WO2018078698A1 - セパレータ、およびセパレータを含む二次電池 - Google Patents
セパレータ、およびセパレータを含む二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018078698A1 WO2018078698A1 PCT/JP2016/081467 JP2016081467W WO2018078698A1 WO 2018078698 A1 WO2018078698 A1 WO 2018078698A1 JP 2016081467 W JP2016081467 W JP 2016081467W WO 2018078698 A1 WO2018078698 A1 WO 2018078698A1
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- separator
- secondary battery
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- polyolefin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/06—Polyethylene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/26—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
- C08J2201/044—Elimination of an inorganic solid phase
- C08J2201/0444—Salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2491/00—Characterised by the use of oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof
- C08J2491/06—Waxes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2207/00—Properties characterising the ingredient of the composition
- C08L2207/06—Properties of polyethylene
- C08L2207/068—Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a separator and a secondary battery including the separator.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a separator that can be used in a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including the separator.
- a typical example of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries have a high energy density, and are therefore widely used in electronic devices such as personal computers, mobile phones, and portable information terminals.
- the lithium ion secondary battery has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolytic solution filled between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a separator.
- the separator functions as a membrane that separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and allows the electrolyte and carrier ions to pass therethrough.
- Patent Documents 1 to 7 disclose separators containing polyolefin.
- One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a separator that can be used in a secondary battery such as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a secondary battery including the separator.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a separator having a first layer made of porous polyolefin.
- the parameter X defined by the following formula is 0 or more and 20 or less, and the white index is 85 or more and 98 or less.
- MD tan ⁇ and TD tan ⁇ are the loss tangent in the flow direction and the loss tangent in the width direction, respectively, obtained by measuring the viscoelasticity of the first layer at a temperature of 90 ° C. and a frequency of 10 Hz.
- a separator capable of suppressing an increase in internal resistance and a decrease in battery characteristics of a secondary battery, and a secondary battery including the separator.
- the expressions “substantially only contain A” or “consisting of A” refer to states that do not contain substances other than A, states that contain A and impurities, and measurement errors. This includes a state in which a substance other than A is misidentified. When this expression indicates a state containing A and impurities, there is no limitation on the type and concentration of impurities.
- the secondary battery 100 includes a positive electrode 110, a negative electrode 120, and a separator 130 that separates the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120.
- the secondary battery 100 has an electrolytic solution 140.
- the electrolyte solution 140 is present mainly in the gaps between the positive electrode 110, the negative electrode 120, and the separator 130 and in the gaps between the members.
- the positive electrode 110 may include a positive electrode current collector 112 and a positive electrode active material layer 114.
- the negative electrode 120 can include a negative electrode current collector 122 and a negative electrode active material layer 124.
- the secondary battery 100 further includes a housing, and the positive electrode 110, the negative electrode 120, the separator 130, and the electrolytic solution 140 are held by the housing.
- the separator 130 is a film that is provided between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120, separates the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120, and carries the movement of the electrolyte solution 140 within the secondary battery 100.
- FIG. 1B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the separator 130.
- the separator 130 has the 1st layer 132 containing porous polyolefin, and can further have the porous layer 134 as arbitrary structures. As shown in FIG. 1B, the separator 130 may have a structure in which two porous layers 134 sandwich the first layer 132. However, the separator 130 is porous only on one surface of the first layer 132.
- the layer 134 may be provided, or the porous layer 134 may not be provided.
- the first layer 132 may have a single-layer structure or may include a plurality of layers.
- the first layer 132 has pores connected to the inside. Due to this structure, the electrolyte solution 140 can pass through the first layer 132, and carrier ions such as lithium ions can move through the electrolyte solution 140. At the same time, physical contact between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120 is prohibited. On the other hand, when the secondary battery 100 reaches a high temperature, the first layer 132 melts and becomes nonporous, thereby stopping the movement of carrier ions. This operation is called shutdown. By this operation, heat generation and ignition due to a short circuit between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120 are prevented, and high safety can be ensured.
- the first layer 132 includes porous polyolefin.
- the first layer 132 may be made of porous polyolefin. That is, the first layer 132 may be configured to include only porous polyolefin or substantially only porous polyolefin.
- the porous polyolefin can contain an additive.
- the first layer 132 may be composed of only a polyolefin and an additive, or substantially only a polyolefin and an additive.
- the first layer 132 may be composed of only the polyolefin and the additive, or substantially only the polyolefin and the additive.
- the polyolefin can be contained in the porous polyolefin with a composition of 95% by weight or more, or 97% by weight or more, or 99% by weight or more.
- the polyolefin can be included in the first layer 132 with a composition of 95 wt% or more, or 97 wt% or more, or 99 wt% or more.
- the polyolefin content in the porous film may be 100% by weight or 100% by weight or less.
- the additive include an organic compound (organic additive), and the organic compound may be an antioxidant (organic antioxidant) or a lubricant.
- Examples of the polyolefin constituting the porous polyolefin include homopolymers obtained by polymerizing ⁇ -olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and 1-hexene, and copolymers thereof. be able to.
- the first layer 132 may contain a mixture of these homopolymers or copolymers, or may contain a mixture of homopolymers or copolymers having different molecular weights. That is, the molecular weight distribution of polyolefin may have a plurality of peaks.
- the organic additive can have a function of preventing oxidation of the polyolefin.
- phenols and phosphates can be used as the organic additive.
- Phenols having a bulky substituent such as a t-butyl group at the ⁇ -position and / or ⁇ -position of the phenolic hydroxyl group may be used.
- Typical examples of the polyolefin include a polyethylene polymer.
- a polyethylene polymer either low density polyethylene or high density polyethylene may be used.
- a copolymer of ethylene and ⁇ -olefin may be used.
- These polymers or copolymers may be a high molecular weight body having a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more, or an ultrahigh molecular weight body having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more.
- the shutdown function can be expressed at a lower temperature, and high safety can be imparted to the secondary battery 100.
- the mechanical strength of a separator can be improved by using the ultra high molecular weight body whose weight average molecular weight is 1 million or more.
- the thickness of the first layer 132 may be determined as appropriate in consideration of the thickness of other members in the secondary battery 100 and the like, and may be 4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, or 6 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. be able to.
- the basis weight of the first layer 132 may be appropriately determined in consideration of strength, film thickness, weight, and handleability. For example, 4 g / m 2 or more and 20 g / m 2 or less, 4 g / m 2 or more and 12 g / m 2 or less, or 5 g / m 2 or more so that the weight energy density and volume energy density of the secondary battery 100 can be increased. It can be 10 g / m 2 or less.
- the basis weight is the weight per unit area.
- the air permeability of the first layer 132 can be selected from the range of 30 s / 100 mL to 500 s / 100 mL, or 50 s / 100 mL to 300 s / 100 mL in terms of Gurley value. Thereby, sufficient ion permeability can be obtained.
- the porosity of the first layer 132 is in the range of 20% by volume to 80% by volume, or 30% by volume to 75% by volume so that the retained amount of the electrolytic solution 140 is increased and the shutdown function can be expressed more reliably. You can choose. Further, the pore diameter (average pore diameter) of the first layer 132 is 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 0.3 ⁇ m or less, or 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 0 or more so that sufficient ion permeability and a high shutdown function can be obtained. It can be selected from the range of 14 ⁇ m or less.
- the first layer 132 has a parameter X defined by the following formula of 0 or more and 20 or less, or 2 or more and 20 or less, and a white index (hereinafter referred to as WI) of 85 or more and 98 or less, or 85 or more. 95 or less.
- MD tan ⁇ and TD tan ⁇ are a loss tangent and a width direction (TD: TD) in the flow direction (MD: Machine Direction, also called the machine direction) obtained by measuring the viscoelasticity of the first layer at a temperature of 90 ° C. and a frequency of 10 Hz, respectively.
- Transverse Direction also called the transverse direction
- the anisotropy of tan ⁇ in the in-plane direction of the material is smaller, the deformation follow-up property of the material with respect to a change in external force becomes isotropic, and the material can be uniformly deformed in the surface direction.
- the electrodes (positive electrode 110 and negative electrode 120) expand and contract during charging and discharging, so pressure and shearing force in the surface direction is applied to the separator.
- the separator is also uniformly deformed. Therefore, the anisotropy of stress generated in the first layer 132 with the periodic deformation of the electrode in the charge / discharge cycle is also reduced. This makes it difficult for the positive electrode active material layer 114 and the negative electrode active material layer 124 to drop off, thereby suppressing an increase in internal resistance of the secondary battery and improving cycle characteristics.
- the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement at a frequency of 10 Hz and a temperature of 90 ° C. is performed at 20 to 60 ° C. which is a temperature at which the secondary battery is normally operated.
- the frequency when the temperature range is set as a reference is much lower than 10 Hz, and is close to the time scale of the expansion and contraction motion of the electrode accompanying the charge / discharge cycle of the secondary battery. Therefore, rheological evaluation corresponding to the time scale of the charge / discharge cycle in the operating temperature range of the secondary battery can be performed by measuring the dynamic viscoelasticity at 10 Hz and 90 ° C.
- the anisotropy of tan ⁇ is evaluated by the parameter X defined by the above formula.
- the parameter X is 0 or more and 20 or less, or 2 or more and 20 or less, the internal resistance of the secondary battery in the charge / discharge cycle is increased. Can be suppressed.
- WI is an index representing color (whiteness), and the higher the WI, the higher the whiteness. It is considered that the lower the WI (that is, the lower the whiteness), the greater the amount of functional groups such as carboxy groups on the surface and inside of the first layer 132. Since the polar functional group such as a carboxy group inhibits the transmission of carrier ions (that is, the permeability becomes low), it is considered that the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 100 are lowered as the WI is lowered.
- the WI of the first layer 132 is not less than 85 and not more than 98, the amount of functional groups on the surface and inside of the first layer 132 is appropriate for maintaining carrier ion permeability.
- the carrier ion permeability of the layer 132 can be in an appropriate range. As a result, by using the first layer 132 in which the WI satisfies the above-described range, it is possible to suppress deterioration in battery characteristics of the secondary battery.
- the WI of the first layer 132 is less than 85, the amount of functional groups on the surface and inside of the first layer 132 is large, so that the carrier ion permeability of the first layer 132 decreases. As a result, rate sustainability decreases.
- the WI of the first layer 132 exceeds 98, the amount of the surface functional group becomes too small, and the affinity of the first layer 132 with respect to the electrolytic solution 140 is lowered, so that the movement of carrier ions is inhibited. .
- the puncture strength of the first layer 132 is preferably 3N to 10N, or 3N to 8N. This can prevent the separator 130 including the first layer 132 from being destroyed when external pressure is applied to the secondary battery in the assembly process, and prevent the positive and negative electrodes from being short-circuited. Can do.
- the positive electrode 110 may include the positive electrode current collector 112 and the positive electrode active material layer 114.
- the negative electrode 120 can include a negative electrode current collector 122 and a negative electrode active material layer 124 (see FIG. 1A).
- the positive electrode current collector 112 and the negative electrode current collector 122 have a function of holding the positive electrode active material layer 114 and the negative electrode active material layer 124 and supplying current to the positive electrode active material layer 114 and the negative electrode active material layer 124, respectively.
- the positive electrode current collector 112 and the negative electrode current collector 122 for example, a metal such as nickel, stainless steel, copper, titanium, tantalum, zinc, iron, cobalt, or an alloy containing these metals such as stainless steel can be used. .
- the positive electrode current collector 112 and the negative electrode current collector 122 may have a structure in which a plurality of films containing these metals are stacked.
- the positive electrode active material layer 114 and the negative electrode active material layer 124 each include a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are materials responsible for the release and absorption of carrier ions such as lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material examples include materials that can be doped / undoped with carrier ions.
- a lithium composite oxide containing at least one transition metal such as vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel can be given.
- such composite oxides include lithium composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type structure such as lithium nickelate and lithium cobaltate, and lithium composite oxides having a spinel type structure such as lithium manganese spinel. These composite oxides have a high average discharge potential.
- the lithium composite oxide may contain other metal elements, for example, titanium, zirconium, cerium, yttrium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, silver, magnesium, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, etc.
- composite lithium nickelate containing aluminum or manganese and having nickel of 85 mol% or more, or 90 mol% or more can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a material that can be doped / undoped with carrier ions can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- lithium metal or a lithium alloy can be used.
- carbonaceous materials such as graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, coke, carbon black, and burned polymer compound such as carbon fiber; oxide that performs doping and dedoping of lithium ions at a lower potential than the positive electrode, Chalcogen compounds such as sulfides; elements such as aluminum, lead, tin, bismuth and silicon that are alloyed or combined with alkali metals; cubic intermetallic compounds (AlSb, Mg that can insert alkali metals between lattices) 2 Si, NiSi 2); lithium nitrogen compounds (Li 3-x M x N (M: transition metal)) and the like can be used.
- carbonaceous materials mainly composed of graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite have high potential flatness and low average discharge potential, and therefore give a large energy density when combined with the positive electrode 110.
- carbonaceous materials mainly composed of graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite have high potential flatness and low average discharge potential, and therefore give a large energy density when combined with the positive electrode 110.
- a mixture of graphite and silicon having a silicon to carbon ratio of 5 mol% or more or 10 mol% or more can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer 114 and the negative electrode active material layer 124 may each include a conductive additive, a binder, and the like in addition to the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material.
- Examples of conductive aids include carbonaceous materials. Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, coke, carbon black, pyrolytic carbon, and fired organic polymer compound such as carbon fiber. A plurality of the above materials may be mixed and used as a conductive aid.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether Copolymer ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, etc.
- copolymers using vinylidene fluoride as one of the monomers thermoplastic polyimide
- thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, acrylic resins, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Note that the binder also has a function as a thickener.
- the positive electrode 110 can be formed, for example, by applying a mixture of a positive electrode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder onto the positive electrode current collector 112. In this case, a solvent may be used to create or apply the mixture. Alternatively, the positive electrode 110 may be formed by pressurizing and molding a mixture of the positive electrode active material, the conductive additive, and the binder, and placing the mixture on the positive electrode 110.
- the negative electrode 120 can also be formed by a similar method.
- the electrolytic solution 140 includes a solvent and an electrolyte, and at least a part of the electrolyte is dissolved in the solvent and ionized.
- the solvent water or an organic solvent can be used.
- an organic solvent is used.
- Organic solvents include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, 1,2-di (methoxycarbonyloxy) ethane; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ⁇ -butyrolactone; nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide Carbamates such as 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,3-propane sultone; and fluorine is introduced into the organic solvent. Such as fluorine-containing organic solvent and the like. A mixed solvent of these organic solvents may be used
- a typical electrolyte includes a lithium salt.
- a lithium salt For example, LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , carbon number 2 To 6 carboxylic acid lithium salts, LiAlCl 4 and the like. Only one type of lithium salt may be used, or two or more types may be combined.
- the electrolyte sometimes refers to a solution in which the electrolyte is dissolved in a broad sense, but the narrow meaning is adopted in the present specification and claims. That is, the electrolyte is a solid, is ionized by being dissolved in a solvent, and is treated as giving ion conductivity to the resulting solution.
- a negative electrode 120, a separator 130, and a positive electrode 110 are arranged to form a stacked body.
- the laminate is installed in a housing (not shown), and the housing is filled with the electrolyte, and the housing is sealed while reducing the pressure, or the housing is sealed and then the housing is filled with the electrolyte and then sealed.
- the secondary battery 100 can be manufactured.
- the shape of the secondary battery 100 is not particularly limited, and may be a thin plate (paper) type, a disk type, a cylindrical type, a rectangular column type such as a rectangular parallelepiped, or the like.
- One of the methods for forming the first layer 132 is (1) a step of kneading an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, a low molecular weight hydrocarbon, and a pore forming agent to obtain a polyolefin composition, and (2) rolling the polyolefin composition.
- the step of rolling a roll to form a sheet (rolling step), (3) the step of removing the hole forming agent from the sheet obtained in step (2), and (4) the sheet obtained in step (3).
- the process includes drawing and forming into a film.
- Low molecular weight hydrocarbons include low molecular weight polyolefins such as polyolefin waxes and low molecular weight polymethylenes such as Fischer-Tropsch waxes.
- the weight average molecular weight of the low molecular weight polyolefin or the low molecular weight polymethylene is, for example, 200 or more and 3000 or less. Thereby, the volatility of the low molecular weight hydrocarbon can be suppressed, and it can be uniformly mixed with the ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefin.
- polymethylene is also defined as a kind of polyolefin.
- ultra high molecular weight polyolefin and low molecular weight polyolefin may be mixed with a mixer (first stage mixing), and a pore-forming agent may be added to this mixture and mixed again (second stage mixing).
- first stage mixing an organic compound such as an antioxidant may be added.
- Such uniform mixing in particular, uniform mixing of ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefin and low molecular weight polyolefin can be confirmed by increasing the bulk density of the mixture.
- Uniform crystallization proceeds with uniform mixing. As a result, the crystal distribution becomes uniform and the anisotropy of Tan ⁇ can be reduced. It is preferable that there is an interval of 1 minute or more after the first stage mixing until the pore-forming agent is added.
- the pore-forming agent used in step (1) may contain an organic substance or an inorganic substance.
- an organic substance for example, a plasticizer may be used, and examples of the plasticizer include low molecular weight hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin.
- inorganic substances include inorganic materials that are soluble in neutral, acidic, or alkaline solvents, and examples include calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and barium carbonate.
- inorganic compounds such as calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and magnesium sulfate can be used.
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- water or a solution obtained by adding an acid or a base to an organic solvent can be used as the cleaning liquid.
- a surfactant may be added to the cleaning liquid.
- the addition amount of the surfactant can be arbitrarily selected in the range of 0.1 wt% to 15 wt%, or 0.1 wt% to 10 wt%. By selecting the addition amount from this range, it is possible to ensure high cleaning efficiency and prevent the surfactant from remaining.
- the washing temperature may be selected from a temperature range of 25 ° C. to 60 ° C., 30 ° C. to 55 ° C., or 35 ° C. to 50 ° C. Thereby, high cleaning efficiency can be obtained and evaporation of the cleaning liquid can be suppressed.
- the pore-forming agent may be removed using a cleaning solution, and then further washing with water may be performed.
- the temperature at the time of washing with water can be selected from a temperature range of 25 ° C. to 60 ° C., 30 ° C. to 55 ° C., or 35 ° C. to 50 ° C.
- the stretched first layer 132 may be annealed (heat-set).
- a region where orientation crystallization is caused by stretching and an amorphous region are mixed.
- Annealing treatment causes reconstruction (clustering) of amorphous parts, and eliminates mechanical inhomogeneities in the microscopic region.
- the annealing temperature is (Tm ⁇ 30 ° C.) or more and less than Tm, (Tm ⁇ 20 ° C.) or more and less than Tm, where Tm is the melting point of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyolefin, or ( Tm-10 ° C.) or more and less than Tm.
- the porous layer 134 can be provided on one side or both sides of the first layer 132 (see FIG. 1B). When the porous layer 134 is stacked on one surface of the first layer 132, the porous layer 134 may be provided on the positive electrode 110 side or the negative electrode 120 side of the first layer 132.
- the porous layer 134 is preferably insoluble in the electrolytic solution 140 and contains an electrochemically stable material in the usage range of the secondary battery 100.
- materials include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, and ethylene-propylene copolymer; polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene, and the like.
- -Fluoropolymers such as hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; aromatic polyamide (aramid); styrene-butadiene copolymer Copolymers and their hydrides, methacrylate copolymers, acrylonitrile-acrylate copolymers, styrene-acrylate copolymers, ethylene propylene rubber, and polyvinyl acetate Polymers such as polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyetheramide, polyester, etc. melting point and glass transition temperature of 180 ° C. or higher; polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol And water-soluble polymers such as cellulose ether, sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid
- Aromatic polyamides include, for example, poly (paraphenylene terephthalamide), poly (metaphenylene isophthalamide), poly (parabenzamide), poly (metabenzamide), poly (4,4′-benzanilide terephthalamide), poly (Paraphenylene-4,4′-biphenylenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (metaphenylene-4,4′-biphenylenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (paraphenylene-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (metaphenylene) -2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid amide), poly (2-chloroparaphenylene terephthalamide), paraphenylene terephthalamide / 2,6-dichloroparaphenylene terephthalamide copolymer, metaphenylene terephthalamide / 2,6-dichloroparaphth Such as two-terephthalamide copolymer.
- the porous layer 134 may contain a filler.
- the filler include fillers made of organic or inorganic substances, but fillers made of inorganic substances called fillers are suitable, and silica, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, alumina, mica, zeolite, hydroxylated More preferred are fillers made of inorganic oxides such as aluminum and boehmite, at least one filler selected from the group consisting of silica, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum hydroxide, boehmite and alumina is more preferred, and alumina is particularly preferred. .
- Alumina has many crystal forms such as ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, ⁇ -alumina, and ⁇ -alumina, and any of them can be suitably used. Among these, ⁇ -alumina is most preferred because of its particularly high thermal stability and chemical stability. Only one type of filler may be used for the porous layer 134, or two or more types of fillers may be used in combination.
- the shape of the filler is not limited, and the filler can take a spherical shape, a cylindrical shape, an elliptical shape, a bowl shape, or the like. Alternatively, a filler in which these shapes are mixed may be used.
- the content of the filler can be 1% to 99% by volume, or 5% to 95% by volume of the porous layer 134.
- the thickness of the porous layer 134 can be selected in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, or 2 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. Therefore, when the porous layer 134 is formed on both surfaces of the first layer 132, the total film thickness of the porous layer 134 can be selected from a range of 1.0 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, or 4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the total film thickness of the porous layer 134 By setting the total film thickness of the porous layer 134 to 1.0 ⁇ m or more, an internal short circuit due to damage of the secondary battery 100 can be more effectively suppressed.
- the total film thickness of the porous layer 134 30 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to prevent an increase in the transmission resistance of carrier ions, and a deterioration of the positive electrode 110 due to an increase in the transmission resistance of carrier ions and a decrease in battery characteristics and cycle characteristics. Can be suppressed. Furthermore, an increase in the distance between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120 can be avoided, and the secondary battery 100 can be reduced in size.
- the basis weight of the porous layer 134 can be selected from a range of 1 g / m 2 to 20 g / m 2 , or 2 g / m 2 to 10 g / m 2 . Thereby, the weight energy density and volume energy density of the secondary battery 100 can be made high.
- the porosity of the porous layer 134 can be 20% to 90% by volume, or 30% to 80% by volume. Thereby, the porous layer 134 can have sufficient ion permeability.
- the average pore diameter of the pores of the porous layer 134 can be selected from the range of 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less, or 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 0.5 ⁇ m or less, whereby sufficient ions for the secondary battery 100 can be obtained. Transparency can be imparted and the shutdown function can be improved.
- the air permeability of the separator 130 including the first layer 132 and the porous layer 134 described above can be a Gurley value of 30 s / 100 mL to 1000 s / 100 mL, or 50 s / 100 mL to 800 s / 100 mL.
- the separator 130 can ensure sufficient strength and shape stability at high temperature, and at the same time have sufficient ion permeability.
- a coating solution In the case of forming the porous layer 134 containing a filler, the above-described polymer or resin is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and then the filler is dispersed in the mixed solution (hereinafter referred to as a coating solution).
- Create Solvents include water; alcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol; acetone, toluene, xylene, hexane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, And N-dimethylformamide. Only one type of solvent may be used, or two or more types of solvents may be used.
- a mechanical stirring method for example, a mechanical stirring method, an ultrasonic dispersion method, a high-pressure dispersion method, a media dispersion method, or the like may be applied.
- the filler after the filler is dispersed in the mixed solution, the filler may be wet pulverized using a wet pulverizer.
- additives such as a dispersing agent, a plasticizer, surfactant, and a pH adjuster
- the coating solution is applied onto the first layer 132.
- the coating liquid is directly applied to the first layer 132 by using a dip coating method, a spin coating method, a printing method, a spray method, or the like, and then the porous layer 134 is formed by removing the solvent. 132 can be formed.
- the coating liquid may not be directly formed on the first layer 132 but may be transferred onto the first layer 132 after being formed on another support.
- a resin film, a metal belt, a drum, or the like can be used as the support.
- any of natural drying, air drying, heat drying, and vacuum drying may be used.
- the solvent may be replaced with another solvent (for example, a low boiling point solvent) before drying.
- heating it can be carried out at 10 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower, or 20 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower. Thereby, it can avoid that the pore of the 1st layer 132 shrinks and air permeability falls.
- the thickness of the porous layer 134 can be controlled by the thickness of the coating film in a wet state after coating, the filler content, the concentration of polymer or resin, and the like.
- Example 1 68% by weight of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene powder (GUR2024, manufactured by Ticona), 32% by weight of polyethylene wax (FNP-0115, manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) having a weight average molecular weight of 1000, and the total of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and polyethylene wax.
- antioxidant Irg1010, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals
- P168 manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals
- This sheet was immersed in hydrochloric acid (4 mol / L) containing 0.5% by weight of a nonionic surfactant to remove calcium carbonate, and then stretched in the transverse direction 6.2 times at 100 ° C.
- the separator 130 was obtained by annealing at 126 ° C. (melting point 134 ° C.-8 ° C. of the polyolefin resin composition).
- Example 2 The point that 68.5% by weight of GUR4032 manufactured by Ticona Co., Ltd. was used as the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene powder, the point that 31.5% by weight of polyethylene wax was used, the average pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m, the BET specific surface area of 11.8 m 2 / Example 1 with the exception of using g calcium carbonate (manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co., Ltd.), stretching 7.0 times, and annealing at 123 ° C. (melting point 133 ° C.-10 ° C. of polyolefin resin composition). A separator 130 was obtained by the same method.
- Example 3 70% by weight of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene powder, 30% by weight of polyethylene wax, 37% by volume of calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate with an average pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 11.6 m 2 / g of calcium carbonate (manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co., Ltd.), 6.2 times of stretching, and heat setting at 120 ° C. (melting point of polyolefin resin composition 133 ° C.-13 ° C.) Except for the above, a separator 130 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2.
- Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene powder (GUR4032, manufactured by Ticona) is 80% by weight, polyethylene wax having a weight average molecular weight of 1000 (FNP-0115, manufactured by Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd.) is 20% by weight, and the total of the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and polyethylene wax is As 100 parts by weight, antioxidant (Irg1010, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 0.4% by weight, (P168, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) 0.1% by weight, sodium stearate 1.3% by weight Furthermore, calcium carbonate (manufactured by Maruo Calcium Co., Ltd.) having an average pore diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m and a BET specific surface area of 11.6 m 2 / g so as to be 38% by volume with respect to the total volume is added at the same time, using a Henschel mixer, The mixture was mixed for 150 seconds at a rotation speed of 440 rpm.
- antioxidant Irg1010, manufactured by
- the light bulk density of the powder was about 350 g / L.
- the mixture thus obtained was melt-kneaded with a biaxial kneader to obtain a polyolefin resin composition.
- the polyolefin resin composition was rolled with a pair of rolls having a surface temperature of 150 ° C. to prepare a sheet. This sheet was immersed in hydrochloric acid (4 mol / L) containing 0.5% by weight of a nonionic surfactant to remove calcium carbonate, and then stretched in the transverse direction 4.0 times at 105 ° C.
- the separator of Comparative Example 2 was obtained by annealing at 120 ° C. (melting point of polyolefin resin composition 132 ° C.-12 ° C.).
- Comparative Example 2 As the separator of the comparative example, a commercially available polyolefin porous film (manufactured by Celgard, # 2400) was used.
- Positive electrode> A commercial positive electrode manufactured by applying a laminate of LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 / conductive material / PVDF (weight ratio 92/5/3) to an aluminum foil was processed.
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 is an active material layer.
- the aluminum foil is cut out so that the size of the positive electrode active material layer is 45 mm ⁇ 30 mm and the outer periphery thereof has a width of 13 mm and no positive electrode active material layer is formed. Used as a positive electrode in the process.
- the positive electrode active material layer had a thickness of 58 ⁇ m, a density of 2.50 g / cm 3 , and a positive electrode capacity of 174 mAh / g.
- Negative electrode> A commercial negative electrode manufactured by applying graphite / styrene-1,3-butadiene copolymer / sodium carboxymethylcellulose (weight ratio 98/1/1) to a copper foil was processed.
- graphite functions as a negative electrode active material layer.
- the copper foil is cut out so that the size of the negative electrode active material layer is 50 mm ⁇ 35 mm, the width is 13 mm, and the negative electrode active material layer is not formed, and the assembly described below is performed. Used as a negative electrode in the process.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer was 49 ⁇ m, the density was 1.40 g / cm 3 , and the negative electrode capacity was 372 mAh / g.
- the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode were laminated in this order to obtain a laminate.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were arranged so that the entire upper surface of the positive electrode active material layer overlapped with the main surface of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the laminated body was arrange
- electrolytic solution a mixed solution in which LiPF 6 having a concentration of 1.0 mol / L was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylene carbonate in a volume ratio of 50:20:30 was used.
- the secondary battery was produced by heat-sealing a housing
- the design capacity of the secondary battery was 20.5 mAh.
- the film thickness was measured using a high-precision digital length measuring machine manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation.
- Dynamic viscoelasticity measurement> The dynamic viscoelasticity of the separator was measured under the conditions of a measurement frequency of 10 Hz and a measurement temperature of 90 ° C. using a dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device itk DVA-225 manufactured by ITK Corporation.
- the separators of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were cut into a strip shape of 5 mm width with the flow direction as the longitudinal direction, and the tension between the chucks was 20 mm and a tension of 30 cN was applied.
- the flow direction tan ⁇ (MD tan ⁇ ) was measured.
- a tension of 30 cN was applied to a test piece cut out in a strip shape having a width of 5 mm from the separator, with a distance between chucks of 20 mm, and tan ⁇ (TD tan ⁇ ) in the longitudinal direction was measured.
- the measurement was performed while increasing the temperature from room temperature at a rate of 20 ° C./min, and the parameter X was calculated using the value of tan ⁇ when the temperature reached 90 ° C.
- the constant current of the voltage range of 4.2 V to 2.7 V, the charging current value of 1 C, and the discharging current value of 10 C was set to one cycle at 55 ° C., and the secondary battery was charged and discharged for 100 cycles.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that was charged and discharged for 100 cycles was charged and discharged at a constant current of 55C and a constant current of 1C and discharge current values of 0.2C and 20C for 3 cycles each.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity at the third cycle (20C discharge capacity / 0.2C discharge capacity) at discharge current values of 0.2C and 20C was calculated as the rate characteristics after 100 cycles of charge / discharge.
- the same test was performed on the two secondary batteries prepared by the above-described method, and the average of the rate characteristics after 100 cycles of charge and discharge was taken as the battery characteristics maintainability.
- the separator WI is a spectrocolorimeter (CM-2002, manufactured by MINOLTA) with a separator installed on black paper (Hokuetsu Kishu Paper Co., Ltd., high quality paper, black, thickest mouth, 46th edition T-th).
- CM-2002 manufactured by MINOLTA
- black paper Hekuetsu Kishu Paper Co., Ltd., high quality paper, black, thickest mouth, 46th edition T-th.
- SCI Specific Component Include (including specular reflection light)
- Table 1 summarizes the separators of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and the characteristics of the secondary batteries produced using these separators.
- the lightly loaded bulk density of the polyolefin resin composition that is the raw material of the separators of Examples 1 to 3 is as large as 500 g / L. This is because ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene powder, polyethylene wax, and antioxidant were mixed uniformly, then calcium carbonate was added and mixed again, so ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and calcium carbonate, low molecular weight polyolefin, antioxidant This is probably because the agent was mixed uniformly.
- Comparative Example 1 the lightly loaded bulk density of the polyolefin resin composition was as small as 350 g / L, suggesting that uniform mixing was not achieved. It is considered that polyethylene crystals areotropically develop at the micro level by stretching and then annealing a sheet formed using a uniformly mixed polyolefin resin composition. Therefore, it can be seen that in the separators of Examples 1 to 3, the parameter X indicating the anisotropy of tan ⁇ is as small as 20 or less.
- the separators of Examples 1 to 3 have a WI of 85 to 98. As described above, when the WI is 85 or more and 98 or less, the amount of the surface functional group is appropriate, and optimal ion permeability is realized.
- the polyolefin resin compositions of Examples 1 to 3 are uniformly mixed, which is considered to contribute to the formation of a large number of uniform pores.
- Comparative Example 1 where uniform mixing has not been achieved, the annealed polyethylene crystals are non-uniform at the micro level, and the parameter X indicating the anisotropy of tan ⁇ exceeds 20. Moreover, the parameter X of the separator of the comparative example 2 which is a commercial item also greatly exceeds 20, and WI is also low. This is because the mixing of the polyolefin resin composition of the comparative example is uneven, and the polyethylene crystals do not have sufficient uniform isomerism at the micro level, resulting in the formation of a large number of pores or the uniform pores. It is thought that distribution was inhibited.
- the separators of Examples 1 to 3 have a parameter X of 20 or less and a WI of 85 to 98.
- a secondary battery using this separator has a small increase in internal resistance and a high battery characteristic (rate characteristic) maintenance rate.
- rate characteristic rate characteristic
- the separator is uniformly deformed according to the expansion and contraction of the electrode in the charge / discharge cycle test, and the anisotropy of stress generated in the separator is also small. For this reason, it is considered that an increase in internal resistance is reduced because it is difficult for the electrode active material to fall off.
- WI is high, the amount of polar functional groups such as carboxy groups from the surface of the separator to the inside is optimal for ion permeability, and high rate maintenance of the secondary battery can be obtained.
- 100 secondary battery, 110: positive electrode, 112: positive electrode current collector, 114: positive electrode active material layer, 120: negative electrode, 122: negative electrode current collector, 124: negative electrode active material layer, 130: separator, 132: first 134: Porous layer 140: Electrolytic solution
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Abstract
Description
本発明の実施形態の一つである二次電池100の断面模式図を図1(A)に示す。二次電池100は、正極110、負極120、および正極110と負極120を分離するセパレータ130を有する。図示していないが、二次電池100は電解液140を有する。電解液140は主に正極110、負極120、セパレータ130の空隙や各部材間の隙間に存在する。正極110は正極集電体112と正極活物質層114を含むことができる。同様に、負極120は負極集電体122と負極活物質層124を含むことができる。図1(A)では図示していないが、二次電池100はさらに筐体を有し、筐体によって正極110、負極120、セパレータ130、および電解液140が保持される。
<1-1.構成>
セパレータ130は、正極110と負極120の間に設けられ、正極110と負極120を分離するとともに、二次電池100内で電解液140の移動を担うフィルムである。図1(B)にセパレータ130の断面模式図を示す。セパレータ130は多孔質ポリオレフィンを含む第1の層132を有し、さらに任意の構成として、多孔質層134を有することができる。セパレータ130は、図1(B)に示すように、2つの多孔質層134が第1の層132を挟持する構造を有することもできるが、第1の層132の一方の面のみに多孔質層134を設けてもよく、あるいは多孔質層134を設けない構成とすることもできる。第1の層132は単層の構造を有していてもよく、複数の層から構成されていてもよい。
第1の層132は、以下の式で定義されるパラメータXが0以上20以下、あるいは2以上20以下であり、かつ、ホワイトインデックス(以下、WIと記す)が85以上98以下、あるいは85以上95以下である。ここで、MDtanδとTDtanδはそれぞれ、温度90℃、周波数10Hzにおける前記第1の層の粘弾性測定で得られる流れ方向(MD:Machine Direction。機械方向とも呼ばれる)の損失正接、幅方向(TD:Transverse Direction。横方向とも呼ばれる)の損失正接である。
tanδ=E”/E’
の式で示される。損失弾性率は応力に対する不可逆変形性を示しており、貯蔵弾性率は応力に対する可逆変形性を示している。そのため、tanδは、外部からの力の変化に対する物質の変形の追随性を示している。そして、物質の面内方向におけるtanδの異方性が小さいほど、外部からの力の変化に対する物質の変形追随性が等方的となり、面方向に均等に変形することができる。
上述したように、正極110は正極集電体112と正極活物質層114を含むことができる。同様に、負極120は負極集電体122と負極活物質層124を含むことができる(図1(A)参照)。正極集電体112、負極集電体122はそれぞれ、正極活物質層114、負極活物質層124を保持し、電流を正極活物質層114、負極活物質層124へ供給する機能を有する。
電解液140は溶媒と電解質を含み、電解質のうち少なくとも一部は溶媒に溶解し、電離している。溶媒としては水や有機溶媒を用いることができる。二次電池100を非水電解液二次電池として用いる場合には、有機溶媒が用いられる。有機溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、1,2-ジ(メトキシカルボニルオキシ)エタンなどのカーボネート類;1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,3-ジメトキシプロパン、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフランなどのエーテル類;ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、γ-ブチロラクトンなどのエステル類;アセトニトリル、ブチロニトリルなどのニトリル類;N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミドなどのアミド類;3-メチル-2-オキサゾリドンなどのカルバメート類;スルホラン、ジメチルスルホキシド、1,3-プロパンサルトンなどの含硫黄化合物;および上記有機溶媒にフッ素が導入された含フッ素有機溶媒などが挙げられる。これらの有機溶媒の混合溶媒を用いてもよい。
図1(A)に示すように、負極120、セパレータ130、正極110を配置し、積層体を形成する。その後図示しない筐体へ積層体を設置し、筐体内を電解液で満たし、減圧しつつ筐体を密閉することにより、または筐体内を減圧しつつ共体内を電解液で満たしたのちに密閉することにより、二次電池100を作製することができる。二次電池100の形状は特に限定されず、薄板(ペーパー)型、円盤型、円筒型、直方体などの角柱型などであってもよい。
本実施形態では、第1実施形態で述べた第1の層132の作成方法について述べる。第1実施形態と同様の構成に関しては説明を割愛することがある。
本実施形態では、セパレータ130が第1の層132とともに多孔質層134を有する態様を説明する。
第1実施形態で述べたように、多孔質層134は、第1の層132の片面、または両面に設けることができる(図1(B)参照)。第1の層132の片面に多孔質層134が積層される場合には、多孔質層134は、第1の層132の正極110側に設けてもよく、負極120側に設けてもよい。
フィラーを含む多孔質層134を形成する場合、上述した高分子や樹脂を溶媒中に溶解、あるいは分散させたのち、この混合液にフィラーを分散させて分散液(以下、塗工液と記す)を作成する。溶媒としては、水;メチルアルコール、エチルアルコール、n-プロピルアルコール、イソプロピルアルコール、t-ブチルアルコールなどのアルコール;アセトン、トルエン、キシレン、ヘキサン、N-メチルピロリドン、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミドなどが挙げられる。1種類の溶媒のみを用いてもよく、2種類以上の溶媒を用いてもよい。
セパレータ130の作成例を以下に述べる。
超高分子量ポリエチレン粉末(GUR2024、ティコナ社製)を68重量%、重量平均分子量1000のポリエチレンワックス(FNP-0115、日本精鑞社製)32重量%、この超高分子量ポリエチレンとポリエチレンワックスの合計を100重量部として、酸化防止剤(Irg1010、チバ・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ社製)0.4重量%、(P168、チバ・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ社製)0.1重量%、ステアリン酸ナトリウム1.3重量%を加え、これらを粉末のままヘンシェルミキサーを用いて、回転数440rpmで70秒混合した。次いで全体積に対して38体積%となるように平均孔径0.1μm、BET比表面積11.8m2/gの炭酸カルシウム(丸尾カルシウム社製)を加え、さらにヘンシェルミキサーを用いて、回転数440rpmで80秒混合した。このとき、粉体の軽装かさ密度は約500g/Lであった。得られた混合物を二軸混練機で溶融混練してポリオレフィン樹脂組成物とした。このポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を表面温度が150℃一対のロールにて圧延し、シートを作成した。このシートを0.5重量%の非イオン系界面活性剤を含む塩酸(4mol/L)に浸漬させることで炭酸カルシウムを除去し、続いて100℃で6.2倍に横方向に延伸したのち、126℃(ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の融点134℃-8℃)でアニールすることでセパレータ130を得た。
超高分子量ポリエチレン粉末としてティコナ社製GUR4032を68.5重量%用いた点、ポリエチレンワックスを31.5重量%用いた点、炭酸カルシウムに、平均孔径0.1μm、BET比表面積11.8m2/gの炭酸カルシウム(丸尾カルシウム社製)を用いた点、7.0倍に延伸した点、123℃(ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の融点133℃-10℃)でアニールした点を除き、実施例1と同様の手法によりセパレータ130を得た。
超高分子量ポリエチレン粉末を70重量%用いた点、ポリエチレンワックスを30重量%用いた点、炭酸カルシウムを37体積%で用いた点、炭酸カルシウムに、平均孔径0.1μm、BET比表面積11.6m2/gの炭酸カルシウム(丸尾カルシウム社製)を用いた点、6.2倍に延伸した点、熱固定処理を120℃(ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の融点133℃-13℃)で行った点を除き、実施例2と同様の手法によりセパレータ130を得た。
超高分子量ポリエチレン粉末(GUR4032、ティコナ社製)を80重量%、重量平均分子量1000のポリエチレンワックス(FNP-0115、日本精鑞社製)20重量%、この超高分子量ポリエチレンとポリエチレンワックスの合計を100重量部として、酸化防止剤(Irg1010、チバ・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ社製)0.4重量%、(P168、チバ・スペシャリティ・ケミカルズ社製)0.1重量%、ステアリン酸ナトリウム1.3重量%を加え、さらに全体積に対して38体積%となるように平均孔径0.1μm、BET比表面積11.6m2/gの炭酸カルシウム(丸尾カルシウム社製)を同時に加え、ヘンシェルミキサーを用いて、回転数440rpmで150秒混合した。このとき、粉体の軽装かさ密度は約350g/Lであった。こうして得られた混合物を二軸混練機で溶融混練してポリオレフィン樹脂組成物とした。このポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を表面温度が150℃一対のロールにて圧延し、シートを作成した。このシートを0.5重量%の非イオン系界面活性剤を含む塩酸(4mol/L)に浸漬させることで炭酸カルシウムを除去し、続いて105℃で4.0倍に横方向に延伸したのち、120℃(ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の融点132℃-12℃)でアニールすることで比較例2のセパレータを得た。
比較例のセパレータとして、市販品のポリオレフィン多孔質フィルム(セルガード社製、#2400)を用いた。
実施例1から3、および比較例1、2のセパレータを含む二次電池の作製方法を以下に記す。
LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/導電材/PVDF(重量比92/5/3)の積層をアルミニウム箔に塗布することにより製造された市販の正極を加工した。ここで、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2は活物質層である。具体的には、正極活物質層の大きさが45mm×30mmであり、かつその外周に幅13mmで正極活物質層が形成されていない部分が残るように、アルミニウム箔を切り取り、以下に述べる組立工程において正極として用いた。正極活物質層の厚さは58μm、密度は2.50g/cm3、正極容量は174mAh/gであった。
黒鉛/スチレン-1,3-ブタジエン共重合体/カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(重量比98/1/1)を銅箔に塗布することにより製造された市販の負極を加工した。ここで、黒鉛が負極活物質層として機能する。具体的には、負極活物質層の大きさが50mm×35mmであり、かつその外周に幅13mmで負極活物質層が形成されていない部分が残るように、銅箔を切り取り、以下に述べる組立工程において負極として用いた。負極活物質層の厚さは49μm、の密度は1.40g/cm3、負極容量は372mAh/gであった。
ラミネートパウチ内で、正極、セパレータ、および負極をこの順で積層し、積層体を得た。この時、正極活物質層の上面の全てが負極活物質層の主面と重なるように、正極および負極を配置した。
実施例1から3、および比較例1、2のセパレータの各種物性、およびこれらのセパレータを含む二次電池の特性の評価結果を以下に述べる。
膜厚は、株式会社ミツトヨ製の高精度デジタル測長機を用いて測定した。
JIS R9301-2-3に準拠して測定した。
セパレータ約50mgをアルミニウム製パンに詰め、セイコーインスツルメンツ製示差走査熱量計EXSTAR6000を用いて、昇温速度20℃/minでDSC(Differencial Scanning Calorimetry)サーモグラムを測定した。140℃付近の融解ピークの頂点をセパレータの融点Tmとして得た。
アイティーケー株式会社製動的粘弾性測定装置itk DVA-225を使用し、測定周波数10Hz、測定温度90℃の条件で、セパレータの動的粘弾性の測定を行った。
上述した方法で作製された二次電池の充放電サイクル前後の内部抵抗の増加量は、以下の要領で求めた。温度25℃において、電圧範囲4.1~2.7V、電流値0.2C(1時間率の放電容量による定格容量を1時間で放電する電流値を1Cとする、以下も同様)を1サイクルとする充放電を二次電池に対して4サイクル行った。こののち、LCRメーター(日置電気製、ケミカルインピーダンスメーター:形式3532-80)を用い、室温25℃において、電圧を振幅10mVで二次電池に印加し、二次電池の交流インピーダンスを測定した。
R1(Ω)=Rs1-Rs2
ここで、Rs1は、主に、セパレータをLi+イオンが透過する際の抵抗(液抵抗)、正負極内の導電抵抗、および正極と電解液との界面を移動するイオンの抵抗の合計抵抗を示している。Rs2は、主に液抵抗を示している。そのため、R1は、正負極内の導電抵抗、および正負極と電解液との界面を移動するイオンの抵抗との合計を示す。
R2(Ω)=Rs3-Rs4
充放電サイクル前後の内部抵抗の増加量[Ω]=R2-R1
上述した方法で作製された二次電池に対し、温度25℃において、LCRメーター(日置電気製、ケミカルインピーダンスメーター:形式3532-80)によって、電圧振幅10mVの交流電圧を印加し、交流インピーダンスを測定した。測定結果から、周波数10Hzの直列等価抵抗値(Ω)を読み取り、当該非水二次電池の初期電池抵抗とした。
セパレータのWIは、黒紙(北越紀州製紙株式会社、色上質紙、黒、最厚口、四六版T目)上にセパレータを設置し、分光測色計(CM-2002、MINOLTA社製)を用いてSCI(Specular Component Include(正反射光を含む))法で測定した。3か所以上で測定した平均値を結果とした。
実施例1から3と比較例1、2のセパレータ、およびこれらのセパレータを用いて作製された二次電池の特性を表1にまとめる。表1に示されるように、実施例1から3のセパレータの原料となるポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の軽装かさ密度は500g/Lと大きくなっている。これは、超高分子量ポリエチレン粉末、ポリエチレンワックス、および酸化防止剤を均一に混合した後に、炭酸カルシウムを添加して再度混合を行ったために、超高分子量ポリエチレンや炭酸カルシウム、低分子量ポリオレフィン、酸化防止剤が均一に混合されたためと考えられる。これに対し、比較例1では、ポリオレフィン樹脂組成物の軽装かさ密度が350g/Lと小さく、均一な混合が達成されていないことが示唆される。均一に混合されたポリオレフィン樹脂組成物を用いて成形されたシートを延伸した後アニールすることで、ポリエチレンの結晶がミクロレベルで等方的に発達するものと考えられる。そのため、実施例1から3のセパレータでは、tanδの異方性を示すパラメータXが20以下と小さくなっていることがわかる。
Claims (6)
- 前記パラメータXが2以上20以下である、請求項1に記載のセパレータ。
- 前記ホワイトインデックスが85以上95以下である、請求項1に記載のセパレータ。
- 前記第1の層上に多孔質層をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のセパレータ。
- 前記第1の層を挟持する一対の多孔質層をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のセパレータ。
- 請求項1に記載の前記セパレータを有する二次電池。
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| CN109891629B (zh) | 2020-05-08 |
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