WO2017201432A2 - Tethered interleukin-2 to its receptor il-2rbeta, a platform to enhance natural killer and regulatory t cell activity - Google Patents

Tethered interleukin-2 to its receptor il-2rbeta, a platform to enhance natural killer and regulatory t cell activity Download PDF

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WO2017201432A2
WO2017201432A2 PCT/US2017/033585 US2017033585W WO2017201432A2 WO 2017201432 A2 WO2017201432 A2 WO 2017201432A2 US 2017033585 W US2017033585 W US 2017033585W WO 2017201432 A2 WO2017201432 A2 WO 2017201432A2
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cells
cirb
fusion protein
cell
il2r
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WO2017201432A3 (en
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Youssef JOUNAIDI
Stuart FORMAN
Keith Miller
Joseph F. Cotten
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Priority to JP2018560491A priority patent/JP7178906B2/ja
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    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/715—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
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    • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells

Definitions

  • Tethered Interleukin-2 to its Receptor IL-2RBeta A Platform to Enhance Natural Killer and Regulatory T Cell Activity
  • NK cells that express chimeric proteins comprising IL2, IL2R ⁇ $ and IL21R (e.g., CIRB21); and/or a chimera comprising IL2, IL2R , and CD28 (e.g., CIRB28), and methods of use thereof, e.g., to treat subjects with cancer, GVHD, and autoimmune diseases.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes endowed with the innate ability to attack malignant and virus infected cells without prior exposure to specific antigens(l-3).
  • interleukins and in particular IL2
  • T-cells and NK cells Several interleukins, and in particular IL2, activate and expand critical immune cells such as T-cells and NK cells(4).
  • Systemic IL2 supplementation could therefore enhance immunity in a variety of diseases ranging from cancer to viral infection.
  • tumor cells and their microenvironment (TME) often repress NK cells anti-tumor activity by orchestrating a multitude of escape mechanisms (5).
  • IL2 infusions have met limited success due to severe side effects that mimic sepsis(6-8), while low-dose IL2 efficacy is limited by the short half-life (less than 10 min) of IL2 in vivo(9), and due to depletion of low IL2 doses by T-regs and other lymphoid cells(lO).
  • a number of strategies based on IL2 have aimed to enhance NK cytotoxicity while reducing toxicity in patients, with limited efficacy.
  • Cultured ex-vivo NK cells can be activated and induced to proliferate by exposure to IL2 before transfer in vivo.
  • Ex-vivo activated autologous NK cells display less anti -tumor efficacy(l 1) than NK cells from allogeneic donors(12), because self class I HLA signaling suppresses NK cytotoxicity and cytokine release(13).
  • allogeneic donor NK cells pre-transfer lymphodepletion to reduce competition for growth factors and cytokines is required(14, 15).
  • systemic IL2 administration is needed to sustain NK cytotoxicity after in vivo transfer, exposing patients to systemic side effects.
  • NK cells Past therapeutic efforts to express endogenous IL2 in NK cells showed limited success with micro metastatic models and were not as efficacious as NK cells stimulated with exogenous IL2( 16). Similarly, effort to express membrane -bound endogenous IL2 did not show any advantage above parental NK92 cells(17).
  • MDSCs myeloid derived suppressor cells
  • Interleukin-2 is an immunostimulatory cytokine for key immune cells including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
  • Systemic IL2 supplementation could enhance NK-mediated immunity in a variety of diseases ranging from neoplasms to viral infection.
  • T-regs T-regulatory
  • IL2 signaling is mediated through interactions with a high affinity multi-subunit receptor complex containing IL2Rot, IL2R and IL2Ry.
  • IL2Rot IL2R and IL2Ry.
  • IL2R T-regulatory
  • IL2 signaling is mediated through interactions with a high affinity multi-subunit receptor complex containing IL2Rot, IL2R and IL2Ry.
  • Adult NK cells may express only IL2R and IL2Ry subunits and are therefore relatively insensitive to IL2.
  • CIRB novel chimeric IL2-IL2R
  • NK92 CIRB are highly activated and expand indefinitely without exogenous IL2. They are highly cytotoxic, and were resistant to TGF- ⁇ and dexamethasone. Furthermore, CIRB induced substantial expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors NKP44, NKP46 and NKP30 as well as CD 16, which enhanced NK cytotoxicity with Trastuzumab via antibody dependent pathways against HER2 positive cells. When compared to an IL2 secreting NK92 cell line (NK92 IL2 ), NK92 CIRB cells display superior in vivo anti- tumor effect and survival in mice (at least 3 weeks).
  • fusion proteins comprising interleukin 2 (IL2) fused to the N-terminus of interleukin 2 receptor beta (IL2R ⁇ 5), with an intervening linker therebetween.
  • the IL2 comprises SEQ ID NO:34
  • the IL2R ⁇ 5 comprises amino acids 27-551 of SEQ ID NO:35.
  • the intervening linker between IL2 and the N-terminus of IL2R comprises an extracellular domain of IL2Ra.
  • the extracellular domain of IL2Ra comprises SEQ ID NO:28.
  • the fusion protein also includes a cytoplasmic domain of IL21R at the C-terminus of IL2R , optionally with an intervening linker therebetween.
  • the cytoplasmic domain of IL21R comprises amino acids 254-538 of SEQ ID NO:36.
  • the fusion protein also includes an activation domain of CD28 at the C-terminus of the IL2R portion, optionally with an intervening linker therebetween.
  • the activation domain of CD28 comprises amino acids 180 to 220 of SEQ ID NO:38.
  • nucleic acids encoding the fusion proteins described herein, as well as expression vectors comprising the nucleic acids, preferably with one or more regulatory regions for expression of a fusion protein described herein.
  • isolated natural killer (NK) cells e.g., NK cells
  • CD3-CD56+ lymphocytes expressing a fusion protein as described herein, preferably wherein the NK cell is CD3-CD56+ lymphocyte also expresses CD 16 and optionally NKP44, NKP46 and NKP30, and the use thereof in treating cancer.
  • Tregs Regulatory T cells
  • IL2 interleukin 2
  • IL2R interleukin 2 receptor beta
  • the Tregs are CD4+CD25+, e.g., CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs (e.g., CD4+CD25highCD127-ICOS+ for atopy Tregs or CD4+CD25+CD127- CD62L+ for GVHD), and are optionally FOXP3+ as well.
  • a subject preferably a human subject, who has cancer (e.g., who has been diagnosed with cancer), comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of natural killer (NK) cells expressing a fusion protein as described herein, preferably wherein the NK cells are CD3-CD56+ lymphocyte also expresses CD16 and optionally NKP44, NKP46 and NKP30.
  • NK cells can be formulated and/or administered in a physiologically acceptable composition, e.g., as described herein, e.g., formulated to be administered intravenously.
  • the subject has a solid tumor.
  • the methods include administering one or more of an anti-tumor monoclonal antibody or a checkpoint inhibitor.
  • the NK cells are administered intravenously.
  • the NK cells are subjected to 500 to 1000 cGy of gamma irradiation prior to being administered.
  • T-reg regulatory T
  • IL2R ⁇ $ interleukin 2 receptor beta
  • the Tregs are CD4+CD25+, e.g., CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs (e.g.,
  • the T-reg cells are administered intravenously.
  • the NK cells are subjected to 500 to 1000 cGy of gamma irradiation prior to being administered.
  • NK cells expressing a fusion protein as described herein for use in treating a subject, preferably a human subject, who has cancer, e.g., a solid tumor.
  • the subject is also administered one or more of an anti- tumor monoclonal antibody or a checkpoint inhibitor.
  • the NK cells are formulated to be administered intravenously.
  • the NK cells are subjected to 500 to 1000 cGy of gamma irradiation prior to being administered. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
  • Figure 1 Diagrams of the Human IL2 and the chimera IL2 fused with receptor IL2R (ORB) in lentiviral constructs.
  • a Linker (L) composed of the cMyc tag (EQKLISEEDL) and a fragment of the extracellular domain of IL2 receptor alpha (EMETSQFPGEEKPQASPEGRPESETSC), joins IL2 and its receptor IL2R .
  • FIGS 2A-D Surface detection and expression of chimera ORB.
  • A detection by anti-cMyc monoclonal antibody of ORB expression at the surface of transiently transfected HEK293 cells and B, in lentivirus transduced NK92 cells.
  • C CD 122 expression detected using an anti-CD 122 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the native IL2R (CD 122) as well as the chimera.
  • CD 122 is present in NK92 IL2 cells and as expected, much higher in NK92 CIRB due to the additional expression of ORB. Expression was higher than the background detected in the absence of antibody (Neg).
  • D ORB was further detected by western blot using monoclonal anti -human IL2.
  • Figures 3A-C - A cytotoxicity assays of NK92 IL2 , NK92 CIRB , and parental NK92 cell lines against multiple myeloma U266GFP cells plated 24 hours prior to co- culture. Increased E/T ratios of NK cells induced more U266GFP cell death as quantified by GFP -emitted fluorescence.
  • B cytotoxicity assay against a panel of five human cancer cell lines: Cells were plated 24 hours prior to adding NK cell lines at
  • FIGS 4A-C Impact of TGF i, IL-4 and Dexamethasone on NK cells viability.
  • A 64x10 3 NK92 IL2 and B, NK92 CIRB cells were plated with TGF i (lOng/ml), IL-4 (lOng/ml), or Dex (luM) for 6 days of growth. Viable cells were counted using Trypan blue. Data are presented as final cell number (10 5 cells/ml), mean + SE values for triplicate samples.
  • C NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cell lines exposed for 24 hours to TGF i (20ng/ml 11), Dex (0.5uM A), or no drug (UT S).
  • NK 92 cells were incubated with IL2 at 20IU/ml. Cancer cells (32 xlO 3 cells), were then added to NK cells at E/T ratio of 2: 1, then incubated for 4 days. Cancer cells viability was determined using a crystal violet extraction assay. Data are presented as mean percentage cell number relative to NK cells-free controls (UT).
  • A Flow cytometry shows the increased cell surface density of CD 16 in NK92 IL2 and
  • N K92 CIRB md the low ex p ress i on 0 f CD25 in NK92 CIRB .
  • B Human primary NK cells (hNK) phenotypic expression of NKG2D, CD25 and CD 16 in comparison to NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB .
  • C direct cytotoxicity and ADCC activity mediated by effector NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells against HER2 positive BT474 cell line at E/T ratio of 2: 1 when incubated with Trastuzumab (lug/ml). Data are presented as cell number percentage relative to NK cells-free controls, mean + SE values for triplicate samples.
  • Figures 6A-B Non-irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells evaluation in vivo.
  • A When U251 tumor volume reached ⁇ 160mm 3 , non-irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells (10 7 cells) were injected into mice (arrows), via the tail vein. A second injection of non-irradiated NK cells (5xl0 6 cells) was carried out 4 days later. Tumor sizes were monitored until 31 days post tumor implantation.
  • B 17 days after the last NK cells injection, animals were sacrificed and blood was collected from 3 animals in each group.
  • Blood samples (0.5ml) were processed and analyzed by flow cytometry using human specific marker CD45 and the mCherry fluorescence marker, which is co-expressed with IL2 or CIRB in NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB , respectively.
  • NK92 CIRB cells detected (circled)
  • Figures 7A-B Cell survival in vitro and anti-tumor efficacy of irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells in vivo.
  • A NK cells were irradiated at lOGy (0.83gy for 12 min) and then plated in complete NK92 media to determine their survival using Trypan Blue every 24 hours. The survival advantage of NK92 CIRB cells was statistically significant at days 1 and 2 (One-way Anova test *P ⁇ 0.05).
  • B PC-3 tumors were grown in 5 week-old male Nod/Scid mice.
  • NK92 IL2 treated group tumors produced a tumor delay of only 7 days (*P ⁇ 0.05). Statistical differences were determined using One-way Anova test.
  • Figure 8 Helix dominated predicted structure of the linker determined using the server(20).
  • Figure 9- Cell growth of NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cell lines - NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cell lines showed fast recovery after freezing and excellent survival after subjection to multiple freezing and plating in tissue culture.
  • NK92 IL2 , NK92 CIRB and IL2 -activated NK92 (10 IU/ml) growths were similar after six days and slightly higher for NK92 at 40IU/ml.
  • NK92-MI cells showed the slowest growth during the same period.
  • FIGS 10A-B- Expression of CD 16 in NK92-MI and NK92 A, Flow cytometry confirms the lack of expression of CD 16 in NK92 and NK92-MI. B, shows the lack of expression of CD 16 in NK92 activated with 100 or lOOOIU/m of glycosylated (G) and non-glycosylated IL2.
  • Figure 11 A schematic illustration showing signaling through JAK-STAT pathway using common signaling chain IL2Rg.
  • FIG. 13 Exemplary schematic of an IL2-IL2R ⁇ 5-IL21 chimera (CIRB21).
  • Figure 14 Graph showing the cytotoxicity of NK92CIRB and NK92CIRB21 vs. PC-3 cells at a ratio of 1 : 1.
  • Figure 15. Graph showing folds expression of activators and cytokines in NK92CIRB and NK92CIRB21 relative to NK92.
  • FIG. 16 IL2R receptor cytoplasmic domain with the activation regions depicted. Box 1 is required for JAK-STAT interaction with Socs 1 inhibitory motif. Y536 is required for STAT5 binding and phosphorylation.
  • FIG. 17 IL21 receptor cytoplasmic domain with the activation regions depicted. Box 1 is required for JAK-STAT interaction with Box 2 contribution. Y519 is required for STAT3 and STATl binding and phosphorylation.
  • FIG. 18 Exemplary schematic of an IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimera (CIRB28).
  • compositions and methods selectively activate and expand NK cells without exogenous IL2, while maintaining NK cytotoxicity and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, circumvent the requirement of IL2Ra and its lack of expression in NK cells, thus avoiding IL2 off-target effects, cytokine competition, and activation of down-regulating lymphoid cells like T-regs.
  • IL2 will bind to either low affinity receptor IL2Ra (CD25) (21) or to intermediary affinity receptor IL2R (CD 122) with the common IL2Ry chain (CD 132) (22,23) and to all, to form a high affinity quaternary complex(24).
  • Adult NK cells may express only IL2R and IL2Ry subunits(25) and are, therefore, relatively insensitive to low doses of IL2, but acquire sensitivity upon IL2Rot expression(26).
  • a recently developed IL2 "superkine" (27) that bypasses IL2Rot by binding directly and with high affinity to IL2R produced better antitumor effects than wild type IL2 in mice. However, it still causes some form of pulmonary edema.
  • the novel chimera CIRB described herein comprises IL2 and its receptor IL2R , joined by a peptide linker derived from the extracellular domain of IL2Rot.
  • the linker was computationally determined as reasonably flexible, without adversely affecting the chimera stability which is generally inversely correlated to
  • CIRB When introduced in NK92 cells, CIRB induces indefinite cell expansion and conferred an in vitro cytotoxicity similar or higher than that elicited by IL2 expression. In vivo, the anticancer activity of NK92 CIRB against mid-size solid tumors was substantially superior to that elicited by NK92 IL2 . Additionally, CIRB confers, in contrast to IL2, substantial resilience to TGF i, dexamethasone as well as IL4.
  • TGF i is secreted by a variety of cells including cancer associated fibroblasts(29), and exists in a membrane bound form on T-regs to induce anergy of NK cells(30), or by MDSCs to inhibit NKG2D expression, and IFN- ⁇ production in NK cells(31).
  • Cancer cells also regularly shed tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) containing a membrane bound form of TGF i resulting in the down regulation of NKG2D(32), and the inhibition of IL2 signaling(33).
  • TDEs tumor-derived exosomes
  • TGF i mediates NK inhibition by an induced microRNA (miR)- 183 which represses the co-activator/adapter DAP 12 expression, thus destabilizing several activation signals in NK cells(34).
  • miR induced microRNA
  • CIRB expression in NK92 CIRB cells also provides resistance to dex while NK92 IL2 cells were eliminated. Dex impairs the function of lymphocytes in part by suppressing IL2 production from CD4+ T cells, and reducing the activation receptors NKG2D and Nkp46 in NK cells (35).
  • Glucocorticoid hormones can interfere with macrophage activation and antigen presentation, repress the transcription of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules and other enzymes involved in the inflammatory response(36).
  • the extreme sensitivity of NK92 IL2 to dex, could be explained by the previously reported destabilization of IL2 RNA(37). This RNA destabilization could potentially occur in NK92 IL2 cells but not when it is fused with IL2RJ3 RNA as in NK92 CIRB cells.
  • CIRB and to a lesser degree the stable expression of IL2 allowed substantial CD 16 expression in NK92 cell line. However, exogenous recombinant IL2 was not able to mediate such expression. Similarly, NK92-MI cell line which produces and secretes IL2 was found deficient in CD 16, as previously reported(38). When combined with Trastuzumab, CD 16 expression further enhanced NK92 CIRB and NK92 IL2 cytotoxicity by ADCC. CIRB induced substantial expression of NCRs, NKP44 (9 fold), NKP46 (1.4 fold) and NKP30 (1.7 fold) as well as a modest but significant increase in INFy. Finally, Granzyme-B expression declined substantially in NK92 IL2 . Interestingly, CD25 expression declined dramatically in NK92 CIRB , as it is unnecessary in the presence of the chimera CIRB (figure 5A).
  • NK92 CIRB can proliferate in vivo far longer and also have a better survival after irradiation than NK92 IL2 cells. They also surpass that of NK92-MI when exposed to similar conditions (38).
  • NK92 IL2 cells secrete sufficient IL2 to sustain their activation and proliferation. However, they may not be able to produce enough IL2 extracellular concentrations to sustain activation and proliferation in vivo. This could be compounded by the competition for IL2 by T-regs and other immune cells in an immune competent animal.
  • novel chimeras described herein comprising CIRB endow NK92 cells with very useful attributes that improve immune therapy of cancer and potentially viral infections.
  • NK92 cells are CD56 + , CD3 " and CD 16 " and require IL2 for growth and activation(43).
  • NK92 cells and other NK cell lines constitute a stable and homogenous population. They are amenable to genetic modification by lentiviruses, a gene transfer platform that has shown a good safety profile for lymphocytes(44). Many encouraging advances have been achieved in NK cell-directed immunotherapy(45). However, the increasing demand for NK cells expansion ex-vivo requires both highly activated cells and reduced costs of cell expansion. Moreover, infused cells must have higher activation potential and possess favorable characteristics against
  • the present strategy includes fusing interleukins to their receptors in the CIRB, CIRB28, and CIRB21 chimeras achieves better cytokine activation, with specificity, and without systemic toxicity or competition by other cellular components of the immune system.
  • Self-activation of NK cells provides several distinguishing features such as resilience to TGF i or glucocorticoid hormones, substantial expression of CD 16, higher survival after irradiation and a superior antitumor activity in vivo.
  • chimeras as described herein, e.g., a chimera comprising IL2 and IL2R ⁇ $ (e.g., CIRB); a chimera comprising IL2, IL2R and IL21R (e.g., CIRB21); and/or a chimera comprising IL2, IL2R , and CD28 (e.g., CIRB28).
  • All of the fusion proteins described herein can be generated using standard molecular biological procedures, e.g., for manipulating and expressing recombinant DNA. See, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F.M. et al.
  • the chimeras can be expressed, e.g., stably expressed, in an NK cell, e.g., a primary or cultured NK cell.
  • the cells are then infused into a subject, e.g., a subject who has (e.g., has been diagnosed with) cancer.
  • sequences used are at least 80% identical to the exemplary sequence as defined herein. In some embodiments, the sequences are at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identical.
  • the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (gaps are introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence as required for optimal alignment, and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).
  • the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 80% (in some embodiments, about 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence) is aligned.
  • the nucleotides or residues at corresponding positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide or residue as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position.
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm.
  • the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (( 1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package, using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
  • CIRB IL2-IL2Rfi
  • fusion proteins described herein include, inter alia, IL2 and IL2R ⁇ $ fused together with an intervening linker.
  • Sequences for IL2 are known in the art; an exemplary human IL2 precursor sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:34.
  • Amino acids 1-20 are a signal sequence, and so can be replaced by other signal sequences if desired.
  • An exemplary nucleic acid sequence for human IL2 is
  • Linker sequences known in the art can be used between the various domains of the fusion protein; for example, one, two, three, four, five or more GGGS sequences can be used.
  • the linker between IL2 and the N- terminus of IL2R ⁇ $ comprises the extracellular domain of IL2Ra
  • EMETSQFPGEEKPQASPEGRPESETSC SEQ ID NO:28.
  • a tag e.g., a cMyc tag (EQKLISEEDL (SEQ ID NO:29)
  • EQKLISEEDL SEQ ID NO:29
  • An exemplary nucleic acid sequence encoding IL2 is available in GenBank at Acc. No. NM_000586.3.
  • Amino acids 1-26 are a signal sequence, and are preferably deleted in the present constructs, e.g., the sequence comprises amino acids 27-551 of SEQ ID NO: 35.
  • Exemplary nucleic acid sequences encoding IL2R ⁇ $ are available in GenBank at Acc. No. NM_000878.4 (Var. 1), NM_001346222.1 (Var. 2); and NM_001346223.1 (Var. 3). Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein.
  • Interleukins IL4, IL7, IL9, IL15 and IL21 belong to the same family as IL2, and use the same common IL2Rg. They all have their own private receptors, except for IL2 and IL15, which use IL2R in addition to their own alpha receptors ( Figure 1 1).
  • soluble IL2, IL4, IL7, or IL21 were added to NK92 cells expressing the chimera NK92 CIRB , only IL21 dramatically enhance cytotoxicity against PC-3 cells.
  • the entire cytoplasmic domain of IL21R was cloned then added Head-to-Tail to the C-terminal of IL2R in the chimera CIRB.
  • the present constructs include the cytoplasmic domain of IL21R at the C-terminus of the IL2R portion (optionally with an intervening linker therebetween).
  • Sequences for IL21R are also known in the art; an exemplary human IL21R precursor sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:36.
  • the IL21R-derived domain comprises amino acids 254-538 of SEQ ID NO:36.
  • An exemplary nucleic acid sequences encoding IL21R is available in GenBank at Acc. No. NM_021798.3.
  • IL2-IL2Rfi-CD28 (CIRB28) in NK Cells
  • NK cells are activated when MHC-1 molecule expression is down regulated in transformed cells (Algarra et al, Hum Immunol 2000;61(l):65-73) and during viral infection (Tortorella et al., Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18:861-92).
  • CD80 expression in tumors was shown to lead to their rejection (Townsend et al., Science 1993;259(5093):368-70), conversely, in CD28 _ " mice, cellular and T cell-dependent immunity are quite deficient (Shahinian et al., Science 1993;261(5121):609-12). Therefore, low levels of CD80 are considered an escape mechanism for tumors in several cancers (Tirapu et al, Cancer Res 2006;66(4):2442-50; Hersey et al, Int J Cancer 1994;58(4):527-32; Bernsen et al, Br J Cancer 2003;88(3):424-31).
  • CD28 activation domain in an anti erbB2 chimeric receptor allowed the inhibition of tumor progression in vivo of a MHC-1 + lymphoma Pegram et al., J Immunol 2008;181(5):3449-55).
  • CD28 is expressed by NK92 cells (Gong et al, Leukemia 1994;8(4):652-8), its activation is not mediated by all cancers.
  • the present constructs include the activation domain of CD28 at the C-terminus of the IL2R portion (optionally with an intervening linker therebetween).
  • Sequences for CD28 are also known in the art; an exemplary human CD28 precursor sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:38.
  • the CD28-derived domain comprises the intracellular domain, e.g., amino acids 180 to 220 of SEQ ID NO:38, i.e.,
  • RSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS (SEQ ID NO: 39).
  • An exemplary nucleic acid sequence encoding CD28 is available in GenBank at Acc. No. NM_006139.3.
  • IL2-IL2Rfi-CD28 in Regulatory T cells (T-regs)
  • AHSCT allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant
  • T-regs cells expressing the transcription factor Forkhead box P3 have been found to suppress or alleviate GVHD during AHSCT (Beres et al., J Immunol
  • CTLA-4 an important down regulator of T-cell activation is up regulated in T-regs and is also controlled by IL2 (Wang et al, Scand J Immunol 2001 ;54(5):453-8; Bell et al., J Autoimmun 2015;56:66-80; Gasteiger et al., Front Immunol 2012;3: 179).
  • T-regs are extremely responsive to IL2, due to their massive CD25 expression (Dieckmann et al, Exp Med 2001 ; 193(1 1): 1303-10) and their ability to reach IL2 sources by chemokine receptor CCR7 (Smigiel et al, J Exp Med 2014;21 1(1): 121-36).
  • activated T-regs have been shown to lower CD25 expression and change their IL2 signaling in favor of ICOS signaling pathway. This leads to instability of FOXP3 expression making the transition possible from an activated and not terminally differentiated T- regs (Sharma et al., Immunity 2010;33(6):942-54) to a pro-inflammatory T-cell effector or develop into IFN-gamma- producing pro-inflammatory Thl effector cells (Zhang et al., J Immunol 2017; 198(7):2612-25; Feng et al, Gastroenterology 201 1 ; 140(7) : 2031 -43 ; Takahashi et al ., J Exp Med 201 1 ;208( 10) :2055 -67) or even Thl 7 (46).
  • T-regs long-term activation and demethylation of CNS2 as well as proliferation require both IL2 and CD28 co-stimulations (Tang and Bluestone, Immunol Rev 2006;212:217-37; Chen et al, J Immunol 201 1 ; 186(1 1):6329-37).
  • the IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimeras described herein could have a dual use: to help NK92 cells override inhibitory signals from MHC-1+ cancer cells, and separately, to activate T-regs for the purpose of treating GVHD.
  • addition of the activation domain of CD28 into a novel chimera, IL2-IL2R -CD28 ( Figure 18), combining co-stimulatory signals from IL2 and CD28 will lead to a superior NK92 activation that could help override tumor escape via MHC-1+.
  • This chimera could also lead to proliferation of T-regs cells with long- term FOXP3 expression.
  • This strategy could bypass the use of artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), dendritic cells or anti-CD3 antibody required for T-regs activation and expansion.
  • aAPC artificial antigen presenting cells
  • dendritic cells or anti-CD3 antibody required for T-regs activation and expansion.
  • compositions described herein can include nucleic acid molecules encoding a chimera as described herein.
  • Nucleic acid molecules comprising expression vectors can be used for expression of the chimeras, e.g., in an NK or T- reg cell as described herein.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the selected chimera can be inserted in an expression vector, to make an expression construct.
  • suitable vectors include recombinant retroviruses, adenovirus, adeno- associated virus, lentivirus, herpes simplex virus- 1, adenovirus-derived vectors, or recombinant bacterial or eukaryotic plasmids.
  • the expression construct can include a coding region for the chimera and one or more regulatory regions, e.g., a promoter sequence, e.g., a promoter sequence that restricts expression to a selected cell type, a conditional promoter, or a strong general promoter; an enhancer sequence; untranslated regulatory sequences, e.g., a 5 'untranslated region (UTR), a 3'UTR; a polyadenylation site; and/or an insulator sequence, that direct expression of the chimera.
  • a promoter sequence e.g., a promoter sequence that restricts expression to a selected cell type, a conditional promoter, or a strong general promoter
  • an enhancer sequence e.g., untranslated regulatory sequences, e.g., a 5 'untranslated region (UTR), a 3'UTR; a polyadenylation site; and/or an insulator sequence, that direct expression of the chimera.
  • Expression constructs can be administered in any biologically effective carrier, e.g. any formulation or composition capable of effectively delivering the component gene to cells in vivo.
  • Viral vectors transfect cells directly; plasmid DNA can be delivered with the help of, for example, cationic liposomes (e.g., Lipofectin) or derivatized (e.g. antibody conjugated), polylysine conjugates, gramicidin S, artificial viral envelopes or other such intracellular carriers, as well as direct injection of the gene construct or CaP04 precipitation.
  • the nucleic acid is applied "naked" to a cell, i.e., is applied in a simple buffer without the use of any additional agents to enhance uptake. See, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular
  • the present methods include expressing, either stably or transiently, a chimera described herein in an NK cell, e.g., a CD3-CD56+ lymphocyte; see Cheng et al, Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2013) 10, 230-252.
  • the NK cell can be a primary cell, e.g., derived from the peripheral blood of a subject and proliferated ex vivo, or can be a cultured NK cell.
  • the cells are obtained by performing apheresis on haploidentical related donors to collect peripheral blood leukocytes, which are then depleted of CD3+ cells before optional expansion and administration. See, e.g., Davis et al., Cancer J. 2015 Nov-Dec; 21(6): 486-491.
  • the cells can be obtained from peripheral or cord blood cells, stem cells or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); see Cheng et al., Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2013) 10, 230-252.
  • NK cell lines are known in the art, e.g., including NK-92, KHYG-1, NKL, NKG, NK-YS, YT, YTS and haNK- l cells, as are methods of making new NK cell lines.
  • NK-92 is a cytolytic cancer cell line that was immortalized ex vivo from NK cells from the blood of a subject suffering from a non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
  • NK- 92 cells retain most of the activating receptors and cytolytic signaling pathways but lack the major inhibitory receptors displayed by normal NK cells, and do not express the Fc receptor CD 16, and so cannot mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • NK-92 cells are tumor-selective and non-immunogenic in humans.
  • the NK- 92 cell line is described in Gong et al, Leukemia. 8:652-8 ( 1994); Yan et al., Clin Cancer Res. 4:2859-68 ( 1998); W01998/49268 and U.S. 2002/0068044.
  • NK-92 cells have been evaluated for potential therapeutic use in cancers, including hematological malignancies; see, e.g., Ljunggren and Malmberg, Nat Rev Immunol. 2007
  • haNK is an NK-92 variant cell line that expresses the high-affinity Fc receptor FcyRIIIa (158V), and is in clinical
  • taNKs are targeted NK-92 cells that have been transfected with a gene that expresses a chimeric antigen receptor for a given tumor antigen.
  • KHYG-1 cells were developed the blood of a patient with aggressive NK leukemia (Yagita et al, Leukemia (2000) 14, 922- 930) that is IL-2 dependent and produces granzyme M.
  • NKL cells were established from the peripheral blood of a patient with CD3-CD 16+CD56+ large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia (Robertson et al., Exp Hematol. 1996 Feb;24(3):406- 15).
  • NKG cells were established from the peripheral blood of a patient with rapidly progressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Cheng et al., Cell Transplant. 201 1 ;20(1 1- 12): 1731 -46).
  • NK-YS cells were established from a patient with a leukemic-state nasal angiocentric natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma with systemic skin infiltration (Tsuchiyama et al., Blood. 1998 Aug 15;92(4): 1374-83).
  • YT cells a human NK-like leukaemia cell line, was established from cells in the pericardial fluid of a patient with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL) and thymoma (Y odoi et al., J Immunol 134: 1623-1630 (1985)); Harnack et al, Anticancer Research 31(2):475-479 (201 1)).
  • YTS is a sub-clone of the NK cell leukemia line YT. All of these cell lines are
  • NK cell lines Klingermann et al., Front. Immunol. 7:91 (2016); Dahlberg et al., Front. Immunol. 6:605 (2015).
  • the cells can be used as is, or modified, e.g., genetically modified as described in US7618817; US8034332 (NK-92 cells secreting cytokines including IL2);
  • NK cells Additional methods for generating and manufacturing cultured NK cells are known in the art; see, e.g., Chabannon et al, Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 504, which provides exemplary parameters for media, cytokines, and culture systems, inter alia.
  • the present methods also include expressing, either stably or transiently, a chimera described herein (e.g., IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimera) in a T-reg cell, i.e., a CD4+/CD25+ T cell.
  • a chimera described herein e.g., IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimera
  • the T-reg cell can be a primary cell, e.g., derived from the peripheral blood of a subject and proliferated ex vivo, or can be a cultured T-reg cell.
  • ex-vivo expanded donor T-reg cells e.g., naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nT-regs) from peripheral blood
  • the cells are obtained from peripheral blood from a donor and expanded ex-vivo using methods known in the art; see, e.g., Dieckmann et al., J. Exp. Med. 193(1 1): 1303-1310 (2001) Chakraborty et al., Haematologica 98(4):533- 537 (2013); Hippen et al., Sci Transl Med. 201 1 May 18; 3(83): 83ra41 ; and Taylor et al, Blood. 2002;99:3493-3499.
  • the cells can be obtained from umbilical cord blood (see, e.g., Brunstein et al., Blood. 201 1 Jan 20; 1 17(3): 1061— 1070).
  • the NK and T-reg cells should be maintained according to good
  • the NK or T-reg cells are engineered to include a suicide gene, e.g., that allows for the cells expressing the gene to be killed by introduction of a specific and selective agent, as a safety measure to guard against tumorigenesis.
  • a suicide gene e.g., that allows for the cells expressing the gene to be killed by introduction of a specific and selective agent, as a safety measure to guard against tumorigenesis.
  • suicide gene systems include the cytosine deaminase gene, the varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase gene, the nitroreductase gene, the Escherichia coli gpt gene, the E. coli Deo gene (see, e.g., Yazawa et al., World J. Surg.
  • TK herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase
  • compositions typically comprise the cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration (Gennaro, 2000).
  • Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., NK or T-reg cells as described herein) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients as required; preferably the solvent is already sterilized, or the formulation can be followed by sterilization.
  • the cells are cryopreserved.
  • the methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with abnormal apoptotic or differentiative processes, e.g., cellular proliferative disorders or cellular differentiative disorders, e.g., cancer, including both solid tumors and hematopoietic cancers.
  • the disorder is a solid tumor, e.g., breast, prostate, pancreatic, brain, hepatic, lung, kidney, skin, or colon cancer.
  • the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of NK cells expressing a chimera as described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
  • to "treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with abnormal apoptotic or differentiative processes.
  • a treatment can result in a reduction in tumor size or growth rate.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein for the treatment of a condition associated with abnormal apoptotic or differentiative processes will result in a reduction in tumor size or decreased growth rate, a reduction in risk or frequency of reoccurrence, a delay in reoccurrence, a reduction in metastasis, increased survival, and/or decreased morbidity and mortality, inter alia.
  • cellular proliferative and/or differentiative disorders include cancer, e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, metastatic disorders or hematopoietic neoplastic disorders, e.g., leukemias.
  • a metastatic tumor can arise from a multitude of primary tumor types, including but not limited to those of prostate, colon, lung, breast and liver origin.
  • cancer refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth.
  • hyperproliferative and neoplastic disease states may be categorized as pathologic, i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state, or may be categorized as non-pathologic, i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state.
  • pathologic i.e., characterizing or constituting a disease state
  • non-pathologic i.e., a deviation from normal but not associated with a disease state.
  • the term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness.
  • Pathologic hyperproliferative occur in disease states characterized by malignant tumor growth. Examples of non-pathologic
  • hyperproliferative cells include proliferation of cells associated with wound repair.
  • cancer or “neoplasms” include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and/or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus.
  • carcinoma is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas,
  • the disease is renal carcinoma or melanoma.
  • Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary.
  • the term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues.
  • An "adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures.
  • the term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
  • proliferative disorders include hematopoietic neoplastic disorders.
  • hematopoietic neoplastic disorders includes diseases involving hyperplastic/neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin, e.g., arising from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof.
  • the diseases arise from poorly differentiated acute leukemias, e.g., erythroblastic leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
  • myeloid disorders include, but are not limited to, acute promyeloid leukemia (APML), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (reviewed in Vaickus, L. ( 1991) Crit Rev. in Oncol. /Hemotol. 1 1 :267-97); lymphoid malignancies include, but are not limited to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which includes B-lineage ALL and T-lineage ALL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), hairy cell leukemia (HLL) and
  • ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • ALL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • PLL prolymphocytic leukemia
  • HLL hairy cell leukemia
  • WM Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
  • Additional forms of malignant lymphomas include, but are not limited to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and variants thereof, peripheral T cell lymphomas, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), cutaneous T- cell lymphoma (CTCL), large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGF), Hodgkin's disease and Reed-Sternberg disease.
  • the methods described herein include methods the treatment of disorders associated with abnormal immune response, e.g., graft-versus-host disease or GVHD or autoimmune disease.
  • the methods can include administering T-regulatory cells expressing a IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimera as described herein to a subject who is in need thereof.
  • Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been shown to be effective in hematologic malignancies and some solid tumors, but the high incidence of GVHD has limited the effectiveness and use of BMT.
  • T-regs cells have shown efficacy in suppressing GVHD; see Olson et al., Blood. 2010 May 27; 1 15(21):4293- 301 ; Sung and Chao, STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, 2013;2:25- 32; Dieckmann et al., J. Exp. Med. 193(1 1): 1303-1310 (2001) Chakraborty et al., Haematologica 98(4):533-537 (2013); Hippen et al, Sci Transl Med. 201 1 May 18; 3(83): 83ra41 ; Taylor et al., Blood. 2002; 99:3493-3499; and Brunstein et al., Blood. 201 1 ; 117(3): 1061-1070).
  • T1D type-1 diabetes
  • rheumatoid arthritis van Amelsfort et al., Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(9):2775-85
  • multiple sclerosis Fletcher et al., J Immunol
  • T-regs e.g., CD4+CD25+, e.g., CD4+CD25+CD 127- Tregs (e.g.,
  • an effective amount of T-regs cells expressing a IL2-IL2R -CD28 chimera as described herein is an amount sufficient to decrease numbers of alloreactive T cells and decrease the self-immune response, e.g., by reduction of donor T cell proliferation and increased T cell apoptosis. See, e.g., Singer et al, Front Immunol. 2014; 5 : 46; Riley et al., Immunity. 2009 May; 30(5): 656-665.
  • the methods include administration, preferably by intravenous infusion, of a therapeutically effective amount of the NK cells described herein.
  • a therapeutically effective dose can be determined empirically, e.g., based on animal experiments and clinical studies.
  • the methods include one or more infusions of at least 10 4 and up to 1 x 10 6 , 5 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 7 , 5 x 10 7 , 1 x 10 8 , 3 x 10 8 , 5 x 10 8 , 1 x 10 9 , or 5 x 10 9 cells per dose, e.g., between 1 billion and 3 billion cells, or any ranges between any two of the numbers, end points inclusive.
  • the cells can be administered to a subject once or can be administered multiple times, e.g., once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23 hours, or once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days, or once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more weeks during therapy, or any ranges between any two of the numbers, end points inclusive. See, e.g., Ljunggren and Malmberg, Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 May;7(5):329-39; Tonn et al, J Hematother Stem Cell Res. 2001 Aug; 10(4):535-44; Klingemann, Cytotherapy. 2005;7(1): 16-22; Malmberg et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2008
  • the cells before being infused into a subject the cells are treated so that they are no longer capable of proliferating, but retain cytotoxic activity.
  • One way of achieving this state is by ⁇ irradiation, e.g., with 500 to 1000 cGy, or with 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 cGy.
  • Additional forms of radiation including, for example, ultraviolet radiation, may be employed. Suitable sources to use for this purpose include, for example, a 137Cs source (Cis-US, Bedford, Mass.; Gammacell 40, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Canada).
  • the cells may include a suicide gene as described above.
  • the subjects before NK cell infusion, can be treated with a preparatory chemotherapy regimen, e.g., high cyclophosphamide and fludarabine (Hi-Cy [60 mg/kg ⁇ 2 days]/Flu [25 mg/m 2 ⁇ 5 days]), low
  • cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m 2
  • methylprednisone 1000 mg/m 2
  • fludarabine alone 25 mg/m 2 ⁇ 5 days
  • total body irradiation e.g., a dose of 200-500, e.g., 400 cGy, radiation.
  • the chimera-expressing NK cells described herein are administered as part of a therapeutic regimen that includes administration of one or more checkpoint blocking agents and/or anti-tumor antibodies.
  • the NK cells can be administered concurrently, e.g., substantially simultaneously or sequentially, with the checkpoint blocking agents and/or anti-tumor antibodies, e.g., within 48, 24, 12, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 hour, or within 45, 30, 20, or 15 minutes of administration of the checkpoint blocking agents and/or anti-tumor antibodies.
  • antibody refers to an immunoglobulin molecule or immunologically active portion thereof, i.e., an antigen-binding portion.
  • immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules include F(ab) and F(ab')2 fragments, which retain the ability to bind antigen.
  • F(ab)2 fragments can be obtained commercially, or using methods known in the art.
  • F(ab)2 fragments can be generated by treating the antibody with an enzyme such as pepsin, a non-specific endopeptidase that normally produces one F(ab)2 fragment and numerous small peptides of the Fc portion.
  • the resulting F(ab)2 fragment is composed of two disulfide-connected Fab units.
  • Fc fragment is extensively degraded and can be separated from the F(ab)2 by dialysis, gel filtration or ion exchange chromatography.
  • F(ab) fragments can be generated using papain, a nonspecific thiol-endopeptidase that digests IgG molecules, in the presence of a reducing agent, into three fragments of similar size: two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.
  • papain is the enzyme of choice because it yields a 50,00 Dalton Fc fragment; to isolate the F(ab) fragments, the Fc fragments can be removed, e.g., by affinity purification using protein A/G.
  • kits are available commercially for generating F(ab) fragments, including the ImmunoPure IgGl Fab and F(ab')2 Preparation Kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL).
  • kits for generating antigen-binding fragments can be used, e.g., Bio Express, West Riverside, NH.
  • the antibody can be a polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, e.g., a chimeric, de-immunized or humanized, fully human, non-human, e.g., murine, or single chain antibody.
  • the antibody has effector function and can fix complement.
  • the antibody has reduced or no ability to bind an Fc receptor.
  • the antibody can be an isotype or subtype, fragment or other mutant, which does not support binding to an Fc receptor, e.g., it has a mutagenized or deleted Fc receptor binding region.
  • the antibody can be coupled to a toxin or imaging agent.
  • Therapeutic anti-tumor antibodies are also known in the art and include human, humanized and chimeric antibodies that bind to tumor antigens.
  • the antibodies are typically monoclonal and can be, e.g., naked, conjugated, or bispecific. Specific examples include alemtuzumab, rituxumab, trastuzumab, ibritumomab, gemtuzumab, brentuximab, adotranstuzumab, blinatunomab, daratumumab and elotuzumab; abciximab; adalimumab; alefacept; basiliximab; belimumab;
  • bezlotoxumab canakinumab; certolizumab pegol; cetuximab; daclizumab;
  • denosumab denosumab; efalizumab; elotuzumab; golimumab; inflectra; ipilimumab; ixekizumab; natalizumab; nivolumab; obinutuzumab; olaratumab; omalizumab; palivizumab; panitumumab; pembrolizumab; tocilizumab; secukinumab; and ustekinumab.
  • a number of antibodies against cancer-related antigens are known; exemplary antibodies are described in Tables 2-3 (Ross et al., Am J Clin Pathol 119(4):472-485, 2003).
  • the method can be used, e.g., to treat a subject who has a cancer that the antitumor antibody has been approved to treat (e.g., NK cells in combination with trastuzumab for a subject who has breast cancer, with berntuximab in a subject who has Hodgkin lymphoma, with daratumumab in a subject who has multiple myeloma, or with elotuzumab in a subject who has multiple myeloma).
  • a subject who has a cancer that the antitumor antibody has been approved to treat e.g., NK cells in combination with trastuzumab for a subject who has breast cancer, with berntuximab in a subject who has Hodgkin lymphoma, with daratumumab in a subject who has multiple myeloma, or with elotuzumab in a subject who has multiple myeloma).
  • Checkpoint blocking agents include antibodies directed to CTLA-4 (e.g., ipilimumab, tremelimumab); PD-1 (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab, BGB-A317); PD-Ll (e.g., atezolizumab, avelumab and durvalumab).
  • CTLA-4 e.g., ipilimumab, tremelimumab
  • PD-1 e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab, BGB-A317
  • PD-Ll e.g., atezolizumab, avelumab and durvalumab.
  • Reagents - Dexamethasone (Dex), chloroquine and Matrigel (cat# 126-2.5) and human glycosylated IL2 were from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
  • Horse serum (HS), DMEM/F12 medium, Lipofectamine 2000 and TRIzol were from Life Technologies.
  • Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Atlanta Biologicals.
  • RPMI 1640 was from LONZA. Smartscribe and Blueprint Onestep RT-PCR Takara kit were from Clontech Laboratories; Platinum SYBR Green qPCR was from Invitrogen, PfuUltra DNA polymerase was from Stratagene.
  • Human TGF i was from Antigenix America Inc.
  • IL2 was obtained from MGH-DF/HCC Recombinant Protein Core (Boston, MA). Human IL-4 was from Shenandoah Biotechnology Inc. Anti-HER2 (Trastuzumab), humanized Antibody was from BioVision Inc. Plasmids - packaging plasmid pVSV was from Clontech Laboratories, pCMV-dR8.2 dvpr was from Addgene (plasmid # 8455). Lentiviral vectors CSCW- GFP and CSCW-mCherry were from MGH Vector Core (Boston, MA).
  • HEK293T, NK92, NK92-MI U251, PC-3, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, Panc-1, U251, BT474 and U266 cells were from ATCC.
  • U266-GFP-Luc and NK92- mCherry-Luc cells were generated by lentiviral transduction using CSCW-GFP and CSCW-mCherry lentiviral vectors, respectively.
  • Tumor cell lines PC-3, U251, U266, Panc-1, BT474 and MDA-MB-231 were cultured in complete RPMI1640 medium.
  • HEK293T and HepG2 cells were cultured in complete DMEM/F12.
  • NK92 and derived cell lines were cultured in RPMI1640 with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, and 10% heat-inactivated horse serum, supplemented with 0.2 mM I-Inositol, 0.02 mM folic acid, 0.1 mM 2- ⁇ mercaptoethanol, 2 mM L-glutamine, add 100 IU/ml IL2. All cell lines and assay cultures were maintained at 37 °C and 5% C02.
  • Chimera CIRB construction - IL2 cDNA was amplified from human brain total RNA by RTPCR using Forward primer 5 ' -
  • GGATTACCTTTTGTCAAAGCATCATCTCAACACTGACTGAGCAGAAGCTC ATTTCGGAAGAAGACCTTGAAATGGAGACCAGTCAGTTTCCAGG-3 ' (SEQ ID NO:3), bridging IL2 C-terminal (12 amino acids before the stop codon), and contains the cMyc Tag, the sequence between amino acids 187-194 of IL2Ra as well as and the non-coding 3 ' sequence of IL2 plasmid.
  • This primer was used with reverse oligo 5 ' -CCTGATATGTTTTAAGTGGGAAGCACTTAATTATCAGATTGT TCTTCTACTCTTCCTCTGTCTCC -3' (SEQ ID NO: 4).
  • the amplified fragment was used, as an oligo to mutagenize IL2 wild type resulting in an IL2-IL2Ra chimera.
  • the IL2 receptor alpha chimera was used to amplify IL2 with a C-terminal cMyc tag followed by only the extra cellular domain of IL2Ra then followed by the N-terminal fragment of IL2R using Forward 5'- TGCAGGATCCACTCACAGTAACCTCAACTCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:5) and reverse 5 -GGGAAGTGCCATTCACCGCGCAGGAAGTCTCACTCTCAGGA-3 (SEQ ID NO:6). This later introduces the N-terminal end of IL2R ⁇ $.
  • the product was then re- amplified using the same forward primer and reverse 5'-GGCTCTCGAGTTGTAG AAGCATGTGAACTGGGAAGTGCC ATTCACCGC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 7).
  • An Xbal site in IL2 was first removed by mutagenesis using primers forward 5'- CATCTTCAGTGCCTAGAAGAAGAACTC-3 ' (SEQ ID NO : 8) and reverse 5 ' - GAGTTCTTCTTCTAGGCACTGAAGATG-3 ' (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • IL2R was then amplified using forward 5 ' -TTCCCAGTTCACATGCTTCTACAAGTCGA
  • Lentivirus production and transduction - HEK293T cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 with 2.4 ⁇ g DNA of pVSV, pCMVdr8.2dvrp and the lentiviral construct CSCW-GFP or CSCW-mCherry vectors expressing either CIRB or IL2 constructs, using the ratios 1 : 0.4: 1, respectively, with 25uM chloroquine. 6 hours post-transfection media was changed and cells were incubated for 36 hours prior to collecting and filtering lentiviral supernatant through a 0.45um syringe filter. Viral titers were determined by serial dilutions and counting of mCherry expressing HEK293T cells.
  • NK92 cells were infected by spinoculation at 1800g for 45min at an optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 46 lentiviral particles per cell in a 2ml- Eppendorf tube containing 2xl0 5 cells. Infected cells were then plated in a 6-well plate supplemented with lOOIU/ml of IL2. Two days later, media was changed but without IL2.
  • NK92 cell lines expressing IL2 (NK92 IL2 ) or CIRB (NK92 CIRB ) were then permanently weaned of exogenous IL2.
  • NK92 CIRB growt h was compared to NK92 IL2 , parental NK92 and IL2- independent NK92-MI cell line. 60xl0 3 cells were cultured in 6 well plates for 3days after which 3ml fresh media were added on top of old media for another 3days. Viable cells were counted by Trypan blue exclusion using a Bio-Rad TC20TM automated cell counter. Protein expression was detected by western blot on total cell lysate obtained by sonication.
  • Flow cytometry - NK cell markers expression was verified using mouse anti- Human antibodies to CD45-APC-CY7, CD25-FITC, CD 16-PE, CD3-PECY7, CD56- PAC BLUE and CD 122-PE, purchased from BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA.
  • Antibodies to NKG2D-APC were from BioLegend, DAPI from Invitrogen, mouse anti-cMyc: sureLight APC was from Columbia Biosciences.
  • Cells were sorted at MGH Flow Cytometry Core facility using a BD 5 laser SORP FACS Vantage SE Diva system (BD Biosciences) using argon-ion laser excitation (633 nm and 35mW for excitation). Intact cells were gated using the forward and sideward scatter from 488 nm excitation and 320 mW. Data acquisition was carried out by analyzing 10 5 events/sample, using CellQuest Software (BD Biosciences). FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo Software (Tree Star, Inc.). Human primary NK cells were extracted from peripheral blood of healthy donors using the RosettesepTM human enrichment kit (StemCell technologies), following the manufacturer protocol.
  • NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells Cytotoxic activity of NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells - To assess the cytolytic effects of NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB , compared to the parental NK92 cell line (pre-stimulated for 24 hours with IL2, lOOIU/ml). 8xl0 3 U266GFP cells (selected for firm adherence), were plated in triplicate in 96 well plates. 24 hours later NK cells lines were added at effector/target cells ratios (E/T) of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 and 2/1. After two days of co-culture NK cells were suspended to allow further killing of U266GFP cells. After a total 4 days co-culture, U266GFP cell survival was evaluated using a SpectraMax® M2 Microplate fluorescence reader (Molecular Devices) with excitation at 485nm and emission at 515nm.
  • E/T effector/target cells
  • Another set of experiments evaluated the anti -cancer effect of NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB on a panel of five cancer cell lines, U25 1GM, PC-3, Panc- 1, MDA- MB-231 and HepG2 cells.
  • 32xl0 3 cells for each cancer cell line were first plated in a 24-well plate for either 24 hours prior to adding NK92 (pre-stimulated with IL2, lOOIU/ml), NK92 IL2 or NK92 CIRB at E/T ratio of 2/1 target cancer cell ( Figure 3B), or only 5 hours (Figure 3C) before adding NK92 IL2 or NK92 CIRB at E/T ratios of 0/1, 1/1, 2/1, and 3/1 for each cancer cell line. Co-cultured cells were then incubated for 4 days. Cell viability of cancer cells after this time was determined using a 0.1% crystal violet in al0% alcohol solution followed by extraction using 70% ethanol and reading absorbance at 595nm. ADCC of NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB against Her2 positive breast cancer cell line BT474 -
  • Target Breast cancer BT474 (8xl0 3 cells) was plated in 96-well plates. 24 hours later cells were incubated for 20min at room temperature with lug/ml
  • NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB 64xl0 3 cells
  • TGF i 20ng/ml
  • 11-4 20ng/ml
  • Dex 0.5uM
  • parental NK92 cells were incubated with IL2 at 20IU/ml.
  • Cancer cells U251GM, PC-3, Panc-1, MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells 32 xlO 3 cells were then added to NK cells at an E/T ratio of 2: 1.
  • Co-cultured cells were then incubated for 4 days. Cell viability of cancer cells after this time was determined using crystal violet/alcohol-extraction assay.
  • TGF i immunosuppressors
  • IL-4 and Dex were plated in triplicate in a 12-well plate, grown under TGF i (lOng/ml), IL-4 (lOng/ml), or Dex (luM) for 3days, then refreshed for another 3 days of growth under the same conditions for a total of six days. After that time cells viability was determined with Trypan blue.
  • mice 5 week-old (24-25g) male NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid I12rgtml Wjl/SzJ immunodeficient mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory and were housed in the MGH center for comparative medicine. These animals are devoid of B and T cells as well as NK cells, thus offer a suitable platform to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of modified NK cells.
  • U251 or PC-3 cells were suspended in serum-free RPMI containing 20% Matrigel and injected sub-cutaneously (s.c.) as 4xl0 6 cells for PC-3 or 3xl0 6 cells for U251 in a volume of 0.5 ml using a 0.5-inch 29-gauge needle and a 1 ml insulin syringe.
  • Treatment with NK92 CIRB or NK92 IL2 was initiated when the average tumor volume reached -200 mm 3 for PC-3 or ⁇ 160mm 3 for U251.
  • NK92 CIRB or NK92 IL2 were not irradiated.
  • NK92 CIRB and NK92 IL2 were grown s.c. in Nod/scid mice. When tumor size reached ⁇ 160mm 3 , non- irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells (10 7 cells in 200ul per mouse), were injected, via the tail vein. A second injection of non-irradiated NK cells (5xl0 6 cells) was carried out 4 days later. 17 days later, animals were killed and cardiac blood was collected from 3 animals in each group. Heparinized blood was processed and analyzed by flow cytometry using human specific anti-CD45 and mCherry fluorescent protein, which is exclusively co-expressed with IL2 or CIRB via an internal ribosome entry site.
  • NK92 CIRB and NK92 IL2 were then cultured and their survival was determined, using Trypan Blue every 24 hours for 3 days.
  • cytotoxicity effectors in NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 cmB Expression profiles of natural cytotoxicity receptors NKP30, NKP44, NKP46, cytolytic enzymes Perforin- 1 and Granzyme-B, and cytokines TNFa and IFN- ⁇ were quantified by qRT-PCR using the primers listed in Table 1. Results were analyzed using comparative CT ( ⁇ ) method and are presented as RNA folds relative to NK92 parental cell line after normalization to the GAPDH RNA content of each sample.
  • the quaternary crystal structure of IL2 and its receptors complex (20) shows that the C-terminal end of IL2 and the N-terminal residue of IL2R are separated by 41 A.
  • a linker between IL2 and the N-terminus of IL2R we choose the extracellular domain of IL2Ra (EMETSQFPGEEKPQASPEGRPESETSC (SEQ ID NO:28)).
  • a cMyc tag EQKLISEEDL (SEQ ID NO:29) was added between IL2 and the linker.
  • the fully mature receptor IL2R protein coding sequence was placed after the linker to yield the full chimera CIRB ( Figure 1).
  • NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cell lines acquire IL2 independence and proliferate indefinitely. Both cell lines showed similar growth during a 6-days period and faster than NK92-MI another IL2-independent cell line (Figs. 6A-B), with robust survival after subjection to multiple freezing and plating cycles in culture, comparatively to the parental NK92 cell line and NK92-MI.
  • Using an anti-cMyc monoclonal antibody we next examined the expression of CIRB at the cell surface of transiently transfected HEK293 cells ( Figure 2A) and stable NK92 CIRB cells ( Figure 2B). We found clear evidence of the surface expression of cMyc in NK92 CIRB but not in NK92 IL2 cells.
  • CIRB expression was further confirmed using an anti-CD 122 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the native IL2R as well as the chimera shows that the endogenous CD 122 is present in NK92 IL2 cells, as expected, but at levels lower than in NK92 CIRB cell line, which express both IL2R and CIRB.
  • the expression of the full-length chimera CIRB was further detected by western blot using monoclonal anti-human IL2.
  • Figure 2D shows a full-length size of 95 kDa, which is higher than the predicted size of 80kDa and could be due to post-translational glycosylation.
  • FIG. 3A shows that the parental NK92 cell line, although pre-stimulated with lOOIU/ml of IL2, was far less cytotoxic than NK92 IL2 or NK92 CIRB .
  • IL2 was absent during the four days of co- culture.
  • NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells showed equivalent cytotoxicity toward
  • NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells were plated 24 hours prior to adding NK cell lines.
  • the cytotoxicity of NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells were generally equivalent with a slight edge to NK92 CIRB .
  • NK92 cell were inferior to the other two NK lines.
  • cancer cells were plated only 5 hours prior to adding NK cells (Figure 3C) the cytotoxicity of NK cell lines became more pronounced than at 24 hours post plating.
  • Transforming growth factor TGF 1 is an immunosuppressor overexpressed in the TME and is known to inhibit NK cells functions by destabilizing several activation signals in NK cells (34).
  • the glucocorticoid dexamethasone impairs the function of lymphocytes in part by suppressing IL2 production from CD4+ T cells (35).
  • IL-4 was reported to inhibit the proliferation of NK cells (48).
  • Figure 4A shows that NK92 IL2 cells did not survive the exposure to dex, and their proliferation was inhibited strongly by TGF i and to some extent by IL4. In contrast, the proliferation of NK92 CIRB cells was not significantly affected by TGF i or IL4 and was only weakly inhibited by dex (Figure 4B).
  • NK cells affected more killing in these experimental conditions since cancer cells were added to already plated NK92 cells and are more vulnerable if not already attached. Additionally, the parental NK92 cells were plated with IL2 in the media (20IU/ml) and are therefore more active than in other experiments. NK92 CIRB cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231, PC-3 and HepG2 was not affected. Dex severely reduced cytotoxicity of NK92 IL2 cells towards all cancer cell lines.
  • NK92 cells also showed resistance to dex inhibition in MDA-MB-231 and HepG2.
  • Overall immunosuppression of NK92 CIRB cells was weaker than in the NK92 and NK92 IL2 lines and was also dependent on the target cancer cell line.
  • Example 5 CD16 is substantially induced by endogenous expression of the chimera CIRB
  • NK92 cells are CD56 + , CD3 " , CD16 ⁇ CD25 + , CD45 + and NKg2D " ( Figure 5A).
  • NK92 IL2 cells, NK92 CIRB cells, and freshly isolated human NK (hNK) cells display different patterns of marker expression.
  • the cell lines NK92 IL2 , NK92 CIRB , and hNK cells are all CD 16 + , with expression levels of hNK > NK92 CIRB > NK92 IL2 ( Figure 5B).
  • Figure 5C shows that in the absence Trastuzumab and when using an E/T ratio of 2: 1, BT474 cells were not affected by the direct cytotoxicity of NK cells.
  • both NK92 CIRB andNK92 IL2 exerted substantial cytotoxicity of about 60% and 50%, respectively.
  • Trastuzumab alone at lug/ml did not affect significantly the survival of BT474.
  • parental NK92 did not provoke any significant cytotoxicity against BT474 in the presence of Tratstuzumab.
  • Example 7 Expression profiles of cytotoxicity effectors in NK92, NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB
  • NK92 CIRB cells qPCR analysis of NK92 CIRB cells revealed dramatic increases of natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCRs), NKP30 (1.7 fold), NKP44 (9 fold) and NKP46 (1.4 fold), compared to NK92 IL2 and parental NK92 stimulated with IL2 for 48 hours.
  • NCRs natural cytotoxicity receptor
  • NKP30 1.7 fold
  • NKP44 9 fold
  • NKP46 1.4 fold
  • Example 8 In vivo detection of circulating ⁇ 92 ⁇ 2 and NK92 CIRB cells
  • NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB were evaluated in the context of tumor-bearing animals.
  • U25 IMG tumor cells were grown s.c. in Nod/scid mice.
  • tumor size reached an average of 160mm 3
  • animals received, within 4 days, two injections of non-irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells via the tail vein.
  • Figure 6A shows that within 24 hours of the first injection of live NK92 CIRB cells, rapid tumor volume regression of 46% was observed, while NK92 IL2 cells caused 35% reduction.
  • tumors continued to grow in untreated animals to reach a maximal limit size nearing 200mm 3 before regressing.
  • NK92 cell line was isolated from an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma patient (43). Therefore, FDA requires NK92 cells irradiation between 5 and lOGy prior to infusion to prevent proliferation. Under these conditions irradiated NK92 cells viability declines dramatically within 2 days.
  • NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB were irradiated at lOGy (0.83gy for 12 min) and then plated in complete NK92 media to determine their survival using Trypan Blue every 24 hours.
  • Figure 7A shows that 24hours post- irradiation, 57% of NK92 CIRB cells and 45% of NK92 IL2 cells survive. The survival NK92 CIRB advantage was statistically significant at days 1 and 2 (*P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Example 10 Anti-tumor efficacy of irradiated NK92 IL2 and NK92 CIRB cells
  • Prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (50) is androgen receptor and PSA negative and forms very aggressive tumors when grown in Nod/Scid mice.
  • irradiated NK cells 500cGy
  • Figure 7B shows that the growth of PC-3 tumors in the NK92 CIRB -treated group was slowed after the first injection.
  • a significant tumor growth delay of about 17 days was recorded in the period between 1 st and 4 th NK92 CIRB cells injections (**P ⁇ 0.01), comparatively to the untreated group.
  • the NK92 IL2 -treated group tumors produced only a tumor delay of 7 days from the untreated tumors group (*P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Example 11 Design, construction, and testing of a CIRB21 chimera Interleukins IL4, IL7, IL9, IL15 and IL21 belong to the same family as IL2, and use the same common IL2Rg. They all have their own private receptors, except for IL2 and IL15, which use IL2R in addition to their own alpha receptors (Figure 11).
  • IL2, IL4, IL7, and IL21 We examined the impact of added cytokines (IL2, IL4, IL7, and IL21) on the cytotoxicity of NK92 cells expressing the chimera NK92 CIRB , against PC-3 cells. We found that only IL21 was able to enhance dramatically their cytotoxicity (Figure 12, shows only IL21 and IL2 impact).
  • IL2 has been shown to mainly activate STAT5 (51), IL21 preferentially activates STAT3 (52,53) and STATl (54). It has been shown that this activation leads to Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) production (55) and this might explain the dramatic enhancement in cancer cell killing we saw (Figure 14).
  • RNA expression analysis by qPCR revealed the remarkable extent of activation driven by the hybrid receptor CIRB21 compared to CIRB.
  • Figure 15 shows that IFN-g, Granzyme-B and Perforin- 1 were increased in CIRB21 by 5, 6 and 3 fold, respectively, above the levels in CIRB and NK92.
  • IL-21 signaling also induces the transcription of many other genes (reviewed in (56)) including suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS 1) and SOCS3 proteins, which down regulate the JAK-STAT pathway and inhibit signaling by IL2 (57,58). This inhibition could be behind the slower growth of NK92 expressing the chimera CIRB21.
  • SOCS 1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
  • SOCS3 proteins which down regulate the JAK-STAT pathway and inhibit signaling by IL2 (57,58). This inhibition could be behind the slower growth of NK92 expressing the chimera CIRB21.
  • NK92CIRB21 cell growth This result suggests either the absence of STAT3 homodimers and the possible heterodimerization of STATl and STAT3 or a predominance of STATl homodimers.
  • STATl and STAT3 have usually opposing biological effects. While STAT3 is an oncogene (59,60), STATl acts as a tumor suppressor (61,62). STATl phosphorylation can be mediated by IFNg (63), which is highly produced in NK92CIRB21. Therefore, it is possible that the slower growth of NK92CIRB21 cells is caused by STATl tumor suppressor activity. Three methodologies are used to restore faster growth of NK92CIRB21 without affecting their current dramatic cytotoxicity.
  • the current configuration of CIRB21 is sterically unfavorable to IL2R due to lack of a spacer between the two cytoplasmic domains of IL2R ⁇ $ and IL21R in the exemplary construct. Therefore, the CIRB21 chimera is modified to add a flexible linker, e.g., a (GGGS)n linker, between IL2R and IL21R. This is done using high fidelity PCR using the method of overlapping extension. The impact of the linker is examined by stable expression of the resulting chimera in NK92 cells.
  • a flexible linker e.g., a (GGGS)n linker
  • NKAML a pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of haploidentical natural killer cell transplantation in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol
  • Transforming growth factor-betal induces desmoplasia in an experimental model of human pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001 ;61(2):550-5.

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