WO2017134905A1 - 有機発光素子 - Google Patents
有機発光素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017134905A1 WO2017134905A1 PCT/JP2016/084757 JP2016084757W WO2017134905A1 WO 2017134905 A1 WO2017134905 A1 WO 2017134905A1 JP 2016084757 W JP2016084757 W JP 2016084757W WO 2017134905 A1 WO2017134905 A1 WO 2017134905A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- transport layer
- organic light
- hole transport
- emitting device
- light emitting
- Prior art date
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- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000016 photochemical curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical compound C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007151 ring opening polymerisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006617 triphenylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
- H10K50/155—Hole transporting layers comprising dopants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/124—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom in the ring
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/16—Electron transporting layers
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic light emitting device.
- Organic light-emitting elements are attracting attention as elements that provide thin, lightweight, and flexible lighting and displays by using organic solid materials with a thickness of several tens of nanometers.
- it since it is self-luminous, a high viewing angle is possible, the response speed of the illuminant itself is high, and it is suitable for high-speed moving image display. Therefore, it is expected as a next-generation flat panel display or sheet display.
- next-generation illumination since uniform light emission from a large area is possible, it has been attracting attention as next-generation illumination.
- an organic light emitting device by applying a voltage to an organic laminated film sandwiched between an anode and a cathode, holes are introduced from the anode, electrons are introduced from the cathode, and electrons are introduced into the organic laminated film. Light is emitted by recombination in the light emitting layer.
- the organic light emitting device includes an anode, a hole transport layer for transporting holes from the anode to the light emitting layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer for transporting electrons from the cathode to the light emitting layer, and a cathode.
- a plurality of different films may be stacked as the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer, respectively.
- the method of laminating the organic solid material of the organic light emitting device is roughly divided into a vacuum deposition layer and a wet process.
- wet processes represented by a coating printing method and an ink jet method are expected to be advantageous in terms of mass productivity, cost reduction of a manufacturing process, and an increase in screen size.
- Patent Document 1 a composition for a hole transport layer is formed on a hole injection layer, and then a polymerizable compound is polymerized to form a hole transport layer, thereby forming a hole transport layer after reaction. It is described that the solubility is lowered, and that when the organic light emitting layer is further formed on the hole transport layer, the hole transport layer 4 is not dissolved in the organic light emitting layer composition.
- the hole transport layer is formed of a resin cured product obtained by ring-opening polymerization of a polymerizable compound containing a ring-opening polymerizable group in the presence of a polymerization initiator. It is described that, when formed, the maximum peak height Rp and the maximum valley depth Rv on the upper surface of the hole transport layer are both 14 nm or less, whereby excellent mass productivity and high luminous efficiency can be realized. .
- the film thickness formed by the coating process tends to be non-uniform compared to the vacuum deposition method.
- the current passing through the hole transport layer is based on the space charge limited current mechanism.
- the space charge limited current is a current injected from the anode into the hole transport layer, and the injected current forms a space charge in the hole transport layer.
- the space charge limiting current is inversely proportional to the cube of the film thickness. Therefore, the current distribution in the hole transport layer becomes more non-uniform with respect to the non-uniform thickness, leading to a reduction in efficiency. Furthermore, the deterioration is caused at the portion where the current is concentrated.
- organic light-emitting elements formed of organic molecules containing a crosslinking group in an organic layer such as a hole transport layer are known.
- Patent Document 1 does not provide a uniform film thickness, which is a problem for the coating process, and does not reduce non-uniform current distribution due to non-uniform film thickness.
- the maximum peak height Rp and valley depth Rv of the hole transport layer are set to 14 nm or less.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer is several tens of nm, the nonuniformity is Large and current is uneven.
- An object of the present invention is to increase the luminous efficiency of an organic light emitting device and to improve the life characteristics.
- an anode, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, and a cathode are provided, the hole transport layer is disposed between the anode and the light emitting layer, and the hole transport layer is an ion
- An organic light emitting device comprising a polymerization initiator and a cured resin, the cured resin having hole carriers generated by chemical doping with an ionic polymerization initiator, and the hole transport layer exhibiting ohmic conductivity; Use.
- the luminous efficiency of the organic light emitting device can be increased and the life characteristics can be improved.
- the present invention relates to an organic light emitting device using a cured resin mixed with an ion initiator and having a hole transport layer having ohmic conductivity.
- the “curable polymer” refers to a polymer between a polymer and a polymer having a crosslinking group bonded to a side chain by a curing treatment such as heat or light after being applied to a substrate. And / or a resin cured by forming intramolecular crosslinks (hereinafter also referred to as “cured resin”).
- cured resin a resin cured by forming intramolecular crosslinks
- a curable polymer obtained by crosslinking a polymer with a crosslinking group will be described as an example. However, a structure in which a low molecular weight organic substance is crosslinked with a crosslinking group may be used.
- the cationic polymerizable ion polymerization initiator is composed of a combination of a positively charged cation molecule and a negatively charged counter anion molecule (hereinafter, including those ions remaining in the cured resin after curing among these ions). (Referred to as “ionic polymerization initiator”).
- the cationic molecule is a compound that is activated by a curing treatment and promotes a crosslinking reaction of a crosslinking group.
- the anion molecule is added to keep the positive charge of the cation molecule neutral, and the negatively charged state is a stable molecule.
- the charge transporting or light emitting monomer contained in the main chain of the polymer composition of the curable polymer of the present invention forms an organic device, for example, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, and an electron transport layer of the organic light emitting device. Any known monomer used to produce a resin to be used may be used.
- Examples of the monomer include, but are not limited to, arylamine, stilbene, hydrazone, carbazole, aniline, oxazole, oxadiazole, benzoxazole, benzooxadiazole, benzoquinone, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, thiophene, benzo Thiophene, thiadiazole, benzodiazole, benzothiadiazole, triazole, perylene, quinacridone, pyrazoline, anthracene, rubrene, coumarin, naphthalene, benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, anthracene, tetracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, pyridine, pyrazine, Examples include acridine, phenanthroline, furan and pyrrole, and compounds having these derivatives as the skeleton. .
- the linear and branched conjugated monomers are selected from compounds having a skeleton represented by the following structural formulas (1) to (3).
- R 1 to R 7 are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, cyano group, nitro group, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, 2 to 22 linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl groups, linear, branched or cyclic alkynyl groups having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, aryl groups having 6 to 21 carbon atoms, heteroaryl groups having 12 to 20 carbon atoms And preferably selected from the group consisting of an aralkyl group having 7 to 21 carbon atoms and a heteroarylalkyl group having 13 to 20 carbon atoms, hydrogen, halogen, cyano group, nitro group, straight chain having 1 to 22 carbon atoms More preferably selected from the group consisting of a branched or cyclic alkyl group, an aryl group having 6 to 21 carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and an aralkyl group having 7 to 21 carbon atoms
- the above functional group is preferably unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halogens, and more preferably unsubstituted.
- M1 and m2 are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, and more preferably 0 or 1.
- N1 and n2 are each independently an integer of 0 to 4, more preferably 0 or 1.
- aralkyl group means a functional group in which one of hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group is substituted with an aryl group.
- Suitable aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl group, 1-phenethyl group, 2-phenethyl group and the like.
- arylalkenyl group means a group in which one hydrogen atom of the alkenyl group is substituted with the aryl group.
- Suitable arylalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, styryl groups.
- a “heteroaryl group” is a heteroatom in which one or more carbon atoms of an aryl group are each independently selected from a nitrogen atom (N), a sulfur atom (S), and an oxygen atom (O). Means a substituted group.
- a heteroaryl group having 12 to 20 carbon atoms and “heteroaryl group having 12 to 20 members (ring)” are one of aromatic groups containing at least 12 and at most 20 carbon atoms. The above carbon atoms are groups independently substituted with the above heteroatoms.
- the substitution by N or S includes substitution by N-oxide or S oxide or dioxide, respectively.
- Suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl , Isothiazolyl group, pyridyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, quinolinyl group, isoquinolinyl group and indolyl group.
- heteroarylalkyl group means a group in which one of alkyl hydrogen atoms is substituted with the heteroaryl group.
- halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
- the charge transporting or luminescent monomer is triphenylamine, N- (4-butylphenyl) -N ′, N ′′ -diphenylamine, 9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene, N-phenyl-9H— Carbazole, N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine and N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl) It is selected from —N, N′-bis (2-naphthyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine and compounds having these derivatives as a skeleton.
- the ionization energy of the hole transporting layer is changed according to the ionization energy of the light emitting layer material. It can be adjusted to an appropriate value. Usually, a value between the work function of the anode and the ionization energy of the light emitting layer or a value larger than the ionization energy of the light emitting layer is suitable.
- the organic light emitting device of the present invention includes at least one layer each including a hole transport layer between the anode and the light emitting layer and an electron transport layer between the light emitting layer and the cathode.
- an electron blocking layer may be provided, but in this specification, a layer provided between the anode and the light emitting layer, such as an electron blocking layer, is referred to as a “hole transport layer”. I will call it.
- the electron transport layer includes a hole blocking layer.
- the above curing treatment is carried out on a mixture obtained by mixing a crosslinked polymer and an ionic polymerization initiator.
- hole carriers are chemically doped into the cured resin of the hole transport layer of the ion polymerization initiator.
- the ionic polymerization initiator is activated by the above curing treatment and has a function of promoting the crosslinking reaction of the crosslinking group.
- crosslinking initiator applied to the curing treatment of the curable polymer of the present invention examples include iodonium salts, sulfonium salts, and ferrocene derivatives.
- the above crosslinking initiator is preferable because of its high reactivity.
- the ionic polymerization initiator is selected from compounds represented by the following structural formulas (4) to (6).
- X ⁇ represents Sb 6 ⁇ , (C 6 F 5 ) 4 B ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , C 4 F 9 SO 3 — or CH 3 C 6.
- H 4 SO 3 — and R 11 to R 15 are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, cyano group, nitro group, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, carbon number A linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, a linear, branched or cyclic alkynyl group having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 21 carbon atoms, a heterogeneous group having 12 to 20 carbon atoms It is preferably selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, an aralkyl group having 7 to 21 carbon atoms, and a heteroarylalkyl group having 13 to 20 carbon atoms.
- S1, s2, t1, t2 and t3 are preferably integers of 0 to 5 independently of each other.
- a mixture obtained by mixing the curable polymer of the present invention and the crosslinking initiator described above is subjected to a heat treatment to react the crosslinking groups to form intermolecular and / or intramolecular crosslinking.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably in the range of 100 to 250 ° C.
- the heat treatment time is preferably in the range of 10 to 180 minutes.
- the cured resin of the hole transport layer has ohmic conductivity due to hole carriers chemically doped with an ionic polymerization initiator.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a comparison between a current density distribution by space charge limited current and a current density distribution by ohmic current.
- the organic light emitting device comprises a glass substrate 21, an anode 22, a hole transport layer 23a (space charge limited conductive cured resin), and a hole transport layer 23b (space charge limited conductive cured). Resin), a light emitting layer 24, an electron transport layer 25, and a cathode 26 are laminated in this order.
- the hole carriers 27 are evenly distributed in the hole transport layer 23a and the hole transport layer 23b.
- electron carriers 28 are generated at the cathode 26 and move toward the hole transport layer 23b. At this time, the hole carrier 27 is not uniform, and a region having a high density and a region having a low density are generated.
- the organic light emitting element includes a glass substrate 21, an anode 22, a hole transport layer 23c (ohmic conductive cured resin), and a hole transport layer 23d (ohmic conductive cured resin). ), A light emitting layer 24, an electron transport layer 25, and a cathode 26 are stacked in this order.
- the hole carriers 27 are not biased toward the hole transport layer 23c and the hole transport layer 23d, and are more densely distributed than in the case of the space charge limited current.
- the electron carriers 28 are the same as in the case of the space charge limited current, but the hole carriers 27 remain uniformly distributed and the current density is also uniform.
- the film thickness tends to be non-uniform. Moreover, when ITO which is an anode is patterned, the film thickness becomes thin at the step between the ITO and the glass substrate.
- the current density due to the space charge limiting current is inversely proportional to the cube of the film thickness, so that the current concentrates on the thin film portion.
- the current density due to the ohmic current is inversely proportional to the first power of the film thickness, the current non-uniformity is reduced as compared with the space charge limited current.
- the light emission efficiency is improved. Furthermore, by reducing the current concentration in the thin film, deterioration in the thin film portion is suppressed and the life is improved.
- the ionic polymerization initiator contained in the cured resin used as the hole transport layer of the organic light-emitting device of the present invention not only advances the crosslinking reaction but also realizes ohmic conductivity by chemically doping hole carriers. In some cases, it is necessary to dissolve an ionic polymerization initiator in a larger amount than usual in the coating solution.
- a dissolution method there is a method in which a curable polymer and an ionic polymerization initiator are dissolved in different solvents and mixed.
- concentration of the cured polymer and the ion initiator in each solvent before mixing is adjusted so that the ratio of the cured polymer and the ion polymerization initiator after mixing becomes a predetermined value.
- the method of selecting the initiator which has a molecular structure with high affinity with a solvent as an ion polymerization initiator is a method in which a curable polymer and an ionic polymerization initiator are dissolved in different solvents and mixed.
- the unit system in the following mathematical model is SI unit, [A / m 2 ] as a unit of current density, [m 2 / V / sec] as a unit of mobility, and [pieces / m 3 ] as a unit of density.
- [M] is used as a unit of film thickness.
- the numerical values specifically shown below as experimental conditions are, according to convention, [mA / cm 2 ] as a unit of current density, [cm 2 / V / sec] as a unit of mobility, and [units as a unit of density. / Cm 3 ], the unit of [nm] is used as the unit of film thickness, but when evaluating with a mathematical model, it is converted to SI unit.
- the conventional organic solid used for the hole transport layer of the organic light emitting device exhibits good insulating properties when the film thickness is several ⁇ m or more. That is, in the state where no voltage is applied, there are no holes that can be freely conducted in the organic solid.
- a voltage is applied to an organic solid having a thickness of 100 nm or less, holes are injected from the anode and energized. The injected holes form space charges in the organic solid. The space charge generates an electric field inside the resin.
- the energization mechanism by electrons and holes injected into the resin to form space charge is called “space charge limited current”.
- the film thickness is uniform.
- ⁇ is the mobility of holes
- E (x) is the electric field.
- ⁇ is a relative dielectric constant
- the current is proportional to the square of the voltage applied to the hole transport layer and inversely proportional to the cube of the film thickness d. Therefore, when the film thickness is non-uniform, the non-uniformity of current density increases. In particular, the current at the thin film portion increases.
- the cured resin contains an ionic polymerization initiator and is not applied with a voltage. Hole carriers are pre-doped in the cured resin.
- the current density is given by the following formula (5).
- the current is proportional to the voltage applied to the hole transport layer and inversely proportional to the first power of the film thickness d. Therefore, the nonuniformity of the current density with respect to the nonuniformity of the film thickness is reduced as compared with the energization based on the space charge limited current mechanism.
- ⁇ Ohm current condition> The present inventor has found that the energization mechanism does not become an ohmic current even in a cured resin in which an ion initiator is added and holes are doped in advance. Furthermore, an evaluation model was devised to determine whether the energization mechanism in the hole transport layer is a space charge limited current or an ohmic current.
- the evaluation model is shown below.
- the current density j is calculated by combining the space charge limiting current equation (3) and the ohmic current equation (5). As a result, the format reflects both phenomena.
- E n is a normalized dimensionless electric field proportional to the electric field E
- x n is a normalized dimensionless coordinate.
- Figure 3 is a plot of the relationship between E n and x n. Take the normalized coordinates x n on the horizontal axis and taking the normalized electric field E n on the vertical axis.
- the characteristic length D is defined by the following formula (10).
- the operating current density of the organic light emitting device is the current of the hole transport layer in a steady state. It becomes equal to the density.
- n 0 ⁇ 10 18 [pieces / cm 3 ] D> 20 nm, which is about the same as the thickness of each organic layer used in a normal organic light emitting device. Therefore, it is not an ohmic current.
- n 0 > 10 19 [pieces / cm 3 ] or more D ⁇ 1D.
- j was in the range of 0 to 1000 mA / cm 2
- the mobility and relative dielectric constant were the same as those in FIG. 4, and the film thickness was 40 nm.
- FIG. 5A shows the result. Based on the above equation (4), the space charge limited current density was also plotted.
- the current is proportional to the square of the voltage and becomes a space charge limited current.
- the hole density n 0 > 10 18 [pieces / cm 3 ] the current is proportional to the first power of the voltage and becomes a straight line. That is, a so-called ohmic current is obtained.
- the horizontal axis represents the hole density n 0
- the vertical axis represents the voltage at a current density of 500 mA / cm 2 .
- FIG. 5B also plots the relationship between the hole density given by the above equation (11) and the voltage at a current density of 500 mA / cm 2 .
- the curve calculated from the above formula (7) matches the curve calculated from the above formula (10).
- n 0 ⁇ 10 18 [pieces / cm 3 ] they do not coincide with each other, and the voltage is constant regardless of n 0 . This is because when n 0 ⁇ 10 18 [pieces / cm 3 ], a space charge limited current is generated by holes injected from the electrodes. Therefore, it can be seen that the hole density n 0 > 10 18 [pieces / cm 3 ] exhibits ohmic conductivity.
- Such a hole transport layer having an ohmic current contains an ionic polymerization initiator and an ohmic conductive cured resin.
- the “ohmic conductive cured resin” has a so-called ohmic current because the density of hole carriers chemically doped with an ionic polymerization initiator is high.
- the cured resin constituting the hole transport layer has hole carriers generated by being chemically doped with an ion polymerization initiator, and the hole transport layer exhibits ohmic conductivity.
- the standardized coordinate where the standardized electric field exceeds 0.9 is 2.0.
- the upper limit of the inequality for realizing the ohmic current becomes small.
- the minimum value of the film thickness of the hole transport layer, that is, the hole transport layer is a region of 90% or more of the area of the interface in contact with the anode or the light emitting layer It is desirable to satisfy the above inequality (12).
- ⁇ Upper limit of hole density> In the organic light emitting device, when light is extracted from the anode, it is not desirable to reflect the light from the light emitting layer at the hole transport layer.
- a metal such as copper or aluminum reflects light having energy lower than the plasma frequency ⁇ p given by the following formula (14) according to the density n of electrons in the metal, and exhibits a gloss specific to the metal.
- ⁇ is the relative dielectric constant of the material
- ⁇ 0 is the dielectric constant of vacuum
- m is the effective mass of electrons or holes.
- the electron density of copper or aluminum is 10 22 [pieces / cm 3 ] or more.
- the hole density is desirably 10 22 [pieces / cm 3 ] or less.
- n 0> An element having a structure in which a hole transport layer is sandwiched between electrodes such as an anode ITO and a cathode Al is referred to as a “hole-only element”. Due to the difference in the work function of the hole transport layer (5 eV or more) and the work function of Al (4.2 eV), at the interface between the hole transport layer and Al, a region with a low hole density on the hole transport layer side (“ Called "depletion layer”). The thickness d ′ of the depletion layer is given by the following formula (15).
- ⁇ is the difference in work function between the hole transport layer and Al
- V is the voltage applied between the anode and the cathode.
- the capacitance C ′ in the depletion layer is given by the following formula (16).
- a hole density n 0 is obtained by applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode and measuring the capacitance.
- the electrostatic capacitance derived from the depletion layer can be separated by measuring the frequency dependence of the impedance of the hole-only element using an LCR meter.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of the organic light-emitting device of the present invention.
- the organic light emitting device 101 includes a glass substrate 11, an anode 12, a hole transport layer 13 (sometimes referred to as a “hole injection layer”), a light emitting layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and The cathode 16 and the sealing glass plate 17 are provided, and these are laminated in this order.
- the anode 12 is formed, for example, by patterning indium tin oxide (ITO) on the glass substrate 11.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a pattern obtained by patterning ITO as the anode 12 on the glass substrate 11 is referred to as an “ITO glass substrate”.
- the cathode 16 is formed by sequentially forming a hole transport layer 13 and a light emitting layer 14 on a glass substrate 11 with an anode 12, which is an ITO glass substrate, and then depositing aluminum (Al) on the light emitting layer 14. It is formed. Further, the sealing glass plate 17 is overlaid on the cathode 16, and the glass substrate 11 and the sealing glass plate 17 are sealed by bonding them together using a curable resin such as a photo-curable epoxy resin. Is preferred.
- the hole transport layer is manufactured using a resin formed of a crosslinkable polymer.
- a positive hole transport layer can be manufactured using the means conventionally used in the said technical field. For example, after applying the curable polymer of the present invention on an anode patterned on a glass substrate by a wet process such as a spin coating method, a printing method, or an ink jet method, a resin is formed by the curing treatment described above. What is necessary is just to manufacture by making it.
- the resin formed by the polymerizable coating liquid has high curability and excellent organic solvent resistance. For this reason, when laminating a light emitting layer on the surface of the hole transport layer manufactured using the resin by, for example, the above wet process, the hole transport layer is dissolved by the organic solvent contained in the light emitting layer coating solution. This can be suppressed.
- a hole transport layer produced using a resin formed from the curable polymer of the present invention usually has a residual film ratio in the range of 60 to 100%, typically 80 to 99%. It is a range.
- the resin having organic solvent resistance expressed by the above remaining film ratio has high curability. Therefore, by using the resin of the present invention for the hole transport layer, it becomes possible to improve the productivity of the organic light emitting device by a wet process.
- the evaluation of the remaining film rate can be performed, for example, by the following procedure.
- a hole transport layer is prepared using a resin formed by the curable polymer of the present invention and an ionic polymerization initiator.
- the ITO glass substrate on which the hole transport layer is formed is immersed in an organic solvent (for example, toluene) at 20 to 250 ° C. for 10 to 60 seconds. Thereafter, the ITO glass substrate was taken out from the organic solvent, and the absorbance of the thin film before and after immersion was measured.
- the residual ratio of the thin film was determined from the absorbance ratio. Since the absorbance is proportional to the film thickness, the ratio of absorbance (with / without immersion) corresponds to the remaining film ratio (with / without immersion) of the hole transport layer. It is evaluated that the higher the residual film ratio, the higher the organic solvent resistance.
- the cured resin used for the ohmic conductive hole transport layer will be described.
- a linear triphenylamine monomer (1), a branched triphenylamine monomer (2), and an oxetane crosslinked monomer (3) were polymerized by the Suzuki reaction to synthesize a crosslinkable polymer.
- the crosslinkable linear triphenylamine monomer (1) and branched triphenylamine monomer (2) have two and three reaction points for the Suzuki reaction, respectively, and form a main chain by polymerization.
- Each of the crosslinkable oxetane crosslinked monomers (3) has one reaction point of the Suzuki reaction and forms a side chain by polymerization.
- the crosslinkable oxetane crosslinked monomer (3) is a monomer having a structure in which a 1-ethyloxetane-1-yl group is bonded to a divalent crosslinking group composed of a combination of phenylene and oxymethylene.
- a polymer composition A having a crosslinking group with a molecular weight of 40 kDa was obtained. The molecular weight was determined by the number average when measured in terms of polystyrene using gel permeation chromatography.
- the concentration of the ion initiator was 0.42 mg, the solution was cloudy because the ion initiator was at a high concentration.
- 4.2 mg of the curable polymer was dissolved in 0.6 ml of toluene and 0.42 mg of the ionic polymerization initiator was dissolved in 0.6 ml of toluene and mixed, the turbidity disappeared.
- ITO Indium Tin Oxide
- resin A (z) (z 0.5, 1.0, 10 parts by mass).
- FIG. 6A is a graph showing the relationship between the voltage and current density of each sample.
- FIG. 6B shows a calculated differential value related to the voltage of the current density shown in FIG. 6A.
- the average film thickness was 40 nm.
- the capacitance was measured, and a relative dielectric constant of 3.2 was obtained.
- the differential value of the current density of z 0.5, 1.0 part by mass increased with the voltage. Assuming that the slope of the differential value of the current density is linear, hole mobility of 10 ⁇ 5 [cm 2 / Vsec] was obtained using the space charge limited current equation (4).
- the mass ratio of the cured resin and the ionic polymerization initiator is 100: 10 or more.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a hole-only element and an impedance measurement system.
- a hole-only element 501 has a glass substrate 11, an anode 12, a hole transport layer 13, and a cathode 16, and these are laminated in this order.
- An LCR meter 502 is connected to the anode 12 and the cathode 16 of the hall-only element 501.
- an NF circuit block ZM2376 was used as the LCR meter 502.
- the capacitance of the hole-only element 501 was measured. Under an applied voltage of 0 V, 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 [F] with 0.5 part by mass of resin and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 [F] with 1.0 part by mass of resin in the range of 0.1 to 100 Hz. The capacitance component of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 [F] was measured with 1.0 part by mass of resin.
- a voltage was applied in the range from 0 V to 0.8 V with the anode as positive and the cathode as negative, the capacitance increased.
- a voltage was applied in the range from 0 V to 2.5 V with the anode as the minus and the cathode as the plus, the capacitance decreased. Then, using equation (13) and (14) to calculate the hole density n 0.
- the hole density is proportional to the mass part of the ion polymerization initiator, and the hole density in 10 mass parts of the ion polymerization initiator is on the order of 10 19 [pieces / cm 3 ], 10 22 [pieces].
- / Cm 3 ] / 10 19 [pieces / cm 3 ] 1000, that is, the mass part of the ion polymerization initiator is desirably 10,000 parts by mass or less, which is 1000 times the above 10 parts by mass.
- the ionic polymerization initiator is desirably 10 parts by mass or more and 10000 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the curable polymer (cured resin).
- the substrate is moved into a dry nitrogen environment without opening to the atmosphere, and the sealing glass and ITO substrate in which 0.4 mm of counterbore is added to 0.7 mm non-alkali glass are coated with a photocurable epoxy resin. Sealing was performed by using them together to produce a polymer organic EL device having a multilayer structure.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an organic light emitting device and an impedance measurement system.
- the organic light emitting device 101 has a glass substrate 11, an anode 12, a hole transport layer 13, a light emitting layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, a cathode 16, and a sealing glass plate 17. And it has the structure which laminated
- An LCR meter 502 is connected to the anode 12 and the cathode 16 of the organic light emitting device 101. As the LCR meter 502, an NF circuit block ZM2376 was used.
- the capacitance is given by the geometric capacitance of the organic layer excluding the contribution of the hole transport layer. Furthermore, no change in capacitance was observed when a voltage of ⁇ 0.5 V to 0.5 V was applied between the cathode and the anode. This indicates that the capacitance of the hole transport layer, which is a cured resin showing ohmic conductivity, is negligible and functions as a resistor.
- the capacitance in the state where no voltage is applied is 7 ⁇ 10. Decreased to -9 [F].
- the voltage was applied from 0 V to ⁇ 0.5 V between the cathode and the anode, the capacitance decreased. This is because a depletion layer appears between the hole transport layer and the light emitting layer in the cured resin having a space charge limited current with a low hole density.
- the organic light emitting device of the present invention can achieve both high efficiency and long life.
- 101 Organic EL element, 11: Glass substrate, 12: Anode, 13: Hole transport layer (ohmic conductive cured resin), 14: Light emitting layer, 15: Electron transport layer, 16: Cathode, 17: Sealing glass Plate, 21: Glass substrate, 22: Anode, 23a: Hole transport layer (space charge limited conductive cured resin), 23b: Hole transport layer (space charge limited conductive cured resin), 23c: Hole transport Layer (ohmic conductive cured resin), 23d: hole transport layer (ohmic conductive cured resin), 24: light emitting layer, 25: electron transport layer, 26: cathode, 27: hole carrier, 28: electron carrier .
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Abstract
Description
空間電荷制限電流は、陽極から、正孔輸送層に注入された電流であり、注入された電流は、正孔輸送層内で空間電荷を形成する。このため、空間電荷制限電流は、膜厚の3乗に反比例することが知られている。従って、膜厚の不均一に対して、正孔輸送層の電流分布は更に不均一となり、効率の低下につながる。更に、電流が集中する部位での劣化の進行を招く。
本明細書において、「硬化性重合体」は、基板に塗布した後に、熱又は光のような硬化処理によって、架橋基が側鎖に結合した高分子の架橋反応を開始させて、高分子間及び/又は高分子内架橋を形成させることにより、硬化した樹脂(以下「硬化樹脂」とも記載する。)を意味する。以下の実施例では、高分子を架橋基で架橋した硬化性重合体を例に説明するが、低分子有機物を架橋基で架橋した構成であってもよい。
また、加熱処理の時間は、10~180分の範囲であることが好ましい。
そして、電圧印加をした状態においては、電子キャリア28は空間電荷制限電流の場合と同様であるが、正孔キャリア27は一様に分布した状態を保ち、電流密度も一様となる。
本発明の有機発光素子の正孔輸送層として用いられる硬化樹脂に含まれるイオン重合開始剤は、架橋反応を進行させるだけでなく、正孔キャリアを化学ドーピングすることでオーミック伝導性を実現する。通常よりも添加量の多いイオン重合開始剤を塗布液に溶解させる必要がある場合がある。
以下に示す数式モデルにおける単位系はSI単位であり、電流密度の単位として[A/m2]、移動度の単位として[m2/V/sec]、密度の単位として[個/m3]、膜厚の単位として[m]を用いる。実験条件として以下に具体的に示す数値は、慣例に従って、電流密度の単位として、[mA/cm2]、移動度の単位として、[cm2/V/sec]、密度の単位として、[個/cm3]、膜厚の単位として、[nm]の単位を用いるが、数式モデルで評価する際には、SI単位に換算する。
図2の右上欄に示すように、本発明の硬化樹脂を正孔輸送層とした有機発光素子の場合、硬化樹脂は、イオン重合開始剤を含み、かつ、電圧を印加していない状態でも、正孔キャリアが硬化樹脂中に予めドープされている。
本発明者は、イオン開始剤を添加し、予め正孔をドープした硬化樹脂であっても、通電機構がオーミック電流とはならないことを見出した。更に、正孔輸送層における通電機構が、空間電荷制限電流であるか、オーミック電流となるかを決定する評価モデルを考案した。
一方、n0>1019[個/cm3]以上では、D<1Åである。1Åは、空間制限電流制限に由来する電流は、原子一層分のみであり、膜全体がオーミック領域となり、オーミック電流である。
また、オーミック伝導である場合には、上記式(5)において、電界Eは、座標xに依存せずに、E=V/d(Vは印加電圧、dは膜厚)で与えられる。従って、オーミック電流の場合の電圧Vと正孔密度n0の関係は、下記式(11)で与えられる。
)となる条件においては、オーミック伝導性のない領域が10%以下となり、全膜厚の90%以上がオーミック電流領域となる。従って、規格化膜厚=膜厚d/特性長さD>20、すなわち、特性長さDが膜厚の1/20未満の場合にオーミック電流を実現することがわかる。この状態においては、下記式(12)が満たされる。
有機発光素子において、陽極から光を取り出す場合には、正孔輸送層で、発光層からの光を反射することは望ましくない。一般に、銅やアルミニウムなどの金属では、金属内の電子の密度nに応じて下記式(14)で与えられるプラズマ周波数ωpよりもエネルギーの小さい光を反射し、金属特有の光沢を示す。
正孔輸送層を陽極ITOと陰極Alなどの電極で挟んだ構造の素子を「ホールオンリー素子」と呼ぶ。正孔輸送層の仕事関数(5eV以上)がAlの仕事関数(4.2eV)の違いにより、正孔輸送層とAlとの界面において、正孔輸送層側で正孔密度の低い領域(「空乏層」と呼ぶ。)が発生する。空乏層の厚さd’は、下記式(15)で与えられる。
図1は、本発明の有機発光素子の一実施形態を示す模式断面図である。
直鎖状トリフェニルアミンモノマ(1)、分岐状トリフェニルアミンモノマ(2)、オキセタン架橋モノマ(3)を、鈴木反応で重合して、架橋性重合体を合成した。架橋性の直鎖状トリフェニルアミンモノマ(1)及び分岐トリフェニルアミンモノマ(2)は、鈴木反応の反応点を、それぞれ、2個及び3個有しており、重合によって主鎖を形成する。
架橋性のオキセタン架橋モノマ(3)は、いずれも鈴木反応の反応点を1個有しており、重合によって側鎖を形成する。架橋性のオキセタン架橋モノマ(3)は、フェニレン及びオキシメチレンの組み合わせからなる二価の架橋基に、1-エチルオキセタン-1-イル基が結合した構造を有するモノマである。
上記硬化性重合体(オリゴマ)を(4.2mg)、上記構造式(4)で表されるイオン開始剤(式中、カチオンのR11、R12はHであり、s1、s2=1、アニオンX=(C6F5)4B)を0.02、0.04、0.42mg(100質量部の硬化性重合体に対して、それぞれ、z=0.5、1.0、10質量部に対応する。)のいずれかの濃度として1.2mlのトルエンに溶解する。
酸化インジウムスズ(ITO:Indium Tin Oxide)を、1.6mm幅でガラス基板上にパターンニングした。このITOガラス基板上に、上記の塗布液を300回転/分の条件でスピンコートした。その後、架橋性重合体をコートしたITOガラス基板を、ホットプレート上で180℃、7分間加熱することで硬化処理して、硬化性重合体を加熱重合させて、樹脂を形成させた。本樹脂を、樹脂A(z)(z=0.5,1.0,10質量部)とする。
樹脂A(z)(z=0.5、1.0、10質量部)の薄膜をガラス板ごとトルエン中でリンスし、リンス前後の薄膜の吸光度を測定し、リンス前後の吸光度の比より薄膜の残存率(残膜率)を求めた。樹脂A’及びA”の樹脂は、残膜率は90%以上だった。
上記の樹脂A(z)(z=0.5、1.0、10質量部)の試料の上に100nmの膜厚のAl電極を蒸着させた。この素子を「ホールオンリー素子」と呼ぶ。本実施例では、上記の[架橋性重合体を用いた樹脂の形成]にて説明した方法で樹脂を形成した後に、1.6mm幅のAl(膜厚100nm)層をパターンニングした。ITOパターンとAlパターンが交差する面が発光素子となり、素子の面積は1.6×1.6mm2で与えられる。
これは、z=10質量部では、オーミック伝導であることを示す。
図7は、ホールオンリー素子及びインピーダンス測定系を示す模式構成図である。
ITOを1.6mm幅にパターンニングしたガラス基板上に、正孔輸送層(40nm)として、実施例1に記載の方法で、樹脂A(z)(z=0.5,10質量部)からなる積層した。次に、得られたガラス基板を真空蒸着装置中に移し、CBP+Ir(piq)3(40nm)、BAlq(10nm)、Alq3(30nm)、LiF(膜厚0.5nm)の順に蒸着した。最後に1.6mm幅のAl(膜厚100nm)層をパターンニングした。ITOパターンとAlパターンが交差する面が発光素子となり、素子の面積は1.6×1.6mm2である。
図8は、有機発光素子及びインピーダンス測定系を示す模式構成図である。
実施例2の有機EL素子A(z)(z=0.5,10質量部)の性能評価は、大気中、室温(25℃)において評価した。
Claims (10)
- 陽極と、正孔輸送層と、発光層と、陰極と、を備え、
前記正孔輸送層は、前記陽極と前記発光層との間に配置され、
前記正孔輸送層は、イオン重合開始剤と、硬化樹脂と、を含み、
前記硬化樹脂は、前記イオン重合開始剤により化学ドープされて生じた正孔キャリアを有し、
前記正孔輸送層は、オーミック伝導性を示す、有機発光素子。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
有機発光素子の静電容量が正孔輸送層を除いた有機層の幾何容量で与えられることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項2記載の有機発光素子において、
前記正孔輸送層は、前記陽極又は前記発光層と接する界面の面積の90%以上の領域で前記不等式(1)を満たすことを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記陽極と前記陰極との間に+0.5Vから-0.5Vまでの範囲の電圧を印加した条件における前記有機発光素子の静電容量がほぼ一定であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記硬化樹脂は、下記構造式(1)~(3)のいずれか1種類のモノマを重合して形成されたものを含むことを特徴とする有機発光素子。
)、m1及びm2は、互いに独立して、0~5の整数であり、n1及びn2は、互いに独立して、0~4の整数である。) - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記イオン重合開始剤は、下記構造式(4)~(6)のいずれか1種類の化合物であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記イオン重合開始剤と前記硬化樹脂との質量比は、10:100以上であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。 - 請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の有機発光素子において、
前記イオン重合開始剤と前記硬化樹脂との質量比は、10:100以上かつ10000:100以下であることを特徴とする有機発光素子。
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JP2006233162A (ja) * | 2004-03-11 | 2006-09-07 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 電荷輸送膜用組成物及びイオン化合物、それを用いた電荷輸送膜及び有機電界発光素子、並びに、有機電界発光素子の製造方法及び電荷輸送膜の製造方法 |
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WO2014038071A1 (ja) | 2012-09-07 | 2014-03-13 | パイオニア株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子およびその製造方法 |
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JP2006233162A (ja) * | 2004-03-11 | 2006-09-07 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 電荷輸送膜用組成物及びイオン化合物、それを用いた電荷輸送膜及び有機電界発光素子、並びに、有機電界発光素子の製造方法及び電荷輸送膜の製造方法 |
JP2015012105A (ja) * | 2013-06-28 | 2015-01-19 | 日立化成株式会社 | 有機発光素子 |
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CN108886102A (zh) | 2018-11-23 |
EP3413368A1 (en) | 2018-12-12 |
KR20180098374A (ko) | 2018-09-03 |
JP2017139342A (ja) | 2017-08-10 |
US20190040187A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
TW201740589A (zh) | 2017-11-16 |
EP3413368A4 (en) | 2019-09-04 |
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