Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/133553—Reflecting elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
  • G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
  • G02B5/021—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place at the element's surface, e.g. by means of surface roughening or microprismatic structures
  • G02B5/0231—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties the diffusion taking place at the element's surface, e.g. by means of surface roughening or microprismatic structures the surface having microprismatic or micropyramidal shape
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
  • F21V5/08—Refractors for light sources producing an asymmetric light distribution
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
  • G02B30/60—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images involving reflecting prisms and mirrors only
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/04—Prisms
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/04—Prisms
  • G02B5/045—Prism arrays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/1323—Arrangements for providing a switchable viewing angle
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
  • G02F1/133602—Direct backlight
  • G02F1/133606—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
  • G02F1/133602—Direct backlight
  • G02F1/133606—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members
  • G02F1/133607—Direct backlight including a specially adapted diffusing, scattering or light controlling members the light controlling member including light directing or refracting elements, e.g. prisms or lenses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
  • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
  • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
  • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
  • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
  • G02F1/133615—Edge-illuminating devices, i.e. illuminating from the side
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
  • G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
  • H04N5/222—Studio circuitry; Studio devices; Studio equipment
  • H04N5/262—Studio circuits, e.g. for mixing, switching-over, change of character of image, other special effects ; Cameras specially adapted for the electronic generation of special effects
  • H04N5/268—Signal distribution or switching

Definitions

• Asymmetric turning film for use in a liquid crystal display is asymmetric turning film for use in a liquid crystal display.
• Turning films are used in many display and lighting applications to change the angular distribution of light.
• Turning films generally have features which operate by refracting and/or reflecting light.
• Turning films may be used in conjunction with light sources and liquid crystal displays to provide a desired light output.
• Temporal multiplexing in display applications generally refers to providing non-continuous series of images through the same backlight architecture at a rate faster than the perceptible limit for human observation.
• the brain perceives the separate images as combined singular image.
• the disclosure describes a display device that includes a first light source and a second light source having differently oriented light distributions; and an asymmetric turning film comprising a first major surface and a structured surface, where the first major surface defines a display axis extending perpendicular to the first major surface, and where the structured surface includes a plurality of microstructure pairs formed across the structured surface, where each of the plurality of microstructure pairs includes a first microstructure having a first face and a second face intersecting at a first crest, where the first microstructure defines a first microstructure axis extending from the first crest and equally splitting an angle between the first face and the second face, where the first microstructure axis and the display axis define a first angle (a), and wherein the first face preferentially reflects light from the first light source and the second face preferentially reflects light from the second light source, and a second microstructure having a third face and a fourth face intersecting at a second crest, where the second microstructure
• the first microstructure and the second microstructure are directly adjacent to each other; the first face, the second face, and the fourth face are all configured to reflect light in different directions; and the plurality of microstructure pairs define a first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) of about 0.01 degrees/millimeter ( mm) to about 0.08 mm moving across the structured surface and a second angle gradient angle ( ⁇ ) of about 0.01 7mm to about 0.08 7mm moving across the structured surface.
• the disclosure describes a display device that includes a first light source and a second light source having differently oriented light distributions, and an asymmetric turning film having a first major surface and a structured surface, where the first major surface defines a display axis extending perpendicular to the first major surface, and where the structured surface comprises a plurality of microstructure pairs formed across the structured surface.
• each of the plurality of microstructure pairs includes a first microstructure including a first face and a second face intersecting at a first crest, where the first microstructure defines a first microstructure width (W i) measured perpendicular with the display axis, and where the first face preferentially reflects light from the first light source and the second face preferentially reflects light from the second light source, and a second microstructure including a third face and a fourth face intersecting at a second crest, where the second microstructure defines a second microstructure width (W2) measured perpendicular with the display axis, and where the third face preferentially reflects light from the first light source and the fourth face preferentially reflects light from the second light source, where the first microstructure and the second microstructure are directly adjacent to each other, where the first face, the second face, and the fourth face are all configured to reflect light in different directions, and where the microstructure pair defines a width ratio (WR) equal to W1/W2, where the plurality of microstructure pairs
• the disclosure describes a display device that includes a first light source and a second light source having differently oriented light distributions and an asymmetric turning film including a first major surface and a structured surface, where the first major surface defines a display axis extending perpendicular to the first major surface, where the structured surface comprises a plurality of
• each microstructure includes a first side including a first face, where the first face preferentially reflects light from the first light source, and a second side including a second face and a third face, where the second face and the third face each preferentially reflect light from the second light source, where the first face and the second face intersect at a crest, where the microstructure defines a microstructure axis extending from the first crest and equally splitting an angle between the first face and the second face, where the microstructure axis and the display axis define a first angle (a), and where the first face, the second face, and the third face are all configured to reflect light in different directions.
• the plurality of microstructures define a first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) of about 0.01 degrees/millimeter (7mm) to about 0.08 7mm moving across the structured surface.
• the disclosure describes a display device that includes a first light source and a second light source having differently oriented light distributions, and an asymmetric turning film including a first major surface and a structured surface, where the first major surface defines a display axis extending perpendicular to the first major surface, where the structured surface includes a plurality of microstructures formed across the structured surface, where each microstructure of the plurality of microstructures includes a first side having a first face, wherein the first face preferentially reflects light from the first light source, and a second side having a second face and a third face, where the second face and the third face each preferentially reflect light from the second light source.
• the first face and the second face intersect at a crest, with the first face, the second face, and the third face are all configured to reflect light in different directions
• the microstructure defines a microstructure width (W) measured perpendicular with the display axis
• the asymmetric turning film defines a change in the respective microstructure widths (AW) of the plurality of microstructures as a function of position on the asymmetric turning film.
• FIG. 1A is a schematic elevation cross-section of an example display assembly that includes a first light source and a second light source having differently oriented light distributions respectively and an asymmetric turning film (ATF) positioned to receive light from the first and second light sources
• ATF asymmetric turning film
• FIG. IB is an enlarged schematic cross-section view of a portion of the ATF of FIG. 1A showing a single microstructure pair.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic image of an example image projection for the display assembly of FIG. 1A.
• FIG. 2B is an example brightness plot of the display assembly of FIG. 1 A as measured at the center position of the display surface.
• FIG. 3A is an example primary display images that may be shown by the display assembly of FIG. 1A.
• FIGS. 3B and 3C are example secondary display images that may be shown by the display assembly of FIG. 1A.
• FIG. 4 is another enlarged schematic cross-section view of a portion of the ATF of FIG. 1A showing a single microstructure pair.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic image of example image projection for a display assembly that includes an ATF with microstructure pairs that include a constant microstructure angles across the structured surface of the ATF.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic elevation cross-section of an ATF that includes a plurality of microstructure pairs.
• FIG. 7 is schematic image of example image projection for a display assembly that includes the ATF of FIG. 6.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic elevation cross-section of an example display assembly that includes ATF having a plurality of similarly shaped microstructures.
• the disclosure describes asymmetric turning films (ATFs) that may be used in conjunction with multiple light sources in a liquid crystal display assembly to provide multiple different characteristic output distributions of light.
• the different output distributions of light may be used to create an on-axis output distribution directed to a primary viewer position and a split lobed off-axis output distribution directed to a wider public/peripheral viewing position.
• the on-axis and off- axis output distributions can be used to establish a private view display (e.g., the on-axis distribution) and a public or non-private view display (e.g., the off-axis view display).
• the ATFs may be used in conjunction with multiplexing display to deliver different images to different viewing positions, for example, a primary image to an on-axis viewing position and a second image to an off-axis viewing position.
• the ATFs described herein may have a plurality of microstructures (e.g., prism), each having at least two faces that are configured to preferentially reflect light from different light sources in different directions.
• the plurality of microstructures may be considered a plurality of
• FIG. 1A is a schematic elevation cross-section of display assembly 100 that includes a first light source 120 and a second light source 130 having differently oriented light distributions 122, 132 respectively and an asymmetric turning film (ATF) 110 positioned to receive light from first and second light sources 120, 130.
• Display assembly 100 may also include a liquid crystal display unit (LCD 140) and a controller 150.
• controller 150 may be configured to drive LCD 140 in conjunction with first and second light sources 120, 130 to function as a multiplexing display.
• controller 150 may be configured to rapidly switch LCD 140 between a primary display image illuminated via first light source 120 and a secondary display image illuminated via second light source 130.
• ATF 1 10 may include a first major surface 1 18 and a second major surface opposite surface 118 that is composed of a plurality of microstructure pairs 1 14.
• Each microstructure pair 1 14 may include a first microstructure 1 12a and a second microstructure 1 12b adjacent to one another.
• Each of the respective microstructures e.g., first microstructure 1 12a and second microstructure 1 12b
• first microstructure 1 12a and second microstructure 1 12b may be linear
• microstructures e.g., prisms that extend in substantially the same direction of ATF 1 10 (in the exemplary configuration of FIG. 1A, along the axis into/out of the page).
• first major surface 1 18 may be substantially smooth (e.g., flat or nearly flat) defining a display axis 1 19 that extends perpendicular to first major surface 1 18.
• the surface need not be completely smooth in all examples, and may qualify as a substantially smooth surface as long as the surface does not contain microstructures.
• an anti-wetout or anti-glare beaded coating may be included or incorporated on major surface 1 18, and such a surface may still be considered substantially smooth for the purposes of this application. In other words, smooth is not used in the sense of not rough; instead, it is used in the sense of not structured.
• first major surface 1 18 may be positioned adjacent to LCD 140 such that display axis 1 19 and a display axis of LCD 140 are substantially aligned.
• Display axis 1 19 may be substantially aligned (e.g., aligned or nearly aligned) with the normal to the display surface of display assembly 100.
• display axis 1 19 may be considered to be the same as the display axis for display assembly 100.
• FIG. IB is an enlarged schematic cross-section view of a portion of ATF 1 10 showing a single microstructure pair 114 that includes first microstructure 1 12a and second microstructure 1 12b.
• first microstructure 1 12a may include a first face 1 13a and a second face 1 13b that intersect to form a first crest 1 15a.
• first face 1 13a may positioned such that light from first light source 120 incident on first microstructure 1 12a is preferentially reflected by first face 1 13a towards LCD 140 (e.g., substantially all light from first light source 120 incident on first microstructure 1 12a is reflected by first face 1 13a apart from light lost due to scattering or other loss associated with inefficiencies of display assembly 100).
• first light source 120 produces first light distribution 122, which may be characterized by a first collimation angle (e.g., the angular range/spread of first light distribution 122) that includes a first exemplary light ray 124.
• first exemplary light ray 124 may enter first microstructure 1 12a through second face 1 13b.
• ATF 1 10 may have an index of refraction higher that the medium directly adjacent to structured (e.g., air), thus light traveling from the air into the turning film (e.g., exemplary light ray 124 incident on second face 1 13b) will be refracted but not substantially reflected by the face of entry (e.g., second face 113b), except from Fresnel reflections at the interface.
• first microstructure 1 12a After entering second face 1 13b, light ray 124 transports through first microstructure 1 12a and reflects by total internal reflection off first face 1 13a.
• the light reflected by first face 1 13a may be reflected towards an on-axis (e.g., in relation to display axis 1 19) viewing position within a set of characteristic viewing angles that form a first output distribution 1 16a.
• potential Fresnel reflections may be reduced by providing an anti-reflection coating or treatment on structured surface 1 1 1 of ATF 1 10.
• anti-reflection may be provided by an antireflective structured surface 1 1 1, such as a moth's eye structure or the like.
• second face 1 13b may positioned such that light from second light source 130 incident on first micro structure 1 12a (e.g., incident on first face 1 13a) is preferentially reflected by second face 1 13b towards LCD 140 (e.g., substantially all light from second light source 130 incident on first microstructure 1 12a is reflected by second face 1 13b apart from light lost due to scattering other loss associated with inefficiencies of display assembly 100).
• the light reflected by second face 1 13b may be reflected towards an off-axis viewing position (e.g., in relation to display axis 1 19) within a set of characteristic off-axis viewing angles that form a second output distribution 1 16b.
• second microstructure 1 12b may include a third face 1 13c and a fourth face 1 13d that intersect to form a second crest 1 15b.
• third face 1 13b may positioned such that light from first light source 120 incident on second microstructure 1 12b (e.g., incident on fourth face 113d) is preferentially reflected by third face 1 13c towards LCD 140 (e.g., substantially all light from first light source 120 incident on second microstructure 1 12b is reflected by third face 1 13c apart from light lost due to loss or scattering associated with inefficiencies of display assembly 100).
• third face 1 13c may be reflected towards an on-axis (e.g., in relation to display axis 1 19) viewing position within a set of characteristic viewing angles that form a third output distribution 1 16c.
• fourth face 1 13d may positioned such that light from second light source 130 incident on second microstructure 1 12b (e.g., incident on third face 1 13c) is preferentially reflected by fourth face 113d towards LCD 140 (e.g., substantially all light from second light source 130 incident on second microstructure 1 12b is reflected by fourth face 1 13d apart from light lost due to loss or scattering associated with inefficiencies of display assembly 100).
• the light reflected by fourth face 1 13d may be reflected towards an off-axis viewing position (e.g., in relation to display axis 1 19) within a set of characteristic off-axis viewing angles that form a fourth output distribution 1 16d.
• first and third output distributions 1 16a, 1 16c associated with light from first light source 120 being preferentially reflected by first and third faces 1 13a, 1 13c, may combine to establish a primary light output distribution 160 directed to an on-axis viewing position.
• second and fourth off-axis output distributions 1 16b, 1 16d associated with light from second light source 130 being preferentially reflected by second and fourth faces 1 13b, 113d may be combined to establish a split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162, with second and fourth output distributions 1 16b, 1 16d forming the two independent lobes of split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162.
• primary light output distribution 160 and split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 may be used to establish at least two different visual experiences for viewers standing at different positions relative to the display assembly 100.
• FIGS. 2A and 2B show examples of the light output distributions of ATF 1 10.
• FIG. 2A is a schematic image of an example image projection for display assembly 100.
• display assembly 100 may define a display surface 202 directed towards Viewers A and B.
• Viewer A may be positioned at a primary viewing position 210 relative to display surface 202 and Viewer B represents a position within an off-axis viewing position 212.
• primary viewing position 210 may be aligned with the middle of display surface 202 and display axis 1 19.
• primary viewing position 210 may be between 30 centimeters (cm) (e.g., for a tablet display) and 200 cm (e.g., for a large monitor) from display surface 202.
• primary light output distribution 160 may be directed to primary viewing position 210 relative to the display surface 202, while split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 may be directed to off-axis viewing positions that include position 212.
• Primary light output distribution 160 and split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 may each define a characteristic set of viewing angles.
• primary light output distribution 160 directed to primary viewing position 210 may define a characteristic set of viewing angles within the distribution range of -20 degrees to +20 degrees as measured from display axis 1 19 (e.g., 0 degrees representing alignment with display axis 1 19).
• the distribution width (e.g., spread) of primary light output distribution 160 may be about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees.
• Split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 may include of a characteristic set of viewing angles within the distribution range of -90 degrees to -20 degrees for one lobe and +20 degrees to +90 degrees for the other lobe as measured from display axis 1 19 (e.g., areas outside of primary light output distribution 160).
• the characteristic set of viewing angles for primary light output distribution 160 and split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 may vary widely depending on the desired application.
• the edges of a set of characteristic viewing angles may be defined as a point where light intensity drops to half of a maximum (FWHM), or it may be where it crosses a threshold of perceptibility, readability, or even a different arbitrary value for light intensity.
• FIG. 2B is an example brightness plot 220 of display assembly 100 as measured at the center position of display surface 202 (e.g., with respect to position 204 of FIG. 2B).
• the brightness distribution is measured as a function of viewing angle from display axis 1 19, with zero degrees representing parallel alignment with display axis 1 19 (e.g., viewing display surface 202 head-on) and ⁇ 90 degrees representing perpendicular alignment with display axis 1 19 (e.g., viewing display surface 202 from the side).
• Primary light output distribution 160 forms brightness curve 222 illustrating that primary light output distribution 160 is substantially projected within a ⁇ 20 degrees such that the primary display may only be observed by Viewer A within a ⁇ 20 degrees viewing angle and not observer by Viewer B in the off-axis viewing position.
• split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 forms brightness curve 224 illustrating that split-lobed secondary light output distribution 162 is substantially projected within a -90 to -20 degrees and +20 to +90 degrees viewing angle such that the secondary display may only be observed by Viewer B within the ⁇ 20-90 degrees viewing angle and is not observed by Viewer A.
• ATF 1 10 may be any suitable thickness and may be made from any suitable material.
• ATF 1 10 may be formed from a polymeric material, such as polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers and blends of the same.
• ATF 1 10 may be optically transparent or have low haze and high clarity to avoid undesirably scattering incident light.
• ATF 1 10 may have a sufficiently high index of refraction, such as 1.5 or greater, to ensure that total internal reflection occurs at a sufficiently broad range of angles.
• ATF 1 10 may be formed of other appropriate materials including, for example, acrylics, polystyrenes, methyl styrenes, acrylates, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chlorides, and the like. In some examples, the material, dimensions, or both of ATF 1 10 may be selected in order to produce a flexible film.
• Plurality of microstructure pairs 1 14, and more generally, the structured surface of ATF 1 10 may be formed through any suitable process, such as a microreplication process.
• the structured surface composed of plurality of microstructure pairs 1 14 may be formed through cutting (fly cutting, thread cutting, diamond turning or the like) a suitable tool with the negative of the desired structure and pressing a compliant but curable or hardenable material against the tool surface wherein the tool is periodically rotated/canted during the cutting process to establish the angle gradients described above.
• the material may be subsequently hardened or cured (for example, through exposure to light such as ultraviolet light), leaving the structured surface with the desired microstructure pairs 1 14.
• Other processes may be possible, including casting and curing with an electroplated, laser cut, or etched tool, using
• photolithography such as two-photon mastering of a tool in conjunction with a cast and cure process, or even direct machining or an additive three-dimensional printing process.
• Each respective microstructure face may define a surface shape.
• first face 1 13a, second face 1 13b, third face 1 13c, and fourth face 1 13d each respectively define a first, second, third, and fourth surface shape.
• the respective surface shapes may be substantially planar (e.g., smooth or flat as depicted in FIG. IB).
• one or more of the respective faces may have a non-planar surface shape including, for example, parabolic, hyperbolic, elliptical, curved, wavy, or combinations thereof.
• Engineered surface shapes are possible on any of the faces of the microstructures including, for example, sawtooth, alternating parabolic, sinusoidal, or microfeatured (including, for example, microlenses) shapes.
• the relative shape of the respective face may be used to tailor or modify the distribution angle of one or more of the on-axis or off-axis light output distributions 1 16a, 1 16b, 116c, 1 16d.
• the relative shape of the respective face may be modified to produce a more collimated or a spread light output distribution compared to that obtained with a planar shape.
• second and fourth faces 1 13b and 1 13d producing off-axis output distributions 1 16b and 116d respectively may define a second and fourth surface shape that is wavy (e.g., sinusoidal,parabolic, arcuate, sawtooth, structured , or any continuously curved shape (e.g. Bezier curve)).
• the light output distribution will become more spread such that the respective off-axis output distribution defines a larger range of characteristic viewing angles (e.g., between about -90° and about -20° for fourth output distribution 1 16d as measured from display axis 1 19).
• antireflective coatings may be placed on one or more of respective faces of microstructure pairs 1 14, the backside of ATF 1 10, or even on other components of the display assembly 100.
• Each microstructure may define any appropriate size (e.g., width (W)), and in many cases may be on the millimeter or micrometer scale.
• each microstructure may define a width (e.g., Wl or W2 of FIG. IB for first and second microstructures 1 12a, 1 12b respectively) between about 10 micrometers ( ⁇ ) and 300 ⁇ such that each respective
• the width of each respective microstructure e.g., Wl or W2
• Wl or W2 may be between about 10 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ establishing a pair width (W12) between about 20 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ .
• the respective microstructure widths (e.g., Wi or W2) and pair width (W12) may remain substantially constant (e.g., constant or nearly constant) across the structured surface of ATF 110 such that the widths of the respective microstructures are not intentionally varied or altered across the structured surface of ATF 1 10.
• the respective microstructure widths (e.g., Wi or W2) of first microstructure 1 12a and second microstructure 1 12b may change as a function of position along structured surface 1 1 1 (e.g., moving perpendicularly across plurality of microstructure pairs 114 in the x-axis direction of FIG. 1A) while keeping the basic shape and angle between the respective faces of the microstructure substantially constant (e.g., constant or nearly constant.
• the change in the respective microstructure widths (e.g., Wi or W2) as a function of position on ATF 1 10 may be used to counteract potential shadowing effects where an adjacent microstructure may shadow the ability of light from first or second light sources 120, 130 reaching the respective microstructure.
• less light from first light source 120 may be directed to microstructures on the opposite end of ATF 110 (e.g., left side of the page) due to the oblique angles and shadowing effects created by adjacent microstructures.
• the side of display surface 202 opposite first light source 120 may have a reduced brightness compared to the side adjacent to first light source 120.
• respective microstructure widths e.g., Wi or W2
• the relative heights and thus the area of the respective face e.g., second face 113b and fourth face 113d
• Suitable changes/gradient in width ratio (AW ) may be about 0.2/micrometer ( ⁇ ) to about 1.3/ ⁇ moving across the structured surface.
• the change of width ratio (AWR) may be about 0.5/ ⁇ to about 0.6/ ⁇ as measured in the direction moving away from first light source 120.
• changing the width ratio (AWR) as a function of position ATF 110 may be used in conjunction with rotating the microstructures as a function of position ATF 110, which is described further below with respect to FIG. 6.
• the overall arrangement plurality of microstructure pairs 114 on the structured surface of ATF 110 may be set so microstructure pairs 114 extend continuously across the structured surface of ATF 110 (e.g., substantially parallel to display axis 119) such that microstructure pairs 114 are directly adjacent to one another without the presence of land or gaps between plurality of microstructure pairs 114.
• each microstructure pair 114 may be separated from adjacent pairs by a small piece of land (e.g., flat spot) separating the adjacent pairs, or the individual microstructures 112a, 112b may each be separated by a small piece of land (e.g., on the order of the width of a single microstructure).
• microstructure pairs 114 may be produced in any suitable pair pattern/arrangement.
• microstructure pairs 114 are illustrated in FIG. 1A as having a repetitive microstructure pattern of -(AB)-(AB)-, however, other suitable patterns are also envisioned.
• the relative position of the first and second microstructure 112a, 112b within a microstructure pair 114 may be periodically reversed creating an -(AB)-(BA)-(AB)- microstructure pattern or combinations thereof.
• First light source 120 and second light source 130 may be any suitable light source or combination of light sources.
• light sources for first light source 120 and second light source 130 may be light emitting diode (LED), a cold cathode fluorescent light (CCFL), an incandescent light source, or the like.
• first and second light source 120, 130 may each be a series of light sources.
• first and second light source 120, 130 may include a series of LEDs that extended along the axis into/out of the page if FIG. 1A.
• first and second light sources 120 and 130 may emit substantially white light.
• first light source 120 or second light source 130 may emit light of different wavelengths that may together create white light.
• White light may refer to any suitable desirable color point that may be perceived as a viewer as white light and may be adjusted or calibrated depending on the application.
• first light source 120 and/or second light source 130 may emit light in one or more of the ultraviolet range, the visible range, or the near-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• the light sources and any corresponding injection, collimation, or other optics may be selected to provide any suitable wavelength or combination of wavelengths, polarizations, point spread distributions, and degrees of collimation.
• first and second light sources 120, 130 each produce differently oriented light distributions 122, 132.
• the degree of collimation of a respective distribution 122, 132 may depend on both the type of light source 120, 130 and any accompanying collimation or injection optics (for example, a lightguide) that may be used (not shown).
• first or second light sources 120, 130 include a bank of parallel light sources
• the light distribution cones or each independent light source may effectively merge to create an extended light wedge that forms light distributions 122, 132 (for example, as if the cross-section of the light distributions 122, 132 were projected into or out of the page in FIG. 1A).
• Light distributions 122, 132 may define an extended wedge in examples where the respective first or second light sources 120, 130 include linear light sources, such as a CCFL tube or an array of LEDs.
• the independent lobes may have a perceived brightness less than that of primary light output distribution 160.
• 100% of the theoretical light from first light source 120 will be projected within primary light output distribution 160, while each lobe of lobed secondary light output distribution 162 will independently include only 50% of the theoretical light from secondary light source 130.
• second light source 130 may be driven or configured to produce a higher light output than first light source 120, or less as needed for privacy or share mode performance.
• LCD 140 may be any suitable liquid crystal panel including, for example, those readily and commercially available.
• LCD 140 may include any number of pixels or subpixels, including filters for displaying colors.
• LCD 140 and ATF 110 are in optical communication with each other, however, it is not necessarily that the two be directly, optically coupled to each other.
• one or more intervening films or air gaps may exist between LCD 140 and ATF 1 10.
• LCD 140 may include one or more reflective polarizers, absorbing polarizers, or light redirecting films. Additionally or alternatively, LCD 140 may include appropriate electronic driving components.
• LCD 140 may have a sufficient number of pixels to support a high definition (HD) or ultra-high definition (UHD/4K/8K) display.
• LCD 140 may be a high transmission panel.
• LCD 140 may be capable of being very quickly switchable via controller 150 to rapidly switch between a primary image and a secondary image to provide different display images to Viewers A and B.
• FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate example primary display images 300 (FIG. 3A) and secondary display images 310a, 310b (FIGS. 3B and 3C) that may be shown by LCD 140 and observed by Viewers A and B respectively as a result of the multiplexing function of controller 150.
• LCD 140 may be capable of frame durations of less than 10 milliseconds (ms), less than 8 ms, less than 4 ms, or even less than 1 ms.
• first and second light sources 120, 130 may be capable of similar illumination durations where the respective light source switches between and illuminated and non- illuminated state.
• Controller 150 may be in electrical communication (whether wireless or not) with LCD 140, first light source 120, and second light source 130.
• Controller 150 may include or be a microcontroller or microprocessor.
• Controller 150 may include logic and appropriate input components.
• controller 150 may be configured to coordinate the switching between a primary display image 300 and secondary display image 310a, 310b for LCD 140 with the selective illumination of first light source 120 (with the primary image) and second light source 130 (with the secondary image).
• controller 150 may be configured to do this very quickly, switching between primary display image 300 and secondary display image 310a, 310b every 10 ms, 8 ms, 5, ms, 4 ms, 1 ms, or even quicker. In cases where the primary image is being displayed every other frame, the switching speed between the primary and secondary display states should be sufficiently quick to not be perceptibly choppy or disjointed by Viewer A.
• secondary display image 310a, 310b may be selected or designed to be distracting or to render content difficult to read.
• the secondary display image may be a dedicated image (e.g., image 310b) or a pseudorandom noise function secondary display image (e.g., image 310a).
• secondary display image 310a, 310b may include a transforming or active display image to further distract Viewer B.
• Controller 150 may include appropriate electronic driving and timing circuitry to obtain the described primary and secondary display states including, for example, video inputs from other electronic components, such as a video card, that may provide the content of one or more of primary display image 300 and secondary display image 310a, 310b.
• display assembly 100 may be configured to also provide a non-private or general viewing mode.
• LCD 140 may display a singular display image while first and second light sources 120, 130 are illuminated simultaneously or quickly switched as described above.
• the display image of LCD 140 may be projected to both primary viewing position 210 and off- axis viewing positions 212. In this way, Viewers A and B may observer the same image.
• display assembly 100 may be configured to also provide a pseudo- private viewing mode.
• LCD 140 may display a singular display image but may selectively display certain portions or windows of the display image only during the illumination of first light source 120.
• the respective portion or window of the display image may only be perceivable by Viewer A within primary light output distribution 160.
• each respective microstructure pair 114 may exhibit substantially the same alignment along structured surface 111.
• each respective microstructure may be characterized by a microstructure axis that extends from the crest of the microstructure, bisecting the respective faces of the microstructure.
• FIG. 4 is another representative enlarged schematic cross-section view of a portion of ATF 110 showing a single microstructure pair 114 that includes first and second microstructures 112a, 112b.
• First microstructure 112a defines a first microstructure axis 117a that extends from first crest 115a and bisects first face 113a and second face 113b.
• a useful metric for defining the orientation of first microstructure is the angle (a) between first microstructure axis 117a and display axis 119.
• second microstructure 112b defines a second microstructure axis 117b and second microstructure angle (/?).
• first microstructure angle (a) and second microstructure angle (/?) may remain substantially constant for all microstructure pairs 114 across structured surface 111 of ATF 110.
• primary display image 300 at primary viewing position 210 may become perceptively darker along the extreme edges of display surface 202. [0049] This diminished illumination at the edges of display surface 202 may be the result of primary viewing position 210 being slightly off-axis relative to the extreme edges of display surface 202.
• FIG. 5 shows schematic image of example image projection for display assembly 500 that includes an ATF with microstructure pairs that include a constant microstructure angles across the structured surface of the ATF.
• Light output distributions 510a and 510b represent the primary light output distributions at the extreme edges 530a, 530b of display surface 502.
• primary viewing position 512 is slightly off-axis relative to display axis 520 at extreme edges 530a, 530b, only light at the fringes of light output distributions 510a and 510b reach Viewer C, while the majority of the light within light output distributions 510a and 510b is directed to non-optimal viewing positions.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic elevation cross-section of an ATF 600 that includes a plurality of microstructure pairs 614 that each include a first microstructure 610 and second microstructure 612 substantially the same as those described with respect to ATF 1 10.
• Each microstructure 610, 612 may be characterized by a respective microstructure axis (only first microstructure axes 617 are illustrated for the first microstructures 610 in FIG. 6 for simplicity).
• each microstructure defines a respective first microstructure axis 617, which respectively form a first angle (a) as measured relative to display axis 619.
• ATF 600 may define a first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) relative to the rotation of the respective first microstructures 610 and a second angle gradient second angle gradient angle ( ⁇ ) relative to the second microstructures 612.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be set so respective first output distributions 620a, 620b, 620c are each directed to primary viewing position 630 such that each first output distributions 620a, 620b, 620c is centered at primary viewing position 630.
• second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be set so respective third output distributions (e.g., light reflected by third face 1 13c to form a portion of primary light output distribution 160 of FIG.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be between about 0.01 degrees/millimeter (7mm) and about 0.08 7mm measured with respect to the x-axis in FIG. 6 to account for the diminished illumination affects described with respect to FIG. 5.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be between about 0.03 degrees/millimeter (7mm) and about 0.05 7mm, between about 0.035 degrees/millimeter (7mm) and about 0.045 7mm, and in some examples, between about 0.035 degrees/millimeter (7mm) and about 0.037 7mm.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be substantially the same (e.g., the same or nearly the same).
• FIG. 7 shows schematic image of example image projection for a display assembly 700 that includes ATF 600 and displays primary light output distributions 710a, 710b, and 710b for three characteristic positions on display surface 702.
• Primary light output distribution 710b corresponds to the middle position 706 of display surface 702 while primary light output distributions 710a, 710c, correspond to the extreme edge positions 704, 708 respectively of display surface 702.
• Primary light output distribution 710b at middle position 706 may be characterized as having a 0 degree shift in the microstructure axis relative to display axis 719.
• Primary light output distribution 710a at extreme edge 704 may be characterized as having about a +7 degree shift in microstructure axis relative to display axis 719.
• primary light output distribution 710c at extreme edge 708 may be characterized as having about a -7 degree shift in microstructure axis relative to display axis 719.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be characterized as having a about a 14 degree shift across the width of display surface 702.
• first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be gradual and substantially continuous across plurality of microstructure pairs 614.
• the first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be established by a step-change, where the first angle gradient ( ⁇ ) and second angle gradient ( ⁇ ) defines an average change in the first and second angles across the entire ATF film (e.g., about 14 degrees over the entire width). Both examples are envisioned by the use of the term angle gradient.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic elevation cross-section of display assembly 800 that includes ATF 810 positioned to receive light from first and second light sources 120, 130.
• the respective components of display assembly 800, apart from ATF 810, may be substantially the same as those described with respect to display assembly 100 of FIG. 1A.
• ATF 810 may include a first major surface 818 and a second major surface opposite surface 818 that is composed of a plurality of microstructures 812 each having a first face 813a configured to preferentially reflect light from first light source 120 towards a primary viewing position within a first output distribution 816a, a second face 812b configured to preferentially reflect light from second light source 130 towards an off-axis viewing position within a second output distribution 816b, and a third face 813c configured to preferentially reflect light from second light source 130 towards an off-axis viewing position within a third output distribution 816c towards.
• First face 813a functions substantially the same as combined first and third faces 113a, 113c of ATF 110, such that first output distribution forms primary light output distribution 860 directed to a primary viewing position.
• the second face 813b functions substantially the same as second face 113b of ATF 110
• third face 813c functions substantially the same as fourth face 113d such that the combined second and third output distributions 816b, 816c form split-lobed secondary light output distribution 862 directed to off axis viewing positions.
• each respective microstructure 812 of ATF 810 may be characterized by a microstructure axis 817 that extends from the crest 815 of the microstructure 812, bisecting the respective first and second faces 813a, 813b of the microstructure, with each respective microstructure axis 817 defining an angle (a) with respect to display axis 819.
• ATF 810 define an angle gradient ( ⁇ ) representing the change in angle between the respective microstructure axes 817 and display axis 819 of ATF 810 as a function of position across the ATF.
• the angle gradient ( ⁇ ) may be about 14 degrees over the total width of ATF 810, for example, between about 0.01
• the relative widths (W) of microstructures 812 may be varied as a function of position along structured surface of ATF 810 (e.g., moving perpendicularly across plurality of microstructures 812 in the x-axis direction of FIG. 8) while keeping the basic shape of microstructures 812 substantially constant (e.g., constant or nearly constant).
• the change in the respective microstructure widths (AW) as a function of position on ATF 810 may be used to counteract potential shadowing effects, help adjust for the reduction in usable face surface area due to angle gradient ( ⁇ ), or a combination of both.
• the change in relative widths (W) may be characterized as a percentage difference between the microstructure widths at the extreme edges of ATF 810, e.g., the percentage difference between the widths of the smallest microstructure compared to the largest microstructure.
• ATF 810 may define between about an 2% width increase to about an 25% width increase across the entire width of ATF 810 depending on the relative distance of the primary viewing position. In examples where the primary viewing position relatively close to the display surface (e.g., 30 cm) the width increase may be closer to about 25% while in examples where the primary viewing position relatively far from the display surface (e.g., 200 cm) the width increase may be closer to about 2%.
• the width increase for about a 32.5 cm wide display surface may be characterized as a change of about 0.007%/mm (e.g., for a 200 cm primary viewing position view), to about a 0.07%/mm (e.g., for a 30 cm primary viewing position).
• a higher width increase may be used for ATFs having microstructures 812 with larger refractive index.
• microstructures 812 with a refractive index of about 1.56 may have about an 8% width increase while microstructures 812 with a refractive index of about 1.64 may have about an 11% width increase across ATF 810 having about 325 mm width and set for about a 63 cm primary viewing position.

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