WO2019029835A1 - Dispositif et procédé de climatisation - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de climatisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019029835A1
WO2019029835A1 PCT/EP2018/000253 EP2018000253W WO2019029835A1 WO 2019029835 A1 WO2019029835 A1 WO 2019029835A1 EP 2018000253 W EP2018000253 W EP 2018000253W WO 2019029835 A1 WO2019029835 A1 WO 2019029835A1
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Prior art keywords
iron
carrier gas
precursors
guide tube
aerosol
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PCT/EP2018/000253
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Franz Dietrich Oeste
Renaud de Richter
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Franz Dietrich Oeste
De Richter Renaud
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Application filed by Franz Dietrich Oeste, De Richter Renaud filed Critical Franz Dietrich Oeste
Publication of WO2019029835A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019029835A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G15/00—Devices or methods for influencing weather conditions

Definitions

  • Ferrous gas vortices can be generated by the methods and apparatus.
  • the gas vortex serves as a carrier for the substances to be emitted and can transport them to great heights, for example at heights of up to 1000 m above the earth's surface or, moreover, into the troposphere.
  • aerosols and / or gases to reduce greenhouse gases and reinforce the cloud albedo into the troposphere in such a way that they occupy as high a position as possible above the land or water surface to reach.
  • Particularly effective aerosols are halogen-containing iron salts. Similar to the natural iron-containing mineral dusts, these also have a low halogen content.
  • the halogen content comes from the sea salt aerosol, in that acidic atomic spheres release hydrogen chloride gas, with which the iron oxides in the aerosol particles superficially convert to iron (III) chlorides and bromides. Solar radiation releases atomic chlorine and bromine from it.
  • Chlorine stimulates methane oxidation and bromine decomposes tropospheric ozone.
  • the iron salt aerosols stimulate the formation of especially white clouds and extend their lifespan.
  • the iron salt stimulates phytoplankton reproduction. This will transform CO 2 - carbon into organic and carbonate carbon and its incorporation stimulated in ocean crust and sediment.
  • the phytoplankton proliferation itself also has a cooling effect on the ocean, as the phytoplankton also enhances the albedo of the ocean surface. All these effects of the iron-containing mineral dusts in the ice age were also based on the loess dust, whose maximum drift therefore triggered a cold climate phase.
  • the effective in cooperation with the iron halogens over the oceans in windy regions are available in sufficient quantities, because there, especially the hydrogen chloride from the sea salt aerosol is released by natural atmospheres, such as organic acids, nitric acid and Sulfuric acid, but also anthropogenic flue gases that release these acids to a sufficient extent, act on the sea salt aerosol.
  • natural atmospheres such as organic acids, nitric acid and Sulfuric acid, but also anthropogenic flue gases that release these acids to a sufficient extent, act on the sea salt aerosol.
  • the advantage of an additional hydrogen halide emission into the atmosphere is to be seen in a substantial increase in the effectiveness, because the cooling effective iron salt aerosol can form directly and thus can act without delay.
  • sustainable sources of emissions of iron and halogens as aerosols are aircraft such.
  • the claimed device has been developed to harness the many heat sources operating on the earth and / or sea surface and from there the sustained emission of the iron aerosols or their iron and halogen containing precursors with warm gases as the carrier gas high altitude, for example, at altitudes of 1000 m or more above the ground or water surface to raise.
  • the present invention relates to a device for the emission of iron aerosols and / or their precursors into the atmosphere, which at least the following elements A) to C), A) to B) and D) or A) to D):
  • Seen carrier gas stream before and / or opens into the guide tube and / or flows into the carrier gas stream after its exit from the guide tube, and / or
  • Iron compound seen in the flow direction of the carrier gas stream, before and / or opens into the guide tube.
  • carrier gas is understood to mean a warm gas stream without climate-cooling ingredients or their precursors.
  • iron aerosols are produced. These may be climate-effective iron aerosols containing iron halides, preferably iron (III) halides. However, they may also be precursors (precursors) of iron halides, which are only converted into climate-effective iron aerosols after their release into the atmosphere. Examples of such precursors are iron compounds which are not iron halides and which are in the form of aerosols, gases or vapors may be present. Further examples of such precursors are halogens or halogen compounds which may also be in the form of aerosols, gases or vapors. Combinations of different precursors or combinations of climate-effective iron aerosols and precursors can also be produced in the device according to the invention.
  • Some iron aerosols are good for releasing atomic chlorine and bromine in the atmosphere. These are generally oxides and hydroxides of di- and / or trivalent iron and also chlorides and bromides of di- and / or trivalent iron, including their hydrates and hydroxyl compounds.
  • iron (II) and iron (III) compounds are formed from precursors by thermal reactions, hydrolysis, oxidation or other chemical transformation. These are mainly iron compounds, for example organic iron complex compounds with iron in various oxidation states, such as ferrocene, iron (III) catecholate, or iron salicylate, or zerovalent iron compounds, such as iron pentacarbonyl, or inorganic or organic iron salts , such as iron (III) chloride, iron (II) chloride, iron (III) bromide, iron (II) bromide, iron (III) formate, or iron (II) formate.
  • the precursor substances may also be halogen compounds from which these iron (II) and iron (III) compounds can be formed by means of a chemical reaction.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a guide tube A), in which the carrier gas stream discharged from the generator device B) is discharged in order to impart a direction and an angular momentum to the outflowing carrier gas.
  • the rotationally symmetrical guide tube A) has a circular cross-section. Its tube axis is arranged in such a way that the carrier gas flow emerging from the tube around the tube axis is conducted into the atmosphere.
  • the rotation of the carrier gas around the tube axis can be triggered by the arrangement of stabilizing devices F), for example by baffles in the guide tube A).
  • the emerging from the upper end of the tube carrier gas stream thereby forms a carrier gas vortex. Because this carrier gas vortex has self-stabilizing properties, it can rise much higher in the atmosphere than non-rotating carrier gas streams of the same mass, density, heat content, and temperature.
  • the device according to the invention contains one or more generator device (s) B) for the carrier gas flow.
  • This may be, for example, at least one internal combustion engine with a propeller and / or a turbine engine. This serves to generate and drive a large amount of carrier gas.
  • Suitable internal combustion engines for this purpose are preferably aircraft engines of all sizes, for example, those used in sluggish modern jetturbines of passenger and cargo aircraft.
  • propeller thrusters are also suitable, but not just those used in the big transport machines in the military sector, but also small propeller engines used in small aircraft or drones.
  • the carrier gas drive and the carrier gas volume can be generated, but by the combustion engine gas heating and a favorable buoyancy of the carrier gas are triggered.
  • the required gas flow can also be provided by means of electric motor driven fans as a generator device B).
  • the generator device B) may be arranged more or less vertically in the guide tube A) in order to press the carrier gas flow upwards.
  • the generator device B) in the guide tube A) open, in particular in the lower end of the guide tube A).
  • the carrier gas stream discharged from the generator device B) is used for the uplift of the climate-effective iron aerosols or their precursors and optionally other ingredients.
  • a heating device E is preferably provided for the carrier gas stream.
  • the heating of the carrier gas stream can take place in the generator device B).
  • heat sources which are arranged outside the generator device B).
  • the heating of the carrier gas stream can be achieved for example by the combustion of energy sources, such as oil, gas or coal, or by solar heat.
  • energy sources such as oil, gas or coal
  • solar heat for example, air can be heated in so-called updraft power plants.
  • the carrier gas may be heated before, after and / or in the generator device B).
  • the device according to the invention preferably contains stabilizing devices F) for the carrier gas flow which are inside the guide tube A). are mounted and the excite the carrier gas stream before it exits into the atmosphere to a rotation about the longitudinal axis of the guide tube A).
  • This may preferably be in the guide tube A) mounted baffles.
  • baffles for Stromal can be used in a second variant of the device according to the invention also the generated carrier gas flow itself by the flowing from the generator device B) carrier gas is not blown off parallel to the Leitrohrachse, but is blown tangentially into the guide tube A). This is preferably done at an angle which is between 10 ° and 45 ° to the tube axis.
  • two or more engines are arranged in the tube for generating the carrier beam for carrying out this stabilization method of the carrier gas jet, preferably in a symmetrical arrangement about the tube axis and in a respective preferably rectified angle to the tube axis between 10 ° and 35 °.
  • the guide tube A is set up perpendicular to the surface.
  • This is preferred when large heights from which the emitted iron aerosol and / or its precursors are to propagate are to be achieved, for example heights of more than 1000 m above the surface. In some cases, however, it has been found that expulsion at an angle of less than 90 ° to the surface is expedient for a favorable propagation of the carrier gas vortices containing iron aerosols and / or precursors thereof.
  • the entire emission device, at least the guide tube A) and optionally the generator device B), the heating device E), the injection device C) and / or the reactor D) to be arranged pivotably. Due to the pivotable arrangement, the angle between the swirl axis of the gas vortex emerging from the guide tube A) and the surface can be adjusted as desired. Arranged on an additional rotatable base, the direction in which the gas vortex is to be emitted at a certain angle can also be predetermined. Thus, this can even happen during the emission operation of the iron aerosols and / or their precursors, eg when changing the wind direction.
  • the injection device C) is used to inject iron aerosol and / or precursors thereof, for example of precursors of iron (III) aerosol, in the carrier gas flow and flows in the direction of flow of the carrier gas stream before and / or in the guide tube A) or in the carrier gas stream its exit from the guide tube A).
  • per device multiple injection devices C) may be provided. These can introduce different substances into the carrier gas stream, for example iron aerosol or its precursors, for example gaseous or vaporous halogens or halogen compounds.
  • the injection device is typically one or more ports or one or more nozzles attached to the end of a conduit which open into the carrier gas stream.
  • the reactor D) serves to produce iron aerosol and / or its precursors by combustion, evaporation or by pyrolysis of iron compounds.
  • the reactor D) opens in the flow direction of the carrier gas stream, before and / or in the guide tube A) or in the carrier gas stream after its exit from the guide tube A).
  • Per device multiple reactors D) may be provided.
  • the reactor D) is integrated into the generator device B).
  • an internal combustion engine or an engine in which iron aerosol and / or its precursors are produced by combustion, evaporation or pyrolysis may be considered as the combined generator apparatus B) and reactor D).
  • One or more generating devices B for example engines, and one or more guide tubes A) by means of which the carrier aerosols and / or its precursors containing carrier gas vortex is produced, can or can be mounted on a device sufficiently high above the ground or over the surface of the water is arranged to allow the air drawn in by the generator device (s) B), for example from the engine (s) or fan (s), to flow in sufficient quantity and without substantial pressure loss to the guide tube A).
  • the emission system according to the invention is designed in a suitable design and preferably harbors sufficient space.
  • the carrier gas stream can be additional hot gas streams, for example, from incinerators, power plants or other energy sources, such as marine engines integrate.
  • Any additional heat source for the carrier gas helps to increase the gas vortex to higher altitudes transport.
  • Heat sources include power plants that burn fossil fuels, waste power plants, nuclear power plants, wind turbines and any facilities in which solid, liquid or gaseous energy sources are burned. It is only necessary to ensure that in the air flow in the case sufficient amounts of oxygen occur in order to generate sufficient energy in the generating devices B) for generating the gas turbine containing iron aerosols.
  • the iron aerosol preferably the iron (III) aerosol and / or precursor of iron aerosols (precursors) can be added to the carrier gas in each stage of the emission device according to the invention.
  • halogen or hydrogen halide-containing gases or vapors are injected directly into the gas vortex.
  • vapors, aerosols and / or gases containing one or more substances from the group iron chloride, iron bromide, iron pentacarbonyl, chlorine, bromine, bromine chloride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide are produced in the reactor D). It does not necessarily have to be a combustion or a pyrolysis of a precursor of these substances, but the precursor can also be converted simply by heating in gas, smoke or steam.
  • this device contains one or more atomization devices G) for generating aerosols.
  • These fogging device (s) G) can be mounted at different positions in the device according to the invention. Examples are the inlet or outlet of the cylindrical guide tube A), the inlet or outlet end of the injection device (s) C) or the exit end of the reactor (s) D).
  • nebulization devices are devices in which nebulization takes place by mechanical methods. These include, for example, airless technology, ultrasonic nebulizers or rotating wheels. In the airless technique, a liquid is atomized only by high pressure at the exit from a nozzle, without the need for the addition of a carrier gas.
  • the mist droplets are generated from a liquid film that moves across a piezoceramic element that vibrates at ultrasonic frequency.
  • the mist droplets are acted upon in the axial direction with an air flow containing a liquid jet or liquid droplets that are smashed when hitting the spokes or bristle elements in the smallest mist droplets, which are discharged with the air flow.
  • the aforementioned liquid and multi-fuel burners generally also contain facilities for the formation of fuel mists to optimize the combustion process.
  • the precursor mist generated in the nebulizer (s) G) can be directed with a carrier air flow to the intended locations of the device according to the invention.
  • this device contains one or more electrolysis devices H) for generating Chlorine and / or hydrogen chloride from saline solution or molten salt.
  • the electrolysis device (s) H) can be mounted at different positions in the device according to the invention. Examples of this are connections of the electrolysis device (s) H) via gas outlets with the inlet or outlet of the cylindrical guide tube A), with the inlet or outlet end of the injection device (s) C) or with the inlet or outlet end of the reactor ( D).
  • this contains one or more reactors I) for the production of gaseous iron (III) chloride from granulated or lumped iron and chlorine.
  • reactors I) can be mounted at different positions in the device according to the invention. Examples of this are compounds of the reactor (s) I) via gas discharges to the inlet or outlet end of the injection device (s) C) or to the inlet or outlet end of the reactor (s) D).
  • a device for air conditioning cooling by emission of iron and / or halogen-containing aerosols and / or gases by means of an approximately vertically rising stabilized carrier gas stream of hot air which is characterized in that the heating of the carrier gas flow is triggered within a vertical cylindrical guide tube with circular Cross section through
  • f) is carried out by arranged in the interior of the guide tube baffles, which excite the pressed in the vertical direction carrier gas stream for rotation about the tube axis and / or
  • the carrier gas flow sources mentioned by the devices according to d) and e) are arranged outside the tube axis within the guide tube and align the carrier gas flow in a thrust that is directed at a deviation of less than 45 ° from the vertical.
  • the device according to the invention has the advantage that, due to its small footprint, it can be installed both as a stationary installation on land, in shallow off-shore area, on floating platforms on the ocean, or on any ship.
  • iron may be added as the iron compound dissolved in fuel, for example, as fuel-dissolved ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl, iron oleate or iron acetylacetonate.
  • fuel-dissolved ferrocene iron pentacarbonyl
  • iron oleate iron acetylacetonate
  • a polar organic solvent its mixture can be used with water or pure water.
  • Iron nitrate and iron chloride, in particular iron (III) nitrate and iron (III) chloride can be added to the fuel, for example the diesel oil or kerosene, as a solution in alcohol, acetone, glycol or other polar solvents as well as water as an emulsion.
  • the fuel in the solution or the solution in the fuel can be emulsified.
  • a preferred process variant relates to the generation of iron aerosol emissions, wherein an iron compound or iron pentacarbonyl vapor or liquid dissolved in water and / or an organic solvent is burned, condensed to an aerosol, and that the combustion product then released into the atmosphere.
  • the iron aerosol or its precursor is produced by combustion of a combustible gas and / or a combustible liquid, for example with an oil or gas burner.
  • the solutions of the following iron compounds are suitable: ferrocene solution in hydrocarbon-containing liquid oils, Eisenpentacarbonyldampf containing combustible gases, Eisenpentacarbonyl principles in hydrocarbonaceous liquid oils, iron (III) nitrate solution in polar organic solvents, iron (II) nitrate solution in water and / or in polar organic solution -means, iron (II) chloride solution in water and / or in polar organic solvents, iron (III) chloride solution in polar organic solvents, emulsions of iron (III) nitrate solution and / or iron (III) chloride solution in water and / or polar organic solvents in oil.
  • the flue gas enriched with iron aerosol or its precursor (s) through such combustion processes can then be introduced, for example, into the carrier gas between the guide tube A) and the generator device B) or into the guide tube A) or into the carrier gas stream emerging from the guide tube A).
  • iron aerosols by the combustion of ferric chloride solution by the existing halogen an increased corrosion attack on the metallic burner components would happen, such loaded with halogen thermally and corrosively stressed parts of the combustion devices are preferably made of ceramic materials.
  • gaseous halogens for example chlorine and / or bromine as such or as an interhalogen compound (s) or as hydrogen halide compounds or else as vaporous halogenated Silicon compounds, such as.
  • elemental halogens can be prepared directly by electrolysis from molten salts, salt water or seawater.
  • halogens or hydrogen halide compounds mentioned under 5 can also be produced by combustion of carbon-halogen compounds, such as, for example, dichloromethane, chloroform or bromoform, in a separate gas or oil burner. Where would be done by the attack of halogen with an increased corrosion attack on the metallic burner components, so loaded with halogen thermally and corrosively stressed parts of the reactors D) are preferably made of ceramic materials.
  • carbon-halogen compounds such as, for example, dichloromethane, chloroform or bromoform
  • a separate gas or oil burner where would be done by the attack of halogen with an increased corrosion attack on the metallic burner components, so loaded with halogen thermally and corrosively stressed parts of the reactors D) are preferably made of ceramic materials.
  • silicon compounds to the fuel of a generator device B) or a reactor D), for example a carrier gas engine, or the fuel of liquid fuel combustion, e.g. Silicone oil to hydrocarbon fuels and silicic acid esters or halosi
  • iron aerosols or their precursors can be carried out particularly efficiently for economy and effectiveness by combustion, evaporation or pyrolysis of solutions or dispersions of iron compounds.
  • iron compounds from the group of iron chlorides and iron nitrates are used, which are particularly preferably thermally treated in the presence of compounds containing chlorine and / or bromine.
  • the invention therefore also relates to a process for the emission of iron aerosols and / or their precursors into the atmosphere, comprising the following measures:
  • Solutions of iron compounds are particularly preferably used according to the invention, very particularly preferably solutions of iron (III) compounds in an organic polar solvent.
  • combustion of an iron compound is understood as meaning a reaction of the iron compound in the presence of oxygen and / or of halogens at elevated temperature.
  • the temperature should be selected so that the desired reaction takes place at a rate sufficient to produce iron aerosol or its precursor in the flue gases.
  • Typical combustion temperatures are in the range of 500 to 2000 ° C.
  • Pyrolysis of an iron compound in the context of this description means a decomposition of the iron compound in the absence of oxygen and / or of halogens at elevated temperature.
  • the temperature is to be chosen so that the desired decomposition proceeds at a rate that is sufficient in the flue gases Iron aerosol and or its precursor arises.
  • Typical pyrolysis temperatures are in the range of 1000 to 2500 ° C.
  • vaporization of an iron compound is understood to mean conversion of an iron compound at elevated temperature into the gas phase, without any combustion or pyrolysis of this iron compound taking place.
  • the evaporation temperature should be selected accordingly.
  • a preferred variant of the method according to the invention contains as a selected measure a) the burning of emulsions from the group of emulsified solution in oil and emulsified oil in solution, wherein the solutions are solutions of iron chlorides, iron bromides and / or iron nitrates in polar organic solvents and / or water and mixtures thereof, and wherein the oil is hydrocarbon oils which may optionally contain an iron compound from the group of ferrocene, iron pentacarbonyl or iron soaps dissolved in the oil.
  • a further preferred variant of the method according to the invention contains as a selected measure a) the burning of combustible gases with a content of vaporous iron pentacarbonyl.
  • a further preferred variant of the method according to the invention comprises, after carrying out the measure a) as an additional measure a * ) mixing the iron-containing gas, vapor and / or aerosol phase (s) with a carrier gas phase and as a selected measure b) emission of the iron aerosols formed and / or their precursors together with the carrier gas into the atmosphere.
  • the iron can be present in different oxidation states.
  • iron-0 compounds as in the case of iron pentacarbonyl
  • iron (II) compounds as in the case of iron (II) halides or of iron (II) nitrate or of ferrocene
  • iron - (III) compounds as in the case of iron (III) halides or E isene (111) n-nitrate.
  • iron (III) chloride aerosol emissions into the atmosphere which is characterized in that iron (III) chloride and / or iron (III) chloride hydrate is vaporized and / or thermally decomposed and subsequently to an aerosol from iron (III) chloride and / or iron (III) chloride hydrate is condensed, wherein the iron (III) chloride and / or iron (III) chloride hydrate evaporation and / or thermal decomposition by the combustion of an iron (III) chloride in an organic polar iron (III) chloride solvent and optionally by the combustion of a hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon mixture and / or a silicone oil in excess of oxygen.
  • the invention preferably relates to a method for the emission of iron aerosols and / or their precursors into the atmosphere using the device described above, the method having the following measures
  • Seen flow direction of the carrier gas stream before and / or opens into a guide tube and / or flows into the carrier gas stream after its exit from the guide tube, and / or iii) producing iron aerosol and / or precursors thereof by burning, vaporizing or pyrolysis of an iron compound in a reactor which, viewed in the direction of flow of the carrier gas stream, opens in front of and / or into the guide tube,
  • the invention relates to a preferred process for the emission of iron aerosols and / or their precursors into the atmosphere, wherein an iron compound dissolved or dispersed in a liquid or a liquid or vaporous iron compound is burned in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas, and then the combustion product in the Atmosphere is released.
  • natural gas, propane gas, butane gas or other combustible gas are preferably commercially available gas burner, such as cross-flow burner or blower gas burner Küppers Solutions GmbH, Gelsenmün.
  • gas burner such as cross-flow burner or blower gas burner Küppers Solutions GmbH, Gelsenmün.
  • ferrocene, iron oleate or iron naphthenate by flame pyrolysis in the presence of liquid hydrocarbon such as gasoline or oil commercially available oil burners can be used, such as fan oil burner from Trotec or Heinsberg.
  • iron salts preferably of iron (III) salts, containing solutions such as iron trinitrate or iron trichloride in polar combustible solvents, for example in alcohol, which may be present as an emulsion in liquid hydrocarbons.
  • iron salts preferably of iron (III) salts
  • solutions such as iron trinitrate or iron trichloride in polar combustible solvents, for example in alcohol, which may be present as an emulsion in liquid hydrocarbons.
  • sparingly soluble iron salts in aqueous solutions or as a water-in-oil dispersion in organic solutions.
  • These may, for example, be water-soluble iron (II) salts, for example iron (II) nitrate, iron (II) chloride or iron (II) acetate, which may be dissolved in water or dispersed in hydrocarbons as water. in-oil emulsion.
  • the flammable solutions of the iron salts can be reacted directly in such oil burners flame pyrolytic to iron oxide or iron (III) chloride aerosols.
  • the advantage of this method of co-combustion of iron nitrate and / or iron chloride solutions in polar substances, such as water, alcohol, glycol, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform or mixtures thereof alone or with oils or combustible gases is the high loading of the flame reaction with iron salts. This makes it possible to realize the combustion of up to more than 50 percent solutions of iron nitrate and / or iron chloride.
  • multi-fuel burners in which various liquid phases and / or gas phases can be reacted in a flame
  • fluid phases from the groups combustible gas phases, combustible liquid phases, incombustible liquid phases, gaseous oxidants and liquid oxidants to react simultaneously in a flame to directly produce iron (III) aerosols and / or their precursors, for example iron oxide aerosols, gaseous and vapor halogens and hydrogen halides.
  • the multi-fuel burners from kuppers Solutions GmbH, Gelsenmün are suitable for this purpose.
  • the individual phases are atomized together by the burner and reacted with each other in the flame reaction.
  • the iron aerosols and / or their precursors containing exhaust gases from the flame reaction can be introduced directly into the upflowing carrier gas stream.
  • the active ingredients according to the invention and regardless of the weather conditions can be shipped to great heights, for example, be transported over one kilometer high above ground in the troposphere, so that they can spread there over wide regions. Based on the emission site, the active ingredients can easily spread over intercontinental distances.
  • Particle diameters of the climate-active iron aerosols formed in a flame reaction and / or their precursors are generally below 1 ⁇ m.
  • mixed oxides of iron oxides, silicon dioxide and manganese oxides can also be used in flame pyrolysis, by adding silicone oils or other organosilicon or silicon-inorganic precursors, in addition to the said iron-based precursors, For example, silicon tetrachloride, or manganese organic oils may be added to the oils or combustible gases prior to combustion.
  • silicone oils or other organosilicon or silicon-inorganic precursors for example, silicon tetrachloride, or manganese organic oils may be added to the oils or combustible gases prior to combustion.
  • iron pentacarbonyl vapor, and / or iron oxide aerosol or Eisenoxidhydrataerosol and hydrogen chloride gas possibly also hydrogen bromide vapor
  • ISA climate-effective iron (III) halide aerosols
  • silicon tetrachloride vapor and / or silicon tetrabromide vapor both of which already decompose by hydrolysis in the gas phase of the gas vortex into silica aerosol and hydrogen halide gas and then react with the iron content of the iron-containing vapors or aerosols added to form ISA.
  • the released silica aerosol also acts as a nutrient for the phytoplankton and, like iron, promotes phytoplankton growth.
  • the preferred physical and chemical-physical methods for producing iron aerosols and / or their precursors, preferably of ISA, contained in the carrier gas vortex and emitted therewith into the troposphere, include the evaporation of ISA and / or ISA precursors.
  • iron (III) chloride By evaporation between 150 and 500 ° C, preferably between 200 and 300 ° C, iron (III) chloride can be converted in sufficient amount in the vapor state from which it passes through rapid cooling and hydrolysis in ISA.
  • the particle diameter of the ISA formed in this case are below 1 ⁇ when the cooling is rapid.
  • the iron (III) chloride evaporation process may be carried out by passing a dry inert gas, such as e.g. For example, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, by a priming vessel with suitably tempered anhydrous iron (III) chloride happen.
  • a dry inert gas such as e.g. For example, nitrogen or carbon dioxide
  • anhydrous or hydrous iron (III) chloride in a polar solvent, for example, anhydrous or hydrous ethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, glycol, ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, which acts as an adjuvant, dissolved.
  • a polar solvent for example, anhydrous or hydrous ethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, glycol, ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, which acts as an adjuvant, dissolved.
  • a polar solvent for example, anhydrous or hydrous ethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetone, glycol, ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl a
  • an iron compound for example, an iron (III) chloride or an iron (III) nitrate solution
  • a solvent together with hydrocarbon oils, such as diesel oil or by directly burning the solution of an iron compound
  • the combustion energy of the Emulsion can be increased so far that even up to 40 percent solutions of iron compounds, such as iron chloride or iron nitrate, with evaporation or under iron (III) chloride aerosol formation or under iron (III) oxide aerosol formation can be burned.
  • the precursor solution or dispersion may be added with silicon compounds as described above.
  • silicon tetrachloride or silicone oils silicic acid esters can also be used as the silicon component.
  • the iron salt solution In order to increase the water content of the iron salt solutions, the preferably up to 40%, or even higher, to induce sufficient pyrolysis of the iron salt solution, it may be necessary to add larger amounts, for example up to 80% by weight, of hydrocarbons to the solution as an energy source.
  • the hydrocarbons may be included as an emulsion in the iron salt solution; conversely, the iron salt solution may be included as an emulsion in the hydrocarbon or in the hydrocarbon mixture.
  • Anhydrous and high-percent organic iron nitrate solutions may have a significant potential for oxidation, and there may be a risk of explosive decomposition. It is therefore safer if these solutions have a low water content, which corresponds, for example, to the water of crystallization of iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate or iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate.
  • These hydrous salts are also soluble in polar organic solvents, such as anhydrous iron (III) nitrate.
  • these emulsifiers and / or higher alcohols can be added.
  • conventional surfactants are suitable or higher alcohols, such as octanol.
  • These are preferably emulsions of oil in polar solvent or emulsions of polar solvent in oil, the ISA and / or ISA precursors such.
  • nitrates carbonyls or organic compounds of iron or halogen compounds or halogen Preferably, halogen-containing ISA precursors and ISA contain not more than 1% of bromine in addition to chlorine.
  • iron salt aerosol formation By passing inert gases, for example CO 2 or nitrogen, through 200 to 300 ° C. hot iron (III) chloride and addition of the hot iron (III) chloride vapor into the inert gas stream, iron salt aerosol formation likewise occurs therein.
  • inert gases for example CO 2 or nitrogen
  • the mechanical atomization of iron chloride solutions and / or iron bromide solutions can also be used to produce the iron aerosols.
  • the customary known methods for atomizing the iron solutions for example by rotating brushes, ultrasonic membranes, by spraying with auxiliary air or by the so-called airless method, and introducing the mist into an inert gas stream, are suitable for the enrichment of iron (III) aerosols in the inert gas vortex.
  • the present invention also proposes the possibility of the cloud of emissions nitrate or to add nitrate precursors from the gas phase. This can be done by the action of electrical high voltage on the carrier gas prior to its loading with the climate-effective iron (III) aerosol or its precursor (s), preferably from ISA.
  • a corona discharge is used in a magnetic field, as proposed by S.
  • FIG. 1 gives a flow chart of the method and the apparatus used for this purpose.
  • the description of the example focuses on the essentials. The mention of conveying and regulating devices for the promotion and quantity regulation of fuels, fuels, educts, coolants is omitted.
  • the device contains a carrier gas engine (1) for producing the preferably warmed carrier gas stream.
  • a carrier gas engine (1) for producing the preferably warmed carrier gas stream.
  • it is an aircraft engine with 100 kW diesel engine driven propeller drive with about 12 l / h diesel or kerosene required.
  • the carrier gas engine (1) is arranged such that the carrier gas stream formed flows upwards out of the carrier gas engine (1) and the necessary supply air (7) is drawn in from below.
  • the carrier gas flowing out of the carrier gas gate (1) is pressed through the cylindrical guide tube (3). Due to the helical in the guide tube (3) arranged Leitblechsegmente the carrier gas flow is impressed around the tube axis, which also after its outflow from the guide tube (3) in the free atmosphere to a height above ground of at least 500 m as a freely rotating spine (4) and thereby promotes the iron (III) aerosol precursors in the spine (4) up to this level, from where they spread as a largely horizontally arranged cloud of emissions. Because the carrier gas vortex (4) is made of warm gas of lesser density than the surrounding air, this promotes the ascent of the spine (4).
  • the buoyancy-promoting heat content of the spinal column (4) is obtained by the combustion processes in the multi-fuel burner (2) and in the carrier gas engine (1).
  • the cylindrical guide tube (3) has a diameter which corresponds approximately to the circle diameter of about 180 cm, the rotating propeller of the Carrier gas engine (1) describes and has a height of 12 m.
  • the carrier gas stream is essentially loaded with the elements iron and chlorine and possibly bromine as an iron aerosol precursor by tangential introduction (16) of iron- and halogen-containing iron aerosol precursors into the carrier gas stream into the ceramic tube attachment (9).
  • Iron- and halogen-containing iron aerosols or their precursors can be obtained, for example, by combustion of iron (III) chloride. Less preferred, but also possible, is the mentioned possibility of feeding vaporous iron pentacarbonyl as an iron aerosol precursor into the carrier gas stream at other locations.
  • the carrier gas propagates largely horizontally with the natural air movement as loaded with iron aerosols emission cloud (12). Since the conversion of the iron aerosol precursors to iron aerosol proceeds very quickly by oxidation, hydrolysis and chloride salt formation, the conversion of the iron aerosol precursors to iron aerosol within the cloud of emissions (12) is largely completed within one day.
  • the essential production of Eisenaerosol precursors happens by means of the multi-fuel burner (2).
  • the multi-fuel burner (2) is continuously supplied with preferably liquid, possibly also gaseous fuel from one of the storage container (5) or (6).
  • the multi-fuel burner (2) is designed to have the calorific equivalent of about 10 kg / h of pure alcohol in the form of a solution containing up to 30% by weight of iron as a salt, with solvent predominantly containing alcohol and an iron salt dissolved therein, for example from the group iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) acetylacetonate, iron (III) oxalate, iron pentacarbonyl, iron (III) ascorbate, iron (III) citronate and / or iron (III) catecholate , can burn.
  • iron (III) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (III) acetylacetonate, iron (III) oxalate, iron pentacarbonyl, iron (III) ascorbate, iron (III) citronate and / or iron (III) catecholate can burn.
  • the multi-fuel burner (2) is designed to burn the calorific equivalent of about 10 kg of pure hydrocarbon in the form of a hydrocarbon solution containing up to 20% by weight of iron pentacarbonyl; both as a gas phase, for example as methane, and in the liquid phase, for example fuel oil.
  • the multi-fuel burner (2) is designed so that in addition to the combustion of liquid or gaseous fuels, it also diluted to concentrated aqueous iron salt solutions, or their emulsions in oil or oil emulsions in these iron salt solutions, for example those of the iron salts iron (III) chloride, iron (II ) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) acetylacetonate, iron (II) acetylacetonate, iron (III) oxalate, iron (II) oxalate, iron pentacarbonyl, iron (III) ascorbate, iron (III ) citronate, iron (II) catecholate or iron (III) catecholate in the flame phase of the liquid and / or gaseous fuel.
  • concentrated aqueous iron salt solutions for example those of the iron salts iron (III) chloride, iron (II ) chloride, iron (III) nitrate, iron
  • the multi-fuel burner (2) is designed so that in addition to the combustion of liquid or gaseous fuels, it also dilute to concentrated organic C to C3 halogen compounds of chlorine and / or bromine, which are present as alcoholic solutions and / or as solutions in hydrocarbons and / or present as mixtures with methane gas and / or LPG, can burn.
  • the combustion air passes into the multi-fuel burner (2) by means of supply line (13).
  • the fuels and iron aerosol precursor solutions and / or gas mixtures pass from the storage containers (6) via the supply line (17) into the burner (2).
  • the liquid hydrocarbons as fuel, preferably kerosene or diesel, pass from the storage containers (5) via the feed line (10) into the burner (2).
  • the aerosol-shaped combustion products are discharged from the burner (2) from the burner (2) together with the hot uncooled exhaust gas from the combustion by means of ceramic tube (11) and pass through the ceramic supply pipe (16) into the ceramic tube attachment (9), where they enter the be initiated rotating carrier gas stream.
  • hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid may be generated from the bearing (14), the latter being preferably atomized via the supply line by means of a ceramic nozzle (15) and passing the ceramic feed line (16) into the ceramic tube attachment (9) from where it is introduced into the rotating carrier gas flow.
  • Chlorine gas can be produced on site relatively simply by electrolysis of salt water.
  • hydrogen chloride gas can be produced relatively easily by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with rock salt to sodium sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas or by heating silica sand with rock salt to sodium silicate and hydrogen chloride gas.
  • Carrier gas stream generating device carrier gas turbine
  • Multi-fuel Burner This is for the formation of iron aerosol precursor of alcoholic ferric chloride solution or alcoholic ferric nitrate solution or methane gas containing iron pentacarbonyl or hydrocarbon oil containing ferrocene or alcohol containing iron pentacarbonyl , Instead of solutions containing iron compounds can thus be burned undiluted iron pentacarbonyl. Instead of alcoholic solutions, water-containing alcoholic solutions of said iron salts or even their purely aqueous solutions in the multi-fuel burner flame can be burned if the flame is sufficiently maintained by co-combustion of fuels such as alcohol, gas, LPG, gasoline or oil.
  • the Multi-fuel burner has a consumption of about 10 l / h of diesel oil or alcohol and can generate at least one equivalent of 1 kg / h of iron as an iron aerosol precursor
  • Cylindrical guide tube This has helically incorporated baffle segments, which impart to the carrier gas rotation and turbulence around the tube axis in the flow through the guide tube from bottom to top
  • Carrier gas spine After flowing out of the draft tube (3), the warm carrier gas retains the impressed rotation about an approximately vertical axis and forms up to an altitude depending on its temperature at full power of the carrier gas engine (1) and at full calorific power of the Brenners (2) is a rotation-stabilized gas spine up to more than 500 m above ground.
  • the rotating vortex acts as a reaction space for the iron aerosol synthesis from the educts (iron aerosol precursors) added in the ceramic cap (9)
  • Fuel storage tanks These are used to store the fuel of the carrier gas engine (1), which is also used as fuel for the burner (2).
  • the fuel is preferably hydrocarbonaceous oils such as kerosene, diesel oil or fuel oil. These may contain oil-soluble iron aerosol precursors as additives such as. B. ferrocene or iron pentacarbonyl
  • Fuel storage tanks These are used for storage of fuel and iron (III) aerosol precursors. These are usually aqueous and / or alcoholic solutions of iron (III) aerosol precursors from the group iron nitrate and iron chloride or to alcoholic solutions of iron pentacarbonyl, iron acetylacetonate, organic iron salts as well as chlorine and bromine organic substances from the group of d- to C3 aliphatics or to solutions of iron nitrate and iron chloride in hydrous alcohol. Also suitable as fuel here are more volatile fuels, such as hydrogen, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, alcohol and gasoline, which can not be burned in the internal combustion engine of the carrier gas engine (1)
  • Iron (III) aerosol precursor Supply of gaseous and / or aerosol-shaped atomized chlorine, hydrogen chloride and / or hydrochloric acid from ceramic tube

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Atmospheric Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'émission d'un aérosol de fer et/ou de ses précurseurs dans l'atmosphère. Le dispositif comprend au moins les éléments suivants A) à C), A) à B) et D) ou A) à D) : A) un tube directeur cylindrique à section transversale circulaire destiné à l'éjection d'un flux de gaz porteur rotatif, contenant un aérosol de fer et/ou ses précurseurs, dans l'atmosphère, B) un dispositif générateur d'un flux de gaz porteur qui se déplace en rotation dans le tube directeur perpendiculairement à l'axe longitudinal du tube directeur, et C) un dispositif d'injection d'aérosol de fer et/ou de ses précurseurs dans le flux de gaz porteur, lequel dispositif d'injection débouche avant et/ou dans le tube directeur par référence au sens d'écoulement du flux de gaz porteur et/ou qui débouche dans le flux de gaz porteur après sa sortie du tube directeur et/ou D) un réacteur destiné à générer un aérosol de fer et/ou ses précurseurs par combustion, vaporisation ou pyrolyse d'un composé du fer, lequel réacteur débouche avant et/ou dans le tube directeur par référence au sens d'écoulement du flux de gaz porteur. Des aérosols de fer et/ou leurs précurseurs peuvent ainsi être générés qui sont délivrés dans l'atmosphère au moyen d'un flux de gaz porteur chaud sous la forme d'un panache de fumées stabilisé et dirigé. Le gaz porteur est excité de manière à tourner sur son axe vertical disposé perpendiculairement puis monte dans une direction prédéterminée sous la forme d'une colonne de gaz porteur en rotation.
PCT/EP2018/000253 2017-08-06 2018-05-11 Dispositif et procédé de climatisation WO2019029835A1 (fr)

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DE102017010697.5A DE102017010697A1 (de) 2017-08-06 2017-11-20 Verfahren zur Klimakühlung
DE102017010697.5 2017-11-20

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WO2003013698A2 (fr) 2001-07-31 2003-02-20 Ries, Ernst Elements de l'espace tropospherique enrichis d'elements vitaux et/ou de substances protectrices
DE102004028621A1 (de) * 2004-06-12 2005-12-29 Appel, Christian-Th. Vorrichtung zur Gewinnung von Wasserdampf
DE102009004281A1 (de) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-23 Franz Dietrich Oeste Klimakühlende Feststoff- und Gasverbrennung
WO2010075856A2 (fr) 2009-01-02 2010-07-08 Ries, Ernst Procédé pour refroidir la troposphère
DE102011108433A1 (de) * 2011-07-26 2013-01-31 Franz Dietrich Meyer-Oeste Klimakühlung mittels dampfförmiger hydrophober Eisenverbindungen
DE102013007409A1 (de) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-20 Franz Dietrich Meyer-Oeste Den aktivierten Abbau der Treibhausgase Methan und Ozon in der Troposphäre auslösende Oberflächen
DE102014013469A1 (de) 2013-10-16 2015-04-16 Franz Dietrich Oeste Klimakühlungsverfahren durch schwefelfreie Emission von eisenhaltigen Aerosolen und/ oder Gasen

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WO2003013698A2 (fr) 2001-07-31 2003-02-20 Ries, Ernst Elements de l'espace tropospherique enrichis d'elements vitaux et/ou de substances protectrices
DE102004028621A1 (de) * 2004-06-12 2005-12-29 Appel, Christian-Th. Vorrichtung zur Gewinnung von Wasserdampf
DE102009004281A1 (de) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-23 Franz Dietrich Oeste Klimakühlende Feststoff- und Gasverbrennung
WO2010075856A2 (fr) 2009-01-02 2010-07-08 Ries, Ernst Procédé pour refroidir la troposphère
DE102011108433A1 (de) * 2011-07-26 2013-01-31 Franz Dietrich Meyer-Oeste Klimakühlung mittels dampfförmiger hydrophober Eisenverbindungen
DE102013007409A1 (de) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-20 Franz Dietrich Meyer-Oeste Den aktivierten Abbau der Treibhausgase Methan und Ozon in der Troposphäre auslösende Oberflächen
DE102014013469A1 (de) 2013-10-16 2015-04-16 Franz Dietrich Oeste Klimakühlungsverfahren durch schwefelfreie Emission von eisenhaltigen Aerosolen und/ oder Gasen

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US20220120771A1 (en) * 2020-10-16 2022-04-21 Fudan University On-line measurement for emitted aerosol precursors from industrial sources

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