺，茶粕中的各种活性成份是有波动和差异的。为了避免因原料质量的波动而导致成品中有效成份浓度的高低，可以在检测各批原料后，在科学制定产品的质量标准的基础上，据此进行高低原料的科学优化配比，以使半成品中有效活性成份的含量稳定，成品质量可靠；也可选择载体/赋形剂进行配比，有利于产品的标准化。
8：本发明的关键点是纠正了技术偏见，即茶粕有毒无法在饲料中直接使用的偏见；同时将茶粕准确定位为功能性饲料添加剂，而不是看重茶粕中的蛋白将其当作饲料原料；在饲料行业内，首次对茶粕采用毒物兴奋效应模型(双相剂量效应模型)来科学研判茶粕的功效；准确分析有效成份含量(如普通茶粕中茶皂素含量为15％左右)，不同使用剂量和实际功能效果三者之间的关系；初步认定茶粕在畜禽全价饲料中低剂量使用的范围为每吨250克-4公斤。
9：科学理性地设置茶粕中有效成份的标准含量、准确合理的推荐用量，可预期实现的功效；达到茶粕的使用安全方便高效，真正较大程度地全面发挥茶粕的所有功效；并使产品质量保持稳定不出现波动；同时能够使产品的生产实现标准化，专业化，规模化和产业化。
10：本发明具有极强的实用性，非常有利于实现茶粕产业的升级换代；茶粕功能性饲料添加剂的准确定位，其附加值迅速提升；并将极大的有利于后期茶粕直接食品添加剂化，茶粕保健品化，乃至直接药品化；为做专做大做强茶粕产业链，奠定扎实的理论功底和积累丰富的实际应用经验。
补充说明：在专利申请文件公开或发明专利授权之后的计划。
发明人打算是先申请专利保护，后报产品批文或报请列入允许使用目录。发明专利是推动和促进整个科学技术的进步，有一定前瞻性和领先性，其所发明的产品(包括技术方案或使用方案)，有可能暂时还未获得到国家批准或列入允许目录，这是完全可以理解的。
所申请专利在获得初审合格并文件公开后或专利授权后，在有一定权利保护的前提下，会积极准备各项资料和报告，向国家相关行政管理部门，申报允许使用或获得行政许可的批文；然后再实际投入实施(授权生产和或销售)。
发明的技术优点和技术效果：
一：茶粕来源广泛，可大量快速生产和实现产业化；同时广大茶农的副产品得到高效利用，需求量会更大，茶粕不仅会更好卖，同时价格可能也会有所上涨，茶农收入能有所提高。
二：茶粕粉加工成本低或零成本。有的厂家本身就生产的是茶粕细粉，只需要简单更换成饲料级标签，即可直接销售，使用本发明的技术方案几乎零成本。若将茶饼或粗颗粒茶粕加工成茶粕细粉，生产方法也很简易，生产过程零排放，无污染；茶粕全部充分利用；也只需普通粉碎机即可，粉碎加工成本很低(每吨约增加80-200元粉碎成本)，几乎无门槛，易学易用易推广。茶粕的销售因为茶粕能在饲料中按饲料添加剂来销售和使用，即茶粕的用途扩大或改变，用户群猛增；从不能到能，从零到一，这是质的变化，这是巧妙的创新；因此茶粕直接销往饲料业的量会有突飞猛进的增加；厂家经济效益很显著增加。
三：使用方便且使用成本低。饲料内直接添加茶粕产品，不必脱毒，可长期直接低剂量(如每 吨按1--2公斤)添加，方法简便，使用成本低(每吨成本约为2-4元)，抗病促生长效果显著且确切。同时可部分或完全替代价格贵多了的其他植提饲料添加剂，能明显节省成本；同时也可部分或完全替代促生长抗生素的使用，减少抗生素的残留和污染。
四：茶粕产品可在动物饲料中广泛使用，长期使用，且对环境无任何污染。
五：茶粕产品能够抗菌防病，促生长，同时也具有消炎，抗氧化，增强动物免疫力的功效；是纯天然和无公害的，是极富前景的替抗促生长绿色产品。不仅物美价廉，更是物超所值；采用本发明的技术方案，多方受益，无论是茶粕生产商，还是客户(饲料或养殖企业)都很容易采纳本发明的技术方案，是一举多得，多方共同受益的好事；因此很容易得到大面积的推广和普遍使用，具有良好的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。
六：本发明科学且简单地解决了茶粕用于饲料的技术难题，在推荐用量的范围内，茶粕能进畜禽生长，提高日增重，改善料肉比，降低病死率；同时不用再担心茶粕对畜禽有毒副作用；此发明能高效合理地利用所有的茶粕资源，是利国利民之善举。
本发明的具体技术方案如下(制备方法和使用方法)：
一：茶粕产品的制备方法：
1)采购各类茶粕(包括饼，片，颗粒)，去除杂质异物，晒干或烘干。
2)在室温对上述原料进行机械性粉碎，粉碎成大约80--150目。
3)如按乙醇提取重量法检测茶皂素含量和国标法检测单宁(也可测茶多酚)含量，并做记录；设置产品的不同质量标准(如茶皂素不小于15％，单宁不小于1.5％定为标准级产品；茶皂素含量在10--15％之间，单宁含量小于1.5％，定为普通级产品；茶皂素含量在10％以下的可视为次级产品)。
4)检测产品中其他常规成份(如粗蛋白和灰份等)和卫生指标等项目，并做记录。
5)复查合格后，贴上相应品级的标签，并打包即可。
二：茶粕产品的使用方法：
以茶粕标准级产品(茶皂素含量不小于15％，单宁含量不小于1.5％)作为前提和基础。
根据茶粕Hormesis理论的双相剂量效应模型，茶粕的低剂量促进效应中的剂量范围，是从理论上的最低起效剂量(LOEL)到无可见有害剂量(NOAEL)，并且NOAEL的值是LOEL值的10-20倍；最佳剂量是NOAEL值的五分之一。
结合本发明实施例中的试验数据，即茶粕用量从每吨添加250克到4公斤不同梯度用量和使用效果的关系；250克(视同为LOEL值)到4公斤(等同为NOAEL值)，此两者的数值比例关系接近20倍；这种数值比例关系基本上与Hormesis理论是吻合的；同时试验确认的茶粕最佳剂量为1公斤，这与理论上最佳剂量(NOAEL/5)，即4公斤/5＝0.8公斤也是相近的。
因此茶粕标准产品，推荐的最佳剂量是每吨饲料添加量0.8-1公斤，对畜禽促生长效果最好。若将茶粕用于在某阶段防治疾病，短期(一到二周)添加，建议每吨添加2-4公斤。
具体实施方式：下面是本发明的典型实施例
实施例一：茶粕产品制备方法
1)采购浙江产的茶粕20公斤。
2)进行机械性粉碎，粉成120目左右的细粉。
3)检测其中的茶皂素和单宁含量，茶皂素为15.6％，单宁含量1.9％。
4)贴上相应的标签，并标注检测分析值备用。
实施例二：肉鸡生长性能试验
试验设计：选取大小基本一致的1日龄AA肉鸡900只；随机分成6组，即1个对照组与5个试验组；每组150羽，对照组(T0)喂基础日粮；试验1、2、3、4、5组分别喂在基础日粮中添加实施例一中的茶粕产品：250克、500克、1公斤、2公斤、4公斤/吨，称为T1，T2，T3，T4，T5组。肉鸡采用厚垫料平养；采光、温度、光照条件基本一致；所有肉鸡自由采食、饮水；饲养期间做好常规管理工作。基础日粮参照AA商品肉鸡营养标准配制，为玉米豆粕型日粮，粗蛋白19.5％。试验为期42天，试验结果如下表：
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
| 日增重(克/天) | 50.62 | 51.19 | 52.43 | 53.76 | 51.27 | 50.63 |
| 料肉比 | 1.830 | 1.783 | 1.745 | 1.742 | 1.757 | 1.841 |
| 死亡只数 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
试验结果表明：T3组的日增重和料肉比达到试验较好水平，即当茶粕用量为1公斤/吨时，效果最好，日增重比对照组提高6.20％；当超过这个剂量时，日增重有所下降；当剂量达到4公斤/吨时，日增重和料肉比并无明显变化；但随着茶粕用量加大，鸡只死亡数呈下降趋势。
实施例三：仔猪生长性能试验
试验设计：选择120头健康仔猪，平均体重约为15公斤左右，随机分成6组，每组20头仔猪，对照组(T0)喂基础日粮；试验1、2、3、4、5组分别喂在基础日粮中添加实施例一中的产品250克、500克、1公斤、2公斤、4公斤/吨，称为T1，T2，T3，T4，T5组。所有试验猪只自由采食和饮水，按照常规进行喂养，试验为期30天。试验结果如下表：
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
| 日增重(克/天) | 510.3 | 514.8 | 529.4 | 536.7 | 519.4 | 503.8 |
| 料肉比 | 2.058 | 2.061 | 1.953 | 1.864 | 1.892 | 2.045 |
| 腹泻头数 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
试验结果表明：T3组的日增重和料肉比达到最佳效果，日增重比对照组提高5.06％；当超过这个剂量时，日增重有所下降；特别是当剂量大到4公斤/吨时，日增重和料肉比都变差，与空白对照组几无差异；但随着茶粕用量加大，猪只腹泻头数下降，说明抗病力在增强。
试验总结：当茶粕在饲料中的用量为0.25-1公斤时，日增重和料肉比都是改善的；当剂量 增加到4公斤时，虽然日增重和料肉比与对照组相比，并无明显改善，但发病率明显降低，这可能是由于茶粕中所含有的杀菌成份如茶皂素和单宁，黄酮等多酚类等活性物质随着用量加大，其杀菌能力明显增强所致，因此动物抵抗力显著增强而不易生病或死亡。通过以上结果初步判定茶粕用量控制在0.25-4公斤之内，总体上是有益的；这也符合Hormesis理论的低剂量促进效应模型；推荐在饲料中长期添加使用，最优用量为1公斤。若为防止某阶段的疾病发生，可短期内(一到二周)将用量上调至每吨添加2-3公斤。若发生疾病，可尝试添加4公斤，对防治疾病应该是有积极作用的。
同时本发明的生产方法简单，易操作；有的粉状产品无需再加工，可直接使用；本发明的生产方法，零污染零排放，全利用，属于绿色放心健康产品；生产时环境友好，使用时生态友好，无污染排放，无有害残留；可持续发展；无论是饲料企业还是养殖单位，用得起，用得好，用得值；促生长防病效果确切，本发明易推广和普及，不仅茶农和茶油厂直接受益，同时广大养殖户也同时受益，一举多得，变废为宝，利国利民。
以上所描述的实施例只是本发明的典型实施例，用来解释说明本发明的技术方案和技术效果，并不能涵盖全部的可能实施例，也不是对本发明进行的限制。
本发明对饲料行业内多年存在技术偏见进行纠正，采用Hormesis模型，即低剂量促进效应将行业内积存的茶粕有毒不能使用的错误观点，彻底纠正过来；正式树立茶粕低剂量使用有益(优选剂量为每吨饲料添加0.8--1公斤)的科学观念；在本发明的权利要求保护范围内为(0.25-4公斤)，对本发明作出的任何简单修改和改变，如加载体稀释等，都落入本发明的保护范围。
同时基于本发明中的实施例及直接明显的启示，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下，将茶粕在每吨全价饲料中的使用剂量限定在0.25--4公斤内的技术方案，从鸡和猪饲料上，扩展应用到其他单胃动物饲料中，如鸭、火鸡、鹌鹑、鸵鸟、鸽，上述禽类包括相应的肉禽、蛋禽和种禽，以及宠物(狗猫)饲料中等，其所获得的相应其他实施例，以及其他等同或等效的简单替代方式，都属于本发明保护的范围。
Claims (10)
- 一种将茶粕作为单胃动物饲料添加剂的使用方法。
- 根据权利要求1所述的使用方法，其特征在于，茶粕在每吨全价饲料中用量为0.25--4公斤。
- 根据权利要求1所述的使用方法，其特征在于，茶粕在每吨全价饲料中的用量为0.5--2公斤。
- 根据权利要求1所述的使用方法，其特征在于，茶粕在每吨全价饲料中的用量为0.8--1公斤。
- 根据权利要求1所述单胃动物，包括鸡、鸭、火鸡、鹌鹑、鸽等禽类，及猪和狗猫等动物。
- 根据权利要求1所述的茶粕，其特征在于，茶粕是指山茶科植物种子，包括油茶籽和茶叶籽等，在取油后所剩的副产品，也没有经过为去毒或降毒目的而做过任何加工或处理。
- 根据权利要求1所述的茶粕，其特征在于，茶粕中茶皂素重量百份比的含量不小于8％，不超过25％。
- 根据权利要求1所述的茶粕，其特征在于，茶粕中单宁重量百份比的含量不小于0.5％，不超过7％。
- 根据权利要求1所述的茶粕，其特征在于，茶粕中的活性成份是指茶皂素、单宁、茶多酚、黄酮类化合物、神经酰胺等。
- 根据权利要求1所述的茶粕，其特征在于，包括有草和无草茶粕，也包括粉状，颗粒状及饼状等各类形状茶粕。
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