WO2018091967A1 - Compositions for the treatment of hypertension - Google Patents

Compositions for the treatment of hypertension Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018091967A1
WO2018091967A1 PCT/IB2017/001524 IB2017001524W WO2018091967A1 WO 2018091967 A1 WO2018091967 A1 WO 2018091967A1 IB 2017001524 W IB2017001524 W IB 2017001524W WO 2018091967 A1 WO2018091967 A1 WO 2018091967A1
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Prior art keywords
dose
pharmaceutical composition
diuretic
blocker
hypertension therapeutic
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PCT/IB2017/001524
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Anthony Rodgers
Clara Chow
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The George Institute for Global Health
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Publication date
Application filed by The George Institute for Global Health filed Critical The George Institute for Global Health
Priority to JP2019547198A priority Critical patent/JP2019536816A/ja
Priority to CN201780083502.7A priority patent/CN110366414A/zh
Priority to EP17871454.9A priority patent/EP3541379A4/en
Priority to CN202310591252.5A priority patent/CN116603066A/zh
Priority to AU2017359607A priority patent/AU2017359607A1/en
Priority to BR112019009859A priority patent/BR112019009859A2/pt
Priority to CA3043835A priority patent/CA3043835A1/en
Publication of WO2018091967A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018091967A1/en
Priority to AU2023258387A priority patent/AU2023258387A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
    • A61K31/549—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame having two or more nitrogen atoms in the same ring, e.g. hydrochlorothiazide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/138—Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/4035—Isoindoles, e.g. phthalimide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4422—1,4-Dihydropyridines, e.g. nifedipine, nicardipine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/10—Antioedematous agents; Diuretics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate

Definitions

  • High blood pressure also known as hypertension
  • BP blood pressure
  • Contributing factors for poor blood pressure control include poor adherence, complex guidelines recommending multiple up-titration steps, and treatment inertia.
  • composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 40% to about
  • the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent, platelet function altering agent, a serum homocysteine lowering agent, or a combination thereof.
  • the diuretic is a thiazide diuretic
  • the thiazide diuretic is altizide, hydroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epitizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, mebutizide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the thiazide diuretic.
  • the thiazide diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide, and the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg.
  • the diuretic is a thiazide-like diuretic
  • the thiazide-like diuretic is quinethazone, clopamide, chlorthalidone, mefruside, clofenamide, metolazone, meti crane, xipamide, indapamide, clorexolone, fenquizone, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the thiazide-like diuretic.
  • the thiazide-like diuretic is indapamide, and the dose of the indapamide is about 0.625 mg. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is chlorthalidone, and the dose of the chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the calcium channel blocker.
  • the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, nimodipine, verapamil, isradipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nisoldipine, clevidipine, dihydropyridine, lercanidipine, nitrendipine, cilnidipine, manidipine, mibefradil, bepridil, barnidipine, nilvadipine, gallopamil, lidoflazine, aranidipine, dotarizine, diproteverine, or the
  • the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the beta-blocker.
  • the beta- blocker is acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, esmolol, penbutolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, pindolol, sotalol, propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol, timolol, esmolol, celiprolol, oxprenolol, levobunolol, practolol, metipranolol, landiolol, bopindolol, pronethalol, butaxamine, bevantolol, tertatolol, arotinolol, levobe
  • the beta-blocker is atenolol, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg. In some embodiments, the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the angiotensin II receptor blocker.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, telmisartan, valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, olmesartan, azilsartan, losartan, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, and the dose of the irbesartan is about 37.5 mg.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmisartan, and the dose of the telmisartan is about 10 mg.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan
  • the diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide
  • the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate
  • the beta blocker is atenolol.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan
  • the diuretic is indapamide
  • the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate
  • the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of indapamide is about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • (a), (b), (c), and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration.
  • composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent, platelet function altering agent, a serum homocysteine lowering agent, or a combination thereof.
  • the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for hydrochlorothiazide. In some embodiments, the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg.
  • the dose of the amlodipine besylate is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for amlodipine besylate. In some embodiments, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the atenolol is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for atenolol. In some embodiments, the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the irbesartan is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for irbesartan. In some embodiments, the dose of the irbesartan is about 37.5 mg.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • (a), (b), (c), and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration.
  • Also provided herein in another aspect is a method of treating hypertension in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Also provided herein is a method of treating hypertension in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg or greater. In some embodiments, the treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about S mmHg or greater. In some embodiments, the treatment is the initial or first-line treatment of hypertension.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • the treatment is the initial or first-line treatment of hypertension.
  • FIG. 1 shows the study design of Example 1.
  • FIG.2 shows the study flow diagram of Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
  • compositions for the treatment of hypertension comprising an angiotensin II receptor blocker, a diuretic, a calcium channel blocker, and a beta- blocker, wherein the dose of each component is below the lowest dose approved for the treatment of hypertension.
  • the present disclosure recognizes the technical effects of low-dose combination therapy set forth herein, including but not limited to, the use of low-doses to avoid or ameliorate side effects while retaining or improving benefits, the synergistic therapeutic benefits of certain drug combinations, the early introduction of combination therapy to improve therapeutic effects, etc.
  • low-dose combination compositions for the treatment of hypertension including the initial or first-line treatment of hypertension.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein includes both acid and base addition salts.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of the compounds described herein is the form approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration.
  • Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts.
  • “Phannaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the tree bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphorous acid, and the like.
  • salts that are farmed with organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, pbenyl-substituted alkancic acids, hydroxy alkancic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, etc.
  • acetic acid trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
  • Exemplary salts thus include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, nitrates, phosphates, monohydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, trifluoioacetates, propionates, caprylates, isobutyrates, oxalates, malonates, succinate suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, mandelates, benzoates,
  • toluenesulfonates phenylacetates, citrates, lactates, malates, tartrates, methanesulfonates, and the like.
  • salts of amino acids such as alginates, gluconates, and galacturonates (see, for example, Berge S.M. et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66: 1-19 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • Acid addition salts of basic compounds may be prepared by contacting the fiee base forms with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt according to methods and techniques with which a skilled artisan is familiar.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts may be farmed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts, and the like.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, for example, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, N.N-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine,
  • hydrab amine choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, ethylenedi aniline, N-methylglucamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins, and the like. See Beige et al., supra.
  • hydrates are compounds that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of water, and, in some embodiments, are formed during the process of crystallization with water. Hydrates are meant to include the hydrates of any one of the compounds described herein that is approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration.
  • administer refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical and rectal administration. In some instances,
  • those of skill in the art are familiar with administration techniques that are employed with the compounds and methods described herein.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
  • the term "subject” or "patient” encompasses mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans; non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; and laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • treatment or “treating” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to, therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
  • compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • compositions comprising (a) an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) a diuretic; (c) a calcium channel blocker; and (d) a beta-blocker; wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20 to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • compositions consisting essentially of (a) an angiotensin II receptor blocker, (b) a diuretic; (c) a calcium channel blocker; and (d) a beta- blocker; wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20 to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d). In some embodiments, the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d). In some embodiments, the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d). In some embodiments, the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein achieve a significant blood pressure reduction in a subject with modestly elevated blood pressure. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein achieve a significant blood pressure reduction in a subject with modestly elevated blood pressure with minimum, insignificant or no side effects.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent, a platelet function altering agent, a serum homocysteine lowering agent, or a combination thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent.
  • the lipid-regulating agent is a 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor, also called a statin.
  • HMG CoA 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
  • the lipid-regulating agent is atorvastatin, simvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, or pravastatin.
  • the lipid-regulating agent is atorvastatin or simvastatin.
  • the lipid-regulating agent is atorvastatin.
  • the lipid- regulating agent is simvastatin. Platelet Function Altering Agent
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are essentially free of a platelet function altering agent.
  • the platelet function altering agent is aspirin, ticlopidine, dipyridamole, or clopidogrel.
  • the platelet function altering agent is a glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, such as abciximab.
  • the platelet function altering agent is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as ibuprofen.
  • the platelet function altering agent is aspirin, ticlopidine, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, abciximab, or ibuprofen.
  • the platelet function altering agent is aspirin.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are essentially free of a serum homocysteine lowering agent.
  • the serum homocysteine lowering agent is folic acid, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12, or a combination thereof.
  • the serum homocysteine lowering agent is folic acid.
  • angiotensin II receptor antagonists or blockers are compounds that modulate the action of angiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels.
  • angiotensin II receptor blocker is losartan, valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • angiotensin II receptor blocker is losartan.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is valsartan.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is candesartan.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is eprosartan. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmisartan.
  • diuretics refer to compounds that increase urinary flow rate. Diuretics are classified by chemical structure (thiazide diuretics and thiazide-like diuretics), site of action (such as loop diuretic) or pharmacologic effect (such as osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium sparing diuretics).
  • site of action such as loop diuretic
  • pharmacologic effect such as osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and potassium sparing diuretics.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise a thiazide diuretic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise a thiazide-like diuretic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise a loop diuretic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise an osmotic diuretic. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise a potassium sparing diuretic.
  • thiazide diuretics refer to compounds that contain the benzothiadiazine molecular structure.
  • thiazide diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reab sorption in the distal tubule of the kidney, which results in increased urinary excretion of sodium and water.
  • Examples of thiazide diuretics include but are not limited to altizide, hydroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epitizide,
  • hydrochlorothiazide hydroflumethiazide, mebutizide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, and trichlormethiazide.
  • the thiazide diuretic is altizide, hydroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epitizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, mebutizide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the thiazide diuretic is altizide.
  • the thiazide diuretic is hydroflumethiazide.
  • the thiazide diuretic is chlorothiazide.
  • the thiazide diuretic is cyclopenthiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is cyclothiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is epitizide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is hydroflumethiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is mebutizide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is methyclothiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is polythiazide. In some embodiments, the thiazide diuretic is trichlormethiazide.
  • a thiazide-like diuretic is a sulfonamide diuretic that has similar physiological properties to a thiazide diuretic, but does not have the chemical properties of a thiazide (i.e. does not have the benzothiadiazine core).
  • thiazide-like diuretics include but are not limited to quinethazone, clopamide, chlorthalidone, mefruside, clofenamide, metolazone, meti crane, xipamide, indapamide, clorexolone, and fenquizone.
  • the thiazide-like diuretic is quinethazone, clopamide,
  • the thiazide-like diuretic is quinethazone. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is clopamide. In some embodiments, the t iazide-like diuretic is chlorthalidone. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is mefruside. In some embodiments, the thiazide- like diuretic is clofenamide.
  • the thiazide-like diuretic is metolazone. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is meti crane. In some embodiments, the thiazide- like diuretic is xipamide. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is indapamide or the hydrate thereof. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is indapamide. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is clorexolone. In some embodiments, the thiazide-like diuretic is fenquizone.
  • loop diuretics are compounds that act on the Na+/K+/2C1- cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium, chloride, and potassium reabsorption.
  • loop diuretics include, but are not limited to, furosemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, etozolin, muzolimine, ozolinone, piretanide, tienilic acid, and torasemide.
  • the loop diuretic is furosemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, etozolin, muzolimine, ozolinone, piretanide, tienilic acid, torasemide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Osmotic diuretics are compounds that cause water to be retained within the proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of Henle.
  • the osmotic diuretic expands fluid and plasma volume and increases blood flow to the kidney. Examples included but are not limited to mannitol and glycerol.
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as used herein are compounds that are inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase.
  • the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor increases the excretion of bicarbonate with accompanying sodium, potassium, and water, which results in an increased flow of alkaline urine.
  • the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor inhibits the transport of bicarbonate into the interstitium from the proximal convoluted tubule, which leads to less sodium being reabsorbed and provides greater sodium, bicarbonate, and water loss in the urine. Examples of such compounds include, but are not limited to, acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, and methazolamide.
  • Potassium sparing diuretics are compounds that either compete with aldosterone for intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites, or directly block sodium channels, specifically epithelial sodium channels (ENaC).
  • Examples of potassium sparing diuretics include but are not limited to amiloride, spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, and potassium canrenoate.
  • diuretics contemplated for use also include, but are not limited to, caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, tolvaptan, conivaptan, dopamine, caffeine, theophylline,
  • the diuretic is dichlorphenamide, amiloride, pamabrom, mannitol, acetazolamide, methazolamide, spironolactone, triamterene, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the diuretic is dichlorphenamide. ID some embodiments, the diuretic is amiloride. In some embodiments, the diuretic is pamabrom. In some embodiments, the diuretic is mannitol. In some embodiments, the diuretic is
  • the diuretic is methazolamide. In some embodiments, the diuretic is spironolactone. In some embodiments, the diuretic is triamterene.
  • calcium-channel blockers are compounds that promote vasodilator activity by reducing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, nimodipine, verapamil, isradipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nisoldipine, clevidipine, dihydropyridine, lercanidipine, nitrendipine, cilnidipine, manidipine, mibefradil, bepridil, barnidipine, nilvadipine, gallopamil, lidoflazine, aranidipine, dotarizine, diproteverine, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the calcium-channel blocker is amlodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, nimodipine, verapamil, isradipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nisoldipine, clevidipine or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the calcium- channel blocker is amlodipine or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the calcium-channel blocker is amolodipine besylate.
  • the calcium-channel blocker is nifedipine.
  • the calcium-channel blocker is diltiazem.
  • the calcium-channel blocker is nimodipine. In some embodiments, the calcium-channel blocker is verapamil. In some embodiments, the calcium- channel blocker is isradipine. In some embodiments, the calcium-channel blocker is felodipine. In some embodiments, the calcium-channel blocker is nicardipine. In some embodiments, the calcium-channel blocker is nisoldipine. In some embodiments, the calcium-channel blocker is clevidipine.
  • beta-blockers are compounds that inhibit the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Synonyms include but are not limited to ⁇ -blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic antagonists, beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, or beta adrenergic receptor antagonists. In some embodiments, beta-blockers inhibit activation of all types of ⁇ -adrenergic receptors.
  • beta-blockers inhibit both ⁇ -adrenergic receptors and a-adrenergic receptors. In some embodiments, beta-blockers are selective for one of following beta receptors: ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, and ⁇ 3 receptors.
  • the beta-blocker is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
  • non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists include but are not limited, to pindolol, propranolol, oxprenolol, sotalol, timolol, carteolol, penbutolol, and nadolol.
  • the beta- blocker is a compound with combined ⁇ - and a-adrenoceptor blocking action. Suitable examples include but are not limited to carvedilol, bucindolol, and labetolol.
  • the beta-blocker is a ⁇ -selective adrenoceptor antagonist.
  • ⁇ 1 selective adrenoceptor antagonist examples include but are not limited to atenolol, bisoprolol, betaxolol, metoprolol, celiprolol, esmolol, nebivolol, and acebutolol.
  • the beta blocker is ⁇ 2 -selective adrenoceptor antagonist, such as butaxamine.
  • the beta-blocker is acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, esmolol, penbutolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, pindolol, sotalol, propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol, timolol, esmolol, celiprolol, oxprenolol, levobunolol, practolol, metipranolol, landiolol, bopindolol, pronethalol, butaxamine, bevantolol, tertatolol, arotinolol, levobetaxolol, befunolol, amosulalol, tilisolol, or the pharmaceutically acceptable
  • the beta blocker is acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, esmolol, penbutolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, pindolol, sotalol, propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the beta blocker is atenolol.
  • the beta blocker is bisoprolol or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the beta blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose refers to the lowest strength dose for the single agent for hypertension approved by the US Food and Drug
  • the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose does not include the lowest manufactured dose for cases wherein the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose is not the same as the lowest manufactured dose. Furthermore, the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose does not include the dose as recommended by a physician for cases wherein the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose is not the same dose as recommended by a physician.
  • the lowest hypertension dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, diuretic, calcium channel blocker, or the beta-blocker described herein refers to the dose of the form of angiotensin II receptor blocker, diuretic, calcium channel blocker, or the beta-blocker approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration, which includes the free base, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments,
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the diuretic is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the diuretic is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the diuretic is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is f om about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide diuretic is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about
  • the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments,
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the loop diuretic is from about
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments,
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 25% of the lowest
  • the dose of the loop diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 25% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 20% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments,
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 20% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 20% to about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 30% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 30% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 30% to about 40% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 40% to about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is from about 50% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the beta-blocker is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, or about 30% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 25% of the lowest
  • the dose of the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) and the corresponding proposed dose and proposed dose range for the following compounds are as described in the following table:
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) irbesartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) hydrochlorothiazide as a thiazide diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker, (b) hydrochlorothiazide as a thiazide diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker
  • hydrochlorothiazide as a thiazide diuretic
  • amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker
  • atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg, the dose of
  • hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 10 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) irbesartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) indapamide as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) bisoprolol fumarate as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of indapamide is about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg
  • the dose of indapamide is about 0.625 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) indapamide as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) bisoprolol fumarate as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg
  • the dose of indapamide is about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • dose of telmisartan is about 10 mg
  • the dose of indapamide is about 0.625 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) bisoprolol fumarate as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • telmisartan is about 10 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker, (b) chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • telmisartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker
  • chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic
  • amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker
  • atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • the dose of telmisartan is about 10 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) irbesartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker; (b) chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) bisoprolol fumarate as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about l.S mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg
  • the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg
  • the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) irbesartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker, (b) chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic; (c) amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker; and (d) atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • irbesartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker
  • chlorthalidone as a thiazide-like diuretic
  • amlodipine besylate as a calcium channel blocker
  • atenolol as a beta-blocker.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent, platelet function altering agent, a serum homocysteine lowering agent, or a combination thereof.
  • the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for hydrochlorothiazide. In some embodiments, the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg.
  • the dose of the amlodipine besylate is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for amlodipine besylate. In some embodiments, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the atenolol is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for atenolol. In some embodiments, the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg. In some embodiments, the dose of the irbesartan is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for irbesartan. In some embodiments, the dose of the irbesartan is about 37.5 mg.
  • the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg
  • the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg
  • the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg
  • the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • (a), (b), (c) and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation. In some embodiments, the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta-
  • two of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the angiotensin II receptor and the diuretic are provided in one formulation.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker and the calcium channel blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the diuretic and the calcium channel blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the diuretic, and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the calcium channel blocker and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • three of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic and the calcium channel blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker and the beta- blocker are provided in one formulation.
  • composition is in the form of pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of pill. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of tablet. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of capsule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral
  • compositions include, but are not limited to, those suitable for rectal, topical, buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous) rectal, vaginal, or aerosol administration, although the most suitable form of administration in any given case will depend on the degree and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular compound being used.
  • parenteral e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous rectal, vaginal, or aerosol administration
  • disclosed compositions may be formulated as a unit dose.
  • Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions may be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form, which includes one or more of a disclosed compound, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral, or parenteral applications.
  • the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
  • the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of the disease.
  • the principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, di calcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a disclosed compound or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, di calcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, di calcium
  • the subject composition is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following:
  • fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid;
  • binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia
  • humectants such as glycerol
  • disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate
  • S solution retarding agents, such as paraffin
  • absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds
  • wetting agents such as, for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate
  • absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay
  • lubricants such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof
  • coloring agents such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxym ethyl cellulose), or surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject composition moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • capsules are prepared by encapsulating tablets in hard-gelatin capsules (e.g. overencapsulation.) Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blockers of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be replaced with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors).
  • ACE inhibitors angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
  • suitable angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include but are not limited to benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is from about 45% to about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor is about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, or about 55% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of the angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are useful for treating hypertension in a subject in need thereof.
  • the treatment results in a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than about 140 mmHg.
  • the treatment results in a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than about 135 mmHg.
  • the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg or greater.
  • the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg to about 20 mmHg.
  • the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg to about 30 mmHg. In some embodiments, the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, or about 20 mmHg.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, about 15 mmHg, about 16 mmHg, about 17 mmHg, about 18 mmHg, about 19 mmHg, about 20 mmHg, about 21 mmHg, about 22 mmHg, about 23 mmHg, about 24 mmHg, about 25 mmHg, about 26 mmHg, about 27 mmHg, about 28 mmHg, about 29 mmHg, or about 30 mmHg.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • the treatment results in a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of less than about 90 mmHg. In some embodiments, the treatment results in a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of less than about 85 mmHg. In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about S mmHg or greater. In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about S mmHg to about 10 mmHg. In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about S mmHg to about 15 mmHg.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, or about 10 mmHg.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about 5 mmHg, about 6 mmHg, about 7 mmHg, about 8 mmHg, about 9 mmHg, about 10 mmHg, about 11 mmHg, about 12 mmHg, about 13 mmHg, about 14 mmHg, or about 15 mmHg.
  • treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest
  • treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the calcium channel blocker in the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest
  • treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the calcium channel blocker in the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the diuretic in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the calcium channel blocker in the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than or equal to the reduction obtained with the combination of any two of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the dose of each angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than or equal to the reduction obtained with a combination of any two of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the dose of each the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with a combination of any two of (the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker in the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the dose of each the angiotensin II receptor blocker, the diuretic, the calcium channel blocker, and the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • the treatment is the initial or first-line treatment of hypertension.
  • the subject has a very mild elevation of blood pressure prior to treatment.
  • the subject is not on any previous hypertension therapy prior to treatment.
  • the subject has a very mild elevation of blood pressure prior to treatment and is not on any previous hypertension therapy prior to treatment.
  • angiotensin II receptor blocker in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein in some embodiments provides beneficial therapeutic effects, which include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • beneficial therapeutic effects include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • beneficial therapeutic effects include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • beneficial therapeutic effects include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • compositions disclosed herein in some embodiments provides beneficial therapeutic effects, which include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • beneficial therapeutic effects include, but are not limited to, significant reduction in blood pressure, significant reduction in blood pressure among subjects with mild elevation in blood pressure, greater long term tolerability, and reduced risk of side effects.
  • This present disclosure also recognizes that in some embodiments, a greater number of subjects taking any one of the quadruple combination compositions described herein achieve the target blood pressure ( ⁇ 140/90 mm Hg) than subjects using a quadruple combination having an
  • ACE inhibitor instead of an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
  • 100% of the subjects taking any one of the quadruple combination compositions described herein, which feature an angiotensin II receptor blocker achieve target blood pressure ( ⁇ 140/90 mm Hg).
  • target blood pressure ⁇ 140/90 mm Hg.
  • 100% of the subjects taking any one of the quadruple combination compositions described herein, such as composition comprising irbesartan; hydrochlorothiazide; amlodipine besylate; and atenolol achieve target blood pressure
  • Example 1 Quadruple Combination Composition Therapy (Quadpill) for the Treatment of Hypertension
  • the Quadpill study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. The study was divided into three phases (FIG. 1). During the first phase (4 weeks) participants were randomized (1 : 1) to either receive Quadpill or Placebo. This was followed by a two week washout (placebo) and subsequently participants were crossed over to the opposite arm to receive the other treatment for four weeks (FIG. 1). Participants were recruited from the community, predominantly through community general practices in western Sydney, Australia.
  • Participants were eligible if they met the following inclusion criteria: 1) adults aged 18 years and over; 2) office SBP ⁇ 140mmHg and/or DBP> 90 mmHg on 2 readings on separate days; plus baseline ambulatory SBP > 135 and/or DBP >8S; 3) Not on medical treatment for hypertension.
  • Exclusion criteria included: No definite contraindication to one or more component medications in the Quadpill; the responsible clinician felt a change in current therapy would place the patient at risk; severe or accelerated hypertension; pregnancy; inability to provide informed consent; and medical illness with anticipated life expectancy less than 3 months. Intervention
  • the Quadpill was a single encapsulated pill containing the four following components in the specified amounts: irbesartan (37.5 mg), amlodipine beyslate (1.25 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (6.25 mg) and atenolol (12.5 mg).
  • the placebo capsule appeared identical and contained four placebo tablets of similar weight to those in the Quadpill.
  • gelatin capsules DBCaps- Capsugel
  • the capsules were stored in a cool dry place and monitored using temperature loggers, until they were dispensed.
  • a computer assisted randomization sequence was generated by a statistician and supplied to the pharmaceutical packaging company.
  • the research assistant, recruitment team, investigators were blinded to this sequence.
  • the pills were packaged into three child-resistant packs corresponding to three phases of the study. All packs had identical appearance ensuring blinding of patient and research staff. Subsequently the medication packs were prescribed in an organized sequence.
  • ABSP ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
  • ALT/AST transaminases
  • Drug acceptability and tolerability were also assessed at the end of the study. All adverse events were recorded. In addition, clinical adverse events possibly associated with blood pressure lowering medications: dizziness, blurred vision, syncope/ collapse, chest pain/ angina, shortness of breath, cough, wheeze, pedal oedema, skin rash, itching were specifically asked about.
  • the trial had a simplified data safety and management committee of two core members with expertise in clinical medicine, trials and statistics. A single meeting was convened when 10 patients were randomized to the trial to review safety, and the study was advised to continue.
  • the study ended at one year at the end of the budget and staffing time allocated and the original sample size was not reached.
  • a linear mixed model was used to estimate the effect of the treatment on change in blood pressure from baseline for each treatment period, according to the Kenward and Roger approach (Kenward MG, Roger JH. The use of baseline covariates in crossover studies.
  • Testing for carry over used an unpaired t-test of the main outcome with order as an effect Period effect was tested by using a paired t-test comparing the main outcome in period 1 with main outcome in period 2 from the same patient. A sensitivity analysis was also performed using normal paired t-test to compare primary outcome between different period (different treatment) from the same patient, ignoring the baseline level of each period.
  • Treatment effect is estimated using a mixed regression model adjusted for baseline values.
  • Quadpill if available commercially.
  • the primary objective of this study is to investigate in a double blind randomized controlled trial whether initiating treatment with a quadruple combination therapy will lower blood pressure more effectively, and with fewer side effects, compared to initiating standard dose monotherapy as per current guidelines in patients with hypertension.
  • the secondary objective is to assess if this approach is safe and has fewer side effects compared to standard care.
  • the primary outcome will be reduction in mean systolic blood pressure using standardized automated BP cuff at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes will include: proportion with controlled blood pressure at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) measures and tolerability/ occurrence of adverse events.
  • BP lowering drug angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, beta-blocker, aldosterone antagonist, alpha-blocker
  • BP device OR recorded as daytime average SBP ⁇ 135 mmHg and/or DBP ⁇ 85 mmHg on 24 hour ambulatory BP monitoring
  • a combination pill comprising the following four components- irbesartan (37.5 mg), amlodipine besylate (1.25 mg), indapamide (0.625 mg), bisoprolol fumarate (2.5 mg); or 2) irbesartan (150 mg).
  • Patients who are currently on monotherapy will be asked to stop their treatment while they are taking the study treatment. At 6 weeks if the BP is greater than 140/90 mmHg in either arm amlodipine besylate (S mg) will be added by study staff.
  • the primary outcome will be the difference between groups in mean automated office systolic blood pressure at 12 weeks adjusted for baseline values.
  • a Difference between groups in potentially related side-effects (dizziness, blurred vision, syncope/ collapse/ fall, chest pain/ angina, shortness of breath, cough, wheeze, ankle oedema, skin rash, itching, gout, hyperkalemia, hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, other)
  • b Difference between groups in mean potassium, uric acid, blood glucose, cholesterol and fractions, ALT, AST, UACR (Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio) and creatinine levels
  • Additional analyses will include both 6-week and 12-week measurements in a longitudinal model including treatment arm, visit, and treatment by visit interaction as well as the baseline measurement.
  • Within-patient correlations will be modelled using generalized estimating equations.
  • binary endpoints e.g. hypertension control
  • log-binomial regression used in place of linear regression.
  • Embodiment 1 A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 2 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 40% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 3 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments lor 2, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent, platelet function altering agent, a serum homocysteine lowering agent, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 4 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a lipid-regulating agent.
  • Embodiment s The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 4, wherein the lipid- regulating agent is atorvastatin, simvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, or pravastatin.
  • Embodiment 6 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 4 or 5, wherein the lipid-regulating agent is atorvastatin or simvastatin.
  • Embodiment 7 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a platelet function altering agent.
  • Embodiment 8 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 7, wherein the platelet function altering agent is aspirin, ticlopidine, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, abciximab, or ibuprofen.
  • Embodiment 9 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 7 or 8, wherein the platelet function altering agent is aspirin.
  • Embodiment 10 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is essentially free of a serum homocysteine lowering agent.
  • Embodiment 11 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 10, wherein the serum homocysteine lowering agent is folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B 12, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 12 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 10 or 11, wherein the serum homocysteine lowering agent is folic acid.
  • Embodiment 13 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the diuretic is a thiazide diuretic.
  • Embodiment 14 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 13, wherein the dose of the thiazide diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the thiazide diuretic.
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 15 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 13 or 14, wherein the thiazide diuretic is altizide, hydroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epitizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, mebutizide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the thiazide diuretic is altizide, hydroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epitizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, mebutizide, methyclothiazide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 16 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 13-15, wherein the thiazide diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide.
  • Embodiment 17 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 16, wherein the dose of the hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg.
  • Embodiment 18 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the diuretic is a thiazide-like diuretic.
  • Embodiment 19 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 18, wherein the dose of the thiazide-like diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 20 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 18 or 19, wherein the thiazide-like diuretic is quinethazone, clopamide, chlorthalidone, mefruside, clofenamide, metolazone, meticrane, xipamide, indapamide, clorexolone, fenquizone, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 21 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the thiazide-like diuretic is indapamide or the hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 22 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 21, wherein the thiazide-like diuretic is indapamide.
  • Embodiment 23 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 22, wherein the dose of the indapamide is about 0.625 mg.
  • Embodiment 24 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 18-20, wherein the thiazide-like diuretic is chlorthalidone.
  • Embodiment 25 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 24, wherein the dose of the chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 26 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the diuretic is a loop diuretic.
  • Embodiment 27 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 26, wherein the dose of the loop diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the loop-diuretic.
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 28 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 26 or 27, wherein the loop diuretic is furosemide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid, etozolin, muzolimine, ozolinone, piretanide, tienilic acid, torasemide, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 29 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the diuretic is dichlorphenamide, amiloride, pamabrom, mannitol, acetazolamide, methazolamide, spironolactone, triamterene, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 30 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 29, wherein the dose of the diuretic is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the diuretic.
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 31 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-30, wherein the dose of the calcium channel blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the calcium channel blocker.
  • Embodiment 32 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 31, wherein the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, nimodipine, verapamil, isradipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nisoldipine, clevidipine, dihydropyridine, lercanidipine, nitrendipine, cilnidipine, manidipine, mibefradil, bepridil, barnidipine, nilvadipine, gallopamil, lidoflazine, aranidipine, dotarizine, diproteverine, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 33 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 31 or 32, wherein the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Embodiment 34 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 33, wherein the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate.
  • Embodiment 35 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 34, wherein the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg.
  • Embodiment 36 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-35, wherein the dose of the beta-blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the beta-blocker.
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 37 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 36, wherein the beta-blocker is acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, esmolol, penbutolol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, pindolol, sotalol, propranolol, carvedilol, labetalol, timolol, esmolol, celiprolol, oxprenolol, levobunolol, practolol, metipranolol, landiolol, bopindolol, pronethalol, butaxamine, bevantolol, tertatolol, arotinolol, levobetaxolol, befunolol, amosulalol, til
  • Embodiment 38 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 36 or 37, wherein the beta-blocker is atenolol.
  • Embodiment 39 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 38, wherein the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 40 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 36 or 37, wherein the beta-blocker is bisoprolol or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Embodiment 41 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 40, wherein the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • Embodiment 42 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 41, wherein the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 43 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-42, wherein the dose of the angiotensin II receptor blocker is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for the angiotensin II receptor blocker.
  • LHTD hypertension therapeutic dose
  • Embodiment 44 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-43, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, telmisartan, valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, olmesartan, azilsartan, losartan, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, telmisartan, valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, olmesartan, azilsartan, losartan, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • Embodiment 45 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 43 or 44, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan.
  • Embodiment 46 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 45, wherein the dose of the irbesartan is about 37.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 47 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiments 43 or 44, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmi saltan.
  • Embodiment 48 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 47, wherein the dose of the telmisartan is about 10 mg.
  • Embodiment 49 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, the diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta blocker is atenolol.
  • Embodiment 50 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 49, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg, the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • Embodiment 51 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 49, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg, the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 52 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmisartan, the diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta blocker is atenolol.
  • Embodiment 53 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 52, wherein the dose of telmisartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg, the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 5 mg to about 7.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • Embodiment 54 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 52, wherein the dose of telmisartan is about 10 mg, the dose of hydrochlorothiazide is about 6.25 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 55 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, the diuretic is indapamide, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • Embodiment 56 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 55, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg, the dose of indapamide is about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about l.S mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • Embodiment 57 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 55, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg, the dose of indapamide is about 0.625 mg, the dose of amlodipine is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 58 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmi saltan, the diuretic is indapamide, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • Embodiment 59 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 58, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg, the dose of indapamide is about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • Embodiment 60 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 58, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 10 mg, the dose of indapamide is about 0.625 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 61 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmi sartan, the diuretic is chlorthalidone, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • Embodiment 62 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 61, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • Embodiment 63 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 61, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 10 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 64 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is telmi sartan, the diuretic is chlorthalidone, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is atenolol.
  • Embodiment 65 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 64, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 8 mg to about 12 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • Embodiment 66 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 64, wherein the dose of telmi sartan is about 10 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 67 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, the diuretic is chlorthalidone, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is bisoprolol fumarate.
  • Embodiment 68 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 67, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about l.S mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2 mg to about 3 mg.
  • Embodiment 69 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 67, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of bisoprolol fumarate is about 2.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 70 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the angiotensin II receptor blocker is irbesartan, the diuretic is chlorthalidone, the calcium channel blocker is amlodipine besylate, and the beta-blocker is atenolol.
  • Embodiment 71 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 70, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 30 mg to about 45 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 10 mg to about 15 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1 mg to about 1.5 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 10 mg to about 15 mg.
  • Embodiment 72 The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 70, wherein the dose of irbesartan is about 37.5 mg, the dose of chlorthalidone is about 12.5 mg, the dose of amlodipine besylate is about 1.25 mg, and the dose of atenolol is about 12.5 mg.
  • Embodiment 73 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-72, wherein (a), (b), (c), and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • Embodiment 74 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-72, wherein (a), (b), (c) and (d) are each provided in a separate formulation.
  • Embodiment 75 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-72, wherein two of the (a), (b), (c) and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • Embodiment 76 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-72, wherein three of the (a), (b), (c) and (d) are provided in one formulation.
  • Embodiment 77 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-76, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of pill, tablet, or capsule.
  • Embodiment 78 The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-77, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration.
  • Embodiment 79 A method of treating hypertension in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-78.
  • Embodiment 80 The method of embodiment 79, wherein the treatment results in a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than about 140 mmHg.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 81 The method of embodiments 79 or 80, wherein the treatment results in a reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of about 10 mmHg or greater.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 82 The method of any one of embodiments 79-81, wherein the treatment results in a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of less than about 90 mmHg.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 83 The method of any one of embodiment 79-82, wherein the treatment results in a reduction of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of about S mmHg or greater.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 84 The method of any one of embodiments 79-83, wherein treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of the (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • SBP systolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 85 The method of any one of embodiments 79-84, wherein treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than the reduction obtained with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • DBP diastolic blood pressure
  • Embodiment 86 The method of any one of embodiments 79-85, wherein the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with the full lowest hypertension therapeutic dose of any one of (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • Embodiment 87 The method of any one of embodiments 79-83, wherein treatment results in a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) that is greater than or equal to the reduction obtained with the combination of any two of the (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the
  • composition wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • Embodiment 88 The method of any one of embodiments 79-84, wherein treatment results in a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that is greater than or equal to the reduction obtained with a combination of any two of the (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the
  • composition wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • Embodiment 89 The method of any one of embodiments 79-85, wherein the treatment results in greater long term tolerability and reduced risk of side effects when compared to treatment with a combination of any two of (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the dose of each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is about 50% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose.
  • Embodiment 90 The method of any one of embodiments 79-89, wherein the treatment is the initial or first-line treatment of hypertension.
  • Embodiment 91 The method of any one of the embodiments 79-90, wherein the subject is not receiving any previous hypertension therapy prior to treatment
  • Embodiment 92 A pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of:
  • each (a), (b), (c), and (d) is from about 20% to about 60% of the lowest hypertension therapeutic dose (LHTD) for each of the (a), (b), (c), and (d).
  • LHTD lowest hypertension therapeutic dose

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JP2022511588A (ja) * 2018-07-26 2022-02-01 ザ ジョージ インスティテュート フォー グローバル ヘルス 高血圧症の処置のための組成物
JP7474738B2 (ja) 2018-07-26 2024-04-25 ザ ジョージ インスティテュート フォー グローバル ヘルス 高血圧症の処置のための組成物
WO2020041864A1 (en) * 2018-08-25 2020-03-05 Crd Pharmaceuticals Inc. Synchronize hypertensive therapy with circadian rhythm

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