WO2017148507A1 - Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur - Google Patents

Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017148507A1
WO2017148507A1 PCT/EP2016/054311 EP2016054311W WO2017148507A1 WO 2017148507 A1 WO2017148507 A1 WO 2017148507A1 EP 2016054311 W EP2016054311 W EP 2016054311W WO 2017148507 A1 WO2017148507 A1 WO 2017148507A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sulfur
electrolyte
container
complexing agent
based electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2016/054311
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael CASPERSEN
Sune Daaskov EGELUND
Kasper Tipsmark THERKILDSEN
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority to DK16707713.0T priority Critical patent/DK3400322T3/da
Priority to PCT/EP2016/054311 priority patent/WO2017148507A1/fr
Priority to EP16707713.0A priority patent/EP3400322B1/fr
Publication of WO2017148507A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017148507A1/fr
Priority to IL261145A priority patent/IL261145B/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
    • C25B15/085—Removing impurities
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to techniques for activating Sulfur-based electrode i.e. electrode comprising sulfur and an electrically conducting non-Sulfur material.
  • electrolysis is used for various purposes, for example in Hydrogen and/or Oxygen generation which are achieved by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an electrolyser by electrolysis of electrolyte i.e. generally water.
  • electrolyte i.e. generally water.
  • alkaline or acidic water is used as the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyser includes electrodes that conduct electrical energy to the electrolyte and thus decomposes the electrolyte.
  • a com- monly used electrode in electrolysers is Sulfur-based elec ⁇ trode for example a metal-sulfur electrode such as a Nickel- Sulfur electrode which is primarily employed as cathode in the electrolyser.
  • the metal-sulfur electrodes are produced by various methods such as electrodeposition .
  • One such method for preparing metal-sulfur electrode is described in United States Patent no. 4,171,247 titled x Method for preparing ac ⁇ tive cathodes for electrochemical processes' which describes preparation of electrodes of the nickel-sulfur type using an electrodeposition bath.
  • Such electrodeposition baths are typical ⁇ ly composed of a nickel salt and a sulfur releasing compound.
  • the sulfur releasing compound is typically selected among Thiourea, Potassium thiocyanate, Sodium thiocyanate, and So ⁇ dium hydrosulfite .
  • an electro-catalytic coating is formed on surface of the electrode, usually the electrode to be used as the cathode in the electrolyser .
  • the coating is usually formed on top of a metallic substrate and it is characterized by its amorphous or nanocrystalline structure.
  • Such coatings have beneficial properties for the HER and/or the OER especially in alkaline electrolysis and in the chloralkali process.
  • the formed amorphous alloy formed by the electro-catalytic coating generally includes one or more elements but the main constituent is usually Nickel. Additionally, the electro- catalytic coating includes sulfur. The amount of incorporated sulfur usually varies between 10 and 30 wt%. Other elements can be Cobalt, Molybdenum and Iron. The sulfur containing electro-catalytic coating along with the underlying metallic substrate together forms the electrode.
  • the removal of the sulfur from the Sulfur-based electrode is typically a slow process and usually takes several days going up to months.
  • the sulfur that is slowly released by the Sul ⁇ fur-based electrode accumulates in the electrolyser and the electrolyser components introducing a contamination and corrosion risk and further increases risk of stress corrosion cracking of pressurized parts of the electrolyser, if any, thereby decreasing lifetime of the electrolyser.
  • the object of the present disclosure is to provide a technique by which release and accumulation of sulfur within the electrolyser is at least partially obviated when using in the electrolyser an electrode that has sulfur and an electri- cally conducting non-sulfur material.
  • the electrolyte in which the sulfur is released is rendered at least partially free from the released sulfur and may be reused in the electrolysis reaction in the elec ⁇ trolyser .
  • a method for activating a Sulfur-based electrode for an electrolyser is provided.
  • the Sulfur-based electrode is formed of sulfur and an electrically conductive non-sulfur material.
  • an electrolyte and a complexing agent are provided to a container, either simultaneously or successively.
  • the elec ⁇ trolyte and the complexing agent are provided either sepa ⁇ rately or as a mixed with each other.
  • the Sulfur-based elec- trode is positioned in the container.
  • the electrolyte and the complexing agent are contacted with at least a part of a sur ⁇ face of the Sulfur-based electrode.
  • the electrolyte reacts with the Sulfur-based electrode to release at least a part of the sulfur from the Sulfur-based electrode.
  • the complexing agent reacts with the released sulfur to form a coordination complex with the released sulfur. Finally in the method, the coordination complex is removed from the container.
  • the coordination complex formed by the chemical reaction be- tween the released sulfur and the complexing agent is in sol ⁇ id state, for example an amorphous state and thus can be re ⁇ moved with ease from the electrolyte which is in liquid state.
  • the removal of the coordination complex may be per- formed for example by filtration.
  • the electrolyte is alkaline water.
  • the method is applicable to alkaline water elec ⁇ trolysis technique.
  • the complexing agent comprises one of Barium hydroxide, Barium chloride, Barium nitrate, Strontium hydroxide, Strontium chloride, Strontium nitrate, Calcium hydroxide, Calcium chloride, Calcium ni ⁇ trate, and a combination thereof.
  • the aforementioned chemi ⁇ cals are readily available or can be easily made and thus provide a simple way of implementing the method of the pre ⁇ sent technique.
  • the Barium, Strontium and/or Calcium from the hydroxides of Barium, Strontium and/or Calcium used as the complexing agent is removed as part of the coordination complex, leaving only the hydroxide ion in the electrolyte, and thus does not interfere with the chemistry of the electrolyte.
  • the container is a part of the electrolyser in which the Sulfur-based electrode is positioned for carrying out electrolysis of the electrolyte.
  • the method is per ⁇ formed simultaneously with the electrolysis of the electro ⁇ lyte.
  • the electrical energy applied to the Sulfur-based elec ⁇ trode for the electrolysis of the electrolyte further in ⁇ creases the rate of the release of the sulfur from the Sul- fur-based electrode and thus increasing the rate at which the method for activation of the Sulfur-based electrode according to the present technique is performed.
  • the container is dis- tinct from the electrolyser i.e. the container is not a part of the electrolyser and the method is performed prior to electrolysis of the electrolyte. Subsequently, the electroly ⁇ sis of the electrolyte may be performed using the activated electrode in the electrolyser.
  • an electrical voltage is applied to the Sulfur-based electrode while the electrolyte and the complexing agent are contacted with the Sulfur-based electrode.
  • the Sulfur- based electrode is activated prior to being integrated into the electrolyser. This obviates requirement of modifying the electrolyser to integrate a mechanism for removal of the co ⁇ ordination complex.
  • the electrolyte subsequently may be used in the electrolyser for electrolysis reaction or may be used back in the container for subsequent- ly performing the method for activating the Sulfur-based electrode .
  • the coordination complex is removed by filtration.
  • This provides a simple and cost ef- fective way of removing the coordination complex from the electrolyte .
  • an ar ⁇ rangement for activating a Sulfur-based electrode is provid ⁇ ed.
  • the Sulfur-based electrode is for an electrolyser and comprises sulfur and an electrically conductive non-sulfur material.
  • the arrangement includes a container, an electro ⁇ lyte feed and a filtration unit. The container receives the Sulfur-based electrode.
  • At least a part of the Sulfur-based electrode is positioned within the container such that elec ⁇ trolysis of an electrolyte may be carried out using the Sul- fur-based electrode positioned within the container.
  • the electrolyte feed provides the electrolyte and a complexing agent to the container and the container receives the elec ⁇ trolyte and the complexing agent.
  • the electrolyte and the complexing agent so received are contacted with at least a part of a surface of the Sulfur-based electrode within the container.
  • At least a part of the sulfur is released from the Sulfur-based electrode by a chemical action of the electro ⁇ lyte and the part of the sulfur so released forms a coordina ⁇ tion complex by a chemical action with the complexing agent.
  • the filtration unit is in fluid communication with the container. The filtration unit receives the electrolyte from the container after the electrolyte and the complexing agent are contacted with the part of the Sulfur-based electrode within the container. The filtration unit then removes, by filtra- tion, at least a part of the coordination complex from the electrolyte so received. Finally the filtration unit provides the electrolyte so filtered to the container.
  • the coordina ⁇ tion complex formed by the chemical reaction between the re ⁇ leased sulfur and the complexing agent is in solid state, for example an amorphous state and thus can be removed by the filtration unit with ease from the electrolyte which is in liquid state.
  • the electrolyte feed comprises a mixer.
  • the mixer mixes the electrolyte and the complexing agent, for example the mixer by physical action dissolves the complexing agent into the electrolyte, before the electrolyte and the complexing agent are provided to the container .
  • FIG 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an arrangement of the present technique
  • FIG 2 depicts a flow chart showing an exemplary embodi ⁇ ment of a method of the present technique.
  • the Sulfur-based electrode (hereinafter also referred to as, the electrode) may have sulfur limited to a coating formed on top of a substrate or may have sulfur present in the entire electrode material and not only limited to the coating, if present.
  • the at least one electrically conducting non-Sulfur material may be, but not limited to, a metal such as Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Chromium, Aluminium, Molybdenum, and a combination thereof. In the present application, hereinafter, Nickel (Ni) has been used as an example for the electrically con ⁇ ducting non-Sulfur material; however, it is noteworthy that the scope of the present technique is not limited to only Ni .
  • the Sulfur-based electrode may be understood as an electrode having sulfur and Ni in a coating on a surface of an electrically conducting substrate material such as, but not limited to, a metallic substrate for example stainless steel, differ ⁇ ent steel grades, and other electrically conducting metal al ⁇ loys .
  • FIG 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an arrangement 1 for activating a Sulfur-based electrode 10 of the present technique.
  • the electrode 10 has a surface coating of Ni and Sulfur and may be used or intended to be used as a cathode in an electrolyser (not shown) .
  • FIG 2 depicts a flow chart showing an exemplary embodiment of a method 100 for ac ⁇ tivating the electrode 10 of the present technique.
  • the method 100 of FIG 2 has been explained with help of arrangement 1 of FIG 1.
  • the arrangement 1 includes a container 20, an electrolyte feed 30 and a filtration unit 40.
  • the container 20 receives the electrode 10. At least a part (not shown) of the elec ⁇ trode 10 is positioned within the container 20.
  • an electrolyte 22 is provid- ed to the container 20 and in a step 120 a complexing agent (not shown) is provided to the container 20.
  • a complexing agent (not shown) is provided to the container 20.
  • the electrolyte 22 is a liquid for example alkaline water.
  • the alkaline water may be formed for example by adding Sodium or Potassium hydroxide to water for example by adding between 30 and 50 wt% of Sodium or Po ⁇ tassium hydroxide.
  • complexing agent is a chemical entity that is capable of forming a coordination complex with Sulfur.
  • the coordination complex formed with Sulfur is essen- tially solid for example amorphous residue.
  • the complexing agent may include, but not limited to, one or more of Barium hydroxide, Barium chloride, Barium nitrate, Strontium hydrox ⁇ ide, Strontium chloride, Strontium nitrate, Calcium hydrox ⁇ ide, Calcium chloride, and Calcium nitrate.
  • the amount of complexing agent when provided to the electrolyte is not limited to, one or more of Barium hydroxide, Barium chloride, Barium nitrate, Strontium hydrox ⁇ ide, Strontium chloride, Strontium nitrate, Calcium hydrox ⁇ ide, Calcium chloride, and Calcium nitrate.
  • the 22 in the container 20 is substantially equal to or less than 1 M (molar) concentration.
  • Barium hydroxide i.e. Ba(OH)2 has been used in the present disclosure hereinafter as the complexing agent with concentration between 10 and 200 gram per liter of the electrolyte 22, and more particularly approximately 171 gram per liter of the electrolyte 22.
  • the electrolyte 22 i.e. the alkaline water 22, and the complexing agent i.e. Ba (OH) 2 may be provided separately to the contain ⁇ er 20 from the electrolyte feed 30.
  • the complexing agent may be provided as a solid to the container 20 where the
  • complexing agent gets dissolved in the electrolyte 22 or the complexing agent is dissolved in a medium such as water to form complexing agent solution and then provided to the container 20 wherein the complexing agent solution mixes with the electrolyte 22.
  • the complexing agent may be mixed or dissolved in the electrolyte 22 before the complexing agent and the electrolyte 22 are provided to the container 20.
  • the mixing of the complexing agent and the electrolyte 22 may be performed by a mixer 35 of the electro- lyte feed 30.
  • the elec ⁇ trolyte 22 i.e. the alkaline water 22, and the complexing agent i.e. Ba (OH) 2 are provided separately to the container 20 from the electrolyte feed 30, preferably the step 120 is performed after the step 110.
  • the complexing agent may be provided as a solid to the container 20 to the electrolyte 22 already provided to the container 20 where the complexing agent gets dissolved in the electrolyte 22 in the container 20 or the complexing agent is dissolved in a medium such as water to form complexing agent solution and then provided to the container 20 wherein the complexing agent solution mixes with the electrolyte 22.
  • the electrolyte 22 and the complexing agent are contacted with at least a part of a surface of the electrode 10.
  • the electrolyte 22 reacts with the electrode 10 to release at least a part of the sulfur from the electrode 10.
  • no electrical energy is provided to the electrode 10.
  • the electrode 10 when performing the step 130, electrical energy is provided to the electrode 10 in form of electrical current and in this embodiment the electrode 10 is positioned to act as a cathode for the electrolyte 22 and an additional elec ⁇ trode (not shown) acting as anode is positioned in the ar ⁇ rangement 1 to complete current flow path through the elec ⁇ trolyte 22.
  • the Sulfur-based electrode is not chemically stable in the alkaline environment formed by the alkaline electrolyte and Sulfur from the electrode is leached into the electrolyte 22 as schematically depicted in the following equation (i) : NiS + 2e ⁇ ⁇ Ni + S 2 ⁇ ... (i)
  • the Sulfur-based electrode is depicted by chemical formulation NiS representing Nickel (Ni) and Sulfur (S) in the electrode 10.
  • NiS representing Nickel (Ni)
  • S Sulfur
  • the alkalinity of the electrolyte 22 is raised by presence of strong bases such as Potassium or Sodium hydroxide used to prepare the alkaline water used as the electrolyte 22.
  • strong bases such as Potassium or Sodium hydroxide used to prepare the alkaline water used as the electrolyte 22.
  • Sulfur is released in the electro ⁇ lyte 22 in the container 20 in form of sulfide ion.
  • the electrical current ranging approximately between 0.1 and 10 Ampere per square centimeter of the surface of the elec ⁇ trode 10 may be used, and more particularly for the aforemen ⁇ tioned reactions depicted by equations (ii) , (iii) and (iv) the electrical current with current densities of 0.2 - 1 Am ⁇ pere per square centimeter of the surface of the electrode 10 was used. It may be noted that with an increase in current density passing through the electrode 10 a rate of leaching of sulfur from the electrode 10 is generally increased, how ⁇ ever the allowable current density is dependent on structural and compositional parameters of the electrode 10 for example the allowable current density is dependent on quality the de ⁇ posited NiS layer in the electrode 10.
  • water in the electrolyte 22 is dissociat ⁇ ed into hydrogen ion (H + ) and hydroxide ion (OH ⁇ ) .
  • H + hydrogen ion
  • OH ⁇ hydroxide ion
  • H + hydrogen ion
  • OH ⁇ hydroxide ion
  • Sulfur from the electrode 10 or the coating of the electrode 10 represented by NiS or Ni-S, reacts with either H + or 3 ⁇ 4 (g) to form Hydro ⁇ gen sulfide gas i.e.
  • the step 130 is per ⁇ formed at a temperature ranging between 20 degree Centigrade and 200 degree Centigrade i.e. temperature within the con ⁇ tainer 20. Furthermore, pressure ranging between 1 bar and 100 bar is maintained in the container 20 while performing the step 130.
  • the complexing agent reacts with the re ⁇ leased sulfur to form a coordination complex with the re- leased sulfur for example as schematically depicted in the following equations (v) :
  • the coordination complex i.e. BaSC ⁇ (s) in equation (v) is removed from the container 20.
  • the step 140 is performed by a filtration unit 40.
  • the filtration unit 40 is in fluid communication with the container 20.
  • the filtration unit 40 receives the electrolyte 22 from the contain- er 20 after the step 130 has been performed and thus the electrolyte 22 that is received by the filtration unit 40 in ⁇ cludes the coordination complex.
  • the filtration unit 40 then removes for example by mechanical or physical filtration at least a part of the coordination complex i.e. BaS0 4 (s) in equation (v) from the electrolyte 22 so received.
  • the elec ⁇ trolyte 22 that is rendered at least partially free of some of the coordination complex is provided back by the filtra ⁇ tion unit 40 back to the container 20.
  • hydroxide as complexing agent for example Barium hydroxide, Strontium hydroxide and/or Calcium hydroxide is specially advantageous because after removal of the coordination complex from the electrolyte 22 using the filtration unit 40, the part of the complexing agent left be- hind in the electrolyte 22 by the complexing agent is hydrox ⁇ ide ion i.e. OH ⁇ as depicted in equation (v) that shows that hydroxide ions i.e. OH ⁇ are generated in equation (v) along with the coordination complex i.e.
  • the step 140 may be performed by a filter element for example a filter paper, a fibrous filter such as a Nickel-fibrous filter, and so on and so forth.
  • a filter element for example a filter paper, a fibrous filter such as a Nickel-fibrous filter, and so on and so forth.
  • a filter paper having a particle retention of approximately 1 ym was used.
  • the filtration unit 40 includes the filter element (not shown) .
  • the filter may be replaceable or regenerative .
  • the method 100 may be performed either prior to carrying out the electrolysis of the electrolyte 22 in the electrolyser or simultaneously along with the electrolysis of the electrolyte 22 in the electrolyser. It may be noted that in an exemplary embodiment, where the method 100 is performed prior to carry ⁇ ing out the electrolysis of the electrolyte 22 in the elec ⁇ trolyser the container 20 is a distinct from the electrolyser i.e. the container 20 is not part of the electrolyser. In this embodiment of the method 100, the electrode 10 is acti ⁇ vated i.e.
  • the electrode 10 in its activated form is placed in an electrolyser and the elec- trolyte 22 or some other electrolyte is provided in the elec ⁇ trolyser and thereby electrolysis of the electrolyte 22 or of the some other electrolyte in the electrolyser is performed.
  • the activation of the electrode 10 may be performed with or without use of electrical energy.
  • the container 20 is part of the electrolyser i.e. the container 20 is the site or seat of elec- trolysis of the electrolyte 22.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un système d'activation d'une électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur. L'électrode à base de soufre comprend du soufre et un matériau électroconducteur autre que du soufre tel que du nickel. Dans le procédé, un électrolyte et un agent complexant sont introduits dans un récipient. L'électrode à base de soufre est disposée dans le récipient. L'électrolyte et l'agent complexant sont mis en contact avec au moins une partie d'une surface de l'électrode à base de soufre. L'électrolyte réagit avec l'électrode à base de soufre pour libérer au moins une partie du soufre de l'électrode à base de soufre. L'agent complexant réagit avec le soufre libéré pour former un complexe de coordination avec le soufre libéré. Le complexe de coordination est retiré du récipient. Le complexe de coordination formé par la réaction chimique entre le soufre libéré et l'agent complexant est à l'état solide et est donc retiré facilement de l'électrolyte qui est à l'état liquide.
PCT/EP2016/054311 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur WO2017148507A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK16707713.0T DK3400322T3 (da) 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 En teknik til aktivering af svovlbaseret elektrode til en elektrolysator
PCT/EP2016/054311 WO2017148507A1 (fr) 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur
EP16707713.0A EP3400322B1 (fr) 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur
IL261145A IL261145B (en) 2016-03-01 2018-08-14 A technique for operating a sulfur-based electrode for an electrolyzer

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2016/054311 WO2017148507A1 (fr) 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 Technique d'activation d'électrode à base de soufre pour un électrolyseur

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2017148507A1 true WO2017148507A1 (fr) 2017-09-08

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DK (1) DK3400322T3 (fr)
IL (1) IL261145B (fr)
WO (1) WO2017148507A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4171247A (en) 1977-02-24 1979-10-16 Norsk Hydro A.S. Method for preparing active cathodes for electrochemical processes
US4888099A (en) * 1986-02-10 1989-12-19 Eka Nobel Ab Process for the production of alkali metal chlorate
US5482696A (en) * 1993-08-04 1996-01-09 Huels Aktiengesellschaft Method for the purification and/or electrolysis of an aqueous potassium chloride solution
US5858240A (en) * 1995-04-17 1999-01-12 Chemetics International Company Ltd. Nanofiltration of concentrated aqueous salt solutions

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4171247A (en) 1977-02-24 1979-10-16 Norsk Hydro A.S. Method for preparing active cathodes for electrochemical processes
US4888099A (en) * 1986-02-10 1989-12-19 Eka Nobel Ab Process for the production of alkali metal chlorate
US5482696A (en) * 1993-08-04 1996-01-09 Huels Aktiengesellschaft Method for the purification and/or electrolysis of an aqueous potassium chloride solution
US5858240A (en) * 1995-04-17 1999-01-12 Chemetics International Company Ltd. Nanofiltration of concentrated aqueous salt solutions

Also Published As

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IL261145B (en) 2022-06-01
IL261145A (en) 2018-10-31
EP3400322A1 (fr) 2018-11-14
EP3400322B1 (fr) 2022-06-08
DK3400322T3 (da) 2022-08-01

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