WO2017216270A1

WO2017216270A1 - Single molecule detection or quantification using dna nanotechnology

Info

Publication number: WO2017216270A1
Application number: PCT/EP2017/064634
Authority: WO
Inventors: Heinrich GRABMAYR; Johannes Benedikt WOEHRSTEIN
Original assignee: Grabmayr Heinrich; Woehrstein Johannes Benedikt
Priority date: 2016-06-15
Filing date: 2017-06-14
Publication date: 2017-12-21
Also published as: US11513076B2; US20190271647A1; EP3472351B1; EP3472351A1; DK3472351T3; CN109563539A

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a DNA nanostructure for detecting a target structure. In particular, the invention relates to a DNA nanostructure which ensures a preferably linear dependence on the number of marker molecules and the measurement signal regardless of the physical arrangement of a plurality of such DNA nanostructures by virtue of the skilled selection of the shape of the DNA nanostructure and the placement of the marker molecules attached to the DNA nanostructure. The invention additionally relates to the use of said DNA nanostructures and other nanoreporters, preferably in combination with adapters which bind specifically to target molecules, in a method for quantifying a plurality of target molecules using a multiplex method, preferably in a simultaneous manner.

Description

Single-molecule detection or quantification by DNA nanotechnology

The present invention relates to a method and a DNA nanostructure for the detection of a target structure. In particular, the present invention relates to a DNA nanostructure which, by judicious choice of its shape and the placement of marker molecules attached to it, ensures a preferably linear dependence on number of marker molecules and measurement signal independent of the local arrangement of several such DNA nanostructures. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of these DNA nanostructures and other nanoreporters, preferably in combination with adapters, which specifically quantify target molecules binding in a method for, preferably simultaneous, quantification of a plurality of target molecules by a Mulipl ex-method.

A frequently occurring problem in research as well as in applied medicine and biotechnology is the analysis, ie the proof of certain target structures. For example, in the case of sepsis of a patient, the detection of the relevant toxins may be necessary, in the case of a disease with altered cell appearance, e.g. In the case of cancer, a quantitative analysis of the implementation of genetic information may be required.

The quantitative analysis of the implementation of genetic information, the so-called gene expression profiling (GEP), requires the detection and identification of a number of different target mRNA molecules (Stadler, ZK et al., Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology 69, 1). 11 (2009)), where mRNA is the commonly used abbreviation for the English term messenger RNA (German messenger RNA), which is commonly used in Germany Materials are quantified.

It is possible to obtain information about the condition or type of individual cells or also of a tissue sample (plurality of cells) by means of GEP, thereby enable the molecular diagnosis of tumor tissue. The GEP comprises the analysis of the expression of at least one gene, but preferably the analysis of the expression of a variety of genes. To achieve this ultimate goal, a technology is needed that simultaneously allows quantitative analysis with the highest possible specificity and sensitivity, preferably for the highest possible number of genes. In addition, this technology needs to be characterized by fast analysis times, low costs, and ease of use in order to be fully replaceable in everyday clinical practice.

There are a variety of GEP techniques that have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the problem. Microarrays. Microarray GEP analysis is based on the surface hybridization of fluorescent DNA molecules to specific, locally separated target sequences on a chip (Trevino, V. et al., Mol Med 13, 527-541 (2007)). These molecules are generated in an upstream step by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of RNA molecules, which allow the parallel detection of up to several thousand sequences, but exact quantification is impossible enzymatic reactions such as reverse transcription and PCR amplification lead to systematic errors and microarray-based methods require a relatively long process time of about one day, making them unsuitable for a large number of clinical applications.

qPCR / dPCR. Using PCR, specific DNA molecules can be multiplied exponentially in an enzymatic process (VanGuilder, H. D. et al., Biotechniques 44, 619-626 (2008)). For PCR reactions, mRNA targets must generally be enzymatically converted to DNA by reverse transcription. By adding fluorescent, DNA-binding molecules, the amplification can be measured and the original concentration roughly determined (qPCR). Since the amplification rate is significantly dependent on many parameters (including target sequence, target length, primers, instrumentation, reagents, reaction volume), this quantification must be accurately calibrated. To compensate for these disadvantages, digital PCR (dPCR) was developed. This allows more precise quantification by compartmentalization of individual target molecules (Baker, M. Nature Methods 9, 541-544 (2012)). However, this high level of dPCR accuracy is typically limited by limitation to typically two goals. This makes dPCR unsuitable for GEP analysis.

RNA-Seq / NGS. In next-generation sequencing (NGS), which also uses RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), sequences are sequentially read out and identified in several steps per base (Wang, Z. et al., Nat Rev Geriet 10. 57 -63 (2009)). Even with RNA seq, RNA must first be enzymatically converted into DNA. The advantage and unique feature of NGS in transcriptional analysis is the ability to recognize novel or altered sequences. Due to the many complex process steps, the analyzers are complex and expensive and the process time long. This prevents use in the point-of-care area. As in the methods described above, enzymatic processes prevent accurate quantification.

nCounter. The nCounter system from NanoString Technologies is based on the detection of RNA molecules by hybridization with a fluorescent reporter (barcode) on the one hand, and a second DNA molecule (capture strand) for attachment to a microscopy chip on the other hand (Geiss, GK et al. Nat Biotechnol 26, 317-325 (2008)). The fluorescent reporters are micrometer-long, linear geometric barcodes that consist of juxtaposing different areas labeled with fluorescent dyes. One of the advantages of the nCounter system is the enzyme-free and quantitative detection of up to 800 different RNA target molecules. A disadvantage of the method is the need to stretch the geometric barcode molecule after target hybridization and surface immobilization in order to be able to read the corresponding barcode. This has two important implications: (1) The electrophoretic stretching of reporters is a complex process step, (2) Due to the low efficiency of this step, approximately 80% of the target molecules are excluded by unidentifiable barcodes. Furthermore, complex and time-consuming purification steps are necessary, for example with magnetic particles. Taken together, these process steps lead to expensive analyzers (> 200,000 euros) and long measuring times (24-48 hours).

Thus, these traditional methods do not meet all the above-mentioned preferred requirements for a GEP and sacrifice e.g. Partial quantification for necessary sensitivity.

Another promising analytical approach for GEPs is based on the direct labeling of individual target mRNA sequences by so-called hybridization with fluorescent reporters. Fluorescence methods allow the sensitive detection of individual molecules (Joo, C. et al., Annu Rev Biochem 77, 51-76 (2008)). However, classical methods are unable to determine a large number of different reporters.

Single-cell quantitative GEPs are limited in available methods but would be of great benefit for both scientific research and industrial R & D and clinical applications.

Important desirable features of a JEP would be the exact quantification and efficient execution of the analysis. This results in the following preferred guidelines for improving a GEP:

Direct detection of mRNA, especially no conversion to DNA, e.g. by reverse transcription

• No duplication of the target molecules, as non-exact amplification interferes with quantification

• Thus: detection of single target molecules

• fastest possible analysis (order of minutes)

• the simplest possible analysis, especially: a few steps

In addition to nucleic acids and proteins, there are still a wealth of other problems in which units in the order of a few nanometers to several tens of nanometers must be detected and preferably counted, or their concentration should be determined; such as inorganic complexes and nanoparticles. All these problems have in common that molecules or other structures should be detected quickly and easily and accurately and preferably counted. In particular, accurate counting implies that the probability of false positive and / or false negative counts must be minimized. The present invention is directed to an improvement of one or more of these properties, in particular to a reduction in the probability of false positive and / or false negative counts.

This object is solved by the present invention according to the independent claims.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method for detecting (preferably quantifying) a target structure comprising:

a) forming an identification structure comprising:

(i) the target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, each of the 3D DNA nanostructures having one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules, each of the 3D DNA nanostructures being specifically bound to the target structure;

b) detecting (preferably quantifying) the target structure by measuring at least one fluorescence signal,

wherein the 3D DNA nanostructures and the fluorescence measurement parameters are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescent signal of the identification structure formed in a) is distinguishable from the fluorescent signal of each of the at least two isolated 3D DNA nanostructures, if not in the identification structure are bound.

Furthermore, the invention is i.a. to a 3D DNA nanostructure on which at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached, wherein the shape of the 3D DNA nanostructure prevents approaching a second 3D DNA nanostructure on which at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached that significantly interact with fluorescent dye molecules of the two 3D DNA nanostructures.

The 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention is preferably a 3D DNA nanostructure having a cavity and at least one inner fluorescent dye molecule, wherein the distance of the at least one inner fluorescent dye molecule to the edge of the 3D DNA nanostructure is at least 2 nm, preferably at least 3 nm and more preferably at least 5 nm.

The clever choice of the shape of the 3D nanostructures and the arrangement of the fluorescent dye molecules in the interior / cavity of the 3D nanostructure ensures that the dye molecules do not sterically interact with the environment. As in the attached As shown by experimental examples, the 3D nanostructures according to the invention thus interact significantly less with surfaces, such as a glass surface, than 2D nanostructures with the same dyes, for example. This is of great advantage for the use of such a 3D-DNA nanostructure in the method according to the invention. For example, this may reduce the rate of false positives of a target structure, especially if a bearer structure is used. Furthermore, an advantage of shielding the fluorescent dye molecules is that the fluorescent dye molecules of the two 3D DNA nanostructures do not significantly interact (optically and / or sterically). This allows the fluorescence signal of a 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention not to be significantly affected by a very close adjacent 3D DNA nanostructure. Furthermore, the unspecific interaction of 3D DNA nanostructures mediated via fluorescent dye molecules is prevented. All this together is of great benefit in using these 3D nanostructures to detect target structures. In particular, this allows, as in the method according to the invention, at least two 3D DNA nanostructures to bind to a target structure, without the fluorescence signal of the individual 3D DNA nanostructures being affected by proximity to one another (eg by quenching / fluorescence quenching or FRET).

Depending on the measurement method, the use of at least two DNA nanostructures may even be necessary to distinguish the identification structure of target structure and bound DNA nanostructures from the free DNA nanostructures. This is especially the case with measuring methods that run in solution. If, in the method, the identification structure is bound to a carrier or a carrier surface for detection (as in a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention), this makes it possible to remove free DNA nanostructures with one or more washing steps. The use of at least two DNA nanostructures that bind to a target structure has the advantage in a method using a carrier that the rate of false positives can be reduced. On the one hand, an identification structure with at least two DNA nanostructures can be clearly differentiated from non-specifically interacting with the surface DNA nanostructures. This is not possible in an analogous procedure in which only one DNA nanostructure recognizes the target structure. Second, by using at least two DNA nanostructures that both recognize different regions of the target structure, the likelihood of falsely demonstrating other similar target structures as a target can be massively reduced and, in many cases, ruled out.

In addition, in the case of independent coupling of at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (eg different orthogonally measurable nanoreporter) to target molecules, the sensitivity of the measurement can be drastically increased. It increases with the power of the number of independent coupling reactions. This is of great advantage in particular for high dynamics, that is, for example, the simultaneous measurement of very low-expressed and very highly expressed genes. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is also directed to a method for the detection or quantification of at least two different target structures (eg two m RNAs derived from different genes, ie having a different nucleic acid sequence), preferably a plurality of different target structures. The different target structures are distinguishable in pairs.

This method preferably comprises the following steps: a) forming in each case one identification structure for each of the at least two different target structures, comprising

(i) the respective target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures has one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and wherein each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures is specifically bound to the respective target structure, and wherein the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures are bound to pairs of different regions of the respective target structure;

b) detection of the at least two target structures by measuring at least one fluorescence signal, wherein all 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structures formed in a) of the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA Nanostrukturen is distinguishable, if they are not bound in any of the respective identification structure, and that the measured fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for each different target structures are pairwise distinguishable from each other.

Preferably, each of the different target structures is detected multiple times, i. Each of the identification structures assigned to a specific target structure is formed multiple times.

All of the abovementioned advantages of the method according to the invention apply here mutatis mutandis. DNA nanostructures, when appropriately formed, provide the ability to attach a variety of the same and / or different types of fluorescent dye molecules. As is known from WO2016 / 1407727 A2 and WO2016 / 1407726 A2, a multiplicity of DNA nanostructures with a distinguishable fluorescence signal can thus be produced. However, the amount of distinguishable combinations depends critically on the size of the DNA nanostructure, which limits the number of fluorescent dye molecules that can be attached thereto without interacting with each other. However, large DNA nanostructures are more expensive and more expensive to produce and, in addition, kinetically inferior to smaller structures in a method for detecting a target structure. The invention The method offers the advantage that even with much smaller DNA nanostructures, a similar variety of combinations of fluorescent molecules bound to a target structure can be generated by using at least two DNA nanostructures that become part of the identification structure. Furthermore, the use of at least two DNA nanostructures in an identification structure makes it possible to further increase the number of different distinguishable combinations of fluorescent dye molecules on a target structure or in an identification structure with the same maximum size as described in WO2016 / 1407727 A2 and WO2016 / 1407726 A2 , As a result, in principle even more different target structures can be detected in one process. In addition to the use of at least two DNA nanostructures, the decisive factors in particular are the shape of the 3D nanostructure and the orientation of the fluorescent dye molecules into the interior of the structure. Only thereby, as mentioned above, prevents interaction of the dyes from two DNA nanostructures and the signal of a combination of two or more 3D DNA nanostructures reliably predictable and measurable.

According to the invention, nucleic acid nanostructures, also called DNA nanostructures or DNA origami, are used. Nucleic acid nanostructures, also called DNA nanostructures or DNA origami, are two-dimensional or three-dimensional structures that consist, inter alia, of nucleic acids. The term "origami" describes that one or more strands or components of nucleic acids, preferably DNA, can be folded into virtually any preformed structure or shape. Such a strand of DNA is also referred to as a scaffold strand. The one or more scaffold strands are held in shape by (relative to the at least one scaffold strand) shorter nucleic acid strands, also called staple strands. Of great importance is that the shorter strands (staple strands) are placed very precisely at well defined positions on the DNA origami. For example, DNA origami are described in Rothemund, "Folding DNA to create nano-scale shapes and patterns", Nature, March 2006 297-302, vol. 440; Douglas et al., Nature, 459, pp. 414-418 (2009); and Seeman, "Nanomaterials based on DNA", An. Rev. Biochem. 79, pp.65-87 (2010). All of these writings are hereby referenced in their entirety as part of the application.

These DNA origami nanostructures can be functionalized with photoactive molecules, especially with one or more fluorescent dye molecules. This makes the DNA origami in its entirety a fluorescent particle. Such DNA nanostructures based on DNA origami are described in WO 2016/140727 A2 and WO2016 / 1407726 A2. All of these writings are hereby referenced in their entirety as part of the application.

Preferably, a DNA nanostructure according to the invention is a 3D DNA nanostructure on which at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached, wherein the shape of the 3D DNA nanostructure prevents, when approaching a second identical or identical 3D DNA nanostructure, on the at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached, the fluorescent dye molecules of the two 3D DNA nanostructures significantly interact. The geometry of the DNA nanostructures prevents steric hindrance from approaching fluorescent dye molecules of different DNA nanostructures.

A DNA nanostructure, as already evident from the name, preferably consists of DNA. In principle, however, a DNA nanostructure according to the invention may also contain or consist of other nucleic acids such as RNA, RNA analogs such as LNA, or DNA analogs. Consequently, the present invention also encompasses all of the embodiments described here, in which the DNA nanostructure (s) or the 3D DNA nanostructure (s) are nucleic acid nanostructures or 3D nucleic acid nanostructures. A DNA-formed nanostructure is preferred. e.g. due to the significantly lower production costs for such nanostructures.

For example, a fluorescent dye molecule may include RFP, GFP, YFP or their derivatives (see, for example, PJ Cranfill et al., Quantitative assessment of fluorescent proteins, Nature Methods, 13, 557-562 (2016)), an Atto dye (eg Atto647N, Atto565 or Atto488), an Alexa dye, DAPI, rhodamine, rhodamine derivative, cyanine, cyanine derivative, coumarin, coumarin derivative (for various organic fluorescence dyes, see, for example, Q. Zheng and L Lavis, "Development of photostable fluorophores for molecular imaging ", Curr. Op. Chem. Biol. 39 p32-38 (2017)), or quantum dot (quantum dot, see E. Petryayeva et al., Quantum dots in Bioanalysis: a review of applications across various platforms for fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging ", Appl. spectroscopy 67 (2013)).

A 3D DNA nanostructure is preferably understood to mean a structure that extends substantially in three dimensions and is thereby defined by a substantially two-dimensional structure, such as a two-dimensional structure. a slightly curved, rough or wavy surface is different. In other words, the minimum dimensions in three mutually perpendicular spatial directions are at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm, more preferably at least 10 nm and particularly preferably at least 20 nm.

The interaction of two fluorescent dye molecules may in particular comprise fluorescence quenching and / or FRET.

In particular, at least two fluorescent dye molecules may be attached to the 3D DNA nanostructure, the distance between the at least two fluorescent dye molecules being greater in pairs than that at which the fluorescent dye molecules interact significantly in pairs. For the example of a 3D DNA nanostructure with two fluorescent dye molecules, this means that the two fluorescent dye molecules have a distance that is greater than the interaction distance. For the example case of a 3D DNA nanostructure with three fluorescent dye molecules, this means that each fluorescent dye molecule has a distance to the other two fluorescent dye molecules that is greater than the respective interaction distance. For more fluorescent dye molecules, the said applies accordingly. That is, no matter what fluorescence dye molecule pair of the 3D DNA nanostructure is considered, the distance of the fluorescent dye molecules of the pair under consideration is always greater than the interaction radius of the pair considered. "Interaction radius" refers to the distance at least of the fluorescent dye molecules For example, appropriate interaction radii are described in Novotny, Luke: Principles of Nanopartics 2.ed, Cambridge Univ. 2013, chapter "Optical Interactions", pp 224ff; Peter Atkins: Physical Chemistry, 5th Edition, 2013, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Chapter 17 "Interactions between Molecules," pp 657ff; Förster T: Intermolecular Energy Migration and Fluorescence. Ann. Physics 437, 1948, page 55. doi: 10.1002 / andp.19484370105 On FRET, there may be an interaction radius, for example, the distance at which a FRET rate of 50% exists.

The DNA nanostructures preferably serve the purpose of precisely arranging a well-defined number of marker molecules (preferably fluorescent dye molecules) of one or more species. The geometric arrangement is of central importance to prevent interactions between marker molecules (preferably fluorescent dye molecules). The defined number of marker molecules (preferably fluorescent dye molecules) allows the programming of the intensity values and thus the subsequent unambiguous identification. The number of different combinations is N = k ^A m, where k is the number of intensity levels, and m is the number of different (here orthogonally measurable) marker molecules (preferably fluorescent dye molecules). By this multiplexing so a large number of different DNA nanostructures can be distinguished, without multiplexing, the number would be only m. In one application example we have 5 intensity levels and three marker molecule types, and thus 124 instead of 3 simultaneously distinguishable species. The DNA nanostructures are therefore nanoreporters.

The term "nanoreporter" is thus used here to denote structures with measurable and identifying signatures with dimensions in the nanometer range, in particular DNA nanostructures according to the invention may be nanorepursors be, as well as cascades of fluorescent proteins. The term "orthogonally measurable" describes the property that a linear combination of measured values of marker molecules (eg fluorescence dye molecules) clearly indicates a linear combination of the underlying marker molecules or a combination of nanostructures be realized by spectrally far apart dyes and thus far separated excitation and detection wavelength (eg blue and red), or by closer juxtaposed dyes in combination with multi-spectral detection, so that by "linear unmixing" the orthogonal components can be calculated.

A DNA nanostructure according to the invention is preferably characterized in that one or more marker molecules (eg fluorescent dye molecules) of one or more types of marker molecules are applied to it so that the distance between two marker molecules is greater than that at which they interact significantly and their shape prevents their marker molecules from significantly interacting with those of the other DNA nanostructure when approaching a similar DNA nanostructure. A DNA nanostructure according to the invention is preferably a DNA nanostructure on which one or more marker molecules of one or more types of marker molecules are / are attached such that the distance between identical marker molecules is greater than that at which fluorescence extinction occurs, and the Distance between different marker molecules is greater than the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) radius, and their shape prevents, when approaching a similar DNA nanostructure, its marker molecule (s) with one or more marker molecules of the other DNA nanostructure Fluorescence quenching or FRET interact.

"Marker molecules" are particles that emit measurable signals, in particular, fluorescent dye molecules are marker molecules, and the signal from fluorescent dye molecules can be intensity, but also lifetime, polarization, blinking kinetics, or similar quantities, and gold particles are marker molecules in this sense.

Two marker molecules, in particular two fluorescent dye molecules, interact significantly if the signal emitted by at least one of them clearly depends on the presence or absence of the other. For our purposes, for example, one can neglect an intensity drop of the signal by 1% due to the presence of another molecule, while a decrease of 20% is not negligible. In the first case, the marker molecules (in particular fluorescence dye molecules) do not interact significantly, in the second case very well. In the case of similar fluorescent dye molecules, the dominant interaction mechanism for us is fluorescence quenching, which differs depending on the fluorescent dye molecule, but becomes negligible from a distance of about 2-3 nanometers between the fluorescent dye molecules. For various fluorescent dye molecules, the dominant one is

Interaction mechanism Förster Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET), and the distance at which the fluorescent dye molecule pairs no longer significantly interact (also referred to as FRET distance) varies between 2 and 20 nanometers, depending on the pair. FRET distances are known for a variety of fluorescent dye pairs, for example, many dye manufacturers publish lists of FRET spacings of their dyes (eg, http://www.atto- tec.com fileadmin / user_upload / Katalog_Flyer_Support / R_0_Table_2016_web .pdf). In addition, FRET distances can be calculated by the spectral properties of the dye molecules (see Atkins, Physical Chemistry).

A significant interaction between two fluorescent dye molecules is preferably understood as meaning an interaction in which the measured fluorescence signal (with customary excitation) of the one molecule is limited to a maximum of 80 by the presence of the respective other molecule compared to a measured fluorescence signal of one molecule in the absence of the other molecule %, preferably not more than 90%, particularly preferably not more than 95%, very particularly preferably not more than 99% is reduced.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention preferably has a cavity, wherein the cavity has a volume of at least 0.1 zeptoliter (le-22 liters), preferably at least 10 zeptolites, and particularly preferably at least 100 zeptolites.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the present invention may be constructed substantially as a hollow cylindrical DNA nanostructure, i. as a hollow cylinder, be formed, wherein at least one fluorescent dye molecule is mounted inside the hollow cylindrical DNA nanostructure. The cavity of the hollow cylinder preferably has a volume indicated above.

The part of the 3D DNA nanostructure corresponding to the shell of the hollow cylinder may have gaps in it. The parts of the 3D DNA nanostructure corresponding to the top surfaces of the hollow cylinder are preferably open, but they may also be at least partially closed and / or completely closed. The jacket and possibly the top surfaces of the hollow cylinder are formed by the 3D DNA nanostructure, that is, it is not a mathematically precise cylinder, since e.g. the individual helices of the nanostructure form uneven surfaces with bulges and depressions. The envelope of the 3 D-Nano structure, however, has essentially the shape of a cylinder.

Preferably, in a 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention, at least 2, more preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 5, more preferably at least 6, more preferably at least 15, most preferably at least 30, most preferably at least 60 fluorescent dye molecules attached. Preferably, the fluorescent dye molecules are similar on a 3D DNA nanostructure, that is, of the same type.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention preferably has a cavity and at least one internal fluorescent color substance molecule, wherein the distance between the at least one internal fluorescent dye molecule and the edge or outer surface of the envelope of the 3D DNA nanostructure is at least 2 nm, preferably at least 3 nm and more preferably at least 5 nm. This offers the advantage that the dyes of the 3D DNA nanostructure, due to the arrangement inside the 3D DNA nanostructure and the minimum distance to the edge of the 3D DNA nanostructure, also maintain this minimum distance to other structures with which the 3D DNA nanostructure Nanostructure during a process can interact. For example, the dyes also have a distance to a surface of a support, such as a substrate, greater than or equal to the minimum distance when the 3D DNA nanostructure comes into contact with that surface.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention preferably has at least two internal fluorescent dye molecules, wherein the pairwise spacing of the at least two internal fluorescent dye molecules is at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm and particularly preferably at least 9 nm. For the exemplary case of a 3D DNA nanostructure with two dye molecules, this means that the two dye molecules have a distance of at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm and particularly preferably at least 9 nm. For the exemplary case of a 3D DNA nanostructure with three dye molecules, this means that each dye has a spacing of at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm and particularly preferably at least 9 nm, relative to the two other dyes. For more dyes the said applies accordingly. That is, no matter which dye pair of the 3D-DNA nanostructure is considered, the distance of the dyes of the pair considered is always at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm and more preferably at least 9 nm.

The spacing of the dye molecules can be determined, for example, by identifying the structure of the 3D DNA nanostructure, allowing conclusions to be drawn as to which positions the dye molecules are located. For this example, a sequence analysis may be required. For this purpose, a solution with DNA nanostructures, for example, by reducing the salt concentration in a solution with individual nucleic acid strands is transferred. As the salt concentration is reduced, the negative charges of the DNA backbone become more dominant due to less shielding compared to the constant binding energies of the base pair-forming hydrogen bonds. Thus, with the reduction of the salt concentration, the DNA nanostructures are first destabilized and, with further reduction, the individual DNA double helices break up. and for example with MySeq or from another method provided by Illumina, Inc. and the protocol given by the manufacturer. Thus, the sequences of all present in the sample nucleic acid strands are known. With this sequence information, the shape of the DNA nano structure can be reconstructed. Any sequence editor (eg ApE 2.0 (http://biologylabs.utah.edu/jorgensen/wayned/ape/)) can be used for this purpose The longest DNA strand of the analysis is the framework strand, which is loaded into the editor and for each single parenthesis sequence, the regions with the framework sequence of complementary sequence are calculated and noted, ie, two different regions on the framework strand per staple strand.This information can again be used to define the topology in CaDNAno, as described elsewhere in this document. In the next step, it has to be determined which of the staple strands are stained with dye, which is simple in the case of dye adapters, since then a certain number of staple strands have further identical sequences following the above reconstruction of the DNA nano structure In the case of direct modification of the staple strands, the individual Kl ammerstränge be isolated and examined for their fluorescence properties. Each individual staple strand can then be loaded by hybridization to a complementary strand with additional molecular weight in an agarose gel electrophoresis from the above solution isolated with individual nucleic acid strands. Finally, a fluorescence measurement shows in each case which staple strand is occupied by fluorophore. These can be identified in caDNAno and the distances between fluorescence molecules can be calculated.

As an alternative to this method, mass spectrometry (Sauer S, Lechner D, Berlin K et al., (2000) Filling flexibility genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by the GOOD assay, Nucleic Acids Res 28: E100, Haff LA, Smirnov EP (1997) Single nucleotides polymorphism identification assays using a thermostable DNA polymerase and delayed extraction MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry Genome Res 7: 378-388; Wenzel T, Elssner T, Fahr K et al. (2003) Genosnip: SNP Genotyping by MALDI-TOF MS using photocleavable oligonucleotides Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 22: 1579-1581; Braun A, Little DP, Koster H (1997) Detecting CFTR gene mutations by using primer oligo base extension and mass spectrometry Clin Chem 43: 1 Sun X, Ding H, Hung K et al., (2000) A new MALDI-TOF based mini-sequencing assay for genotyping SNPS., Nucleic Acids Res 28: E68), the solution can be directly sequenced with DNA nanostructures and be detected simultaneously, which staple strands with Fluoreszenzm are occupied. Then, analogous to the above, the topology of the DNA structure in CaDNAno can be reconstructed by means of complementary sequence analysis of staple strands and framework strand (which is again the longest strand). With the measured information on which strands the fluorescence molecules are attached, can be directly used to calculate the distances of the fluorescence molecules using caDNAno.

In a preferred embodiment, the 3D DNA nanostructure is substantially elliptical Cylinder, preferably formed substantially as a circular cylinder.

As already explained above, the structures according to the invention are not a mathematically precise cylinder since the surface of the structure is extremely uneven at the level of the individual atoms and is e.g. at the level of the individual helices of the nanostructure may have unevenness on the order of a helix radius or diameter. For those skilled in the art, however, these structures are still cylindrical because e.g. the envelope of the 3D nanostructure can essentially have the shape of a cylinder.

In a preferred embodiment, the hollow cylinder of the 3D-DNA nanostructure is a circular cylinder and has an outer radius of at least 5 nm, at least 10 nm, preferably at least 20 nm, preferably at least 20 nm, preferably an outer radius of 30 nm to 80 nm. preferably from 50 nm to 70 nm and particularly preferably an outer radius of 60 nm. Here, the outer radius of the structure is understood as the outer radius of the envelope.

In a preferred embodiment, the hollow cylinder of the 3D-DNA nanostructure, which is preferably a circular cylinder, has a height of at most 200 nm, preferably a height of 60 nm-30 nm, particularly preferably a height of 30 nm. In this case, the height of the envelope is understood as the height of the envelope.

The preferred embodiments ensure a sufficient size of the 3D DNA nanostructure for attaching a sufficient number of dye molecules with sufficient spacing of the dye molecules among each other, and preferably within the 3D DNA nanostructure.

In a preferred embodiment, the hollow cylinder of the 3D-DNA nanostructure has a wall thickness of at least 2 nm, preferably 2 nm to 7 nm, particularly preferably 5 nm. Here, the wall thickness of the structure is understood to mean the difference between the outer radius and the inner radius. In other words, the wall thickness corresponds to the distance between the outer envelope of the cylinder and the inner envelope of the cylinder cavity.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention preferably has a wall thickness which corresponds at least to the diameter of a DNA double helix. Preferably, the wall thickness 2-4, more preferably 3 DNA double strands space, the DNA strands are preferably arranged with their length perpendicular to the wall thickness and are additionally preferably arranged on adjacent lattice sites of a honeycomb lattice.

The hmendurchmesser of the hollow cylinder is as the difference of the outer diameter of the hollow cylinder and the wall thickness defined. Preferred inner diameters therefore result from the information given herein about the outer diameter and the wall thickness.

The minimum wall thicknesses described in combination with the shape of the 3D DNA nanostructure which shields the dyes from the environment also contributes to the interaction of the dyes of the 3D DNA nanostructure with a surface of a support and / or other dye , which may be attached to another 3D DNA nanostructure, is prevented by steric hindrance. In particular, so quenching and / or FRET with another dye and / or nonspecific binding to a support, in particular a substrate surface is prevented.

As is customary for DNA origami, the 3D nanostructures according to the invention preferably have a DNA single strand as a scaffold strand. The framework strand preferably has at least 3000 bases, preferably 5000-50 000 bases, in particular Preferably, 10,000 to 11,000 bases are available, but a different number of bases is possible, the framework strand being preferably circular, circular means that the DNA strand has no open 5 'end and no open 3' end Limiting example of a framework strand is mentioned in the attached examples and is shown in SEQ ID NO 1258.

Furthermore, the 3D nanostructures, as is customary for DNA origami, preferably have a multiplicity of further shorter single-stranded DNA molecules. These are preferably referred to as "staple strands." According to the invention, the number of staple strands of the 3D DNA nanostructure is preferably selected such that it is adapted to the length of the at least one scaffold strand of the 3D DNA nanostructure. Preferably, the 3D-DNA nanostructure has 100-500 staple strands A staple strand preferably has 30-100 bases Non-limiting examples of staple strands are given in the appended examples and / or shown in SEQ ID NOs 1 to 504

The 3D DNA nanostructures may have a cylindrical shape in which the marker molecules are internally located at a distance from the edge of at least half the interaction radius. This ensures that the marker molecules of different DNA structures are not closer together than the interaction radius, regardless of the position of the DNA structures relative to each other. Here, a cylinder with approximately square side view offers a good ratio of steric hindrance (and thus shielding), small hydrodynamic radius (and thus diffusion rate) and internal marker molecule positions with sufficient distance between marker molecules. In particular, a DNA nanostructured hollow cylinder with a diameter of about 30-90 nanometers and a height of about 30-90 nanometers is considered here. Alternatively, the DNA structures may have a cup shape with dyes on the "bottom" of the cup and a cup edge at least as large as the largest interaction radius of all combinations of marker molecule types However, the angle in a range of -45 ° to + 45 ° .. Preferably, the cup edge has a height of at most 200 nm, preferably a height of 60 nm to 30 nm, more preferably a height of 30 nm Height of the structure understood the height of the envelope.

The open side of the basket preferably has an outer radius of at least 5 nm, preferably an inner radius of 30 nm to 60 nm, particularly preferably an inner radius of 60 nm. A hollow cylinder with an open and a closed top surface is a special case of a basket.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention may have a substantially square projection, i. a height to width or diameter ratio is in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. In particular, a 3D DNA nanostructure designed as a hollow cylinder and / or basket may have a substantially square projection.

A 3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention may have the form of a hollow sphere and may preferably be provided with internal marker molecules.

3D DNA nanostructure according to the invention are also wireframe geometries, such as tetrahedrons, octahedrons, cubes, hexahedra, pyramids, etc.

The basic principle of the production of DNA origami and thus DNA nano structures in various forms is well known, for example, from Rothemund, "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns", Nature, March 2006, pp. 297-302, vol. 440; Douglas et al, Nature, 459, pp. 414-418 (2009); and Seeman, "Nanomaterials based on DNA", An. Rev. Biochem. 79, pp. 65-87 (2010). As previously mentioned, the DNA origami manufacturing principle relies on co-incubating at least one scaffold strand, which is preferably a single strand, and a plurality of staple strands. The staple strands have at least two binding portions which serve to respectively bind to complementary portions of the scaffold strand. During the incubation, which preferably begins at a temperature of 50-70 ° C and is subsequently reduced, the staple strands and scaffold strand bind by means of their respective complementary binding sections. This results in the resulting DNA nano structure folding into a conformation. Through targeted design of the scaffold strand and staple strands as well as their complementary binding sections, a DNA origami can be designed and manufactured according to the needs of the user. For the design of the DNA origami freely available software is available. For example, the program CaDNAno 2.5 (source code available at: https://github.com/cadnano; user guides available: http://cadnano.org/docs.html or http: // candodna-origami.org/tutorial/ (see also SM Douglas et al, "Rapid prototyping of 3D DNA origami shapes with caDNAno, Nucleic Acids Res ., 37 (15), 2009).

In this program, one specifies any sequence of a framework strand which is preferably available for the preparation of the DNA nanostructures; particularly preferred are scaffolds p7308 (SEQ ID NO 1258) or p7249 (SEQ ID NO 1257). In addition, one specifies the desired topology of the DNA nanostructure. Specifically, CaDNAno calculates the number and sequences of framework scaffolds and staple strands required given (1) length and (2) scaffold strand sequence, (3) scaffold strand spatiality, and (4) scaffold strand start position. The spatial course of the scaffold strand defines the shape of the planned structure and includes the number and arrangement of the helices and the course of the scaffold strand through these helices. At the press of a button, the program is able to independently connect the given framework with staples. Subsequently, the staple strands can be output in tabular form. The table contains, in particular, start and end positions of the staple strand (defined by helix and number of bases from the edge of the helix, eg 7 [128] denotes a position on the 7th helix, 128 bases of the arbitrarily but uniformly defined left edge) for unique identification , the number of bases (ie the length of the staple string) and the sequence of the staple string. It is noteworthy that with identical structural design (point (l) - (3)) but different starting position of the circular framework strand, other parentheses strand sequences are generated. These are usable without restriction as well as those with other starting position, but not compatible with them.

For bends of a DNA helix that are sometimes useful in 3D structures, positions along the framework may be defined where the corresponding staple strand has a base more or less. Also, additional staple-staple-strand pairings can be defined that add structure to the structure beyond the given framework strand length, further adding DNA helix contour length. It should be noted that CaDNAno displays only one-level representations and SD representations through the user's spatial imagination or a CaDNAno plug-in for the Autodesk Maya design program (Selnihin and Andersen, "Computer-aided design of DNA origami Structures ", Comp. Meth. Synth. Biol. 1244, pp. 23-44 (2014)). Finally, CaDNAno issues a list of staple strands that can be used to produce the desired structure.

Each of these staple strands can in principle be filled with a fluorophore / fluorescent dye molecule. However, the program does not provide a function for defining fluorescent dye molecule positions for direct labeling in the exported parenthesis list. However, the program helps in the visualization of this process, as it shows the start and end positions of the strands, as well as the course of the framework strand and the arrangement of the helices. This allows the user relative distances from candidate positions at the braces within the easily calculate the designed 3D DNA nanostructure. Specifically, and preferably, the user selects positions on parentheses that are to be modified. These are, for example, the 5 'ends or the 3' ends. Then the user selects the staple strands that satisfy the positioning criteria of the fluorescent dye molecules, for example, that they are located inside the hollow structure and have the desired, sufficient distance from the edge of the structure. This is evident as described above in CaDNAno. Finally, the user calculates the minimum distances of the positions to be modified on the staples remaining to be selected, which is limited to 2-3 calculations due to the grid structure of the design and the visualization in CaDNAno and is easy to do. Finally, depending on the number of fluorescent dye molecules to be realized, the user selects an arbitrary subset of the available staple strands, notes the staple IDs, and orders the corresponding sequences in the exported clamp strand list with fluorescence dye molecule modification at the selected position. For a fluorescence dye-molecule adapter-based population of DNA nanostructures with fluorescent dye molecules, the strategy is analogous, except that the exported parenthesis strand sequences are not complementary to the fluorescent dye-molecule adapter (s) but to the fluorescent dye-molecule adapter (s) Adapter sequence extended sequence can be used. In addition, the selected position along the staple strands is then preferably one end of the staple strands, which particularly preferably protrudes from the structure into the interior (or protrudes into the hollow space). In this adapter-based fluorescent dye molecule occupation of the DNA structures, many fluorescence dye molecule-seeded adapter strands of the same type (and SEQ ID NO, e.g., 1259-1261 for the different fluorescence dye molecule colors) bind to many different staple strands, each with the same complementary sequence for the adapters are elongated, at the DNA nanostructure. When using fluorescent dye molecule adapters, the fluorescent dye molecule is preferably bound to the side facing the edge or wall of the structure of the fluorescent dye molecule adapter, this serves to grant him less freedom of movement. For example, this is the 3 'end of the fluorescent dye-molecule adapter when the 5' end of the CaDNAno-defined staple strands is extended by the complementary adapter sequence. The reverse case is also conceivable.

Following the same pattern as for the staples for fluorophore adapters, a clip string for target adapters is designed for each 3D DNA nanostructure, where the selection criteria for the staple strand position may be different, such as exposure for good binding efficiency with target structures ,

The production of 3D nanostructures in various 3D shapes, for example in a hollow cylinder structure, is also known from Knudsen J. et al. (Nature Nanotechnology 10, 892-898 (2015) doi: 10.1038 / nnano.2015.190). In order to produce 3D DNA nanostructures according to the invention based on the design there, it is preferable to use all or a subset of the oligomers exclusively in the inside helix pointing the hollow cylinder, which are not at one of the edges (edge) of the hollow cylinder bind, occupied at one end with a dye or by adapter sequences (to which a fluorescence adapter having a fluorescence dye molecule is bound can) extended. For the target or carrier adapter, an oligomer can be selected which is integrated in a helix located at the edge of the hollow cylinder.

Further, in the attached examples (particularly in Example 1), an exemplary example of a manufacturing method of a 3D DNA nanostructure according to the present invention will be explained. Based on the sequences used therefor and the method of preparation provided, one skilled in the art can also prepare similar 3D DNA nanostructures (e.g., with completely different sequences (but having, for example, DNA sequences similar or similar to the same positions)).

In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a set of a plurality of 3D DNA nanostructures (preferably 3D DNA nanostructures as described in this application) wherein the set comprises N distinct 3 D DNA nano and wherein the N mutually different 3D DNA nanostructures of the set differ in pairs by the fluorescent dye molecules. Preferably, the N-spaced 3D DNA nanostructures contain a different number of fluorescent dye molecules and / or different fluorescent dye molecules, so that with the N mutually different 3D DNA nanostructures of the set k distinct intensity level and / or m distinguishable from each other color level can be generated , Preferably, at least a portion of the N-spaced 3D DNA nanostructures are included in the set multiple times such that each of the k intensity levels is formed by an intensity distribution and wherein the k intensity distributions are preferably distinguishable from each other. Preferably, at least a portion of the N-spaced 3D DNA nanostructures are included in the set multiple times such that each of the m color levels is formed by a color distribution and wherein the m color distributions are preferably distinguishable from one another. The overlap of adjacent distributions is less than 30%, preferably less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, even more preferably less than 2% and particularly preferably less than 1%.

Here, preference is given to k> 2, preferably k> 3, more preferably k> 4, even more preferably k> 5, particularly preferably k> 6; and / or m> 2, preferably m> 3, more preferably m> 4, even more preferably m> 5, particularly preferably m> 6.

In a further aspect, the present invention is also directed to a method for detecting a target structure. This method includes: a) forming an identification structure comprising:

(i) the target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures has one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules, and wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures is (specifically) bound to the target structure,

b) detecting the target structure by measuring at least one fluorescence signal,

wherein the 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected so that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structure formed in a) is distinguishable from the fluorescent signal of each of the at least two isolated 3D DNA nanostructures, if not in the identification structure are bound.

Preferably, the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures bind to pairs of different regions / portions of the target molecule. Thus, a higher specificity for the detection of a target structure can be achieved.

A target structure detected by a method of the present invention may be a molecule, a multi-molecule complex, or a particle. In particular, a target structure may be a DNA (preferably an at least partially single-stranded DNA), an RNA (preferably an at least partially single-stranded RNA, e.g. m-RNA), an LNA (preferably an at least partially single-stranded LNA) or a protein. However, it is also conceivable to have a target structure which is a complex comprising one or more DNAs (preferably at least one at least partially single-stranded DNA), one or more RNAs (preferably at least one at least partially single-stranded RNA), one or more LNAs (preferably at least one single-stranded LNA) and / or one or more proteins. In principle, however, the target structure can also be an inorganic particle. Preferably, the targeting structure comprises or is a polynucleotide (i.e., e.g., a DNA, an RNA, or LNA), more preferably an at least partially single-stranded polynucleotide, and most preferably a single-stranded polynucleotide. Particularly preferably, the target structure comprises or is a single-stranded DNA, a single-stranded RNA or a single-stranded LNA. In a preferred aspect, the method according to the invention is used for gene expression analysis. In this case, the target structure is preferably an m-RNA or a protein, more preferably m-RNA. Thus, the target structure may be a protein or mRNA. By "partially" single-stranded it is meant that the poly-nucleic acid (i.e., e.g., a DNA, an RNA, or LNA) has a single-stranded region of at least 10 bases, preferably at least 15 bases, and more preferably at least 21 bases.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the method of the invention may be a method of gene expression analysis wherein an mRNA is detected and comprises the method a) forming an identification structure comprising:

(i) an mRNA, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures has one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures is bound (specifically) to paired different sequence portions of the m-R A

A "3D DNA nanostructure" in the context of the method according to the invention means the same as defined above in connection with the 3D DNA nanostructures according to the invention. In other words, a 3D DNA nanostructure can be termed DNA origami.

Preferably, at least one, preferably all, of the at least two 3D DNA structures having the identification structure are 3-DNA structures of the invention described herein.

The person skilled in the art knows how to coordinate the 3D DNA nanostructures and the measurement parameters and which fluorescence signals can be distinguished with which measurement methods and which measurement parameters. For example, the different DNA nanostructures in their fluorescence response may differ in color and / or intensity. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that the use of different colors must be carried out with appropriately suitable excitation wavelengths and filters matched to the colors. Among other things, the maximum number of achievable color levels m depends on how precisely two adjacent color distributions can be resolved metrologically. The same applies to the maximum number of achievable intensity levels, since the method is based on the fact that two adjacent intensity distributions (the intensity level kl and kl + 1) can still be separated from each other (at least statistically). For example, individual intensity distributions can be modeled and the mixed distribution of several partially overlapping such intensity distributions can be calculated by deconvolution or statistical, preferably Bayesian, inference of relative population sizes of the individual distributions.

Instead of color and / or intensity, however, other variables can be used which are suitable for distinguishing the fluorescence signals of different identification structures, such as, for example, the bleaching speed of the color molecule or fluorescence lifetime. The detection of a target structure may include the detection that a target structure is present. In principle, however, the detection may also include the exclusion that a target structure does not exist. In particular, the method according to the invention is also suitable for quantifying the target structure. In other words, the detection of the target structure preferably comprises the quantification of a target structure (eg in a sample solution). The quantification may be relative, ie in relation to another component (eg a second structure / target structure in a sample solution), or absolute (ie in the form of a concentration or absolute number). For example, it can be absolutely quantified when detection of the identification structure (s) occurs in solution, such as flow cytometry, FCS, or light sheet microscopy-based measurement geometries. Then all identification structures in a given sample volume can be measured and an absolute number or concentration can be specified. For more precise statements, the sample can be measured several times in different dilution steps and / or estimated by statistical methods, preferably Bayesian inference sorted measurement events (for example due to the presence of less than the expected number of DNA nanostructures within a measurement event) the number of passed target structures become. When measuring identification structures bound to a carrier or a carrier surface, an analogous approach is conceivable. For this purpose, the parameters must be chosen such that the probability is low that identification structures do not bind to the carrier or to the (first) carrier surface. This can be achieved, for example, by a high ratio of carrier surface or the first carrier surface to sample volume (for example Ο, Ol / μιη, preferably / / μιη, more preferably 0.5 / μιη, very preferably Ι / μχ) and / or by a long incubation time (For example, 30 min, preferably 2h, more preferably 10h, very preferably 24h) can be achieved. Then again all identification structures can be measured and if necessary their number can be divided by the sample volume. As in the above case, further analysis steps may refine the estimate. The measurement may preferably be carried out in a sample chamber in which only one of the surfaces has carrier adapters (preferably the surface which is easiest to measure) and all other surfaces are passivated (eg as described elsewhere herein), so that the measurement of all identification structures is easier goes.

The quantification can also be based on an internal standard or on empirical data. The internal standard preferably indicates a comparison value of known concentration.

The inventive method for detecting a target structure may further comprise that the identification structure formed in a) is or becomes bound to a carrier. Thus, the formed identification structure may be bonded to a support, preferably to a first surface of the support. The method may thus comprise the step of bonding the formed identification structure to a support, preferably to a first surface of the support. If the identification structure is bound to a carrier, it is to be understood by preference that the identification structure is formed on the carrier. The binding of the identification structure to the carrier can be mediated by the fact that the target structure and / or one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure) is pre-bound to the carrier before the identification structure is formed, or is bound. In other words, the target structure and / or one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure) may be bound to the support (prior to formation of the identification structure). The method may thus further comprise the step of binding the target structure and / or at least one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure) to the support. This step can comprise, for example, incubation of the carrier or the first carrier surface with a sample solution which contains the target structure (and possibly also other components, such as further polynucleotides, preferably m-RNAs). Further, this step may include one or more washing steps (with a buffer solution). The pre-binding of the target structure to the carrier or the first carrier surface in combination with the at least one washing step has the advantage that the target structure can be removed from the context of the sample solution before the identification structure is formed. This is particularly advantageous for complex samples with many and optionally similar components.

The buffer solution can contain 1 × to 8 × SSC, preferably 3 × to 5 × SSC, and particularly preferably 4 × SSC. In this case, SSC refers to the so-called saline sodium c irate buffer, which consists of an aqueous solution of 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM trisodium citrate, which is brought to pH 7.0 with HCl. As a buffer base, Tris or PBS can also be used as an alternative to a citrate buffer such as SSC. The buffer may also comprise NaCl and / or MgCl ₂ (preferably as an alternative to SSC). The concentration of NaCl is preferably 50 mM to 1200 mM, more preferably 200 mM to 800 mM. For example, the NaCl concentration may be 600 mM, preferably 500 mM, and more preferably 300 mM. The concentration of MgCl ₂ may be 2 mM to 20 mM, preferably 5 mM to 15 mM, preferably 8 mM to 12 mM, and more preferably 10 mM. Further, the buffer solution may comprise 4% to 6%, 2% to 10%, 15%, or 20% dextran sulfates. For example, the buffer preferably comprises 5% dextran sulfates. The buffer solution may also include polyethylene glycol (PEG), eg PEG8000, PEG2000, PEG4000, PEGIOOO. Also, the buffer may comprise 0.01 to 5% Tween-20. Optionally, the buffer may also comprise EDTA, preferably at a concentration of 0.1 mM to 5 mM, more preferably 1 mM. Another optional component of the buffer is "sheared salmon sperm" (commercially available), preferably in a concentration of 0.1 mg / ml. "Sheared salmon sperm" may possibly increase the specificity. Also, the buffer can be Denhardt's medium (consisting of an aqueous solution of 0.02% (w / v) BSA (fraction V), 0.02% Ficoll 400 (commercially available), and 0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) also Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008, doi: 10.1 101 / pdb.recl 1538) include, preferably in 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold or 5-fold concentration. A particularly preferred buffer comprises or has the composition 4x SSC, 5% dextran sulphates and 0.1% Tween 20. This buffer is particularly preferably used if at least one of the target structures to be detected, preferably all, is a polynucleic acid, eg a mR A is.

If the identification structure is bound to a carrier, it is preferably to be understood that the identification structure is not only formed but also bonded to the carrier, preferably on the first surface of the carrier. In other words, none of the components of the identification structure is pre-bound. The method may therefore comprise the step of bonding the identification structure to the support, preferably the first surface of the support. Binding may be mixed in one step, such as the formation of the identification structure in a) (ie, supports and all components necessary to form the identification structure (and optionally components necessary for binding to the support, eg, the carrier adapter described below) incubated). Alternatively, the binding to the support can then be carried out (preferably before measurement in b)). In both cases, after the binding of the identification structure to the carrier or to the first carrier surface, the method may further comprise at least one washing step (eg with one of the abovementioned buffer solutions) to form unbound components (eg 3D-DNA nanostructures and / or other components to remove from the carrier contained in a sample solution). If the identification structure is bound, the binding can be mediated analogously to "being bound" by the target structure and / or one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure).

The binding (if the identification structure is attached to the support) or the binding (if the identification structure is bound to the support) of the identification structure can be mediated by the target structure and / or one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure). It is particularly preferred that the binding or binding is mediated by the target structure.

The binding of the identification structure to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier may be mediated directly or by a carrier adapter. Consequently, the binding or bonding of the target structure and / or at least one of the 3D DNA nanostructures (preferably the target structure) bound in the identification structure to the carrier or to the first carrier surface directly (eg by a covalent or noncovalent bond) be, or be mediated by a carrier adapter (ie be indirect). In this case, the carrier adapter binds the target structure (specifically) and is or is bound to the carrier or the first carrier surface. Again, the binding of the carrier adapter to the carrier or the first carrier surface may itself be direct (eg, by a covalent or non-covalent bond), or by an intermediate carrier adapter, which may be the carrier adapter specifically binds and even binds / is bound directly or indirectly to the carrier or to the first surface of the carrier, to be mediated. In principle, even more intermediate carrier adapter according to the same principle are conceivable. It is preferred that the carrier adapter itself is / is directly bonded to the carrier or the first carrier surface. The carrier or the first carrier surface may, for example, be coated with the carrier adapter.

"Carrier adapter" preferably refers to a particle that can specifically bind to subregions of target structures (eg, target molecules) or a nanoreporter (ie, one of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures) and be coupled to a support (directly or indirectly) Specific binding to the target structure can be achieved, for example, by Watson-Crick base pairing, by van der Waals interactions or hydrogen bonds, and can be achieved, inter alia, with nucleic acids, antibodies, aptamers, adhirons or nanobodies (depending on the target structure).

A support to which the identification structure is / are bound can have various shapes and be made of different materials. Preferably, the carrier has a first carrier surface and the identification structure is bonded to the first carrier surface. Thus, in the method for detecting a target structure, the identification structure is preferably bound to a support surface. The first carrier surface of a carrier may comprise a complete side surface of a carrier structure. Likewise, only a portion of a side surface of a support structure may be the first surface. The first carrier surface may have an area of at least 0.01 mm ² , preferably at least 1 mm ² or particularly preferably at least 10 mm ² . The first carrier surface may have an area of at most 1000 mm ² , preferably at most 400 mm ² or particularly preferably at most 100 mm ² . A carrier surface or the first surface of the carrier preferably has a glass surface (eg a borosilicate glass surface or a quartz glass surface) or a polymer surface (such as μ-Slide VI ^{0 1} of ibidi GmbH, or on other suitable for fluorescence microscopy polymers based surfaces). Likewise, a carrier surface or the first surface of the carrier may be a glass surface (eg a borosilicate glass surface or a quartz glass surface) or a polymer surface (such as μ-Slide VI ^0'1 from ibidi GmbH, or other surfaces suitable for fluorescence microscopy). In other words, the first surface of the support is preferably a glass surface (eg a borosilicate glass surface or a quartz glass surface) or a polymer surface (such as μ-Slide VI ^{0 1} from ibidi GmbH, or other surfaces suitable for fluorescence microscopy) , Thus, a support may have a first surface comprising or consisting of a glass surface (eg, a borosilicate glass surface or a quartz glass surface) or a polymer surface (such as μ-Slide VI ^{0 1} of ibidi GmbH, or other surfaces suitable for fluorescence microscopy). The carrier may also comprise a polymer network which preferably comprises one or a combination of the the following materials: biopolymer, agarose, collagen. A preferred carrier in the context of the invention is a microscopy chip, a well of a plate (preferably suitable for high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, eg well of a μ-plate from Ibidi) or a coverslip.

The carrier or the first carrier surface is preferably passivated. "Passivated" means that the carrier or the first carrier surface is coated or treated such that non-specific binding of a target structure and / or a 3D-DNA nanostructure and / or optionally further components which is associated with the carrier or the first carrier surface (eg further constituents of the sample in which the target structure is contained) is minimized, It may be preferable to passivate the surface with a BSA solution having a concentration of 0.1 mg / ml to 10 Passivation may also be effected by PEGylation (described, for example, in the following publications: S Chandradoss et al, Jove 2014, "Surface Passivation for Single- molecule protein studies ", J Piehler et al., Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2000," A high-density poly (ethylene glycol) polymer brush for immobilization on glass-type s Urfaces ", R Schlapak et al., Langmuir 2006," Glass Surfaces Grafted with High-Density Polyethylene Glycol) as Substrates for DNA Oligonucleotide Microarrays ") or silanization (described, for example, in the following publications: B Hua et al. and Tj Ha, Nature Methods 2014, "An improved surface passivation method for single-molecule studies", A. Kumar et al., Nuc Ac Research 2000, "Silanized Nucleic Acids: A General Platform for DNA Immobilization", H Labit et al. BioTechniques 2008, "A simple and optimized method of producing silanized surfaces for FISH and replication mapping on combed DNA fibers"). Furthermore, passivation may also include washing the support or the support surface with a solution comprising structures that are of the same type as the target structure (e.g., single-stranded polynucleotides) but not identical to the target structure. Particularly preferably, the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is passivated if the first carrier surface is or has a glass surface. For glass surfaces, it is preferred to passivate with a BSA solution, PEGylation or silanization.

A carrier can also be a matrix, such as a polymer matrix. This is particularly advantageous for analyzes at the single cell level. In this case, it is preferable that the identification structure is / are embedded in the polymer matrix. Alternatively or additionally, the identification structure can be bound to a surface of the polymer matrix. The starting material for the matrix or polymer matrix is in particular agarose, collagen, DNA or a combination of the same. Particularly preferred is agarose. Methods for producing and embedding an identification structure or a component of an identification structure (in the case of pre-binding of the target structure and / or one of the at least two 3D-DNA nanostructures) are well known to the person skilled in the art. For this purpose, the agarose matrix can be prepared from a mixture of agarose and biotinylated agarose (commercially available) or streptavidin-agarose (commercially available), and target adapter or carrier adapter to these functionalizations (in the case of biotinylated agarose with prior flushing of streptavidin). Alternatively, and for the other optional matrix materials, the adapter can be coupled to an antibody (directly or via biotin-streptavidin) that binds specifically to the matrix material (ie, anti-agarose, anti-collagen, etc.). Another possibility is that the adapter is purchased modified with maleimide or NHS ester and covalently bonded directly to the appropriate chemical groups of the matrix material. In the case of a DNA polymer matrix as carrier, this may in itself include single-stranded regions with carrier sequences.

The abovementioned polymer matrix can limit the diffusion of target structures lysed out of a cell such that even if several cells are contained in the polymer matrix, it is still possible to determine in which region of the polymer the target structure (s) released from a cell is / are , The individual cells are preferably embedded in the polymer matrix in such a way that they essentially have a minimum distance of 50 μm, preferably 200 μm, and more preferably 500 μm. Essentially in this context means that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99% of the cells have at least the above-mentioned removal of neighboring cells. The polymer network preferably has an average mesh size of 1 μm to 50 μm, preferably 2 μm to 10 μm. This serves to limit the diffusion, as well as to provide a sufficient number of binding sites for carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites. The pairwise minimum distance of the carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites may be substantially 200 nm to 10 μπι, preferably 500 nm to 5 μπι, more preferably 2 μηι to 3 μιη amount. Essentially in this context means that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99% of the carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites at least the above-mentioned distance from adjacent carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites to have.

The binding or binding of the identification structure to the carrier or the carrier surface (eg by means of target structure, or at least one of the at least two DNA nanostructures of an identification structure) can be carried out independently of whether it is direct, by means of a carrier adapter or an intermediate carrier adapter bound to the carrier adapter , by means of various covalent and non-covalent bonds known to those skilled in the art. For example, binding may be by biotin-streptavidin coupling. Thus, the component which interacts directly with the support (eg, support adapter, target structure, one of the DNA nanostructures, or an intermediate support adapter) may have either biotin or streptavidin. Accordingly, then the carrier or the carrier surface streptavidin or biotin have as a counterpart, so that a streptavidin-biotin interaction is possible. In addition to streptavidin-biotin interactions, other interactions such as antibody binding can be used. It is also conceivable that the component which interacts directly with the carrier (eg carrier adapter, target structure, one of DNA nanostructures or an intermediate carrier adapter), by means of a

Carrier adapter is attached via an NHS reaction on an amine-modified carrier, or on an amine-modified carrier surface (is). The application of Click Chemistry methods (as described in HC Kolb, MG Finn, KB Sharpless (2001), "Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 40 (11): 2004 -2021) is conceivable.

With the method according to the invention, multiple copies of the target structure can also be detected. If multiple copies of the target structure are detected (i.e., the identification structure is formed several times), preferably the majority of, preferably all, identification structures designed for that target structure are bound to the support, preferably to the first surface of the support. The majority of or substantially all identification structures are / are preferably attached to the carrier such that they can still be resolved with the measuring method used for measuring the at least one fluorescence signal in b). This may mean that all or substantially all identification structures or their measurement events do not overlap spatially (for example, the diffraction-limited images of the identification structures in fluorescence microscopy). Preferably, all or substantially all identification structures have a distance of at least 250 nm, preferably at least 500 nm and particularly preferably at least 11 μm. This may mean that a plurality of carrier adapters or intermediate carrier adapters are mounted in the said minimum distance on the carrier or the first carrier surface. Essentially all means that at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95% of the formed identification structures fulfill these requirements.

Preferably, a plurality of identification structures are / are bound to the carrier or the carrier surface so that the fluorescence signal of the individual identification structures can be measured separately. On the density or the distance of the binding sites on the surface, so for example. On the density of streptavidin or biotin or the carrier adapter or subcarrier adapter, which is attached to / in the carrier or its surface, can be regulated in which spatial Distance identification structures bind to the carrier or the carrier surface. Preferably, the binding sites, so for example. The streptavidin, the biotin, the carrier adapter or the subcarrier adapter, arranged on the support or the carrier surface in the following distance / pattern / density.

Preferably, all or substantially all binding sites have a distance of at least 250 nm, preferably at least 500 nm and particularly preferably at least 100 μm. Preferably, the binding sites are arranged in a hexagonal grid with the above-mentioned edge length. The binding sites may also be randomly distributed on the support or its surface, with a surface density of le-5 ^ m ² -le3 ^ m ² , preferably 1ε-3 / μπι ² -4 / μπι ² and particularly preferably 0, 1 / μηι ² -1 / μηι ² . This areal density ensures a sufficient distance of the binding sites.

Additionally or alternatively, the regulation of the spatial spacing of the identification structures on the support or on its surface can be regulated via the concentration of the identification structures. If the concentration chosen so that no saturation of the binding sites on the carrier occurs, any further reduction of the concentration (ie dilution) causes a reduction in the occupation density of the carrier. If appropriate, to determine the necessary dilution, the process is carried out one or more times on a dilution series until the appropriate dilution / concentration has been determined. Accordingly, after the formation of the identification structure (s), the method according to the invention may also comprise the step of diluting the solution in which the identification structure has formed prior to binding of the identification structures to the carrier.

As noted above, in the present method, the target structure may be or include a partially single-stranded polynucleotide or single-stranded polynucleotide. In this case, it is particularly preferred that the carrier adapter comprises or is an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed to specifically bind to a first single-stranded portion of the nucleic acid sequence of the target structure of claim 2. It is particularly preferred that the target structure is a poly (A) tail mRNA with the carrier adapter having or having an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed to be specific to the poly (A) tail the m-RNA target structure binds. Being programmed to bind to a poly (A) tail may include having a poly (T) sequence section.

As mentioned above, the target structure in the present process may also be or comprise a protein. In this case, it is particularly preferred that the carrier adapter has or is an antibody or antigen-binding domain of an antibody that binds (specifically) to the target structure.

The method for detecting a target structure may further comprise, according to a) and before b), washing the carrier or the first carrier surface with a buffer solution. Such a washing step may serve to remove non-surface bound components. In particular, such a washing step can ensure that free 3D DNA nanostructures not bound to the identification structure are washed by the support or the first support surface. This has u.a. the advantage that a possibly disturbing background fluorescence signal is reduced or prevented by free 3D nanostructures.

The washing step is preferably carried out with a buffer solution. The composition of the buffer is preferably as already defined above in connection with other washing steps.

A 3D DNA nanostructure may be bound to the target structure in an identification structure either directly / directly or by means of a target adapter.

Thus, at least one, preferably all, of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures may be programmed for direct attachment to the target structure and bound directly to the target molecule. Preferably, at least one, more preferably all of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures are programmed to directly program the respective region (s) of the target structure and are / is directly bound to the target molecule. Direct binding may be by, for example, base pairing (e.g., a partial single-stranded or single-stranded polynucleotide targeting). Thus, at least one, preferably all, of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures may contain a single-stranded sequence portion that can specifically bind to the target structure (e.g., a partial single-stranded or single-stranded polynucleic acid). This sequence section is preferably directed outward or arranged on an outer surface of the 3D DNA nanostructure. This ensures that the sequence section is as accessible as possible.

Alternatively, the specific binding of at least one, preferably all, of the 3D DNA nanostructures can be mediated by a respectively assigned target adapter. The or each of the target adapters is programmed to bind to the particular DNA nanostructure and to the particular region (s) of the target structure. A target adapter may thus have a first portion programmed to bind to the particular 3D DNA nanostructure (specifically). A target adapter may further include a second portion (also called a target binding portion) programmed to bind to the target structure (specifically). Preferably, a 3D DNA nanostructure, whose binding to the target structure is mediated by a target adapter, has at least one single-stranded DNA segment programmed to specifically bind the target adapter. This single-stranded DNA segment is preferably directed outwards, i. is accessible from outside. The above first portion of the target adapter is preferably a polynucleic acid sequence (eg, a DNA, LNA, or RNA sequence) programmed to specifically bind to the single-stranded DNA portion of the 3D DNA nanostructure by hybridization (ie, complementary to at least part of the single-stranded DNA portion of the 3D DNA nanostructure). The binding takes place via base pairing. Preferably, at least 15, preferably at least 18 and more preferably 21 bases of the two single-stranded sections hybridize.

A target binding adapter preferably has one (or at least one) target binding section. The target binding section is preferably programmed so that it binds specifically to the target structure or to the respective region of the target structure to which the respective identification structure binds, taught.

When the target structure is or comprises a partially single-stranded polynucleotide, or preferably a single-stranded polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA), the target binding portion preferably has a nucleic acid sequence programmed to specifically bind to a single-stranded portion of the target structure. Preferably, the target binding portion is complementary to the single-stranded portion of the target structure. The binding to the target structure is preferably carried out via base pairing. Preferably, at least 14, preferably at least 18 and more preferably 21 bases of the two single-stranded sections hybridize.

When the target structure is or comprises a protein, the target binding portion of the target adapter may comprise or be a peptide / protein or an antibody (or an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody) that specifically binds to the protein.

The method of detecting a target structure may further comprise providing a preferably aqueous sample solution containing the target structure and the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures. The sample solution may, for example, cell lysate. have nucleic acids extracted from cell suspension and / or tissue and / or mRNA. Optionally, the method may further comprise providing the carrier, the carrier adapter (s), and / or the target adapter (s). One or both of these provisioning steps may be included in the step of forming the identification structure.

The method may further comprise mixing a, preferably aqueous, sample solution containing the target structure with the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures and optionally the carrier adapter and / or the target adapters. The sample solution can, for example, have cell lysate, nucleic acids extracted from cell suspension and / or tissue and / or mRNA. Furthermore, the method may comprise contacting this mixture with the carrier or the first carrier surface. The mixing of the components can also take place in stages.

A sample solution containing the target structure may be a cell lysate, preferably the cell lysate of a single cell. The sample solution may also be a mixture of nucleic acids, eg purified nucleic acids, in particular the sample solution may also be a purified total RNA from cells. This total RNA can be obtained with commercially available kits from cells (eg TRIzol ^® Reagent, TRIzol ^® LS, Pure Link ™ Total RNA Blood Kit, RecoverAll ™ Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for FFPE from Thermo Scientific, or RNeasy kit PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, or RNAlater reagent from Qiagen GmbH).

The method according to the invention for detecting a target structure is preferably also for detection other target structures different from the first target structure (where the different target structures differ in pairs). Consequently, the method may also be referred to as a method for detecting at least two different target structures, wherein the at least two different target structures are pairwise distinguishable from each other.

The method according to the invention for detecting a target structure, which is also a method for detecting several different, mutually distinguishable target structures, preferably further comprises:

c) each forming an associated identification structure for each further different target structure, each identification structure comprising:

(i) the respective target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures has one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures is (specifically) bound to the target structure, and wherein step b ) further comprises:

d) detection of the one or more further target structures by measuring the at least one fluorescence signal,

wherein all 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structures formed in a) and c) is distinguishable from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA nanostructures, if they are not in one of the Identification structures are bound, and that the measured fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for the respective different target structures are pairwise distinguishable from each other.

Preferably, each of the different target structures is detected multiple times, ie each of the identification structures is preferably formed multiple times. In other words, for example, N different target structures can be detected, which are each pairwise distinguishable from each other, but one or more of the N different target structures are each repeatedly detected. This implies that those identification structures which are assigned to the multiple proven target structures are formed correspondingly multiple times. Of course, the fluorescence signals of the same identification structures formed for the respective same target structures need not be different from each other. Rather, repeated measurement of the same fluorescence signal serves to quantify the corresponding target structure. For example, the method according to the invention can serve to detect the mutually different target structures A, B and C in an aqueous solution. For this purpose, they are provided with the associated 3D DNA nanostructures a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2, which together with the target structures A, B and C form the identification structures Aala2, Bblb2 and Cclc2. The fluorescence signals of Identification Structures Aala2, Bblb2, and Cclc2 differ in both pairs and isolated 3D DNA nanostructures al, a2, bl, b2, cl, and c2. If the target structures A, B and C are present multiple times, the fluorescence signals of, for example, the same identification structures Aala2 need not differ from one another. Each measurement of a fluorescence signal of the identification structure Aala2 then corresponds to the detection of a target structure A, so that from the number of measurement points on the concentration can be concluded.

What has been said above for the proof of a target structure applies mutatis mutandis to the proof of the further or each of the other of the different target structures. In particular, all of the above with respect to the target structure, identification structure, binding or binding of the identification structure to a carrier, the carrier adapter, the 3D-DNA nanostructure (s), the target adapter and the further optional method steps is mutatis mutandis preferred to at least one each of the other identification structures applicable.

With regard to the preferred detection of several different target structures, in one aspect the present invention is also directed to a method for detecting at least two different target structures, wherein the at least two different target structures are all distinguishable in pairs and the method comprises: a) forming each of an identification structure for each of the at least two target structures, comprising

(i) the respective target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures has one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and wherein each of the 3D DNA nanostructures is (specifically) bound to the respective target structure, b) detection of the at least two target structures by measuring at least one fluorescence signal, wherein all 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structures formed in a) is distinguishable from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA nanostructures, if they are not bound in one of the respective identification structures, and in that the measured fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for the individual different target structures are pairwise distinguishable from one another.

Again, the preferred features specified above for the method of detecting a target structure are mutatis mutandis applicable. In particular, all above is in terms of a target structure, identification structure, binding or binding of the identification structure to a support, the carrier adapter, the 3D-DNA nanostructure (s), the target adapter, and the other optional ones Mutatis mutandis method steps applicable to at least one preferably each of the at least two identification structures.

If the method is designed to detect a target structure for the detection of further target structures different from the first target structure, or if it is a method for detecting at least two different target structures, the target structures may be target structures of the same type (eg several moths). Alternatively, target structures of different types (eg, at least one partially single-stranded DNA or single-stranded DNA and at least one partially single-stranded or single-stranded RNA, or at least one partially single-stranded one) are also possible or single-stranded RNA) is conceivable. However, it is preferable that they are target structures of the same kind, with a pairwise distinguishable structure or sequence. In particular, it is also contemplated that the inventive method is a method for gene expression analysis. In a gene expression analysis, preferably all target structures are RNAs, particularly preferably mRNAs, or proteins. In the case of gene expression analysis, it is particularly preferred that all target structures are RNAs, particularly preferably mRNAs.

If the method is designed to detect more than one target structure, it is particularly preferred that at least one further identification structure, which comprises one of the further target structures, preferably all further identification structures, are bound to the carrier. Particularly preferred are all identification structures bound to the same support. The above about "bound" and "bound" in the context of an identification structure has been said to be mutatis mutandis "bound" and "bound" in case of multiple / further identification structures.

In the embodiments in which one, several or all of the identification structures are attached to a carrier or a first carrier surface, it is preferred that all or substantially all identification structures are attached to the carrier in such a way that they are identical to those used for measuring of the at least one fluorescence signal used in b) are still resolvable. This may mean that all or substantially all identification structures or their measurement events (for example, (diffraction-limited) images in the case of fluorescence microscopy) do not spatially overlap. Preferably, all identification structures (of the same target structure or of several target structures) have a spacing of at least 250 nm, preferably at least 500 nm and particularly preferably at least 1 μm. Essentially all means at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 95% of the formed identification structures meet these requirements.

The above explained by the example of the method for detecting a target structure, such as a Such density of the identification structures can be achieved, apply here accordingly. In particular, a carrier or the first carrier surface may have (before) bonded carrier adapters which bind one or more target structures. These may be bound to the carrier or the first carrier surface at the above-mentioned intervals.

What is to be understood in a method according to the invention for the detection of one or more target structures under "specifically bind" or "specifically bound" is known to the person skilled in the art. In particular, in the context of hybridization of polynucleotide single strands, specific binding may mean that at least 14, preferably at least 18, and most preferably at least 21 complementary bases pair. Specifically, it may also mean, in particular, that at least 90%, preferably 95%, more preferably 99% of the bases of the two complementary polynucleotide single strands pair (preferably with the minimum number of base pairs specified in the previous sentence). In the context of protein-protein interactions (eg antibody-antigen binding), specific binding is preferably understood as meaning a binding affinity (-ΔAG) of at least 5 kcal / mol, preferably at least 8 kcal / mol and particularly preferably at least 1 lcalcal / mol become. For example, binding affinities can be determined by thermophoretic measurements (M. Jerabek-Willemsen et al., Molecular Interaction Studies Using Microscale Thermophoresis, Assay Drug Dev Technol, 9 (4): 342-353 (201)) are electrodynamic measurements such as those offered by Dynamic Biosensors GmbH (A. Langer et al., "Protein analysis by time-resolved measurements with an electro-switchable DNA chip", Nat. Comm. 4: 2099 (2013)).

The one or more different target structures can in the process of the invention in a crude lysate (English, crude lysate, typical name for the result of lysis without subsequent purification steps) or cell lysate (in which some cell components may be filtered off, but the RNA not pure), a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue ("FFPE" tissue) Preferably, several or all of the target structures are in the same cell lysate or the same formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue ("FFPE" tissue ) in front. In particular, it is preferred that the target structure or the target structures is / are in solution, preferably all target structures are in the same solution. Each target structure is preferably present in a concentration of at least 1 fM, preferably at least 100 fM and particularly preferably 1 pM. The target structure is preferably present in a concentration of at most 10 pM and particularly preferably at most InM. Thus, a preferred concentration range of each target structure may be, for example, 1 fM to 1 nM or 100 fM to 1 nM. If a higher concentration of one or more target structures in a solution is expected, the method may further comprise diluting the sample solution prior to forming the identification structure (s). 3D nanostructures are preferably used in the inventive method in each case in a concentration of 10 pM to 10 μΜ.

The formation of the one or more identification structures preferably takes place in the inventive method in a buffer solution, which is preferably also referred to as hybridization buffer. The buffer solution can contain 1 × to 8 × SSC, preferably 3 × to 5 × SSC, and particularly preferably 4 × SSC. In this case, SSC refers to the so-called saline sodium citrate buffer, which consists of an aqueous solution of 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM trisodium citrate, which is brought to pH 7.0 with HCl. As a buffer base, Tris or PBS can also be used as an alternative to a citrate buffer such as SSC. The buffer may also comprise NaCl and / or MgCl ₂ (preferably as an alternative to SSC). The concentration of NaCl is preferably 50 mM to 1200 mM, more preferably 200 mM to 800 mM. For example, the NaCl concentration may be 600 mM, preferably 500 mM, and more preferably 300 mM. The concentration of MgCl ₂ may be 2 mM to 20 mM, preferably 5 mM to 15 mM, preferably 8 mM to 12 mM, and more preferably 10 mM. Further, the buffer solution may comprise 4% to 6%, 2% to 10%, 15%, or 20% dextran sulfates. For example, the buffer preferably comprises 5% dextran sulfates. The buffer solution may also include polyethylene glycol (PEG), eg PEG8000, PEG2000, PEG4000, PEGI OOO. Also, the buffer may comprise 0.01 to 5% Tween-20. Optionally, the buffer may also comprise EDTA, preferably at a concentration of 0.1 mM to 5 mM, more preferably 1 mM. Another optional component of the buffer is "sheared salmon sperm" (commercially available), preferably in a concentration of 0.1 mg / ml. "Sheared salmon sperm" may possibly increase the specificity. Also, the buffer can be Denhardt's medium (consisting of an aqueous solution of 0.02% (w / v) BSA (fraction V), 0.02% Ficoll 400 (commercially available), and 0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) also Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008, doi: 10.1 101 / pdb.recl l 538), preferably in 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold or 5-fold concentration. A particularly preferred buffer comprises or has the composition 4x SSC, 5% dextran sulphate and 0.1% Tween 20. This buffer is particularly preferably used when at least one, preferably in all, to be detected target structures by a polynucleic acid, for example a m RNA is.

The formation of the identification structure (s) in the process according to the invention is carried out in the process according to the invention preferably at a temperature of 4 ° C to 50 ° C, preferably 18 ° C to 40 ° C. For example, the temperature may be 40 ° C. Particularly preferably 30 ° C is used. The indicated temperatures are particularly preferred when one or more partially single-stranded or single-stranded polynucleotides are to be detected.

The formation of the identification structure may comprise an incubation time of a mixture of the components bound therein. The incubation time may preferably be 5 minutes to 20 hours, preferably 1 hour to 20 hours (eg 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours) and particularly preferably 10 hours to 20 hours. In the method according to the invention, the one or more identification structures can first be formed in solution (preferably in the abovementioned buffer solution) and then bound to a support.

For the formation of the identification structure in solution, a sample comprising the target structures to be detected is preferably mixed with the DNA nanostructures (at least 2 per target structure, preferably in the abovementioned concentrations). Optionally, one or more carrier adapters can also be added to the solution. However, carrier adapters can already be pre-tied to the carrier. The incubation of the reactants in solution instead of, for example, on the substrate in combination with small dimensions of the nanoreporter and high concentrations (range 10 pM - 10 μΜ achievable) increases the reaction kinetics drastically. As a result, the duration from the beginning of the preparation to the result of the analysis can be greatly reduced. This may be particularly important in the gene expression analysis of time-critical clinical samples, such as in the determination of sepsis pathogens. But even in the general case, it is economically advantageous.

For example, For example, the carrier adapter may be added at a concentration of InM per target structure bound by the carrier adapter. Carrier adapters are preferably added in the total concentration of the 3D DNA nanosyntheses per target structure (eg 3 nM, in 3D DNA nanosyctructures for a target with in each case InM.) A total volume for forming the identification structure (s) can be, for example, 1 .mu.ΐ to 500 .mu.ΐ For the binding of the formed identification structure, the above-described mixture for forming the identification structure on the carrier or the first carrier surface is preferably added.The carrier adapter can either already be pre-bound (if not part of the solution for forming the identification structure) or can be incubated Binding is either covalent or non-covalent (eg, biotin-streptavidin interaction) Binding to the support can be an incubation time of 1 minute to 2 hours, 5 minutes to 1 hour, 8 minutes to 25 minutes, and especially preferably 10 minutes Further examples of incubation times are 2 min, 5 min , 20 min The incubation may be carried out at 4 ° C to 30 ° C, preferably room temperature (e.g. 20 ° C to 25 ° C). Prior to application to the support surface, the solution may be rederubled (e.g., with PBS or the above buffer used to form the identification structure), e.g. reduce the amount of dextran, cover a larger area or adjust the concentration. Before carrying out the measurement, the surface can then be washed with a buffer. Preferably, a buffer as defined above for washing steps can be used here.

Preferably, measuring at least one fluorescence signal in the methods according to the invention comprises: e) generating a data set containing data concerning fluorescence signals emitted by a section of a sample by means of a fluorescence microscope, preferably in epifluorescence, TIRF, light-leaflet and / or confocal microscopy. In other words, measuring at least one fluorescence signal may comprise the measurement of a plurality of fluorescence signals or a multiplicity of fluorescence signals, for example by measuring and storing the intensity emitted by a two-dimensional or three-dimensional sample section in pixel or voxel manner. The measurement may also include a simultaneous or sequential measurement with multiple excitation wavelengths and / or multiple detection wavelengths (ranges).

Preferably, the detection of the target structure or of the one or more further target structures comprises: f) identifying one or more dates contained in the data set which represents the fluorescence signal of one of the identification structures.

By way of example, this identification can comprise the comparison of the measured intensity of a pixel or voxel at a specific excitation and / or detection wavelength with a set of such predetermined combinations, so that it is possible to deduce the identification structure to which the combination is associated by matching.

Accordingly, step e) may include: capturing at least one image file containing fluorescence data of the portion of the sample. Furthermore, the identification in step f) may comprise the following steps:

fl) reading out a color and / or an intensity information (and preferably) of a date or picture element; and

f2) matching the color and / or intensity information (and preferably) of the date or picture element with a color and / or intensity information representing the identification structure.

The samples are preferably visualized using a fluorescence microscopy technique. For further processing of the information, the provided image can be evaluated directly. Preferably, however, it is stored. Images are preferably stored digitally, but you can also capture analog images. Information contained in the image may include the representation of one or more pixels. A picture element is part of an image. For example, a picture element may be an extended dot or other structure of a first intensity on a background of a second intensity.

Depending on the choice of fluorescent dyes on the DNA nanostructures, the target structures can be distinguished by their color and / or by their intensity. Preferably, the sample detail is taken individually in each color and stored in a separate image. However, the sample section can be recorded in several colors at the same time, the images of different colors are stored in a common and / or in their own pictures.

These steps can be done manually, software-assisted manually or automatically by analysis software.

In a manual analysis, knowing the color and / or intensity information of the target structure to be detected, a user can search for and identify the corresponding color and / or intensity information in the image. Optionally, the user can evaluate the number of target structures thus identified and / or the associated location information. If the color and / or intensity information is present in multicolor identification structures in different images, the pixels for each color, i. each image, to be evaluated separately including the location information. Subsequently, the multicolor elements can be recognized by identifying differently colored pixels with sufficiently similar location information. Alternatively, a multi-color image can be created by superimposing the single monochrome images first. A multicolor identification structure can then be identified as a picture element with the corresponding mixed color. It should be noted that the images do not have to be stored in the true color. Of course, they can be retroactively provided with a color, the true color or a false color.

The manual analysis can also be software-assisted with the aid of image analysis software, for example Fiji or the like. The transition to a fully automatic evaluation is fluid. In principle, it is possible to carry out any individual steps manually or to have them carried out by software.

One aspect of the invention relates to the evaluation with software, the evaluation being based on the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise method (abbreviated DBSCAN). The description is made on the basis of the application for the case in which the image to be evaluated has a plurality of fluorescent elements. Of course, the evaluation works the same way if only a single or no fluorescent element is present in the image.

The evaluation software programmed for this is preferably Python-based. The Python-based evaluation software loads image data. It preferably determines local maxima in image boxes. The size of the image boxes is preferably set as a function of the magnification and the numerical aperture of the lens used and is for example 9-15 pixels. The software preferably calculates the cumulative absolute value of the gradient as a background-independent measured variable of the signal. In order to differentiate between image boxes with and without DNA nanostructures DBSCAN (density based spatial clustering of applications with noise) (published in Ester, Martin; Kriegel, Hans-Peter; Sander, Joerg; Xu, Xiaowei "A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-96). AAAI Press, pp. 226-231 (1996)). Alternatively, however, other clustering algorithms such as HDBSCAN (Ricardo JGB Campello, Davoud Moulavi, Joerg Sander, "Density-Based Clustering Based on Hierarchical Density Estimates", Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2013, pp. 160-172), k -means or hierarchical clustering (Rokach, Lior, and Oded Maimon. "Clustering methods."). Springer US, 2005. 321-352). Optionally, the image boxes are divided into groups of different values of the cumulative absolute value of the gradient, which corresponds to a classification according to different numbers of fluorophores. This can be done in particular if different target structures are identified by identification structures of different intensity. The image boxes with DNA nanostructures of a color channel can be compared with all image boxes with DNA nanostructures of other color channels based on their transversal (x, y) positions in order to recognize multi-colored fluorescence elements, for example dots, in the image. This can of course be omitted if only identification structures of a single color are present. The software may store the determined values for the number of monochrome points, and optionally their locations in the image, and the values for the number of multicolored points and optionally their locations in the image for further use. The software can also save the intensity values of the points. For example, the software can be used to indicate the number of monochromatic compared to multicolor fluorescent elements. For example, the software can be used to compare the number of detected fluorescent elements in experiments with samples with and without target structure. This is explained in more detail in the attached examples 1 to 3.

Due to the sometimes occurring in the production of 3D nanostructures variation of the number of dye molecules per 3D nanostructure as well as due to measurement errors, one has to do here each with, for example, intensity distributions. If two adjacent intensity distributions have a non-negligible overlap, it may not be possible to unequivocally conclude that exactly one identification structure alone from an intensity measurement. To account for this problem, it is preferable to use statistical methods by means of which a statistical assignment can be achieved. These distributions may extend one or more dimensionally along intensity or color gradients and be described using one or more measures, such as the cumulative gradient mentioned, the mean over the box, the maximum pixel value within the box, or other measures. The measured optional multi-dimensional distribution is a mixed distribution of the individual distributions belonging to the identification structures with the same target structures. The aim of the analysis is to calculate the proportion of these individual distributions in the mixed distribution and thus to learn the relative number of different target structures. These individual distributions can either be determined by separate measurements, or may be approximated by models (eg Gaussian and / or Poisson distributions or mixtures thereof, possibly different in different dimensions). Thus, the various components can be calculated by deconvolution or by statistical methods, preferably based on Bayesian inference (see DSSivia, "Data Analysis, a bayesian tutorial", Oxford science publications, second edition 2006, ISBN: 0198568320 and / or AB Downey, "Think Bayes", O'Reilly, Sebastopol CA, fourth edition 2013 ISBN: 9781449370787). One possibility here is to initially assume an equal distribution of the numbers of target structures and, on the basis of this, to calculate the probability of each of the distributions originating from each of the distributions and thus to update the assumption about the distribution of the numbers of target structures. Given a sufficiently large number of identification structure measurement events (over 50, preferably over 100, particularly preferably over 1000), this method is independent of the initial assumption about the distribution of the numbers of target structures.

We allow the case that the intensity distributions of different nanoreporters overlap and are only statistically distinct from the distribution histograms, as described in process step (h / ii). This makes the analysis more complex, since for each measurement event the probability of being derived from the various nanoreporters is calculated, and with greater overlap the result is more uncertain with the same number of measurement events. But the number of different Nanoreporterkombinationen and thus the number of target molecules can be increased, since the intensity levels are thereby reduced. This results in a balance between the size of the overlap of the intensity distributions and the number of simultaneously quantifiable target molecules. The optimal configuration can therefore be selected for each application.

The fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for the individual different target structures preferably differ from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA nanostructures, if they are not bound in one of the identification structures, and the fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for the individual different target structures in pairs by the corresponding fluorescence signals have a distinctively different combination of color and / or intensity information. As explained above, "a distinctively different combination" may be a statistically distinguishable other combination, that is, distinctness is ensured by statistical methods.

Preferably, in the 3D-DNA nanostructures k (statistically) distinguishable intensity level and m (statistically) distinguishable color level are used, preferably each of the k intensity level is formed by an intensity distribution and wherein the k intensity distributions, preferably statistically, distinguishable from each other and / or wherein preferably each of the m color levels is formed by a color distribution and wherein the m color distributions, preferably statistically, are distinguishable from each other. For this purpose, it is preferred that the overlap of adjacent distributions is less than 30%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 2%, and most preferably less than 1%.

In this case, preference is given to k> 2, preferably k> 3, more preferably k> 4, even more preferably k> 5, particularly preferably k> 6. Furthermore, the following applies: m> 2, preferably m> 3, more preferably m> 4, even more preferably m> 5, particularly preferably m> 6.

It is further preferred that step fl) comprises one or a combination of the following steps or techniques: determining an average of the picture element, determining a maximum of the picture element, calculating a cumulative gradient, calculating one or more statistical moments, e.g. Variance of the pixels in the picture element, coefficient of variation, Fano factor. It is further preferred that step f2) is based on a clustering method, preferably a DBSCAN (density based spatial clustering of applications with noise) method. It is further preferred that step fl) and / or f2) be based on probabilistic consideration, preferably with the addition of Bayes' theorem.

In particular, the intensity gradations of the nanoreporter or 3D DNA nanostructures of each orthogonally measurable type can be chosen differently, for example by varying the number, spacing or orientation. The gradations can be so large that the intensity distributions due to factors such as Poisson statistics of the photons or incomplete

Marker molecule occupation are broadened, do not overlap. This makes the analysis simple and easy

Measured values can be identified directly with nanoreporters. On the other hand, they can also be smaller so that intensity distributions of adjacent intensity gradations overlap to 0.1-10% and even 5-80%. Then, after the measurement, the vectors from distributions of the orthogonal measurement results can be compared with the expected, and using Least Squares or maximum likelihood-based methods, the relative abundance of the target molecules can be determined. The same can also be achieved with cluster-based methods of machine leaming with or without reference to the expected distributions.

It is also preferred to program one of the orthogonally measurable nano-reporters in a fixed amplitude size whose measurement value is uniquely distinguishable from that of the double amplitude magnitude and to each target molecule. This allows the number of target molecules in a measurement event to be measured directly, which in particular facilitates measurement and analysis within a fluid (as in FCS-like, flow, and microfluidic detection).

For the method discussed above, it is preferable to use a set of multiple 3D DNA nanostructures (preferably being 3D DNA nanostructures as described in this application), the set having N different 3D DNA nanostructures from each other, and wherein the N distinct 3D DNA nanostructures of the set are separated by the Differentiate fluorescent dye molecules in pairs. Preferably, the N-spaced 3D DNA nanostructures contain a different number of fluorescent dye molecules and / or different fluorescent dye molecules, so that with the N mutually different 3D DNA nanostructures of the set k distinct intensity level and / or m distinguishable from each other color level can be generated , Preferably, at least a portion of the N distinct 3D DNA nanostructures are contained in the set multiple times such that each of the k intensity levels is formed by an intensity distribution and wherein the k intensity distributions are preferably distinguishable from each other. Preferably, at least a portion of the N-spaced 3D DNA nanostructures are included in the set multiple times such that each of the m color levels is formed by a color distribution and wherein the m color distributions are preferably distinguishable from one another. In this case, the overlap of adjacent distributions is less than 30%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, even more preferably less than 2% and particularly preferably less than 1%.

Here, too, preference is given to k> 2, preferably k> 3, more preferably k> 4, even more preferably k> 5, particularly preferably k> 6; and / or m> 2, preferably m> 3, more preferably m> 4, even more preferably m> 5, particularly preferably m> 6.

The method according to the invention can preferably be used in a microfluidic system, the method preferably comprising:

Introducing a solution containing the target structure into a microfluidic system; and

Measuring at least one fluorescence signal on the solution in the microfluidic system.

Alternatively, the method may include:

Forming the target structure in a microfluidic system; and

Measuring at least one fluorescence signal of the target structure located in the microfluidic system.

In the methods of the invention, the measurement of the at least one fluorescence signal may be by fluorescence microscopy, preferably by one or a combination of the following techniques: point scanning, wide field microscopy, (spinning-disc) confocal microscopy; wherein in each case preferably an alternating excitation (ALEX) or an excitation by means of pulsed light sources occurs pulse-interleaved.

In the method according to the invention, the measurement of the at least one fluorescence signal by flow cytometry (eg if no carrier is used) and / or Fluorescence correlation spectrometry (FCS), preferably by one or a combination of the following techniques: confocal microscopy, two-photon spectroscopy, epifluorescence, light-sheet microscopy, TIRF; wherein in each case preferably an alternating excitation (ALEX) or an excitation by means of pulsed light sources occurs pulse-interleaved.

In a preferred embodiment, as a measuring instrument similar to FCS (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy), a locally constant volume is illuminated and observed by point detectors. The sample fluid may be a 0.5 to 5 microliter small drop on a microscope objective and / or optical fiber end, or in a sample chamber of up to 50 milliliters in volume. The excitation and / or detection can be done by a single or multimode optical fiber, but also by classical optical elements such as a microscope objective. Complexes diffusing through the illuminated sample volume are detected and analyzed as measurement results. An advantage of this configuration is that very little sample volume has to be used. Thus, for example, it is convenient to use in clinical applications where there is a small amount of starting material.

In a further preferred embodiment, a flow-through capillary is used as a measuring instrument, similar to "flow cytometry." It should be noted, however, that all detected complexes of target molecules, adapters, and nanoreports should have a similar speed, since otherwise they cause measurement signals that depend on their speed Because of the velocity gradient prevailing in a capillary, the liquid filament containing the sample should flow in the center of the capillary and be surrounded by a thick cylinder of enveloping fluid that optimally has a lower viscosity and does not mix well with the sample fluid In the case of fluorescence detection, the excitation intensity should be high in order to be able to detect the smallest possible number of markers in the nanostructure of the lowest intensity level to about one millimeter inside diameter, confine the sample fluid to a 5-100 micron diameter filament. This limitation can be achieved by first generating a thicker sample liquid filament in a region where the capillary has a larger inner diameter, and this tapers in a second step. Instead, or in addition, acoustic waves can be used to deliver the nanoreporter adapter-target molecule complexes to the center of the capillary. To maximize detection efficiency, a hollow ellipsoid can be used as a mirror, in one focal point of which is the capillary and the illumination region, and in the other focal point is a detector so that light is picked up by the detector, regardless of the direction in which it is emitted. As an extension for multi-color detection with the same excitation wavelength, a dichroic mirror can be integrated into such a hollow ellipsoid, and for the reflected portion of the cavity can be increased so that there is topologically an ellipsoid for both the transmitted through the dichroic mirror, and the reflected rays. Thus, the capillary can lie in the common focus and for the different spectral components of the emitted light own detectors in the respective other focal point. This can be extended to more spectral divisions. Such detection apparatus can be present at different locations along the capillary for the different illumination wavelengths, wherein the measurement events of the different detection apparatuses can be correlated by the flow rate and distance resulting time delay. This embodiment variant offers particularly high measuring speeds and is therefore to be preferred in time-critical applications.

In a further preferred embodiment, the measuring instrument can be based on microfluidics. Here, the microfluidic channel can have side lengths and heights of 1-100 microns. For the different illumination wavelengths, the same or different regions along the channel may be used. At least one side of the channel should be transparent at the illuminated regions. The other sides may for example consist of silicon and thus provide a higher proportion of the emitted light for detection. Illumination may be by laser or LED via lens-based optics, or via LED or diode laser mounted directly in the duct wall or behind a window, or via a single or multi-mode optical fiber which may be pressed or permanently fixed to the duct. Likewise, the detection by means of a camera or point detector can be done via lens-based optics, or via a detector mounted directly in the channel wall or behind a window, or via a single or multi-mode optical fiber which can be pressed or permanently fixed to the channel. In this case, illumination and detection beam path can also partially use the same elements.

An exemplary method for achieving the desired goal with these DNA nanostructures or other nanoreports has the following steps or is that

a. assigning to each type of target molecule a unique combination of one or more orthogonally measurable nanoreports (e.g., 3D DNA nanostructures of the invention) such that each type of target molecule can be clearly distinguished and identified b. for each type of target molecule at least as many binding regions as previously identified nanoreporter and adapters are selected, which can specifically and uniquely bind to the binding regions,

c. nano-reporters and adapters associated with a kind of target molecule are clearly paired and coupled,

d. Optionally, the adapters not associated with nanoreports are coupled to the substrate or matrix,

e. the complexes of nanoreporter and adapter are incubated with the targets in solution, f. measuring the resulting complexes of target molecules, adapters, and nanoreporters with measuring equipment for the existing markers such that only one acceptably low probability is responsible for more than one complex for a measurement event,

G. Measurement events that do not have the minimum number of orthogonal signals filtered out,

H. The other measurement events either

i. directly through the individual signals a combination of nanoreporters, or ii. statistically, by comparing the measured distribution of measurement signals and the distribution expected for each nanoreporter to be assigned a probability of a combination of nanoreporters, or

iii. be assigned by cluster-based algorithms a probability of originating from a combination of nanoreporters;

i. The relative number of target molecules can be determined by the totality of the calculated combinations of nanoreporters or their probabilities; and

j. Optionally, if the absolute concentration of at least one of the target molecules or known measurement volume is known, the absolute number of target molecules is determined; and k. Optionally, a nano reporter that is orthogonally measurable to all others can be programmed to all target molecules so that its measurement signal provides information about the number of target molecules that underlie a measurement event.

It is particularly contemplated that the methods of the invention and / or the 3D DNA nanostructures may be used for gene expression analysis, preferably for gene expression analysis at the single cell level.

In a gene expression analysis at the single cell level, a polymer matrix is preferably used as the carrier, which preferably partially or completely surrounds the cell. The formation of the identification structure in this case preferably comprises:

1) providing a cell partially or wholly surrounded by a polymer matrix (i.e., the support);

2) Lysing the cell (eg mechanically by ultrasound, pressure (for example with the French Press or nitrogen decompression), or freezing, or chemically for example by changing the pH, introducing EDTA, enzymes such as lysozyme, toluene, Triton X or trizole, which destabilizes each cell wall or membrane or induces autolysis), so that the mRNAs exit the cell. The polymer matrix limits the diffusion of the released from the cell target structures so that even if in the polymer matrix more cells are included, it can still be determined in which area of the polymer from a cell with appropriate selection of the concentration of cells and density of the polymer matrix dismissed mR As is. The individual cells are preferably embedded in the polymer matrix, to substantially a minimum distance of 50 ^μ η ι preferred μηι 200, and more preferably 500 have μηι. Essentially in this context means that at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99% of the cells have at least the above-mentioned removal of neighboring cells. The polymer network preferably has an average mesh size of 1 μηι to 50 μηι, preferably 2 μηι to 10 μηι on. This serves to limit the diffusion, as well as to provide a sufficient number of binding sites for carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites. The pairwise minimum distance of the carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites may be substantially 200 nm to 10 μηι, preferably 500 nm to 5 μιη, more preferably 2 μηι to 3 μηι. Essentially in this context means that at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and particularly preferably at least 99%, of the carrier adapter or carrier adapter binding sites has at least the above-mentioned distance from adjacent carrier adapter or carrier adapter. Have binding sites.

For analysis of gene expression or other molecular cell components at the single cell level may be preferred

(a) partially or completely surrounding a cell with a polymer matrix, if this happens only partially, it may be advantageous if the sides not covered by the polymer matrix are not or only partially liquid-permeable;

(b) decorating the polymer matrix with elements capable of binding to the target molecules, such as complementary oligonucleotides;

(c) lysing the cell so that the target molecules diffuse out and bind to the decorating elements;

(d) nanostructures or other elements are added and washed out after a reasonable incubation period;

(e) The sample is imaged, for example, on an epifluorescence, light-leaflet or confocal microscope and analyzed as described above.

It is important to note that the decoration density of the target molecule binding elements on the polymer matrix should be low enough so that most of the complexes in the figure do not overlap. In order to achieve this, optionally in a final preparation step, "Expansion Microscopy" (F. Chen, P. Tillberg, E. Boyden, "Expansion Microscopy", Science Express 2015)

used to increase the distances of the complexes. The starting material for the polymer matrix is here in particular agarose, but also collagen, DNA or other materials. In a further application for analyzing single cell gene expression or other molecular cell components at the single cell level

(a) a cell is fixed and perforated

(b) nanostructures or other orthogonally measurable elements optimized for binding to the target molecules are added and washed out after a reasonable incubation time;

(c) the sample is swollen to an appropriate degree by means of expansion microscopy;

(d) the sample is imaged, for example, by epifluorescence, photoflash, or confocal microscopy, and analyzed as described above. The frequency of overlapping images of target nanostructure complexes again indicates the adequacy of the degree of swelling.

The term 'cells' here includes all biological organisms, in particular human cells, cells from tissue samples, animal cells, bacteria, fungi, algae.

The term 'matrix' includes a gel of agarose or other substances whose purpose is:

o Restricting the diffusion of target molecules to the extent that they can be localized to a cell and / or to limit diffusion to 2.5D near the surface

Minimize target loss through diffusion

o and / or provide anchor points for target molecules near the surface.

Gene expression analysis with single cell accuracy may include:

1. Deposit the cells to be examined on a surface, in some cases a microscopy glass, which in some cases is coated such that the cells adhere and / or with a matrix and / or anchor points to bind target molecules

2. In some cases, the cells are covered with a matrix

3. The cells are lysed so that the target molecules can exit the cell.

4. The well-worn targets are bound to the surface and / or in some cases to the matrix.

5. Nanoreporters bind the targets

6. The nanoreporters are detected with appropriate instrumentation

7. Analyze the data and use cluster analysis to map the detected nanoreporter and its targets to their original cell.

Gene expression analysis of individual cells can be carried out, for example, by means of microfluidics. The term microfluidics includes ducts and hoses, valves and surfaces made of glass, PDMS, polymer, silicone, and the like It is about a microfluidic on a Miksokopieglas surface, consisting of at least one chamber, which is larger than the cell to be examined and has adequate surface area to record a reasonable number of nano reporters spatially separated (in some cases ΙΟΟμηι x Ι ΟΟμηι), inputs and outputs at the chamber through which cells, solutions and nano reporters and the like can be routed, as well as valves to one of us exits to open and close them. In some cases, the chamber exit is smaller than the cell or obstructed so that the cell remains in the chamber prior to lysis, even during a wash step. In some cases, there is a device in front of the chamber that allows exactly one cell to be placed in each cell.

In the following, we assume that a plurality of chambers are processed simultaneously, but the procedure can be applied without restriction to a single chamber.

For example, a method using microfluidics may include

1. Attaching anchors (e.g., support adapter (s)) to the chamber surfaces by introducing the appropriate materials and washing them out after a reasonable reaction time

2. Introduction of the cells through the inputs, in some cases by selective sorting and / or by random sorting, wherein in most chambers exactly one or no cells should be

3. Influence of lysis buffer and completion of the chamber. In some cases, the cells are lysed by light. The chamber closure prevents the now-clear nucleic acid targets from diffusing out of the chamber.

4. The nucleic acid targets bind to the anchors (e.g., carrier adapter (s)) on the surface

5. After a reasonable reaction time, inlet and outlet ports are opened and non-surface-bound components are purged from the chamber

6. Introduction of nanoreporter (e.g., 3D DNA nanostructures) and reaction of the nanoreporter with surface-mounted targets. In some cases, the nanoreporters can also be entered in the lysing step

7. Wash out the unbound nanoreporter

8. Detection and identification of nanoreporter bound by surface targets in each chamber

Among other things, the present invention is directed to the following aspects:

(1) A DNA nanostructure, characterized in that one or more marker molecules of one or more types of marker molecules are mounted on it so that the distance between two marker molecules is greater than that at which they interact significantly and prevents their shape that when approaching a similar DNA Nanostructure significantly interact with their marker molecules with those of the other DNA nanostructure.

(2) A multiplicity of DNA nanostructures from aspect (1), characterized in that the intensity distributions resulting from a measurement of groups of different DNA nanostructures have an overlap of 0.1-80% from group to group.

(3) A plurality of DNA nanostructures, characterized in that one or more marker molecules of one or more types of marker molecules are attached to each of them such that the distance between two marker molecules is greater than that at which they interact significantly, and the Intensity distributions of groups of diverse DNA nanostructures resulting from a measurement have an overlap of 0.1-80% from group to group.

(4) A method for quantifying a plurality of target molecules, characterized in that a. assigning to each type of target molecule a unique combination of one or more orthogonally measurable nanoreports (from aspect 1, or others) so that each type of target molecule can be clearly distinguished and identified b. for each type of target molecule at least as many binding regions as previously identified nanoreporter and adapters are selected, which can specifically and uniquely bind to the binding regions,

e. the complexes of nanoreporter and adapter are incubated with the targets in solution, f. measuring the resulting complexes of target molecules, adapters, and nanoreports with measuring equipment for the existing markers such that only an acceptably low probability of more than one complex is responsible for a measurement event,

H. The other measurement events either

i. directly through the individual signals a combination of Nanoreportem, or ii. statistically, by comparing the measured distribution of measurement signals with the expected distribution for each nanoreporter, a probability of originating from a combination of nanoreports, or iii. be assigned by cluster-based algorithms a probability of originating from a combination of nanoreports; i. The relative number of target molecules can be determined by the totality of the calculated combinations of nanoreporters or their probabilities; and J. Optionally, if the absolute concentration of at least one of the target molecules or known measurement volume is known, the absolute number of target molecules is determined; and k. Optionally, a nano reporter that is orthogonally measurable to all others can be programmed to all target molecules so that its measurement signal provides information about the number of target molecules that underlie a measurement event.

(5) A method according to aspect (4), characterized in that the target molecules are immobilized on a substrate by means of substrate binders of the adapter and the resulting images of different complexes for the most part do not spatially overlap.

(6) A method according to aspects (4-5), characterized in that the target molecules, adapters, and nanoreporters diffuse in aqueous solution and the latter are detected in a localized volume, wherein the simultaneous detection of several nanoparticles on the compound of the nanoparticles by a Target molecule indicates and allow the combination of measurement results, the identity of the target molecule.

(7) A method according to aspects (4-5), characterized in that the target molecules, adapters, and nanoreporters in aqueous solution are pumped past a capillary at one or more detection volumes, wherein the simultaneous detection of several nanoparticles on the compound of the nanoparticles by a Target molecule indicates and allow the combination of measurement results, the identity of the target molecule.

(8) A method according to aspects (4-5), characterized in that the target molecules, adapters, and nanoreporters in aqueous solution are pumped past a microfluidic channel at one or more detection volumes, wherein the simultaneous detection of several nanoparticles on the compound of the nanoparticles Target molecule indicates and allow the combination of measurement results, the identity of the target molecule.

(9) A method for gene expression analysis with single cell assignment, characterized in that

a. the cells to be examined are deposited on a substrate which is optionally or jointly cell-adherent, coated with a matrix, and / or with anchor points for target molecule binding;

b. Optionally, the cells are covered with a matrix;

c. the cells are lysed so that the target molecules can exit the cell;

d. the well-known target molecules are bound to the substrate surface and / or to the matrix;

e. Nano reporters from claims (1-3) or from other sources are initiated with adapters and bind the targets;

f. the nanoreporters will be detected with appropriate instrumentation; G. analyze the data and use cluster analysis to map the identified target molecules to their original cell.

(10) A method for gene expression analysis of individual cells in a microfluidic system, characterized in that

a. Adapters are attached to the substrate surface by introducing the appropriate materials and washing after a reasonable reaction time;

b. the cells to be examined are placed in lockable chambers, in some cases by selective sorting and / or by random sorting, the parameters being set so that in most chambers there is exactly one or no cells;

c. the chambers are closed;

d. the cells are lysed by means of buffer or light after which, in some embodiments, adapters and nano-reporters have been initiated according to claims (1-3) or other origin;

e. time is given to the nucleic acid target molecules to bind to the adapters on the substrate surface;

f. after a reasonable reaction time, open the inlet and outlet and flush non-surface-bound components from the chamber; G. the nanoreporters are initiated according to claims (1-3) or other origin with coupled matching adapters, if not already done before;

H. after a reasonable reaction time, the unbound nanoreporter is washed out;

i. the nanoreporter bound by target molecules to the substrate surface of the chambers are detected and identified.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the figures. Show it:

Fig. 1 shows schematically the principle underlying the invention for the exemplary case of gene expression analysis;

Fig. 2 shows schematically the course of a single cell gene expression analysis according to a preferred

Embodiment of the method according to the invention;

3 schematically shows the sequence of the method according to the invention using a microfluidic system according to a preferred embodiment;

Fig. 4 shows the results of an experiment; and

5 shows a 3D DNA nanostructure according to a preferred embodiment. Fig. 1 shows schematically the principle of the invention underlying principle for the exemplary case of gene expression analysis. The 3D-DNA-nanostructure 1 d shown in the above case (see FIG. 1 above) with internal fluorochemical dye molecules 1 b (at a distance 1 c) is, as schematically indicated, formed by bending or rolling a 2D-DNA forming the cylinder wall. Nanostruktur la shaped and stabilized the cylinder by means of corresponding staple strands in its shape. The cylinder has an adapter 1 f coupled thereto, by means of which the 3D DNA nanostructure ld can bind to a target structure Ig (cf., FIG. 1 below), here to rRNA by means of hybridization. Reference numeral 1h is intended to indicate by way of example a Watson-Crick base pairing for the specific binding of 3D DNA nanostructure and target structure. The given sequence is intended only to exemplify the mechanism and does not reflect the actual sequence. In square brackets 1 i, the optional situation is shown that the target structure is coupled via the adapter to a substrate lj.

In FIG. 1 below, by way of example, three 3D DNA nanostructures le are bound to the target structure lg, wherein the intensities of the three 3D DNA nanostructures le measured under fluorescence conditions differ from one another, which is indicated by "HELL", "WEAK" and "MEDIUM "and caused by a different number of fluorescence molecules present in the 3D DNA nanostructures.

Fig. 2 shows schematically the course of a single cell gene expression analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention. Scattered cells 2c are on or in a polymer matrix 2b. A zoom in the polymer matrix (see figure below) shows a polymer filament 2g of this matrix occupied by carrier adapters 2h. From step 1 to step 2, the cells are lysed so that target structures, e.g. mRNAs (2d), as well as other cell components (2e) can move freely. Target structures bind to the carrier adapters in step 3. Step 4 shows the added 3D DNA nanostructures with target adapters that bind to the target structures. Due to the high local density of the carrier adapter, the target structures of individual cells can be intercepted particularly well, so that target structures can be assigned to the individual cells and do not mix under adjacent cells. Due to the three-dimensionality of the polymer matrix, densely arranged identification structures can still be imaged separately, for example by confocal microscopy.

FIG. 3 schematically shows the sequence of the method according to the invention using a microfluidic system according to a preferred embodiment. The microfluidic system consists of inflow and outflow channels, valves and chambers. These are rinsed in step 1. In step 2, anchor or carrier adapters are introduced and attached to the chamber bottoms 3c, for example by means of biotin-streptavidin binding. In step 3, the chamber inlet valves are tapered so that isolated cells 3d introduced through the inflow channels remain stuck in the openings. In step 4 the inflow channel is emptied of cells and in step 5 the stuck cells 3f are allowed to flow through the openings. The drain valves are closed so far that the cells do not flow out of the chamber. This ensures that there is exactly one cell in each chamber. Step 6 shows the introduction of lysing reagents to lyse the cells. In step 7, the valves are closed to prevent escape of the target structures (e.g. mRNA) and incubated until the target structures 3h have bound to the carrier adapters on the chamber bottoms. Step 8 shows the washing out of the unbound cell components from the chambers and the target structures bound to the carrier adapters. In step 9, the 3D DNA nanostructures (also called "nanoreporter") 3j are introduced into the chambers and bound to the target structures, so that identification structures are formed. This shows a non-stochastic-based method for single-cell gene expression analysis, which thus offers a low error rate.

Fig. 5A schematically shows a 3D DNA nanostructure according to a preferred embodiment in the form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter d of 60 nm and a height h of 30 nm. The cylinder is in the illustrated example by 22 DNA double helices with a diameter of about 2 nm formed, each circle is to symbolize the cross section through a helix. As you can see, the hollow cylinder does not have a smooth (or even mathematically perfect) outer wall. Rather, the outer wall has projections and recesses in the circumferential direction. The same applies to the inner wall. The helices are arranged on a grid-like or honeycomb-shaped structure, so that the wall thickness b corresponds to about 2.5 helix diameters (or about 5 nm).

The following, non-limiting examples serve to illustrate the present invention.

Example 1: Production of 3D nanostructures according to the invention 1. Description of the 3D DNA nanostructures produced

Hollow-cylinder 3D DNA nanostructures with 60 internal dye molecules each having at least 9 nm separations to the nearest dye molecules within one and the same 3D DNA nanostructure were prepared in three different dye variants, namely Variants 3D_1, 3D_2 and 3D_3:

3D DNA nanostructure of variant 3D_1: red fluorescent:

The 3D_1 DNA nanostructure has 60 internal DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to red dye fluorophore adapters (referred to as sequence Sl) and 60 associated fluorophore adapters each loaded with an Atto647N dye molecule , (Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1259). The staple strands to be lengthened for fluorophore adapter binding were in the design program CaDNAno selected with the criteria that they are inside the hollow cylinder, are more than 2 nm from the edge of the hollow cylinder, have a free end on the inner surface of the hollow cylinder, and more than 5 nm apart (the latter is due to the design and the Sequence lengths to all staple strands consistent with the previous conditions). The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close to the inner Hohlzylinderobefläche and have little room for maneuver and thus can come as close as possible to each other. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 3D_1 nanostructure was also equipped with a Tl target adapter (oligomer SEQ_ID_NO 1263). The SEQ ID NOs of all staple strands used for the 3D_l nanostructure are summarized in the definition oligopool3D_S 1 below. As scaffold strand, strand p7308 (SEQ ID NO 1258) was used.

3D DNA nanostructure of variant 3D_2: green fluorescent:

A 3D_2 DNA nanostructure has 60 internal DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to red dye fluorophore adapters (referred to as Sequence S2) and 60 associated fluorophore adapters, each loaded with an Atto565 dye molecule are (Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1260). The staple strands to be extended for fluorophore adapter binding were selected in the CaDNAno design program with the criteria that they are inside the hollow cylinder, not more than 2 nm from the edge of the hollow cylinder have a free end on the inner surface of the hollow cylinder, and more than 5 nm apart (the latter applies due to design and sequence lengths to all staple strands consistent with the previous conditions). The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close as possible to the inner Hohlzylinderobefläche and have little room for maneuver, thus can come as close as possible to each other. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 3D_2 nanostructure was equipped with a T2 target adapter (oligomer SEQ_ID_NO 1264). The SEQ ID NOs of all staple strands used for the 3D_2 nanostructure are summarized in the definition oligopool3D_S2 below. As a scaffold at which position the dye is placed. As scaffold strand, strand p7308 (SEQ ID NO 1258) was used.

3D DNA nanostructure of variant 3D_3: blue fluorescent:

A 3D_3 DNA nanostructure has 60 internal DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to red dye fluorophore adapters (designated S3 sequence) and 60 associated fluorophore adapters each loaded with Atto488 dye (Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1261). For fluorophore Adapter binding to lengthened staples were selected in the CaDNAno design program with the criteria that they are inside the hollow cylinder, not more than 2 nm from the edge of the hollow cylinder, have a free end on the inner surface of the hollow cylinder, and more than 5 nm from each other (the latter applies due to the design and the sequence lengths to all staple strands that are consistent with the previous conditions). The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close as possible to the inner Hohlzylinderobefläche and have little room for maneuver, thus can come as close as possible to each other. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 3D_3 nanostructure was equipped with a T3 target adapter (oligomer SEQ ID NO 1265). The SEQ Π NOs of all staple strands used for the 3D_3 nanostructure are summarized in the definition oligopool3D_S3 below. As scaffold strand, strand p7308 (SEQ ID NO 1258) was used.

All DNA oligomers (including the fluorescent dye-loaded DNA oligomers) were used by Eurofms

Bought Genomics GmbH.

An illustration of a 3D DNA nanostructure of Example 1 is shown in Fig. 5 already discussed above. Here, FIG. 5A shows a schematic representation of the 3D DNA nanostructures 3D_1, 3D_2 and 3D-3, which differ only in the type of fluorescent dye molecules attached. Fig. 5B shows the hollow cylinder of Fig. 5A (for illustrative purposes) cut open and unrolled, wherein the inside of the hollow cylinder of Fig. 5A is shown in plan view. Each x represents a fluorescent dye molecule. Under nearest neighbors, the pairwise distances a of the dye molecules are 9 nm. Between the other dye molecules, the pairwise distances, for example the distance g, are greater. The dye molecules are in each case at the in FIG. 5A innermost helix, so that the distance of the dye molecules from the outer edge of the hollow cylinder in about the wall thickness of the cylinder wall, i. about 2.5 helix diameter (corresponding to about 5 nm).

2. Manufacturing Protocol:

In the present example, 3D-DNA nanostructures 3D_l-3 were prepared according to the manufacturing protocol described below.

For the preparation of the 3D-DNA nanostructures 3D_1, 3D_2 and 3D_3, the following components were first mixed to a final volume of 200 μΐ:

10 nM p7308 scaffold strand (SEQ ID NO 1258) 100 nM of each of the staple strands (SEQ ID NOs from oligopool3D_S 1 for 3D 1 DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NOs from oligopool3D_S2 for 3D_2 DNA nanostructure or SEQ ID NOs from oligopool3D_S3 for 3D_3 DNA nanostructure)

120 nM fluorescent dye-loaded DNA oligos (SEQ ID NO 1259 for 3D 1-DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NO 1260 for 3D_2 DNA nanostructure or SEQ ID NO 1261 for 3D 3-DNA nanostructure)

400 nM target binding DNA oligos (SEQ ID NO 1263 for 3D_1 DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NO 1264 for 3D_2 DNA nanostructure or SEQ ID NO 1265 for 3D_3 DNA nanostructure)

• l buffer FB02 (buffer composition see below)

In order to fold the DNA nanostructures into shape, the above mixtures were first heated to melt any secondary structures present and then slowly cooled to allow the base pairings to reach thermal equilibrium and, accordingly, the intended configuration. The following program was used in the thermocycler (Mastercycler Nexus X2 from Eppendorf GmbH, Hamburg, Germany):

• Hold for 15 minutes at 65 ° C and cool to 50 ° C within one minute.

• Lowering from 50 ° C to 40 ° C in 66 hours at constant rate

• At the end of the 66h (if necessary, incubate for a few more hours at 40 ° C), cool to 4 ° C within one minute and store at 2-8 ° C

Subsequently, correctly folded 3D DNA nanostructures were separated from individual DNA oligomers or smaller DNA oligomer complexes. For this purpose, the following PEG purification (purification with polyethylene glycol) was used:

• Mix liquid from the thermocycler in equal volume with PEGX01 (see below for buffer composition).

Centrifuge at 13000-16000 rfc at room temperature (20-25 ° C) for 35 min.

• Pipette off the supernatant

• resuspend in 200 μΐ FB02 (buffer composition see below) and 200 μΐ PEGX01 (buffer composition see below).

Centrifuge at 13000-16000 rfc at room temperature (20-25 ° C) for 35 min.

• resuspend in 100 μΐ FB01 (buffer composition see below)

• Incubate 8 to 16, preferably 10 hours (overnight here) in the dark, at room temperature and 600 rpm on Shaker to completely dissolve pellet.

• store at 4 ° C for further use (up to 12 months possible, in the present case storage but only a few days)

While in the present case a PEG purification of the DNA nanostructures was used, in principle a purification by means of agarose gel electrophoresis and subsequent Extraction of the DNA nanostructures done from the gel. For example, an agarose gel electrophoresis based purification could be performed as follows:

• Prepare 1.5% w / v agarose gel

• Move sample with 5x Orange G loading buffer

• Electrophoresis at 4.5 V / cm voltage for 1.5 h with ice cooling

• Cut gel pieces with DNA origami ribbon. This is about 2 mm wide and can be more easily identified by loading a nearby lane with scaffold strand into Freeze's N Squeeze ™ DNA Gel Extraction Spin Columns (BioRad Laboratories GmbH) and centrifuging for 4.5 min at room temperature and 1050 rcf ,

Used buffer solutions

PEGX01:

• 15% PEG 8000

Lx TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer: 40 mM Tris, 20 mM acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA)

• 12.5mM MgC12

• 500mM NaCl

FB01:

• 10mM Tris pH8.0

• ImM EDTA

• 12.5mM MgC12

FB02:

• 10mM Tris pH8.0

• ImM EDTA

• 10mM MgC12

DNA oligo pools:

For the preparation of the respective 3D DNA nanostructures, the oligomers were summarized by means of their SEQ_ID_NOs (numbers in the brackets indicate the respective SEQ ID NOs) to the following pools: oligopool_3D-Sl: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 11 1, 112, 113, 114, 115, 16, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,

191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232,

233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 277, 286, 287, 288, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286,

287, 288, 469, 478, 479, 480, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 265, 274, 275, 276, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 301, 310, 311, 312, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 253, 262, 263, 264, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 289, 298, 299, 300, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 241, 250, 211, 252, 242, 243, 244,

245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252]

oligopool_3D-S2: [1,2,3,4,5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 , 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 , 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 , 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 , 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 , 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 , 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 , 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,

192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,

213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,

234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 277, 286, 287, 288, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287,

288, 481, 490, 491, 492, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 337, 346, 347, 348, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 361, 370, 371, 372, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 325, 334, 335, 336, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 349, 358, 359, 360, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 241, 250, 251, 252, 242, 243, 244, 245,

246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252]

oligopool_3D-S3: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 , 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 , 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 , 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 , 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 , 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148 , 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 , 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 , 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,277,286,287, 288, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 493, 502, 503, 504, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 385, 394, 395, 396, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 409, 418, 419, 420, 410, 41 1, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420 , 373, 382, 383, 384, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 397, 406, 407, 408, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403 , 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 241, 250, 251, 252, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252]

Example 2: Preparation of 2D-DNA nanostructures for comparison 1. Description of the prepared 2D-DNA nanostructures

Rectangular 2D DNA nanostructures with 48 dye molecules each, 5 nm apart, to the nearest dye molecules within one and the same 2D DNA nanostructure (such a 2D DNA nanostructure is shown, for example, in Figure 1A of WO 002016140727) produced in three variants, namely in the variants 2D 1, 2D_2 and 2D 3:

«2D DNA nanostructure of variant 2D_1: red fluorescent:

A 2D_1 DNA nanostructure has 48 DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to red dye fluorophore adapters (denoted by sequence Sl) and 48 associated fluorophore adapters each loaded with Atto647N dye (Fig. Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1259). The staple strands to be extended for fluorophore-adapter binding were selected in the design program CaDNAno, with the criteria that they all lie on the same side of the rectangle and are far enough apart to interact non-significantly. The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close as possible to the Reckteckoberfläche and have little room for maneuver, thus as close to each other as possible. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 2D_1 DNA nanostructure was equipped with a Tl target adapter (oligomer SEQ ID NO 1266), which is designed along the edge of the structure. The SEQ ID NOs of all staple strands used for the 2D_1 DNA nanostructure are summarized in the definition oligopool2D_S 1 below. The scaffold strand used was strand p7249 (SEQ ID NO 1257).

2D DNA nanostructure of variant 2D_2: green fluorescent:

A 2D_2 DNA nanostructure has 48 DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to fluorophore adapters for red dyes (designated S2 sequence), and 48 associated fluorophore adapters each loaded with Atto565 dye (Fig. Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1260). The staple strands to be lengthened for fluorophore adapter binding were selected in the CaDNAno design program with the criteria that they are all on the same side of the rectangle and far enough diverge so as not to interact significantly. The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close as possible to the inner Reckteckoberfläche and have little room for maneuver, thus as close to each other as possible. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 2D_2 DNA nanostructure was fitted with a T2 target adapter (oligomer SEQ ID NO 1267), which is designed along the edge of the structure. SEQ ID NOs of all staple strands used are summarized in the definition oligopool2D_S2 below. The scaffold strand used was strand p7249 (SEQ ID NO 1257).

2D DNA nanostructure of variant 2D_3: blue fluorescent:

A 2D_j3 DNA nanostructure has 48 DNA strands with additional single-stranded complementary sequences to fluorophore adapters for red dyes (designated S3 sequence), and 48 associated fluorophore adapters each loaded with Atto488 dye (Fig. Oligomeric SEQ ID NO 1261). The brace strands to be extended for fluorophore adapter binding were selected in the CaDNAno design program, with the criteria that they all lie on the same side of the rectangle and are far enough apart to not interact significantly. The dye adapters are dye-modified at the 3'-end. This end is selected so that the dyes are as close as possible to the inner Reckteckoberfläche and have little room for maneuver, thus as close to each other as possible. Several modifications per dye adapter would also be conceivable, but mean higher costs and a certain loss of control in the positioning. The 2D_3 DNA nanostructure was equipped with a T3 target adapter (oligomer SEQ ID NO 1268), which is designed along the edge of the structure. SEQ ID NOs of all staple strands used are summarized in the definition oligopool2D_S3 below. The scaffold strand used was strand p7249 (SEQ ID NO 1257).

2. Manufacturing Protocol:

In the present example, 2D-DNA nanostructures 2D_l-3 were prepared according to the preparation protocol described below.

To prepare the 2D-DNA nanostructures 2D_l-3, the following components were first mixed at a final volume of 200 μΐ:

10 nM p7249 scaffold strand [SEQ ID NO 1257] 100 nM of each of the staple strands (SEQ ID NOs from oligopool2D_S 1 for 2D_1 DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NOs from oligopool2D_S2 for 2D_2 DNA nanostructure or SEQ ID NOs from oligopool2D_S3 for 2D_3 DNA nanostructure)

120 nM dye-loaded DNA oligos (SEQ ID NO 1259 for 2D_1 DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NO 1260 for 2D_2 DNA nanostructure and SEQ ID NO 1261 for 2D_3 DNA nanostructure, respectively).

400 nM target binding DNA oligos (SEQ ID NO 1266 for 2D_1 DNA nanostructure, SEQ ID NO 1267 for 2D_2 DNA nanostructure and SEQ ID NO 1268 for 2D_3 DNA nanostructure, respectively)

Lx buffer FB01 (buffer composition see example 1)

In order to fold the DNA nanostructures into shape, they were first heated to melt any secondary structures present and then slowly cooled to allow the base pairings to reach thermal equilibrium and, correspondingly, the planned conformation. The following thermocycler program was used (in the Mastercycler Nexus X2 by Eppendorf GmbH, Hamburg, Germany):

• Hold for 15 minutes at 65 ° C and cool to 60 ° C within one minute.

• Lowering from 60 ° C to 20 ° C in 1 hour at constant rate

• Cool to 4 ° C within one minute and hold at 4 ° C

Subsequently, correctly folded 2D DNA nanostructures were separated from individual DNA oligomers or smaller DNA oligomer complexes. For this purpose, the following PEG purification (purification with polyethylene glycol) was used:

Mix liquid from thermal cycler in equal volume PEGX01 (buffer composition, see below).

Centrifuge at 13000-16000 rfc at room temperature (20-25 ° C) for 35 min.

• resuspend in 200 μΐ FB01 and 200 μΐ FB02 (buffer composition see example 1).

Centrifuge at 13000-16000 rfc at room temperature (20-25 ° C) for 35 min.

• resuspend in 100 μΐ FB01

• Incubate overnight at room temperature (20-25 ° C) and 600rpm on shaker.

Store at -20 ° C (e.g., up to 3 years) or at 4 ° C (e.g., up to 12 months) for further use (stored for a few days)

Again, in principle, the agarose gel electrophoresis-based purification mentioned in Example 1 could alternatively be used instead of the PEG-based purification.

DNA oligo pools used:

For the preparation of the respective 2D DNA nanostructures, the oligomers were summarized by means of their SEQ_ID_NOs (numbers in the square brackets indicate the respective SEQ ID NOs) to the following pools: oligopool_2D-Sl: [529, 538, 539, 540, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 563,

572 573 574 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 623 632 633 634 634 625 626

627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 657, 666, 667, 668, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666,

667, 668, 693, 702, 703, 704, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 714, 715, 716, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 71 1, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 787, 796, 797, 798, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 808, 809 , 810, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 575,

584 585 586 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 596 597 598 588 589 590

591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 669 678 679 680 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678

679, 680, 681, 690, 691, 692, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 541, 548, 549, 550, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 560, 561, 562, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 635, 642, 643, 644, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 654, 655, 656, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656]

oligopool_2D-S2: [529,538,539,540,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,563,572

573 574 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 623 632 633 634 634 625 626 627

628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 657, 666, 667, 668, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667,

668, 505, 514, 515, 516, 506, 507, 508, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, 526, 527, 528, 518, 519, 520, 522, 524, 526, 527, 528, 599, 608, 609, 610, 600, 601, 602, 604, 606, 608, 609, 610, 61 1, 620, 621, 622, 612, 613, 614, 616, 618, 620, 621, 622, 697 , 699, 701, 709, 711, 713, 791, 793, 795, 803, 805, 807, 951, 960, 961, 962, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961 , 962, 963, 972, 973, 974, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 1045, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050 , 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 541, 548, 549, 550 , 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 560, 561, 562, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 635 , 642, 643, 644, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 654, 655, 656, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654 , 655, 656]

oligopool_2D-S3: [529, 538, 539, 540, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 563, 572, 573, 574, 564, 565, 566, 567 , 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 623, 632, 633, 634, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 657, 666, 667 , 668, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 505, 514, 515, 516, 506, 507, 508, 510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517 , 526, 527, 528, 518, 519, 520, 522, 524, 526, 527, 528, 599, 608, 609, 610, 600, 601, 602, 604, 606, 608, 609, 610, 611, 620 , 621, 622, 612, 613, 614, 616, 618, 620, 621, 622, 697, 699, 701, 709, 711, 713, 791, 793, 795, 803, 805, 807, 575, 584,

585 586 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 596 597 598 588 589 590 591

592 593 594 595 596 597 598 669 678 679 680 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679

680, 681, 690, 691, 692, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 1 105, 11 12, 1 113, 11 14, 1 106, 1107, 1108, 1109 , 1110, 111 1, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1116, 1117, 1118, 119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1 125, 1126, 1199, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220] Example 3 Comparison of the Detection of a Target Structure with the 3D Nanostructures of Example 1 and the 2D-DNA Nanostructures of Example 2

1. Overview

For comparison, how well target structures with the 2D DNA nanostructures or the inventive 3D DNA nanostructures on the inventive method in its embodiment, in which the identification structure with target structures and the respective bound DNA nanostructures on a support surface (here Surface of a coverslip) is / will be detected, the same target DNA oligomers were used as the target structure in the example described here and on the one hand by the binding of red, green, and blue 2D-DNA nanostructures of the variants 2D_1, 2D 2 and 2D_3 as described in example 2 (2D sample), and on the other hand by the binding of red, green and blue 3D-DNA nanostructures of variants 3 D l, 3D_2 or 3D 3 as described in example 1 (3D sample) demonstrated. In addition, a control experiment was carried out for both experiments, in which the absence of a target structure was used to check whether and to what extent a false positive detection takes place on the cover glass surface. The comparison shows that the 3D-DNA nanostructures adhere significantly less to the surface of the microscopy coverslip due to the optimized and sophisticated positioning of the dye molecules.

2. Material and Methods:

For the detection of target structures (in this case target DNA oligomers, in short target oligomers), these were first synthesized in a hybridization reaction with the respective DNA nanostructures (ie either 2D_1, 2D_2 and 2D_3 or 3D_1, 3D_2 or 3D_3) and with capture strand in incubated in a suitable buffer so that all these components could bind together and form the identification structure (see Fig.l, lk) could. This was done separately for 2D and 3D DNA nanostructures.

Hybridization was carried out in the case of the sample with the 3D DNA nanostructures in a solution with the following constituents:

• 4 μΐ mixture of DNA nanoparticles 3D_l-3, with 200 pM per DNA nanoparticle set according to Example 1

• 10 μΐ 2x buffer RX07 (composition see below)

• Ι μΐ 20 nM carrier adapter (also called capture strand here) (SEQ Π) NO 1262) with biotin adapter, with the capture rod with biotin adapter (modified at the 5 'end with biotin) from the company Eurofins were delivered

• 1 μΐ 750 pM single-stranded sZiel DNA oligomer (SEQ ID NO 1269). This has complementary regions for T1, T2 and T3 such that the 3D DNA nanostructures 3D_1, 3D_2 and 3D-3 each bind to the corresponding complementary regions of the target DNA oligomer via their T1, 2 and 3 regions, respectively can, as well as a complementary region for the Capture strand. The target structure and the respective binding regions were designed so that all three 3D DNA oligomers and the capture strand could simultaneously bind to a target DNA oligomer. For the control experiment, this volume was replaced with H ₂ 0.

• 4 μΐ H20

This was incubated at 30 ° C for 16 hours to allow the capture strands, target oligomers, and 3D DNA nanostructures to bind together.

The hybridization was done in the case of the sample with the 2D DNA nanostructures in a solution with the same components, however, 4 μΐ mixture of DNA nanoparticles were 2D_l-3, with 200 pM per DNA nanoparticle set of Example 2 instead of 4 μΐ mixture of DNA nanoparticles 3D_l-3, used with 200 pM per DNA nanoparticle set according to Example 1. Again, it was ensured that all three 2D DNA nanostructures as well as the capture strand

could bind to the target DNA oligomer. The target DNA oligomer used also had the sequence of SEQ ID NO 1269. Also for the 2D DNA nanostructures, a control reaction was performed in which no target DNA oligomer was included.

In total, four experiments were started.

For the measurement, the capture strands of each experiment were each placed on a microscopy surface of a microscope slide. As a microscopy sample carrier a μ-Slide type VI was ^0.1 of ibidi GmbH (Germany, Martinsried) used. For this purpose it was treated according to the following protocol for the preparation of a microscope slide as a sample:

Μ-Slides VI ^0.1 (ibidi GmbH, Martinsried) were rinsed with 100 μM buffer A (composition, see below)

• Pipette 40 μΐ lmg / ml biotinylated BSA (Sigma-Aldrich GmbH) into a first port of the corresponding channel of the μ-slide, incubate for 2 min, pipette the fluid out of the other, second port of the corresponding channel of the μ-slide, pipette in of 100 μΐ buffer A in the above first port, pipetting out the fluid from the above second port.

• Pipette 40 μΐ 0.5 mg / ml streptavidin (Thermo Scientific) into the above first port, pipette 2 min of incubation from the above second port, pipette 100 μΐ of buffer A into the above first port, and pipette out the fluid from the above second port.

Pipette 100 μΐ Buffer B (see below for composition) into the above first port and pipette out the liquid from the above second port

• Pipetting 40 μΐ of the hybridized solution from the previous step (solution with 2D nanostructures for the 2D sample or solution with 3D DNA nanostructures for the 3D sample or corresponding control experiments without target DNA oligomer) in the first connection above , 15 min incubation. During this time, the biotin is the capture strands to the surface-bound streptavidin. In addition, some DNA nanostructures adhere nonspecifically to the surface. This is unwanted and happens much more frequently in 2D-DNA nanostructures than in 3D-DNA nanostructures. Pipetting out from the above second connection

• Wash out the unbound DNA nanostructures by pipetting 200 μΐ of buffer RX07 (composition, see below) into the above first port and pipetting off from the above second port

• Pipette 50 μΐ buffer RX07 (see below for composition) into the first connection above

Upon completion of the above steps, there were two samples, a 2D sample and a 3D sample. In addition, there was a control (without target DNA) for the 2D and 3D nanostructures. The combination of the choice of concentrations of biotin-BSA, streptavidin, and target structures in the method described above were chosen so that the individual identification structures could be well resolved in the following analysis.

Identification structures in the two samples were then imaged with an epifluorescence microscope. For this a microscope of the "Elite" (DeltaVision) was used. It would also be conceivable to use a type "Ti Eclipse" (Nikon) Mikropskos. The camera used was a sCMOS (edge 4.2 of PCO) with a pixel size of 6.5 μπι. With a lens magnification of 100x and a numerical aperture of 1.4, there was thus a pixel resolution of 60 nm, i. one pixel in the picture corresponds to 60 nm in reality. Thus, diffraction-limited images of DNA nanostructures were recorded. The filter sets were chroma 49914 for red, chroma 49008 for green, chroma 49020 for blue stimulus.

For both the 2D sample and the 3D sample, as well as for both controls without target DNA, 10 images were taken per color. The colors were recorded sequentially. Each of these images was taken at a separate location on the sample, which was not overlapped with the locations of the remaining images and was in the middle half along the channel width.

For each sample, the associated 10 images were evaluated. The evaluation presented here aims to compare the number of detected points in the respective sample with target DNA and the respective sample without target DNA, or indicate the number of monochrome compared to multicolored points. The evaluation was done manually. For this purpose, the images were opened in the image editing program FIJI (www.fiji.se) and counted monochrome, three-color, and the total number of fluorescent dots. For 2D DNA nanostructures and 3D DNA nanostructures were Mean value and standard deviation of different characteristic values of the 10 associated images determined and plotted in Fig. 4.

Although not used in the present example, an evaluation can be carried out by means of a specially programmed evaluation software instead of the manual evaluation. The evaluation software programmed for this purpose is Python-based in the present example. The Python-based evaluation software loads the measurement data, determines local maxima in image boxes of 9-15 pixel size (depending on the magnification and numerical aperture of the lens), and calculates the cumulative absolute value of the gradient as a background-independent measurement of the signal. In order to differentiate between image boxes with and without DNA nanostructures DBSCAN (density based spatial clustering of applications with noise) (published in Ester, Martin, Kriegel, Hans-Peter, Sander, Jörg, Xu, Xiaowei A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise ", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-96), AAAI Press, pp. 226-231 (1996)). Optionally, the image boxes are divided into groups of different values of the cumulative absolute value of the gradient, which corresponds to a division into different numbers of fluorophores. The image boxes with DNA nanostructures of each color channel are compared based on their transversal (x, y) positions with all image boxes with DNA nanostructures of other color channels to detect multicolored dots in the image. The evaluation presented here using the Python-based software also aims to compare the number of detected points in experiments with and without target DNA oligomers, or to indicate the number of monochrome compared to multicolored points. The software stores the calculated values for the number of solid dots and their locations in the image and the values for the number of multicolored dots and their locations in the image for further use.

3. Results and discussion:

In order to evaluate the suitability of the DNA nanostructures for the described method, it was measured how many DNA nanostructures were found in the respective control (without target DNA oligomer) compared to the respective sample with target DNA oligomer (FIG. 4 above). Thus, it was possible to make a statement as to what fraction of the DNA nanostructures in the sample measured in the presence of the target structure was due to nonspecific nanostructures bound to the surface. It was found that the 3D DNA nanostructures adhere significantly less (1.2% in 3D compared to 4.0% in 2D) to the microscopy surface of the microscope slide. The error bar (standard deviation) for the 3D-DNA nanostructures intersects the zero line, indicating that the rate of nonspecific binding in the 3D-DNA nanostructures is below the resolution limit of the measurement series. Furthermore, it was measured how many tricolor points, ie data points interpreted as target molecules, can be found in the control compared to the sample with target DNA oligomer, again for the 2D sample compared to the 2D control and for the 3D Sample compared to 3D control. This provides information on the rate of false-positive target structures in the case of 2D DNA nanostructures and in the case of 3D DNA nanostructures. The reason for the presence of three-color measurement points in the control can be, for example, the interaction of externally exposed dyes of different DNA nanostructures. This was avoided by the design of 3D DNA nanostructures with internal dyes. Figure 4 (center) shows the result at 0.7% for the 2D DNA nanostructures and 0.0% for the 3D DNA nanostructures. In the 3D case, not a single false-positive measurement was made. The result thus shows that by using multiple DNA nanostructures that bind to a target structure, a very low rate of false positive signals is measured. Furthermore, the result shows that the inventive 3D DNA nanostructures with internal fluorescent dye molecules interact less with the carrier surface used in the example. This is due to their location inside the 3D structure.

Another key figure is the proportion of three-color measurement points at all measurement points in the sample with target DNA oligomers. It was calculated for the 2D sample and the 3D sample from the image evaluation results and shown in Fig. 4 (below). Due to the reaction kinetics, under certain circumstances, only partially hybridized identification structures can be expected. This may be the case, for example, if the concentration of the DNA nanostructures is not high enough for saturation of the reaction within the duration of the hybridization reaction. If the reaction is not yet saturated in the measurement, an internal standard or based on empirical data can be absolutely quantified. The internal standard preferably indicates a comparison value of known concentration, while empirical data can preferably establish a comparison of unsaturated to saturated measurement. However, this need not be considered for relative measurements (as performed here), since the ratio of partially hybridized identification structures to target structures is independent of the target structure and embodiments of 3D DNA nanostructures, and thus the relative abundances of the fully hybridized identification structures among themselves the relative frequencies of the target structures are among themselves. However, this is similar for 2D and 3D DNA nanostructures because of its similar size. However, DNA nanostructures bound to one another as well as nonspecifically bound to the surface can drastically shift the result. This is shown in Fig. 4 (bottom), where for 2D-DNA nanostructures only 6.8% of the measuring points on the surface come as a questionable structure in question, while it is 25.7% in the 3D-DNA nanostructures. Thus, in the case of 3D DNA nanostructures, the microscopy surface can be used more efficiently than in the case of 2D DNA nanostructures. In summary, it can therefore be stated that the 3D DNA nanostructures according to the invention have a tendency that is more than three times less likely to adhere unspecifically to the microscopy surface of the microscopy sample carrier, and a drastic and incalculable lower tendency to adhere to one another than the 2D DNA nanoparticles. nanostructures. The land use efficiency of 3D DNA nanostructures is nearly four times greater.

The method of the invention utilizes multiple binding of DNA nanostructures to increase specificity, thus reducing the false positive identification rate. This would be as high as shown in FIG. 4 (top) in the measurement method with only one DNA nanostructure bond, ie at 4.0% (2D) and 1.2% (3D), whereas in the method according to the invention it is 0.7%. (2D) and 0% (3D).

Used buffers

Buffer RX07

• 4x SSC (saline sodium citrate buffer consisting of an aqueous solution of 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM trisodium citrate brought to pH 7.0 with HCl)

• 5% Dextran Sulfate

«0, l% Tween20

• 5x Denhardts

Buffer A

• 10 mM Tris-HCl to pH 7.5

• 100 mM NaCl

• 0.05% Tween 20

Buffer B

• 10 mM Tris-HCl to pH 8.0

• 10mM MgCl ₂

• 1 mM EDTA

• 0.05% Tween 20

Example 4: Gene expression analysis from tissue samples In this case, a tissue sample, such as a breast tumor on the expression of a number of marker genes, eg 100 genes such as Her2 / neu, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, TFRC, GAPDH, etc. are to be examined.

The tissue sample may be initially incubated in a suspension of individual cells, e.g. enzymatically and / or by shear forces.

Subsequently, the cells can be disrupted, e.g. mechanically, by lysis buffer, enzymatically and / or chemically or by light.

The lysate can be further processed, e.g. RNA can be extracted, components can be filtered, nucleic acids can e.g. be isolated by ethanol precipitation. Alternatively, the lysate can be used directly.

Lysate containing at least two nanoreporters (programmed to correspond to the mRNA sequences corresponding to the genes to be tested), in some applications also substrate binding adapters (target adpater) and reaction buffer, are pooled together and maintained for a sufficient time, e.g. Incubated for 12h, whereby complexes (identification structures) are formed.

The complexes are then detected, in some applications on a surface, or in solution.

By counting the individual detected and identified mRNA sequences, relative gene expression can be determined, e.g. If mRNA is detected 1200 times and mRNA 2300 times, gene expression of gene 2 is 3/2 higher than of gene 1.

In addition, nucleic acids of known concentration can be added as a reference in the incubation step, which bind to defined nanoreporter (exactly comparable to an mRNA sequence). Thus, the remaining detected mRNA sequences can be normalized and absolutely qualified. If this reference is e.g. Identified 100 times, at an initial concentration of 100 pM, the concentration of mRNA 1 can be determined to be 200 pM.

Example 5: Protein Detection

Detection and identification of protein target molecules may be similar to that of target nucleic acid molecules in microfluidic-based, flow or FCS-based detection.

The prerequisite for this is that the protein target molecule has at least two distinguishable epitopes which can be specifically bound by corresponding binders (antibodies, aptamers, nanobodies, adhirons).

These adapters can be specifically bound to nanoreporters that identify them. Protein-based binders (antibodies, adhirons, nanobodies) can do this with a specific, short (15 -35 nt) DNA sequence (via SNAP tags, HALO tags, click chemistry, SMCC linkers, NHS / amino reactions or the like ) whose reverse complement to the corresponding DNA nanostructures (nanoreporter) is attached and thus becomes the adapter. Nucleic acid-based binders (RNA or DNA aptamers) can be extended by an appropriate sequence to the adapter, with their reverse complement attached to the corresponding DNA nanostructures.

By combining protein target molecules and adapters on DNA nanostructures and by sufficient reaction time, detectable complexes of target protein and at least two adapters which are each coupled to a DNA nanostructure.

The complexes can be identified by simultaneous detection of the at least two DNA nanostructures.

Example for the detection of two protein targets:

Protein target 1 with epitope A and epitope B, to each of which antibody A and antibody B bind. Protein target 2 with epitope C and epitope D, to each of which antibody C and antibody D bind. Antibody A is coupled to a DNA nanostructure labeled with red fluorescent dyes.

Antibody B is coupled to a DNA nanostructure labeled with green fluorescent dyes.

Antibody C is coupled to a DNA nanostructure labeled with yellow fluorescent dyes.

Antibody D is coupled to a DNA nanostructure labeled with blue fluorescent dyes.

Combining the protein targets and the coupled antibody / DNA nanostructures and reaction for a sufficient time, e.g. 12 hours.

Measurement of the complexes in a flow detection. The reaction solution is diluted so that only in extremely rare cases more than one complex is detected. Simultaneous detection of red / green identifies a single protein target 1, simultaneous detection of yellow / blue identifies a single protein target 2. By counting the different detections, protein targets 1 and 2 can be quantified after prior calibration.

Clusters of proteins can also be identified by the same procedure, whereby different antibodies identify different proteins (instead of different epitopes) in the target cluster.

Claims

Expectations

1. Method for detecting a target structure, comprising:

a) Forming an identification structure that has:

(i) the target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, each of the 3D DNA nanostructures having one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules, each of the 3D DNA nanostructures being specifically bound to the target structure, and wherein the 3D DNA Nanostructures are bound to pairwise different regions of the target structure;

b) detection of the target structure by measuring at least one fluorescence signal,

wherein the 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structure formed in a) can be distinguished from the fluorescence signal of each of the at least two isolated 3D DNA nanostructures if these are not in the identification structure are bound.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the target structure has or is a partially single-stranded polynucleotide, preferably a single-stranded polynucleotide and particularly preferably an m-RNA.

3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the identification structure is bound to a carrier, preferably to a first surface of the carrier, and / or wherein the method further includes the step of binding the formed identification structure to a carrier, preferably to a first surface of the Carrier includes.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has or consists of a glass surface and / or polymer surface and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is optionally passivated and / or wherein the carrier has a polymer network , which preferably has one or a combination of the following materials: biopolymer, agarose, collagen.

5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the carrier is a microscopy chip or a coverslip.

6. The method according to claim 3 to 5, wherein the binding or binding of the identification structure to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is or is mediated via the target structure.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the target structure is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier mediated by a carrier adapter which specifically binds to the target structure is or will be.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the carrier adapter is bonded directly to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier.

9. The method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a covalent or non-covalent bond.

10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a biotin-streptavidin bond, wherein either the carrier adapter has biotin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has streptavidin, or the carrier adapter has streptavidin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has biotin.

1 1. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the target structure is a target structure according to claim 2, and wherein the carrier adapter is an oligonucleotide or a polynucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed so that it is specific, preferably by hybridization binds a first single-stranded section of the nucleic acid sequence of the target structure according to claim 2.

12. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the target structure is an m-RNA with a poly (A) tail, and wherein the carrier adapter is an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed to specifically bind to the poly -(A)-Tail of the m-RNA binds.

13. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 12, wherein the method after a) and before b) further

Washing the carrier or the first carrier surface with a buffer solution.

14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one, preferably several and particularly preferably all of the 3D DNA nanostructures is/are programmed for direct binding to the respective region(s) of the target structure and bound directly to the target molecule is/are.

15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the specific binding of at least one, preferably all, 3D DNA nanostructures is mediated by a respective assigned target adapter, the or each of the target adapters being programmed to bind to the respective DNA -Nanostructure and to bind to the respective region(s) of the target structure, and/or the or each of the target adapters preferably an oligo- or polynucleotide, particularly preferably DNA, has or is.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure(s) has/have at least one single-stranded DNA section arranged on or on the outside of the nanostructure, which is programmed so that it specifically binds to the respective target adapter .

17. The method according to any one of claims 15 or 16, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a single-stranded DNA section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective 3D DNA nanostructure.

18. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a target binding section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective region (s) of the target structure.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the target structure is the target structure defined in claim 2, and wherein the respective target binding section has a nucleotide sequence which specifically binds to the one single-stranded section of the target structure.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the target structure comprises or is a protein, and wherein the respective target binding section has a peptide, preferably an antibody, which specifically binds to the protein.

21. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises providing a, preferably aqueous, sample solution which contains the target structure and which comprises at least two 3D DNA nanostructures and optionally further provides the carrier, the carrier adapter and/or or the target adapter comprises, wherein the sample solution preferably comprises cell lysate, nucleic acids extracted from cell suspension and/or tissue and/or mRA.

22. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises mixing a, preferably aqueous, sample solution containing the target structure with the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures and optionally the carrier adapter and/or the target adapters, wherein the sample solution preferably cell lysate, nucleic acids and/or mRNA extracted from cell suspension and/or tissue.

23. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further additionally for

Detection of one or more additional, mutually different target structures is suitable, wherein the various target structures differ in pairs, and wherein the method further comprises:

c) for each of the one or more further, mutually different target structures: forming an associated identification structure, each of the further identification structures having:

(i) the further assigned target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures having one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures being specifically bound to the respective further target structure , and wherein the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures are bound to pairwise different regions of the respective target structure;

and wherein step b) further comprises:

wherein all 3 D-DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structures formed in a) and c) can be distinguished from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D-DNA nanostructures if these are not in one of the identification structures are bound, and that the measured fluorescence signals of all the identification structures formed can be distinguished from one another in pairs, whereby each of the different target structures can be present multiple times and the method can include the repeated detection of one or more of the different target structures.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the further target structures each have or are a partially single-stranded polynucleotide, preferably each a single-stranded polynucleotide and particularly preferably each have or are an m-RNA.

25. The method according to any one of claims 23 or 24, wherein at least one, preferably all, identification structures are bound to a carrier, preferably to a first surface of the carrier, and/or wherein the method further comprises the step of binding at least one, preferably all, formed identification structures to a carrier, preferably to a first surface of the carrier.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the surface of the carrier has or is a glass surface and/or a polymer surface and is optionally passivated and/or wherein the carrier has a polymer network, which preferably has one or a combination of the following materials: biopolymer, agarose , collages.

27. The method according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the carrier is a microscopy chip or a coverslip.

28. The method according to claim 25 to 27, wherein the binding or binding of at least one, preferably all, identification structure(s) that are/are bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is mediated via the respective target structure or becomes.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the respective target structure is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier mediated by a respective associated carrier adapter which specifically binds to the respective target structure.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bonded directly to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier.

31. The method according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a covalent or non-covalent bond.

32. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 31, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a biotin-streptavidin bond, wherein either the respective carrier adapter has biotin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has streptavidin, or the respective carrier adapter has streptavidin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has biotin.

33. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 32, wherein the respective target structure is a target structure according to claim 2, and wherein the respective carrier adapter is a poly- or oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed so that it is specifically linked to a first single-stranded section the nucleic acid sequence of the respective target structure according to claim 2.

34. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 33, wherein the target structure(s) bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is/are an mRNA with a poly(A) tail, and wherein the respective carrier adapter for this bound target structure (s) is an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed so that it binds specifically to the poly (A) tail of the m-RNA.

35. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 34, wherein a) and c) take place in one step, preferably simultaneously.

36. The method according to any one of claims 25 to 35, wherein the method further comprises washing the carrier or the first carrier surface with a buffer solution after a) and c) and before b).

37. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 36, wherein one, preferably several and particularly preferably all of the 3D DNA nanostructures is/are programmed for direct binding to the respective region(s) of the respective target structure and directly to the target molecule is/are bound.

38. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 37, wherein the specific binding of at least one, preferably all 3D DNA nanostructure (s) is mediated by a respective assigned target adapter, the or each of the target adapters being programmed for this purpose , to bind to the respective DNA nanostructure and to the respective region(s) of the respective target structure.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the at least one, preferably all 3D DNA nanostructure (s) has/have at least one single-stranded DNA section arranged on or on the outside of the nanostructure, which is programmed so that it has the respective target -Adapter specifically binds.

40. The method according to any one of claims 38 or 39, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a single-stranded DNA section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective 3D DNA nanostructure.

41. The method according to any one of claims 38 to 40, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a target binding section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective region (s) of the target structure.

42. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 41, wherein all target structures are present in the same sample and are preferably provided in a sample solution.

43. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the measurement of the at least one fluorescence signal is carried out by means of fluorescence microscopy, preferably by one or a combination of the following techniques: point scanning, wide-field microscopy, (spinning disc) confocal microscopy; In each case, alternating excitation (ALEX) or excitation using pulsed light sources is preferably carried out in a pulse-interleaved manner.

44. The method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 14 to 24, 35, or 37 to 42, wherein the measurement of the at least one fluorescence signal is carried out by means of flow cytometry and/or fluorescence correlation spectrometry (FCS), preferably by one or a combination of the following techniques: Confocal microscopy, two-photon spectroscopy, epifluorescence, light sheet microscopy, TIRF; In each case, alternating excitation (ALEX) or excitation using pulsed light sources is preferably carried out in a pulse-interleaved manner.

45. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the identification structure or at least one or all of the identification structures is formed multiple times.

46. Method for detecting at least two different target structures, the at least two different target structures being distinguishable from one another in pairs and the method comprising:

a) Forming an identification structure for each of the at least two different target structures, which has:

(i) the respective target structure, and

(ii) at least two 3D DNA nanostructures, each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures having one or more internal fluorescent dye molecules and each of the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures being specifically bound to the respective target structure, and wherein the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures are bound to pairwise different regions of the respective target structure;

b) detection of at least two different target structures by measuring at least one fluorescence signal,

wherein all 3D DNA nanostructures and the parameters of the fluorescence measurement are selected such that the at least one measured fluorescence signal of the identification structures formed in a) can be distinguished from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA nanostructures if they are not bound in one of the respective identification structures are, and that the measured fluorescence signals of the different identification structures formed for the individual target structures can be distinguished from one another in pairs, whereby each of the different target structures can be present multiple times and the method can include the repeated detection of one or more of the different target structures.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the at least two target structures are present in the same sample.

48. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one, preferably each, of the target structures partially single-stranded polynucleotide, preferably a single-stranded polynucleotide and particularly preferably an m-RNA.

49. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein at least one, preferably all, identification structure (s) is bound to a carrier, preferably to a first surface of the carrier, and / or wherein the method further comprises the step of binding at least one, preferably all formed identification structure(s) to a carrier, preferably comprising a first surface of the carrier.

50. The method according to claim 49, wherein the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has or consists of a glass surface and / or polymer surface and is optionally passivated.

51. The method according to claim 49 or 50, wherein the carrier is a microscopy chip or a coverslip.

52. The method according to claim 49 to 51, wherein the binding or binding of at least one, preferably all identification structure(s) that are/are bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is mediated via the respective target structure or becomes.

53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the respective target structure is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier mediated by a respective associated carrier adapter, which specifically binds the respective target structure.

54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bonded directly to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier.

55. The method according to claim 53 or 54, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a covalent or non-covalent bond.

56. The method according to any one of claims 53 to 55, wherein the respective carrier adapter is or is bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier by means of a biotin-streptavidin bond, wherein either the respective carrier adapter has biotin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has streptavidin, or the respective carrier adapter has streptavidin and the carrier or the first surface of the carrier has biotin.

57. The method according to any one of claims 53 to 56, wherein the respective target structure is a target structure according to claim 2, and wherein the respective carrier adapter is an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed so that it is specifically linked to a first single-stranded section of the nucleic acid sequence respective target structure according to claim 2.

58. The method according to any one of claims 53 to 57, wherein the target structure(s) bound to the carrier or the first surface of the carrier is/are an m-RA with a poly(A) tail, and wherein the respective Carrier adapter for these bound target structure(s) is an oligonucleotide whose nucleic acid sequence is programmed so that it binds specifically to the poly (A) tail of the m-RNA.

59. The method according to any one of claims 49 to 58, wherein the method further comprises washing the carrier or the first carrier surface with a buffer solution after a) and before b).

60. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 59, wherein one, preferably several and particularly preferably all of the 3D DNA nanostructures is/are programmed for direct binding to the respective region(s) of the respective target structure and directly to the target molecule is/are bound.

61. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 60, wherein the specific binding of at least one, preferably all 3D DNA nanostructure (s) is mediated by a respective assigned target adapter, the or each of the target adapters being programmed for this purpose to bind to the respective DNA nanostructure and to the respective region(s) of the respective target structure.

62. The method according to claim 61, wherein the at least one, preferably all 3D DNA nanostructure (s) has / have at least one outwardly directed single-stranded DNA section that is programmed so that it specifically binds the respective target adapter.

63. The method according to any one of claims 61 or 62, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a single-stranded DNA section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective 3D DNA nanostructure.

64. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 63, wherein the one or more target adapters each have a target binding section, each of which is programmed to mediate specific binding to the respective region (s) of the target structure.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein a first of the at least two target structures is the target structure defined in claim 48, and wherein the target binding portion of the target binding adapter that binds to the first target structure has a nucleotide sequence that specifically binds to the one single-stranded portion of the first target structure.

66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the feature according to claim 63 also applies to all further target structures and the respective target binding sections of the respective target binding adapters.

67. The method according to claim 64, wherein a first of the at least two target structures comprises or is a protein, and wherein the target binding portion of the target binding adapter that binds to the first target structure has a peptide, preferably an antibody, which specifically binds to the first target structure.

68. The method according to claim 67, wherein the feature according to claim 63 also applies to all further target structures and the respective target binding sections of the respective target binding adapter.

69. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 68, wherein the process further comprises providing a

Sample solution containing the at least two target structures and comprising at least two 3D DNA nanostructures and optionally further comprising providing the carrier, the carrier adapter(s) and/or the target adapter(s).

70. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 69, wherein the method further comprises mixing a sample solution containing the at least two target structures with the at least two 3D DNA nanostructures and optionally the carrier adapter (s) and / or the / includes the target adapter(s).

71. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein measuring at least one fluorescence signal comprises:

e) creating a data set containing data relating to fluorescence signals emitted by a section of a sample using a fluorescence microscope, preferably in epifluorescence, TIRF, light sheet and/or confocal microscopy;

and wherein the detection of the target structure or one or more further target structures includes:

f) identifying one or more datums contained in the data set that represent the fluorescence signal of one of the identification structures.

72. The method according to claim 71, wherein step e) comprises:

Acquiring at least one image file containing fluorescence data of the section of the sample.

73. The method according to claim 71 or 72, wherein identifying in step f) comprises the following steps:

fl) reading out color and/or intensity information of a date or image element; and

f2) comparing the color and/or intensity information of the date or image element with color and/or intensity information that represents the identification structure.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the identification in step f) comprises the following steps: fl) reading out color and intensity information of a date or image element; and f2) comparing the color and intensity information of the date or image element with color and intensity information that represents the identification structure.

75. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein the fluorescence signals of the identification structures formed for the individual different target structures differ from the fluorescence signal of all isolated 3D DNA nanostructures if they are not bound in one of the identification structures, and the fluorescence signals of the different ones for the individual ones Identification structures formed in target structures can be distinguished from one another in pairs in that the corresponding fluorescence signals have a distinguishably different combination of color and/or intensity information.

76. The method according to claim 75, wherein k mutually distinguishable intensity levels and/or m mutually distinguishable color levels are used in the 3D DNA nanostructures, wherein preferably each of the k intensity levels is formed by an intensity distribution and wherein the k intensity distributions, preferably statistically, are distinguishable from one another and/or wherein preferably each of the m color levels is formed by a color distribution and wherein the m color distributions are, preferably statistically, distinguishable from one another, with the overlap of adjacent distributions preferably being less than 30%, more preferably less than 10% more preferably less than 5%, particularly preferably less than 2% and most preferably less than 1%.

77. The method according to claim 76, wherein k>2, preferably k>3, more preferably k>4, even more preferably k>5, particularly preferably k>6.

78. The method according to claim 76 or 77, wherein m>2, preferably m>3, more preferably m>4, still more preferably m>5, particularly preferably m>6.

79. The method according to any one of claims 73 to 78, wherein step fl) comprises one or a combination of the following steps or techniques: determining an average value of the image element, determining a maximum of the image element, calculating a cumulative gradient, calculating one or more statistical Moments such as variance of the pixels in the image element, variance coefficient, Fano factor; and/or wherein step f2) is based on a clustering method, preferably a DBSCAN (density based spatial clustering of applications with noise) method; and/or wherein step fl) and/or f2) is based on probabilistic considerations, preferably with the addition of Bayes' theorem.

80. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises:

Measuring at least one fluorescence signal on the solution located in the microfluidic system.

81. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises:

Forming the target structure in a microfluidic system; and

82. 3D DNA nanostructure on which at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached, the shape of the 3D DNA nanostructure preventing a second 3D DNA nanostructure on which at least one fluorescent dye molecule is attached when approaching , the fluorescent dye molecules of the two 3D DNA nanostructures interact significantly.

83. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 82, wherein the interaction comprises fluorescence quenching and/or FRET.

84. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 82 or 83, wherein at least two fluorescent dye molecules are attached to the 3D DNA nanostructure, and wherein the distance between the at least two fluorescent dye molecules is larger in pairs than that at which they are significantly interact.

85. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 84, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure is essentially designed as a hollow cylinder, and wherein the at least one fluorescent dye molecule or the at least two fluorescent dye molecules inside the cylindrical DNA nanostructure are attached.

86. 3D DNA nanostructure with a cavity and at least one internal fluorescent dye molecule, wherein the distance of the at least one internal fluorescent dye molecule to the edge of the 3D DNA nanostructure is at least 2 nm, preferably at least 3 nm and particularly preferably at least 5 nm amounts.

87. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 86, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure has at least two internal fluorescent dye molecules, and wherein the distance between the at least two internal fluorescent dye molecules is at least 2 nm, preferably at least 5 nm and particularly preferably at least 9 nm is.

88. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 87, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure is essentially designed as an elliptical hollow cylinder, preferably as a circular hollow cylinder.

89. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 88, wherein the hollow cylinder is a circular cylinder and has an inner radius of at least 5 nm, preferably an inner radius of 30 nm to 60 nm, particularly preferably an inner radius of 60 nm and / or a height of a maximum of 200 nm, preferably a height of 30 nm to 60 nm, particularly preferably a height of 30 nm.

90. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 88 to 89, wherein the hollow cylinder has a wall thickness of at least 2 nm, preferably 2 nm to 7 nm, particularly preferably 5 nm and / or wherein the hollow cylinder has DNA helices with a helix diameter and wherein the wall thickness measures at least one, preferably at least two helix diameters and/or wherein the wall thickness measures at most four, preferably at most three helix diameters.

91. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 90, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure has a single-stranded DNA scaffold strand of at least 3000 bases, preferably 5000 - 50,000 bases, particularly preferably 10,000 - 11,000 bases, the DNA Framework strand is preferably circular.

92. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 91, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure further has a plurality of staple strands, preferably comprising 100 to 500 staple strands, each preferably having 30 to 100 bases.

93. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 92, wherein one of the internal fluorescent dye molecules is bound to an internal section of a staple strand, preferably wherein each of the internal fluorescent dye molecules is bound to an internal section of a staple strand,

94. 3D DNA nanostructure according to any one of claims 91 to 93, further comprising at least one internal single-stranded dye adapter DNA oligomer programmed to be specifically bound to an internal single-stranded sequence portion of the scaffold strand or one of the staple strands, and wherein the at least one dye adapter DNA oligomer has one of the internal dye molecules.

95. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 94, wherein the internal single-stranded sequence section of the clamp strand is an overhang that is directed inwards and which is not necessary to form the 3D DNA nanostructure.

96. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 95, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure has a single-stranded DNA section which can specifically bind to a target structure, preferably a polynucleoid target structure and particularly preferably to a single-stranded polynucleotide target structure .

97. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 96, wherein the 3D DNA nanostructure further comprises at least one target adapter, wherein the target adapter can mediate the specific binding to a target adapter.

98. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 97, wherein the target adapter has a first single-stranded polynucleotide sequence, and wherein the first single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is attached to a single-stranded sequence section of the 3D DNA nanostructure, preferably to a single-stranded sequence section of the scaffolding strand or one of the clamping strands and is particularly preferably bound to a single-stranded sequence section of one of the staple strands

99. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 97 or 98, wherein the target adapter further comprises a target binding portion that can specifically bind a target structure.

100. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 99, wherein the target binding section has or is a second single-stranded polynucleotide sequence, and wherein the target structure has a single-stranded polynucleotide, preferably an m-RNA.

101. 3D DNA nanostructure according to claim 99, wherein the target binding section is a protein that specifically binds to the target structure, preferably an antibody or an antibody-binding Has fragment of an antibody.

102. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 97 to 101, wherein the target adapter, preferably at least the target binding section, faces outwards.

103. 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 102, wherein the 3D nanostructure has no external fluorescent dye molecules.

104. Use of the 3D DNA nanostructure according to one of claims 82 to 103 for a method according to one of claims 1-81.

105. Set of several 3D DNA nanostructures according to one of claims 82 to 103, wherein the set has N different 3D DNA nanostructures and wherein the N different 3D DNA nanostructures of the set differ from each other in pairs due to the fluorescent dye molecules .

106. Set according to claim 105, wherein the N different 3D DNA nanostructures contain a different number of fluorescent dye molecules and / or different fluorescent dye molecules, so that with the N different 3D DNA nanostructures of the set k different intensity levels and / or or m different color levels can be generated.

107. Set according to claim 106, wherein at least a part of the N 3D DNA nanostructures that differ from one another is contained several times in the set, so that each of the k intensity levels is formed by an intensity distribution and wherein the k intensity distributions are, preferably statistically, distinguishable from one another .

108. Set according to claim 106 or 107, wherein at least a part of the N 3D DNA nanostructures that differ from each other is contained several times in the set, so that each of the m color levels is formed by a color distribution and wherein the m color distributions, preferably statistically, are distinguishable from each other.

109. Set according to claim 107 or 108, wherein the overlap of adjacent distributions is less than 30%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5%, even more preferably less than 2% and particularly preferably less than 1%.

110. Set according to one of claims 106 to 109, where k>2, preferably k>3, more preferably k>4, even more preferably k>5, particularly preferably k>6. 1 1. Set according to one of claims 106 to 1 10, where m>2, preferably m>3, more preferably m>4, even more preferably m>5, particularly preferably m>6. 12. Use of the set according to one of claims 105 to 111 for a method according to one of claims 1-81.