WO2018086520A1 - Sliding friction assembly, elevator sliding guide shoe assembly and elevator - Google Patents

Sliding friction assembly, elevator sliding guide shoe assembly and elevator Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018086520A1
WO2018086520A1 PCT/CN2017/109846 CN2017109846W WO2018086520A1 WO 2018086520 A1 WO2018086520 A1 WO 2018086520A1 CN 2017109846 W CN2017109846 W CN 2017109846W WO 2018086520 A1 WO2018086520 A1 WO 2018086520A1
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Prior art keywords
additive
polyethylene
nano
sliding
assembly according
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PCT/CN2017/109846
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Maekimattila SIMO
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Kone Corporation
Kone Elevators Co., Ltd.
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Application filed by Kone Corporation, Kone Elevators Co., Ltd. filed Critical Kone Corporation
Publication of WO2018086520A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018086520A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/02—Guideways; Guides
    • B66B7/04—Riding means, e.g. Shoes, Rollers, between car and guiding means, e.g. rails, ropes
    • B66B7/046—Rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/02—Guideways; Guides
    • B66B7/022—Guideways; Guides with a special shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/02—Guideways; Guides
    • B66B7/023—Mounting means therefor
    • B66B7/027—Mounting means therefor for mounting auxiliary devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/02—Guideways; Guides
    • B66B7/04—Riding means, e.g. Shoes, Rollers, between car and guiding means, e.g. rails, ropes
    • B66B7/047—Shoes, sliders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/02—Guideways; Guides
    • B66B7/04—Riding means, e.g. Shoes, Rollers, between car and guiding means, e.g. rails, ropes
    • B66B7/048—Riding means, e.g. Shoes, Rollers, between car and guiding means, e.g. rails, ropes including passive attenuation system for shocks, vibrations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
    • C08J3/203—Solid polymers with solid and/or liquid additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
    • C08J3/205—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase
    • C08J3/21—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase
    • C08J3/215—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase at least one additive being also premixed with a liquid phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C08K3/041—Carbon nanotubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C08K3/042—Graphene or derivatives, e.g. graphene oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/30—Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
    • C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
    • C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
    • C08K7/06—Elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
    • C08K7/22—Expanded, porous or hollow particles
    • C08K7/24—Expanded, porous or hollow particles inorganic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/06—Polyethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/30—Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds
    • C08K2003/3009—Sulfides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
    • C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sliding friction assembly, particularly to a sliding guide shoe assembly for an elevator.
  • the present invention also relates to an elevator comprising the sliding guide shoe assembly and a method for manufacturing the sliding guide shoe assembly.
  • a guiding system of an elevator generally comprises a guiding shoe and a vertical guiding rail.
  • the guiding shoe and the guiding rail are mated with each other to allow a carriage and/or a counter weight moving in a vertical direction.
  • the acceleration or deceleration of the elevator causes a vertical force along the rail; and on the other hand, asymmetric load within the carriage causes a normal force vertically applying on the rail surface. Above-mentioned forces can cause friction and wear to the surface material of both the rail and the shoe, thereby decreasing the utility performance, economics, longevity and the like of the elevator.
  • a sliding friction assembly comprising a first component having a first surface and a second component having a second surface slidably contacting the first surface.
  • the second surface comprises polyethylene and nano-additive, and the nano-additive is at least one of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets.
  • the first component may be made of steel.
  • the second component may comprise a friction layer and a non-friction layer which are interconnected with each other, and the friction layer slidably contacts the first surface of the first component.
  • the friction layer may comprise polyethylene and the nano-additive, and the non-friction layer may comprise polyethylene.
  • a molecular weight of the polyethylene is 220 ⁇ 320 ⁇ 10 4 .
  • the nano-additive comprises graphene nanosheets with a content of 0.1 ⁇ 0.4 wt%of the total weight of the polyethylene and the nano-additive.
  • the content of the graphene nanosheets is 0.15 ⁇ 0.35 wt%, preferably 0.2 ⁇ 0.3 wt%, more preferably 0.25 ⁇ 0.35 wt%.
  • the nano-additive comprises molybdenum disulfide nanosheets with a content of 2.5 ⁇ 15 wt%of a total weight of the polyethylene and the nano-additive.
  • the content of the molybdenum disulfide nanosheets is 7.5 ⁇ 12.5 wt%, preferably 10 ⁇ 12.5 wt%, more preferably 9 ⁇ 12 wt%, further preferably 9.5 ⁇ 11 wt%.
  • the method may comprises the following steps:
  • the step of uniformly mixing the polyethylene powder and the additive powder comprises:
  • the step of uniformly mixing the polyethylene powder and the additive powder may use high speed gas jet and/or high speed moving rollers to impact dry-state powder mixture.
  • the method further comprises molding a polyethylene layer free of nano-additive on one side of the second component, wherein the opposite side of the second component is used for slidably contacting the first component.
  • the guide rail is made of steel.
  • the assembly further comprises a frame structure, wherein the frame structure is configured to receive the insert and to be connected to the movable structure.
  • the insert comprises a lining layer and a base layer.
  • the lining layer is configured to slidably contact at least one surface of the guide rail and comprises polyethylene and nano-additive being at least one of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets.
  • the base layer is jointed with the lining layer and fixed to the movable structure.
  • the base layer comprises polyethylene material.
  • the lining layer and the base layer are connected together by over-molding, adhesion, welding, or connection means.
  • a damping member for shock absorption is positioned between the insert and the guiding frame.
  • the damping member comprises a rubber member, a foamy part, and/or a spring.
  • an elevator comprising the foregoing sliding guide shoe assembly.
  • the friction and wear resistant performances of the sliding guide shoe assembly can be improved, thereby increasing the allowable operation speed and the longevity of the elevator and reducing the friction energy consumption.
  • Fig. 1 is an illustrative diagram of the method for preparing the polyethylene/nano additive composite material
  • Fig. 2A shows the coefficient of friction of the composite materials having different carbon fibers contents
  • Fig. 2B shows the specific wear rates of the composite materials having different carbon fibers contents
  • Fig. 3A shows the coefficient of friction of the composite materials having different carbon nanotube contents
  • Fig. 3B shows the specific wear rates of the composite materials having different carbon nanotube contents
  • Figs. 4A-C show SEM images of polyethylene materials formed using different methods, wherein, the sample in Fig. 4A is free of carbon nanotube, the sample in Fig. 4B is added with carbon nanotubes and is prepared by using ultrasound dispersion and air cooling method, and the sample in Fig. 4C is added with carbon nanotubes and is prepared by using ultrasound dispersion and freeze drying method;
  • Figs. 7A-B show SEM images of composite materials having different carbon nanotube contents
  • Fig. 8A shows the coefficient of friction of the composite materials having different graphene contents according to one embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 8B shows the specific wear rates of the composite materials having different graphene contents according to the one embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 9A shows the coefficient of friction of the composite materials having different graphene contents according to the other embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9B shows the specific wear rates of the composite materials having different graphene content according to the other embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figs. 10A-B show SEM images of composite materials having different graphene contents according to the one embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 11A shows the coefficient of friction of the composite materials having different molybdenum disulfide contents
  • Fig. 11B shows the specific wear rates of the composite materials having different molybdenum disulfide contents
  • Fig. 12A shows a sliding friction assembly according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 12B shows a sliding friction assembly according to the second embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 13 shows a sliding guide shoe assembly for an elevator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a guide shoe assembly for an elevator can employ rolling friction (i.e., rolling type guiding system) and/or sliding friction (i.e., sliding type guiding system) .
  • the rolling type guiding shoe is typically used in elevators with high speed and load, the advantages of which includes smooth running, low friction resistance and low running noise.
  • the rolling type guiding shoe typically requires complicated suspension system for rollers, thus requiring a large space for installation and multiple parts (e.g., a plurality of supports and rollers) , which leads to expensive cost, complicated construction and difficult maintenance.
  • the sliding type guiding shoe includes fewer parts, simpler structure, and fewer space requirements, which facilitates convenient installation and low cost maintenance.
  • the sliding guide shoe assembly typically uses polymer materials such as polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane and the like, while these materials have worse friction, wear resistant and heat transferring performance.
  • polymer materials such as polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane and the like, while these materials have worse friction, wear resistant and heat transferring performance.
  • severe friction wear often occurs at the contacting surface, a higher friction force generated by the friction increase the power consumption of the elevator, and the heat generated from the sliding friction also accelerates the failure of the sliding surface, which limits the use of such sliding guiding shoe in an elevator with high speed and high load.
  • such sliding guiding shoe is used in low speed elevators with a speed lower than 1.75 m/s. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a sliding guide shoe assembly with favorable friction and wear resistant performances as well as good heat conducting performance.
  • COF Coefficient of friction
  • SPR specific wear rate
  • the allowed maximum volumetric wear rate shall be smaller than 8 ⁇ 10 -5 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the sliding guiding shoe When a sliding guiding shoe is used together with a steel made guiding rail of the elevator, the sliding guiding shoe requires a favorable wear resistance.
  • the wear resistance is related to the compression strength and yield strength (e.g., higher than 21 MPa) of the sliding material.
  • the sliding guiding shoe material further requires an tensile elongation at break higher than 30%, together with an impact strength of 25 kJ/m 2 as for example measured with the test methods described in ISO527 and ISO11542.
  • nano-additives generally means additives with molecular sizes in order of nanometers, which comprises but not limited to carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets.
  • FIG. 1 A general method for preparing the composite material according to the present invention is described with reference to Fig. 1, which comprises at least the shown steps of 100 to 106.
  • step 100 required raw materials are provided, comprising: a polyethylene powder, the molecular weight of which is preferably 220 ⁇ 320 ⁇ 10 4 ; and a nano-additive powder, such as one or more of carbon fibers (CF) powder, carbon nanotubes (CNT) powder, graphene nanosheets (GNS) powder and molybdenum disulfide (MoS) powder, in which all the above-mentioned material are commercially available.
  • step 102 powders provided in step 100 are mixed at a particular weight ratio to obtain a powder mixture with uniformly dispersed nano-additive powder.
  • a heated and pressed plate member is used to perform a heat pressure treatment to the powder mixture to obtain a product aggregated by the powder mixture, such as a plate member.
  • the above-mentioned plate is preprocessed to obtain a dimension and shape permitting subsequent operations.
  • the plate can be stamped to obtain a circular shape suitable for tests.
  • the plate can be preprocessed to another shape and dimension which allow inserting the same into a frame structure of a elevator guiding shoe.
  • the preparation methods can further optionally comprise steps 108 and 110.
  • step 108 based on the liner material obtained from step 106, a base layer material is arranged on the side not slidably contacting with another friction member, in order to support and protect the liner material.
  • step 110 the component obtained from step 106 or step 108 is arranged into a fitting frame structure of the guiding shoe for slidably supporting the movement of the guiding rail, which will be described in detail hereinafter.
  • composite materials with graphene nanosheet of different contents can be obtained by adding graphene nanosheet of corresponding mass radio.
  • composite materials with molybdenum disulfide of different contents e.g., 2.5 wt%, 5.0 wt%, 7.5 wt%, 10.0 wt%, 12.5 wt%, 15 wt%) can be obtained by adding molybdenum disulfide of corresponding mass ratio.
  • the method of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific types and mass ratios of the nano-additives.
  • step 102 various methods can be used to mix the composite powder, such as dry-state mixing, liquid-state mixing and the like.
  • Dry-state mixing applies mechanical effect to the powder mixture by using a gas jet (e.g., nitrogen jet) moving at a high speed and/or a rotator (e.g., grinding ball) rotating at a high speed, which makes the powder mixture sufficiently dispersed and mixed.
  • a gas jet e.g., nitrogen jet
  • a rotator e.g., grinding ball
  • the nano-sized additives tend to wrap around the outer layer of a polyethylene particle, forming a composite particle of core (polyethylene particles) -shell (nano-additive layer) like structure.
  • core polyethylene particles
  • shell nano-additive layer
  • the shell layer of the nano-additive further facilitates the formation of stronger adhesion between the composite particles, which facilitates the improvement of the mechanical performance (particularly the wear resistant performance) of the composite material.
  • Liquid-state mixing method disperses the composite powder with liquid phase solvent as dispersant.
  • the liquid phase solvent can be water, ethanol, acetone and other suitable organic or inorganic solvent.
  • the dispersion of the solvent and the powder can be promoted using mechanical stirring, ultrasound method and the like. After a uniform dispersion is achieved, the volatilization of the solvent can be promoted in room temperature, vacuum, and/or heated condition, thereby obtaining a solid-state composite material.
  • a freeze-drying method can be used to remove the liquid phase solvent, for example by creating a low temperature environment with liquid nitrogen, solidifying the liquid phase mixture into a solid state, followed by promoting the removal of the solid state solvent by sublimation under a vacuum condition, thereby obtaining a solid-state powder mixture.
  • the advantage of this method is in that a rapid volatilization of the solvent allows the micro-structure of the composite material formed during the liquid-phase mixing will be well preserved. Similar to a ball -mill mixing process, large polyethylene particles in the solvent can be separated into smaller sized polyethylene particles under the effect of stirring and/or ultrasound, meanwhile, nearby nano-additive with high specific surface area is adhered around the surface of the polyethylene particles.
  • a core -shell –structured is obtained.
  • a porous structure of the nano-composite will be well preserved, which promotes forming a stronger adhesion force after the removal of the solvent, thereby improving the mechanical performance of the composite material.
  • the composite material of the first, the second, the third, the fifth embodiments are prepared using liquid-phase ultrasound mixing and freeze-drying mixing methods; while, the composite material of the fourth embodiment is prepared by using a dry-state ball -mill mixing method.
  • the parameters of the heated compression molding process include for example a pressure of 5 MPa, a temperature of 160 ⁇ 180 °C, a duration of the compression molding for 30 min, with a subsequent cooling to room temperature under pressurized or non -pressurized condition.
  • the thickness of the plate of the composite material obtained by compression molding can be 1 ⁇ 3 mm.
  • portions of the composite material experience local melting and solidification, so as to promote the changes in crystalline structure of the composite material, thereby obtaining improved mechanical performances, while preserving the fine sizes of the polyethylene particles and the uniform dispersion status of the nano-additive obtained in the mixing steps.
  • step 106 cutting and/or bending operations and the like can be employed for the plate obtained in the foregoing steps.
  • the plate can be preprocessed to obtain a shape conforming to the fitting structure (e.g., the groove of the receiving frame structure of the guiding shoe) , such as an elongated shape with a concaved cross -section.
  • the polyethylene layer free of additive can be arranged on one side of the obtained composite material layer by adhesion, over-molding, co-molding, mechanical connection and the like, while, the opposite side is used for contacting another component.
  • preformed concaved member obtained in step 106 is arranged in an injection mould as a lining layer of the insert, in which the thickness of the lining layer is designed depending on the requirements of actual longevity and wear amount.
  • the base layer of polyethylene material free of nano-additive is injection-molded on the rear side of the lining layer (i.e., the side opposite to the groove) such that the total thickness of the insert reaches the thickness requirement for fixing and fitting (greater than the thickness of the lining layer) .
  • Such operation can significantly reduce the usage of the nano-additive in the insert, thereby improving the economics of the insert product.
  • the base layer material can be made of polymers other than polyethylene or other materials, in order to acquire an improved overall performance.
  • the insert obtained from the foregoing step 106 or 108 is fitted to a fitting structure of the guiding shoe.
  • the insert 1 in the form of a groove can be arranged in a corresponding guiding shoe frame structure 3 in a shape fitting manner.
  • the inner surface of the insert 1 has a nano-additive reinforced composite material layer for slidably receiving and supporting the guide rail 2.
  • the insert 1 can be fixedly connected to the guiding shoe frame structure 3 by other methods (e.g., welding, adhesion, riveting, bolt connection ant the like) .
  • carbon fibers is used as the additive to improve the friction and wear performances of the polyethylene-based composite material.
  • Figs. 2A-B show the performance profiles of the coefficient of friction (Fig. 2A) and the specific wear rates (Fig. 2B) of the polyethylene -carbon fiber composite material with carbon fibers of different addition amounts.
  • the coefficient of friction (COF) of the composite material essentially decreases as the addition amount of the carbon fibers increases.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material without carbon fibers is about 0.22.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.19.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.18.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.17.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.13.
  • the specific wear rate of the composite material essentially decreases as the addition amount of the carbon fibers increases. For a testing rotation speed of 1200 rpm (corresponding to a line speed of 3 m/s) , when the addition amount of the carbon fibers is zero, the specific wear rate is about 7.5 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the specific wear rate decreases to about 6 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm; when the addition amount of the carbon fibers is about 20 wt%, the specific wear rate further decreases to about 5 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm. It can be seen that the introduction of carbon fibers additive into the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene material according to the method of the present invention can simultaneously reduce the coefficient of friction and the specific wear rate, which means improving the friction and wear resistant performances of the composite material.
  • carbon nanotubes is used as the additive to improve the friction and wear performances of the polyethylene-based composite material.
  • Figs. 3A-B show the performance profiles of the coefficient of friction (Fig. 3A) and the specific wear rate (Fig. 3B) of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene -carbon nanotubes materials with carbon nanotubes of different addition amounts.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material essentially decreases as the addition amount of the carbon fibers increases.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material without carbon nanotube is about 0.21.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.20.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.17.
  • the specific wear rate of the composite material also essentially decreases as the addition amount of the carbon nanotubes increases.
  • the specific wear rate is about 7.5 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the specific wear rate decreases to about 6 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the specific wear rate further decreases to about 5.5 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm. It can be seen that the introduction of a less amount of carbon nanotubes additive into the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene material according to the method of the present invention can simultaneously reduce the friction coefficient and the specific wear rate, which means improving the friction and wear resistant performances of the composite material.
  • microstructure of the composite material particularly the grain size of the polyethylene, the dispersion condition and morphology of the nano-additive, interaction between the nano-additive molecules and the grains of the polyethylene and the like have significant effects on the mechanical performances of the composite material, such as friction and wear resistant performances. Therefore, in the preparation of the composite material, reasonable selections of content of nano-additive, mixing method, pressure and temperature in hot-press operation and the like are necessary for obtaining suitable microstructure.
  • Figs. 4A-C show the effect of the selection of preparation method onto the microstructure of the composite material, with carbon nanotubes additives as the example.
  • Fig. 4A show the microscopic structure of the polyethylene material without carbon nanotubes, in which it can be seen that the crystals of polyethylene present fine strip shapes and the grain size are large.
  • Fig. 4B shows the microscopic structure of the polyethylene composite material with an addition of carbon nanotubes, which is prepared by ultrasound dispersion and room temperature cooling method, in which it can be seen that the grain size of polyethylene notably decreases, indicating that the presence of carbon nanotubes significantly inhibits the growth of polyethylene grains.
  • Fig. 4A show the microscopic structure of the polyethylene material without carbon nanotubes, in which it can be seen that the crystals of polyethylene present fine strip shapes and the grain size are large.
  • Fig. 4B shows the microscopic structure of the polyethylene composite material with an addition of carbon nanotubes, which is prepared by ultrasound dispersion and room temperature cooling method
  • FIG. 4C shows the microscopic structure of the polyethylene composite material with an addition of carbon nanotubes, in which the difference is in that a freeze drying method is used for drying.
  • grain sizes of polyethylene further decreases due to the fact that freeze drying process can promote a rapid volatilization of the liquid phase solvent in the composite material, thereby ideally preserving the structure obtained in prior mixing step and effectively inhibiting the aggregation and enlargement of polyethylene grains.
  • the dispersed carbon nanotubes facilitates an increase in the quantity of nucleation centers, and effectively inhibits the mass transfer during the growth of grains, while the freeze drying process facilitates an acceleration of heat transfer during the growth of grains, thereby accelerating the crystallization process.
  • Figs. 5, 6A-B and 7A-B further show the effects of addition amounts of nano-additive (taking CF, CNT as examples) on the crystalline structure and the grain size of the composite material.
  • These figures show the microscopic structures of the polyethylene composite materials free of nano-additive (Fig. 5) , with 10 wt%CF (Fig. 6A) , with 20%CF (Fig. 6B) , with 1 wt%CNT (Fig. 7A) and with 2 wt%CNT (Fig. 7B) , respectively.
  • the scale bars in the various figures are 200 micrometer. As shown in the figures, grains in the pure polyethylene sample are large, being about hundreds of micrometers.
  • the grain size significantly decreases, being about tens of micrometers. Further, after adding 2 wt%CNT or 20 wt%CF, the grain size further decreases to several micrometers (or ever below) . It can be seen that the introduction of the one -dimensional carbon nano-additives, such as CF and CNT, can significantly promote the grain refining of the polyethylene in the composite material.
  • the nano-additive In terms of wear resistant performance, as the addition amount the nano-additive increases, the quantity of nucleation sites increases and inhibition effect of the nano-additive on the crystal growth becomes more significant, thereby more effectively inhibiting the grains from growing into larger size. Finer material microscopic structures of the grains help to resist the dislocation from migrating between grains. At the same time, the nano-additive itself also helps to enhance mechanical performance of the composite material.
  • one -dimensional carbon nano-additive is dispersed uniformly between the polyethylene grains and functions as pinning to prevent the spread of dislocation; on the other hand, such additive has good compatibility with macromolecular material and can be physically and/or chemically adhered to polyethylene grains to form a good adhesion, thus further preventing the deformation and movements of the grains.
  • the introduction of one -dimensional nano-additive such as carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes and the like can significantly improve the wear resistance of the composite material. While in terms of friction performance, the friction performance is closely related to the structure and composition at the surface of the composite material. As the addition amount increases, the area of the additive exposed at the surface of the composite material increases.
  • graphene nanosheet is used as the additive to improve the friction and/or wear performances of the polyethylene-based composite material.
  • Figs. 8A-B and 9A-B show the performance profiles of the coefficient of friction (Fig. 8A, 9A) and the specific wear rates (Fig. 8B, 9B) of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene -graphene nanosheets obtained according to two different methods of the present invention.
  • the foregoing liquid phase ultrasound mixing and freeze drying method is preferably used for the preparation of the polyethylene-graphene composite material as shown in Figs. 8A-B as the third embodiment.
  • the foregoing dry state ball milling method is used for the preparation of the polyethylene-graphene composite material as shown in Figs. 9A-B as the fourth embodiment.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material initially decreases and then increases, in which the optimal value is particularly shown at 0.3 wt%content.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material without graphene is about 0.190.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.180.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.158.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material significantly decreases to about 0.135.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material significantly decreases to about 0.130.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material decreases to about 0.125.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material increases to about 0.147.
  • Increasing the graphene addition amount to 0.4 wt% the friction coefficient of the composite material increases to about 0.170.
  • the specific wear rates of the composite material also tends to initially decrease and then increase, in which the minimum value is also particularly shown at around 0.3 wt%.
  • the specific wear rate of the composite material without adding graphene is about 2.9 ⁇ 10 -5 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the specific wear rate of the composite material decreases to about 2.1 ⁇ 10 -5 mm 3 /Nm.
  • the specific wear rate of the composite material decreases to about 1.9 ⁇ 10 -5 mm 3 /Nm.
  • graphene nanosheets tend to cover the polyethylene (as shown in Figs. 10A-B) .
  • the coverage area also increases.
  • lower amount of addition e.g., 0.3 wt%) can improve the surface friction performance of the composite material significantly.
  • adhesion between laminated graphene layers is strong.
  • higher addition amount e.g., over 0.4 wt%) , it is difficult to control and maintain the uniform dispersion of graphene. As shown in Fig.
  • the preparation of the graphene -polyethylene composite material is substantially the same as the case of the above-mentioned third embodiment, with the major difference in that a dry state ball milling mixing method is used to disperse and mix the graphene and polyethylene powders.
  • Said dry state ball milling mixing method is suitable to prepare composite material products with large production in a cost effective manner.
  • Figs. 9A-B show the friction and wear resistant performances of such composite material product.
  • graphene of appropriate addition amount helps to reduce the friction coefficient, whereas graphene of excessive addition amount will instead increase the friction coefficient.
  • the friction coefficient of the polyethylene sample without addition of graphene is about 0.227; the friction coefficient of the composite material with an addition of graphene of about 0.1 wt%is about 0.218; the friction coefficient of the composite material with an addition of graphene of about 0.2 wt%is about 0.209; the friction coefficient of the composite material with an addition of graphene of about 0.3 wt%is about 0.196; the friction coefficient of the composite material with an addition of graphene of about 0.4 wt%is about 0.228.
  • the graphene addition amount can be ranged preferably within 0.2 ⁇ 0.3 wt%, more preferably at about 0.3 wt%.
  • the wear rate of the composite material increases monotonously as the addition amount of graphene increases. This is because of the fact that the disadvantageous aggregation of graphene is much more significant in a process using mechanical mixing.
  • molybdenum disulfide (MoS) is used as the additive to improve the friction performance of the polyethylene-based composite material. As shown in Fig. 11A, the addition of molybdenum disulfide can reduce the friction coefficient of the composite material.
  • the friction coefficient of the composite material is about 0.135, while with an addition of molybdenum disulfide of 7.5 wt%, its friction coefficient decreases to about 0.129; with an addition of molybdenum disulfide of 9 wt%, its friction coefficient decreases to about 0.122; with an addition of molybdenum disulfide of 9.5 wt%, its friction coefficient decreases to about 0.120; with an addition of molybdenum disulfide of about 10 wt%, the friction coefficient of the composite material further decreases to about 0.118, which performance matches with the friction coefficient of the foregoing polyethylene composite material with graphene of about 0.3 wt%obtained using ultrasound -freeze drying method.
  • the addition of molybdenum disulfide will increase the specific wear rate of the composite material, for example, with an addition of molybdenum disulfide of 10%, the specific wear rate of the polyethylene composite material increases from about 9.5 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm for pure polyethylene to about 12 ⁇ 10 -6 mm 3 /Nm.
  • a sliding friction assembly comprising the above-mentioned polyethylene/nano-additive composite material.
  • the sliding friction assembly generally comprises a first component 6 with a first friction surface 61 and a second component 7 with a second friction surface 71.
  • the first friction surface 61 and the second friction surface 71 can slidably contact with each other.
  • the first component 6 is made of the foregoing polyethylene/nano-additive composite material.
  • the second component 7 can also be made of the polyethylene/nano-additive composite material.
  • the second component 7 can be made of various materials such as other polymers, iron or steel, titanium or titanium alloy, copper or copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy and the like. Because the polyethylene/nano-additive composite material according to the present invention is used on at least one side of the sliding friction contact surfaces, it is helpful to reduce the friction coefficient of the sliding friction surfaces and to improve the wear resistance, thereby prolonging the longevity of the assembly.
  • the friction component 6’and the non-friction component 6” are connected together, for example, by injection molding, welding, riveting, thread connection and the like.
  • the thickness of the friction component 6’ can be configured to meet the allowable wear amount of the sliding friction assembly in a designed longevity. Convenient installation of first component 6 can be achieved by separately manufacturing the friction component 6’and the non-friction component 6 ”and assembling them subsequently. The amount of the nano-additive can be effectively reduced by setting the thickness of friction component 6’according to actual requirement, thereby reducing the cost.
  • the second friction component 7 may be made of steel.
  • the above-mentioned sliding friction assembly is suitable for any application in which the friction coefficient of the contact surfaces needs to be reduced and the wear resistance needs to be improved.
  • Such application comprises but not limited to elevators, escalators, conveyor belts, bearings, artificial joints and the like.
  • a sliding guide shoe assembly for an elevator comprising the above-mentioned sliding friction assembly.
  • the sliding guiding shoe is connected to the carriage (or counter weight) of the elevator to allow the carriage (or counter weight) to move along a vertical guiding rail.
  • Fig. 13 schematically shows the structure of a sliding guide shoe assembly for an elevator according to the present invention.
  • the sliding guide shoe assembly comprises the sliding friction assembly, a movable structure 4, and a stationary structure 5.
  • the stationary structure 5 is stationary relative to a building wall.
  • the movable structure 4 can move vertically relative to stationary structure 5.
  • it can be a carriage structure or a counter weight structure of the elevator.
  • the sliding friction assembly has the features and advantages of the foregoing sliding friction assembly, and it comprises an insert 1 (i.e., the foregoing first component) and a guide rail 2 (i.e., the foregoing second component) .
  • the insert 1 comprises a lining layer 11 contacting the guide rail 2 and an base layer 12 connected to the lining layer 11, in which the lining layer 11 is made of a polyethylene/nano-additive composite material, and the base layer 12 is made of the polyethylene material free of nano-additive.
  • lubricant can be used for the sliding contact surfaces to reduce the wear and friction between the guide rail and the insert.
  • lubricating oil or lubricating grease are commonly used, which contain corrosion inhibitor to prevent the guide rail and the insert from corrosion.
  • the groove of the insert 1 facilitates the storage of certain volume of lubricating oil or lubricating grease.
  • the material forming the insert 1 needs to be chemically resistant to the lubricant, i.e. not corroded by the lubricant.
  • the composite material used in the present invention has this advantage. Polyethylene material itself has god corrosion resistance, and the various added nano-additive also have good chemical inertness. Therefore, the composite material formed of the two by the method according to the present invention can be compatible with and suitable for various common lubricants.
  • material and/or structure for shock absorption can be arranged onto the insert to reduce and absorb the vibration generated during the operation of the elevator.
  • the vibration is generally due to an unsmooth sliding surface, and/or an inconsistency of the friction forces on each guide rail and the like.
  • the side of the insert 1 not contacting with the guide rail 2 can be arranged with resilient material, such as various rubber materials, polymers with foamy structure and the like, to absorb the vibration.
  • a shock absorption structure such as a shock absorption pad made of rubber material or damping spring and the like, can be arranged between the insert 1 and the stationary structure 4.
  • the friction coefficient of the sliding guiding surface can be advantageously reduced by using the polyethylene liner material with the nano-additive according to the present invention, thus saving the energy consumption during the operation of the elevator.
  • the friction power loss for each guiding insert is about 30W.
  • the overall friction power loss for a elevator system is about 0.24 kW.
  • a material with lower sliding friction e.g., a friction coefficient of 0.1
  • the friction power loss can be lowered to 0.16 kW.
  • the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite material with nano-additive disclosed above is used, the friction coefficient of the polyethylene-steel sliding surface (with lubricant) can be lowered from 0.15 to 0.1.
  • the heat conducting performance of the composite material product can be advantageously improved by adding nano-additive (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fibers and the like) with high heat conductance into the polyethylene matrix of the insert lining layer 11.
  • nano-additive e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fibers and the like
  • the overall heat conductance of the composite material can increase from 0.4 W/mK to 2.4 W/mK, because the dispersed graphene additive forms multiple heat dispassion paths with good heat conductance so as to facilitate the heat transfer.
  • Such characteristic is advantageous in a sliding friction arrangement.
  • Friction heat may be generated at the sliding friction surfaces by the sliding process, and the heat may be conducted through the guiding rail and the guiding insert into ambient environment. Such heat would disadvantageously soften the polymer, thereby accelerating the wear of the lining layer.
  • the temperature of the sliding interface can be maintained at a lower level due to the rapid dispassion of heat.
  • the lining layer allows higher sliding speed.
  • an elevator guiding shoe using the composite material with the nano-additive of the present invention can withstand higher operation speed, for example, a speed over 2.5 m/s.
  • using the foregoing composite material as the lining layer 11 can advantageously reduce the dimension of the sliding guiding shoe.
  • a reduction in the friction coefficient of the sliding surface allows the same to withstand larger normal pressure.
  • the level of pressure on the sliding interface is determined by the length of the insert. Therefore, a reduced friction coefficient on the sliding interface reduces the length of the insert, thereby effectively reducing the cost of the elevator system.
  • the nano-additive will reinforce the mechanical strength of the composite material, thus being able to withstand a higher surface pressure resulted from the above-mentioned reduced size of the lining layer.
  • polyethylene-based polymer with nano-additive advantageously has a lower static friction force when being activated. Since the elevator carriage is hanged by ropes, the smaller the static friction force is, the better the carriage responds to the control signals over acceleration and speed of the elevator from a movement control system.
  • the insert 1 is formed by jointing the sliding lining layer 11 and the base layer 12.
  • hot-press plate is made using the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with nano-additive, and such sub-formed plate can be cut and bent into the groove-shaped preform as shown in the figures, depending on the design requirement of the guide rail.
  • the preform is positioned into a mould for injection molding, at one side of which the base layer 12 of the polyethylene material is molded.
  • the depth (thickness) of the lining layer 11 can be set as needed.
  • this can advantageously save the used amount of nano-additive, because the nano-additive material is only used for a volume of the insert possible to get worn.
  • the base layer 12 can be molded into suitable structure, shape and size to achieve an effective support to the load, suitable vibration damping characteristics, soundproof characteristics, thereby allowing an improved overall performance of the insert.
  • the lining layer and the base layer can be jointed together by adhesion, welding, mechanical connection means and the like.
  • an elevator system which comprises the foregoing sliding guide shoe assembly.
  • This elevator has various advantageous such as capability of operation under high speed and high load, convenient installation and maintenance, low cost, and high energy saving.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
PCT/CN2017/109846 2016-11-08 2017-11-08 Sliding friction assembly, elevator sliding guide shoe assembly and elevator WO2018086520A1 (en)

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