Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
  • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
  • B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
  • B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
  • B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
  • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
  • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
  • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
  • C22C33/0264—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements the maximum content of each alloying element not exceeding 5%
  • C22C33/0271—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements the maximum content of each alloying element not exceeding 5% with only C, Mn, Si, P, S, As as alloying elements, e.g. carbon steel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
  • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
  • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
  • C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
  • C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
  • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
  • B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
  • B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
  • B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
  • B22F2009/0824—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid with a specific atomising fluid
  • B22F2009/0828—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid with a specific atomising fluid with water
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
  • B22F2301/05—Light metals
  • B22F2301/058—Magnesium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
  • B22F2301/10—Copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
  • B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
  • B22F2304/10—Micron size particles, i.e. above 1 micrometer up to 500 micrometer

Definitions

• Embodiments of the present invention may provide a new stainless steel powder suitable for manufacturing of duplex sintered stainless steels.
• Embodiments of the present invention may also relate to a method for producing the stainless steel powder, the duplex sintered stainless steel as well as methods for producing the duplex sintered stainless steel.
• Duplex stainless steels have been known to the industry for more than 60 years. They are widely used in heat-treated cast, wrought and gas atomized powder forms, in many applications that require a combination of high strength and high corrosion resistance. However, they are unavailable today, in the water atomized powder form for use in press and sinter applications. Common uses for duplex stainless steels include chemical process plants pipeline, petrochemical industry, power plants and automobiles. They are also used in food processing industry, pharmaceutical process components, paper and pulp industry, in desalination plants and in the mining industry. Duplex stainless steels are known for their high resistance to inter granular corrosion (IGC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in chloride media. Chloride is severe challenge that leads to rapid corrosion media for iron-based alloys.
• IRC inter granular corrosion
• SCC stress corrosion cracking
• High strength and high corrosion resisting properties in duplex stainless steel are believed to be acquired due to a presence of ferrite and austenite phases in equal amounts.
• Such structure is generally achieved by using a balance of austenite stabilizers, e.g., nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co), and ferrite stabilizers, e.g., chromium (Cr), silicon (Si), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb).
• austenite stabilizers e.g., nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co
• ferrite stabilizers e.g., chromium (Cr), silicon (Si), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb).
• N is a strong austenite stabilizer.
• N when present in the alloy along with Cr, poses problem of forming nitrides which are deleterious to the properties such as strength and corrosion resistance.
• an intermetallic phase known as "Sigma” is formed in a heat affected zone (HAZ) due to slower cooling rates.
• HZ heat affected zone
• This Sigma phase is a hard, supersaturated, intermetallic phase containing Cr and Mo.
• the area around the Sigma phase is depleted of Cr and Mo and becomes weak and less resistant to corrosion.
• duplex stainless steels need annealing and quenching process to reduce or eliminate this Sigma phase.
• the steel In wrought or cast duplex stainless steels, the steel is solidified as ferritic steel and the austenite phase is precipitated out from ferrite during cooling of the alloy.
• the cooling rate is critical after casting or at any heat treatment, as the cooling rate determines the percentage of austenite and any intermetallic phases, precipitated within the structure.
• These alloys form intermetallic phases known as sigma, chi and gamma prime which are rich in Mo, W, N, Ni and Cr and reduce both mechanical properties and corrosion properties.
• Sigma phase forms in a temperature range 700°C to 1000°C whereas Chi phase forms within range 300°C to 450°C.
• the Gamma (austenite) phase may start forming at around 600°C.
• Typical composition of wrought duplex stainless steel is Fe with 21 -23wt% Cr, 4.5-6.5wt% Ni, 2.5-3.5wt% Mo, and 0.08-0.2wt% N, such as for SAF 2205.
• duplex stainless steel composition close to this composition. Almost all of the duplex stainless steels rely on the N content for increased corrosion resistance and increased strength. So far the commercial uses of sintered powder metallurgy (PM) duplex stainless steels are limited to the use of gas atomized fine powders that can be used for mainly HIP process. The main obstacle in using low cost water atomized powders for conventional
• SE538577C2 discloses a sintered duplex stainless steel made from gas atomized powder and having a chemical composition with a max 0.030wt% C, 4.5-6.5wt% Ni, 0.21 -0.29wt% N, 3.0-3.5wt% Mo, 21 -24wt% Cr, and optionally one or more of 0-1 .0wt% Cu, 0-1 .0wt% W, 0-2.0wt% Mn, 0-1 .0wt% Si wherein N is equal or greater than 0.01 * wt%Cr and the remaining elements are Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• EP0167822A1 discloses a sintered stainless steel comprising a matrix phase and a dispersed phase and a process for manufacturing.
• the dispersed phase is an austenite metallurgical structure and is dispersed throughout the matrix phase, which is comprised of an austenitic metallurgical structure having a steel composition different from that of the dispersed phase or a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel.
• JP5263199A discloses production of a sintered stainless steel comprising a matrix phase and a dispersing phase.
• the method includes mixing a ferritic stainless steel powder with a powder selected from an austenitic stainless steel powder, an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel powder, an austenitic-martensitic duplex stainless steel powder and austen itic-ferritic- martensitic stainless triple phase stainless steel powder.
• the powder mixture being compacted and sintered.
• EP0534864B1 discloses a sintered stainless steel having a content of N of 0.10-0.35wt% and made from gas atomized steel powder having the same chemical composition as the sintered stainless steel.
• N content helps the above properties, it can pose hurdles in post processing, such as heat treatment and welding operations, by forming chromium nitrides, which limits the use of duplex stainless steels in many applications.
• N increases the powder hardness making it less suitable for press and sinter applications.
• Embodiments of the invention overcome the problem with nitrides by avoiding the use of N in the chemistry, for example, having less than 0.10 wt% N or less than 0.07 wt% N, or less than 0.06 wt% N, or less than 0.05 wt% N, or less 0.04 wt% N, or less than 0.03 wt% N, and achieving phase balance and strength by alternative elements.
• Embodiments of the invention may enable production of water atomized powder with moderate compressibility for use in conventional press and sinter applications.
• Embodiments of this composition may also reduce precipitation of a deleterious 'Sigma' phase; irrespective of rate of cooling during sintering or annealing, mainly due to lower Mo content. Thus, minimizing post sintering heat treatments necessary to eliminate "Sigma" phase and minimizing sigma phase precipitation during welding.
• Embodiments of the composition may offer similar advantages when formed by gas atomization.
• compositions yield similar properties when processed with casting, direct metal deposition and additive manufacturing techniques.
• Another object of certain embodiments of the present invention is to obtain at least 35% higher tensile strength than ferritic steels such as 430L and double the corrosion resistance compared to austenitic steels such as 31 6L.
• Still another object of certain embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a duplex sintered stainless steel without the need of post sintering heat treatment.
• a stainless steel powder comprising, or consisting of, in weight percent:
• up to 0.004% B up to 1 % Nb, up to 0.5% Hf, up to 1 % Ti, up to 1 % Co,
• the unavoidable impurities do not include the listed elements of C, Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, W, N, Cu, P, S, B, Nb, Hf, Ti, or Co.
• Unavoidable impurities may include impurities that cannot be controlled, or controlled with difficulty, during
• manufacture of steels can come from the raw materials used and also from the process. These include, Al, O, Mg, Ca, Ta, V, Te, or Sn.
• unavoidable impurities may be up to 0.8%, up to 0.6%, up to 0.3%.
• An unavoidable impurity may be O.
• O may be present up to 0.6%, up to 0.4%, or up to 0.3%.
• Another unavoidable impurity may be Sn present up to 0.2%, content of Sn above 0.2% is in this context not regarded as an unavoidable impurity and thus will be regarded as intentionally added.
• a stainless steel powder consisting of, in weight percent:
• up to 0.004% B up to 1 % Nb, up to 0.5% Hf, up to 1 % Ti, up to 1 % Co,
• the powder is ferritic.
• ferritic For example, 99.5% ferritic. Slight amounts of austenite, e.g., up to 0.5% may be tolerated.
• the powder is produced by water atomization.
• the powder is produced by gas atomization.
• the particle size of the powder is between 53 microns and 18 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 53 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 18 microns.
• the particle size of the powder is between 26 microns and 5 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 26 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 5 microns.
• the particle size of the powder is between 150 microns and 26 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 150 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 26 microns.
• a method of producing a stainless steel powder according to the first aspect comprising the steps of: providing a molten metal of having a chemical composition corresponding to the chemical composition of the stainless steel powder according to the first aspect;
• a sintered duplex stainless steel having a chemical composition according to the first aspect and embodiments thereof.
• Ni equivalent (Nieq) is such that 5 ⁇ Ni eq ⁇ 1 1 and the Cr equivalent (Cr eq ) is such that 27 ⁇ Cr eq ⁇ 38.
• the pitting resistance equivalent number is 28 ⁇ PREN ⁇ 33.
• the microstructure of the sintered duplex stainless steel is characterized by austenite phase precipitated within ferrite phase.
• the microstructure of the sintered duplex stainless steel contains 30-70% austenite and 30-70% ferrite. In embodiments of the third aspect, the microstructure of the sintered duplex stainless steel contains at least 99.5% austenite and ferrite, for example, at least 99.8% austenite and ferrite. The percentage of austenite and ferrite may be determined by ASTM E 562-1 1 and ASTM E 1245 -03.
• the microstructure of the sintered duplex stainless steel is characterized by being free from sigma phases and nitrides, for example, having less than 1 % of sigma phases and nitrides.
• Examples of an inert atmosphere include nitrogen, argon, and vacuum with argon backfill.
• An example of a reducing atmosphere is a hydrogen atmosphere, an
• said consolidation process includes the steps of:
• said consolidation process includes one of: Metal Injection Molding (MIM), Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) or Additive
• Methods according to the fourth aspect may include one of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or Direct Metal Deposition (DMD).
• L-PBF Laser Powder Bed Fusion
• DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering
• DMD Direct Metal Deposition
• forced cooling or quenching is excluded from the cooling step.
• Cr is a major element in stainless steels which forms a Cr203 layer on the surface which then prevents further oxygen passing the layer, therefore providing an increased corrosion resistance.
• Ni is another major element which affects the properties of stainless steel. Ni increases the strength and toughness of the steel and also when present with Cr, enhances the corrosion resistance. Mo and W both impart the strength and toughness when present along with Ni. Mo also enhances the corrosion resistance along with Cr and Ni.
• Si acts as deoxidizer preventing O combining in the steel during melting, Si is also a strong ferrite former.
• Cu is austenite stabilizer. Cu also increases the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Especially in conventional PM, Cu helps sintering by promoting liquid phase sintering.
• Embodiments of the invention provide a powder suitable for producing sintered duplex stainless steel, as well as the sintered stainless steel.
• the powder and the sintered stainless steel having a low or neglectable content of N. This eliminates the problem of formation of deleterious nitrides during fabrication of the sintered stainless steel.
• the sintered stainless steel is preferably produced from a compacted and sintered water-atomized powder since the low N content makes it possible to produce water-atomized powder with reasonable
• Mo is normally present in stainless steel as it strongly promotes the resistance to both uniform and localized corrosion. Mo strongly stabilizes ferritic
• Ni promotes an austenitic microstructure and generally increases ductility and toughness. Ni has also a positive effect as it reduces the corrosion rate of stainless steels.
• Cu promotes an austenitic microstructure.
• the presence of Cu in the powder of the present invention facilitates the sintering process by enabling liquid phase sintering. W is expected to improve the resistance against pitting corrosion.
• Si increases strength and promotes a ferritic microstructure. It also increases oxidation resistance at high temperatures and in strongly oxidizing solutions at lower temperatures.
• B, Nb, Hf, Ti, Co may enhance the properties.
• B when added in small % may help in liquid phase sintering.
• excess B, if present, may form borides, which are deleterious to both mechanical, and corrosion properties.
• Nb and Hf when present may stabilize the microstructure by preferentially combining with carbon forming fine carbides freeing Cr for the corrosion resistance.
• Ti in stainless steels may increase the tensile strength and toughness.
• Co increases the high temperature mechanical properties.
• Elements such as C, Mn, S and P should be kept at a level as low as possible in the powder of embodiments of the present invention as they may have a negative effect to various extent on compressibility of the powder and/or mechanical and corrosion preventive properties of the sintered component.
• Other elements, here designated as unavoidable impurities, may be tolerated up to a content of 0.8% by weight of the powder according to the present invention.
• composition of the powder according to embodiments of the present invention is designed such that the produced powder will have fully (e.g., at least 99.5%) ferritic structure in the powder form and austenitic phase is precipitated out during sintering cycle. This will allow controlling the ratio of ferrite and austenite by adjusting the sintering parameters.
• Ni and Cr equivalents are calculated based on following empirical formulae:
• the composition is targeted such that 5 ⁇ Ni eq ⁇ 1 1 and 27 ⁇ Cr eq ⁇ 38. This places the alloy in at the border of Ferritic - Duplex region on Schaeffler
• the powder of embodiments of the present invention may be produced by conventional powder manufacturing processes. Such processes may
• prealloyed powder in contrast to a premixed powder, wherein two or more powders are mixed together, is that segregation is avoided. Such segregation may cause variation in mechanical properties, corrosion resistance etc.
• embodiments of the present invention may be compacted in a conventional uniaxial compaction equipment at a compaction pressure up to 900 MPa.
• Suitable particle size distribution of the stainless steel powder to be used at conventional uniaxial compaction is such that the particle size of the powder is between 53 microns and 18 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 53 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 18 microns.
• the powder of embodiments of the present invention may be mixed with conventional lubricants, such as, but not limited to, Acrawax, Lithium Stearate, Intralube at a content up to 1 wt%.
• additives mixed in, up to 0.5wt% may be machinability enhancing agents such as CaF2, muscovite, bentonite or MnS.
• Other methods of consolidation techniques may be utilized such as Metal Injection Molding (MIM), Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), extrusion or Additive Manufacturing techniques such as Binder Jetting, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L- PBF), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or Direct Metal Deposition (DMD)
• MIM Metal Injection Molding
• HIP Hot Isostatic Pressing
• Additive Manufacturing techniques such as Binder Jetting, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L- PBF), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or Direct Metal Deposition (DMD)
• suitable particle size distribution of the stainless steel powder to be used is such that the particle size of the powder is between 26 microns and 5 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 26 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 5 microns.
• suitable particle size distribution of the stainless steel powder to be used is such that the particle size of the powder is between 150 microns and 26 microns such that at least 80wt% of the particles are less than 150 microns and at most 20wt% of the particles are less than 26 microns.
• the particle size distribution may be measured by a conventional sieving operation according to ISO 4497:1983 or by laser diffraction (Sympatec) according to ISO 13320:1999.
• the compacted or consolidated body is subjected to a sintering process at sufficiently high temperatures in the range of 1 150°C to 1450°C, preferably at sufficiently high temperatures in the range of 1275°C to 1400°C for a period of time of 5 minutes to 120 minutes.
• a sintering process at sufficiently high temperatures in the range of 1 150°C to 1450°C, preferably at sufficiently high temperatures in the range of 1275°C to 1400°C for a period of time of 5 minutes to 120 minutes.
• other period of sintering time such as 10 minutes to 90 minutes or 15 minutes to 60 minutes may be applied.
• the sintering atmosphere may be vacuum, inert or reducing such as a hydrogen atmosphere, an atmosphere of a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen or dissociated ammonia.
• the supersaturated elements in ferrite matrix precipitate out as an austenitic phase. Austenite will start precipitating out at the grain boundaries, will grow with further sintering and will precipitate within the grain itself.
• the composition of embodiments of the present invention should not form sigma phases or other hard and deleterious phases, e.g., Chi phase and nitrides, during cooling from an elevated temperature, irrespective of the cooling rate.
• the amount of sigma phase or other hard and deleterious phases is less than 0.5%.
• Forced cooling or quenching is thus not necessary to apply.
• forced cooling means that the sintered parts are subjected to a cooling gas at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. Quenching means that the sintered parts are submerged into a liquid cooling media.
• a microstructure as shown in Figure 1 will typically be formed containing ferrite and austenite. Presence of both phases is responsible for elevated mechanical and corrosion properties. No, or significantly limited amounts of, deleterious phases such as sigma and chi are formed during cooling which are normal for current known duplex stainless steels. As another consequence, this property will reduce or eliminate the formation of such phases during welding where the heat affected zone (HAZ) experience varying cooling rates.
• HAZ heat affected zone
• Embodiments of the invented alloy has shown mechanical and corrosion properties that are comparable to or exceeding the wrought and PM products manufactured with known duplex stainless steel alloys.
• certain advantages of embodiments of this invention may include fewer tendencies to precipitate deleterious sigma and chi phases that affect the mechanical and corrosion properties. This is particularly of interest in welding.
• Most of the duplex stainless steel components are welded after they are formed. Welding imparts different cooling rates in different parts of HAZ. These cooling rates tend to precipitate sigma and chi phases along with nitrides due to nitrogen present in the current known alloys. Absence of these phases may eliminate the post heat treatments, which normally involve annealing at temperatures above 1200°C followed by rapid cooling. This will in most cases becomes difficult when parts are welded to a bigger structure, limiting use of duplex stainless steel.
• Figure 1 shows the microstructure of invented sintered stainless steel, austenite and ferrite phases are present in equal proportions in as sintered condition, black spots are porosity.
• Figure 2 discloses a comparison of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and corrosion properties of the invented sintered stainless steel compared to 300 and 400 alloys, (SAE grades).
• Figure 3 shows a comparison of mechanical properties of the invented sintered stainless steel at different sintering conditions
• a stainless steel powder having a particle size below 325 mesh, i.e. 95wt% of the particles passed 45 ⁇ sieve, was mixed with 0.75wt% of Acrawax as a lubricant.
• the chemical analysis of the stainless steel powder was 0.01 wt% C, 1 .52wt% Si, 0.2wt% Mn, 0.013wt% P, 0.008wt% S, 24.9wt% Cr, 2.0wt% Cu, 1 .3wt% Mo, 1 .0wt% W, 0.05wt%N, balance Fe.
• the obtained powder mixture was pressed in a uniaxial press and compacted into transverse rapture strength (TRS) bars, according to ASTM B528-1 6 at a compaction pressure of 750 MPa.
• TRS transverse rapture strength
• the pressed TRS bars were then sintered in 100% hydrogen atmosphere at 1343°C with ramp rate of 7°C/minute for 45 minutes. This was followed by furnace cooling at rate 5°C/minute.
• the samples were then mounted and polished for microstructure examination.
• the polished samples were then electro-etched with 33%NaOH at 3V for 15 sec. Electro-etch with NaOH reveals the ferrite phase as tan, austenite as white (unaffected) and sigma phases in dark orange at grain boundaries within ferrite matrix.
• the microstructure observed is as shown in Figure 1 .
• the microstructure shows approximately 50/50 mixture of ferrite (tan) and austenite (white). There is no sign of any sigma phase (dark orange) in the microstructure.
• the chemical composition of the stainless steel powders are shown in table 1 .
• Stainless steel melts having various chemical compositions were melted in an induction furnace, the molten metal was subjected to water stream to obtain steel powder.
• the obtained powders was then dried and screened to -325 mesh.
• the screened powder was -45 microns i.e. 95wt% of the powder particles were less than 45 microns.
• the powders were then mixed with 0.75wt% of the lubricant Acrawax.
• the mechanical properties i.e.
• Table 2 shows that the stainless steel powders according to the present invention can be used for producing sintered duplex stainless steel having desired mechanical properties.
• Table 1 chemical compositions of various stainless steel powders, there production method and type of process or producin sintered samples
• An embodiment of the invented powder with composition as in Example 1 was also sintered at various temperatures and atmospheres below, to show the effect on mechanical properties. Such data is plotted in Figure 3.
• EXAMPLE 3 In order to perform corrosion test, TRS bars as in Example 1 were produced along with bars for 31 6L and 434L as representatives from austenitic and ferritic grades. The samples were then tested for corrosion in 5% NaCI solution at room temperature per ASTM B895-1 6. The corrosion was compared by the hours takes for onset of corrosion on the samples. The comparative data is plotted in Figure 2 along with the UTS and YS for these samples. The diameter of the bubbles in the Figure 3 represents the number of hours taken for the start of the corrosion on the samples. The corrosion test for the invented powder was discontinued after 3700 hours as there was no sign of corrosion and it already exceeded 3 times that of 31 6L samples.

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