Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing carboxylic groups or thio analogues thereof, directly attached by the carbon atom to a cycloaliphatic ring; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K8/06—Emulsions
  • A61K8/062—Oil-in-water emulsions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K8/06—Emulsions
  • A61K8/064—Water-in-oil emulsions, e.g. Water-in-silicone emulsions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/10—Anti-acne agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compositions of perillic acid compounds, therapeutic and non-therapeutic uses of the compounds and compositions as well as a method of preparing the composition.
• Perillic acid can be produced by conversion of limonene using a solvent- tolerant bacterial strain of Pseudomonas putida.
• An example for such a production process is given in Speelmans G et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (1998) 50: 538-544.
• Perillic acid and some derivatives are known from the art.
• DE 103 08 278 A1 describes perillic acid and its application as an active ingredient against microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and fungi.
• the use of perillic acid as preservative is described as well.
• no indication of the pH value of the compositions is described in DE 103 08 278 A1 .
• the compositions used in this document are based on dimethyl sulfoxide and not water. Hence, the results shown therein cannot provide any useful information for practical use of compositions containing perillic acid and its derivatives. Specific compositions or useful salts of perillic acid are not disclosed.
• US 2010/0305214 A1 describes the use of perillic acid to increase tissue repair and decrease inflammation in tissue.
• the examples relate to perillic alcohol and limonene only. Specific compositions are not described.
• US 2014/0234398 A1 discloses pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treating atherosclerosis.
• the compositions comprise a bile acid and a terpene.
• the pharmaceutical preparations are administered in order to emulsify atherosclerotic plaque in an artery of a mammal.
• the perillic acid and its derivatives described in this prior art document serve as emulsifiers for the plaque.
• the circumstances under which the compound is supposed to exert its effects is always the physiological pH, i.e. close to pH 7.4.
• the experiments were conducted at a pH of close to 7.4 as well.
• the document does not provide any hint that the activity of perillic acid could be increased by use at a pH condition below 7.
• EP 3 078 310 A1 discloses compositions for the preparation of decalcifying solutions that include perillic acid.
• the compositions are in the form of granules or powders.
• decalcifying compositions have very low pH values below pH 2.
• Perillic acid compounds have limited solubility in water and had to be used in rather high amounts to be effective and the stability of the active compound was limiting. Thus, the high amounts required to achieve the desired effect could not be dissolved in aqueous compositions because of the low water solubility of the compound.
• One approach that has been tried before is derivatization of perillic acid in order to improve efficacy and/or solubility thereof.
• compositions of this invention effectively increase the activity of perillic acid compounds, their solubility in water and the shelf life of compositions that contain the compounds.
• the inventors have also shown that specific perillic acid compounds have very high stabilities when compared to other perillic acid compounds.
• the compositions of this invention may contain relatively small amounts of perillic acid compounds.
• the present invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising at least one perillic acid compound selected from the group consisting of perillic acid, one or more salts of perillic acid, one or more hydrolys- able esters of perillic acid, one or more hydrolysable ethers of perillic acid, and/or derivatives thereof, and water, wherein the composition has a pH in the range of from 2 to ⁇ 7.
• the compounds of this invention have significantly increased activity when used at the appropriate pH level and the compounds effectively prolong shelf lives of products that contain the compounds at the appropriate pH level.
• perillic acid compounds have not widely been used in compositions because of lack of long term stability of the perillic acid compound and large amounts of compound being necessary to achieve the desired effects.
• Long term stability of perillic acid compounds is particularly important when the compound is used as a preservative. Preservatives are used to impart long term stability to compositions. Hence, the compounds themselves should be stable.
• setting the pH value in a composition in a range according to the present invention provides long term stability to the composition, while perillic acid compounds can be used in comparatively low amounts.
• the antimicrobial performance of the perillic acid compounds of this invention is increased to such an extent that the limited solubility of the compounds is not restricting the use of the compound in the desired pH range.
• composition will profit from the preservative function of the compound in any case.
• the desired pH range also provides for improved solubility and antimicrobial efficacy of the perillic acid compounds. If the pH is set in the inventive pH range, a balanced combination of high antimicrobial activity and solubility is achieved. In this description all measurements are conducted at 20 C unless otherwise indicated or required by the method.
• compositions of this invention preferably contain the perillic acid compound in an amount of from 0.00001 to 10% (w/v), more preferably from 0.0001 % to 2% (w/v) and most preferably from 0.001 to 1 % (w/v). More preferably the compound is contained in amounts ranging from 0.01 % to 0.8% (w/v) of the total composition.
• the inventors have found that the perillic acid compounds of this invention can be used at very low concentrations in the pH range of this invention because antimicrobial activity is largely increased.
• the present invention allows for the use of perillic acid compounds with very high antimicrobial activity at a concentration of the perillic acid compound of less than 2% (w/v), particularly less than 1 % (w/v) or even less than 0.8% (w/v).
• concentration of the perillic acid compound of less than 2% (w/v), particularly less than 1 % (w/v) or even less than 0.8% (w/v).
• amount of perillic acid compound is even less than 0.5% (w/v) or less than 0.2% (w/v).
• perillic acid compounds are remarkably pH dependent. If a certain amount of perillic acid compound is used, it will be most efficacious in a pH range of 2 to ⁇ 7, even more efficacious at a pH of 3 to ⁇ 7 or 4 to ⁇ 7 and most efficacious at a pH of 4.5 to 6.5.
• a desirable pH is at least 2, more particularly at least 3, preferably at least 4 and most preferred at least 4.5.
• the efficacy of the compound will strongly decrease again. If the pH is too high, the efficacy will decrease as well.
• the pH should be less than 7, preferably less than 6.7, more preferably less than or equal to 6.5, and most preferably less than or equal to 6. Hence, if used at the most effective pH, the total amount of perillic acid compound in the compositions can be reduced.
• the amount of perillic acid compound used in the compositions of this invention is in the area of from 0.0001 to 0.2% (w/v) in a pH range of from 4.5 to 5.5. This illustrates that the amount of perillic acid can be set to extremely low values in the optimized pH range.
• concentrations of up to 10% by weight have been suggested. However, such high amounts are not soluble in water.
• the perillic acid compound is selected from the group consisting of perillic acid, salts of perillic acid, hydrolysable esters of perillic acid, hydrolysable ethers of perillic acid, and/or derivatives thereof.
• the perillic acid compound is selected from perillic acid and its salts, in particular its alkali metal salts.
• a preferred perillic acid compound is perillic acid.
• the perillic acid compound is preferably selected from the salts of perillic acid, in particular the ammonium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts. The present inventors have found that the salts of perillic acid, in particular the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts exhibit superior long term stability.
• the perillic acid compound is selected from perillic acid, sodium perillate, potassium perillate, ammonium perillate, calcium perillate, magnesium perillate and mixtures thereof. In particularly preferred embodiments the perillic acid compound is selected from perillic acid and sodium perillate.
• the perillic acid salts also have the advantage that they serve as a buffer system in the composition, in particular when perillic acid is present in the composition together with a salt of perillic acid such as an ammonium, alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal salt.
• a salt of perillic acid such as an ammonium, alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal salt.
• the compositions of this invention do not contain any buffer, in particular no bicarbonate buffer.
• the perillic acid compound is preferably used in the form of its R-enantiomer, its S-enantiomer or any mixture thereof, including racemic mixtures.
• the pH value of the compositions of this invention provides for a higher activity, solubility and stability of the perillic acid compound.
• the pH of the compositions of this invention preferably is from acidic, i.e. pH 2, to slightly alkaline, i.e. less than pH 7. It is believed that the pH provides for a relevant portion of the perillic acid compound being protonated and thereby more hydrophobic than the deprotonated form of the perillic acid compound. Thereby, the compound can more easily pass through membranes of cells. Still in this range a relevant amount is deprotonated and the charged molecule has good solubility in water.
• the pH range of this invention provides for an optimized composition with regard to solubility, efficacy and stability of the perillic acid compound.
• the inventors have conducted many experiments to find the concentration where the perillic acid compound has good solubility in water and still shows a high antimicrobial activity against relevant bacteria, fungi and yeasts.
• the experiments in the experimental section below show activity of the perillic acid compounds and compositions against a selection of microorganisms.
• the conservation efficacy tests show that the activity is sufficient to exert a strong preserving effect.
• the inventors have found that a further optimization with regard to improved preserving properties can be achieved by adjusting the pH value to a range of from pH 3 to ⁇ 7. Adjusting the pH value to less acidic values increases the amount of deprotonated perillic acid compound in the composition. The inventors found out that this further increases shelf life of the compositions that contain perillic acid compounds as preservatives, as the solubility is increased at higher pH while maintaining efficacy of the perillic acid compound at a high level.
• An optimized pH range is from 4 to ⁇ 7, in particular from 4.5 to 6.5, or up to 6. It has also been found that solubility and efficacy of the perillic acid compound is increased at the indicated pH values. The extent to which the efficacy of perillic acid compounds is increased by pH adjustment is remarkable and surprising.
• compositions of this invention contain water. Microorganisms need water to grow. Thus, water containing compositions are prone to microbial spoilage.
• the compositions of this invention provide a way of preserving water containing compositions in an effective way.
• Preferred compositions of this invention are water-based.
• water-based means that water is the main ingredient in the composition, i.e. the ingredient that is present in the highest proportion when compared with the other ingredients in the composition.
• the amount of water in the compositions of this invention is at least 10% by weight, or at least 20% by weight of the composition, more preferred at least 30% by weight, more preferred at least 40% by weight, more preferred at least 50% by weight or at least 70% by weight, or even at least 75% by weight.
• compositions of this invention are compositions wherein water or an aqueous solution forms a continuous phase. This is true for aqueous suspensions and oil-in-water emulsions and water-in-oil emulsions. These emulsions are notoriously difficult to protect against microbial spoilage. Perillic acid compounds of this invention are excellent preservatives for such compositions, if an appropriate pH is used. Other compositions that are within the scope of this invention are compositions that contain surfactants.
• the composition of this invention is selected from foodstuffs, food packaging, beverages, animal food, medicinal products, pharmaceutical products, cosmetic products, household products, plant protection, industrial and technical products.
• Suitable foodstuffs include water- containing foodstuffs, in particular dairy products such as yogurt, curd, cheese, cottage cheese, grating cheese; but also marmalade, jelly.
• Suitable food packaging includes water-containing food packaging and food packaging that has been surface-treated with the compositions of the invention. It also includes shells, envelopes, casings, rinds and wrappings within which food can be or is packaged.
• Preferred embodiments include food packaging for cheese and sausage products, including cheese rinds and sausage casings.
• Suitable beverages include carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, in particular lemonade, beer, sparkling water, mineral water, energy drinks, milk, fruit juice, vegetable juice, smoothies and drinking yogurt, but also wine, sparkling wine, fruit wine, liquor and spirits.
• Suitable animal food includes water- containing animal food and pet food.
• Suitable medical devices include medical devices of class lla.
• Preferred embodiments include water-containing medicinal products, in particular wound dressings and wound cleansing products and contact lenses solutions.
• Suitable pharmaceutical products include water- containing pharmaceutical products.
• Preferred embodiments include eye drops, nose drops, aerosols, infusions, injections, solutions, emulsions, dispersions, pastes, gels, ointments, capsules, and effervescent formulations.
• Preferred cosmetic products include water-containing cosmetic products.
• Preferred embodiments include creams, lotions, ointments, deodorant sticks, pump sprays, toothpaste, mouth wash, shampoo, soap, shower gel, aerosols, sprays, solutions, emulsions, dispersions and pastes.
• Preferred household products include water-containing household products, in particular those used for cleaning or maintenance of water-using household appliances like washing machines, dish washers, driers, coffee machines, steam cookers etc.
• Preferred embodiments include detergents, washing agents and cleaning agents.
• Preferred technical products include water-containing technical prod- ucts.
• Preferred embodiments include paints, lacquers, lubricants, coatings, construction materials, sealing mass, adhesives, paste and glue.
• compositions of this invention preferably comprise limonene in a concentration of less than 50 mM, preferably less than 25 mM and more preferably less than 10 mM. In preferred embodiments the compositions of this invention do not comprise any limonene in detectable amounts.
• compositions of this invention are preferably containing only very few microorganisms.
• the compositions of this invention contain the perillic acid compound in order to provide for excellent microbial quality. Therefore, the total amount of bacteria present in the compositions preferably is below 10.000, more preferably below 1.000, most preferably below 100 cfu/mL , this is in particular true for Pseudomonas putida bacteria.
• compositions may additionally comprise at least one activity enhancing substance that enhances the anti-microbial activity of the perillic acid compound. It has been found that combination of the perillic acid compound and the activity enhancing substance in the compositions of the present invention is accompanied by a surprising synergistic effect so that effective inhibition of microbial growth can be achieved at extremely low concentrations of both perillic acid compound and activity enhancing substance.
• the amount (w/v) of activity enhancing substance in the compositions of the present invention is at least 10% of the amount of perillic acid compound in the compositions. More preferably, the amount (w/v) of activity enhancing substance in the compositions of the present invention is at least as high as the amount (w/v) of perillic acid compound in the compositions. More preferably, the amount of activity enhancing substance is at least twice as high, more preferably at least three times as high, more preferably at least four times as high, more preferably at least five times as high, even more preferably at least ten times as high as the amount of perillic acid compound in the compositions. However, the amount of activity enhancing substance should also not be too high.
• the amount of activity enhancing substance in the compositions is at most 1000 times, more preferably at most 500 times, more preferably at most 100 times, more preferably at most 50 times, more preferably at most 35 times, more preferably at most 20 times as high as the amount of perillic acid compound in the compositions.
• the preferred ratio of the amount (w/v) of activity enhancing substance in the compositions to the amount (w/v) of perillic acid compound in the compositions may vary depending on the activity enhancing substance. For example, when the activity enhancing substance is a 1.2-diole, the ratio of the amount of activity enhancing substance to the amount of perillic acid compound is preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 50, more preferably of from 1 to 10.
• the ratio of the amount of activity enhancing substance to the amount of perillic acid compound is preferably in the range of from 1 to 100, more preferably of from 5 to 50.
• the ratio of the amount of activity enhancing substance to the amount of perillic acid compound is preferably in the range of from 2 to 200, more preferably of from 5 to 50.
• the activity enhancing substance is an organic compound.
• the organic compound comprises at least two carbon atoms, more preferably at least three carbon atoms, more preferably at least four carbon atoms, more preferably at least five carbon atoms, more preferably at least six carbon atoms, more preferably at least seven carbon atoms, more preferably at least eight carbon atoms.
• the organic compound should not be too large. Otherwise, the solubility of the organic compound might be too low. Therefore, the organic compound comprises preferably at most 16 carbon atoms, more preferably at most 12 carbon atoms, more preferably at most 10 carbon atoms.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises at least one terminal oxygen residue.
• the activity enhancing substances might be mono-alcohols, preferably aromatic mono-alcohols.
• Preferred mono- alcohols are selected from 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises at least two terminal oxygen residues.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises exactly two terminal oxygen residues.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises more than two terminal oxygen residues.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises preferably exactly three terminal oxygen residues.
• the activity enhancing sub- stance comprises preferably six terminal oxygen residues, more preferably five terminal oxygen residues, more preferably four terminal oxygen residues.
• a terminal oxygen residue according to the present invention is an oxygen residue that is covalently bound to exactly one carbon atom within the organic compound. Terminal oxygen residues might additionally also be bound to hydrogen. However, preferably the activity enhancing substance comprises at most two hydroxyl groups.
• the following scheme shows examples of terminal oxygen residues, wherein R represents an arbitrary group bound to the terminal oxygen residue(s) via carbon to oxygen bonds.
• bridging oxygen residues In contrast to terminal oxygen residues, oxygen residues that are covalently bound to two carbon atoms are termed bridging oxygen residues according to the present invention.
• the following scheme shows a bridging oxygen residues, wherein R and R' represent arbitrary groups bound to the bridging oxygen residue via carbon to oxygen bonds.
• the terminal oxygen residues are present in the activity enhancing substance in close proximity.
• "Being present in close proximity” means according to the present invention that the terminal oxygen residues are bound to carbon atoms that are spaced by at most two, more preferably by at most one carbon atom that is not bound to a terminal oxygen residue. More preferably, the terminal oxygen residues are bound to adjacent carbon atoms or even to the same carbon atom. Terminal oxygen residues that are bound to adjacent carbon atoms or to the same carbon atom within the activity enhancing substance form a terminal oxygen group (TO-group) together with the corresponding carbon atoms and optional hydrogen residues according to the present invention.
• TO-group terminal oxygen group
• TO-groups are shown in the following scheme, wherein R represents an arbitrary group bound to the TO-group via a carbon to carbon bond and R' represents an arbi- trary group bound to terminal oxygen residues via carbon to oxygen bonds.
• Specific examples of TO groups include the vicinal diol group, the ohydroxyl ketones and the carboxylic acid group.
• the terminal oxygen residues are present in the activity enhancing substance in form of at least one TO-group.
• a TO-group comprises at least two terminal oxygen residues, which are present in geminal position or in vicinal position, i.e. terminal oxygen residues bound to the same (geminal) or to adjacent (vicinal) carbon atoms within the activity enhancing substance.
• the terminal oxygen residues are not present in form of TO-groups.
• the terminal oxygen residues are present in isolated form, i.e. the terminal oxygen residues are bound to carbon atoms that are not directly bound to each other.
• the TO-group is selected from the group consisting of the malic group, the glycol group and the carboxyl group as explained below. More preferably, the TO-group is selected from the group consisting of the glycol group and the carboxyl group.
• the glycol group is a terminal glycol group.
• the activity enhancing substance is preferably selected from the group consisting of 1.2-diols, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof. More preferably, the activity enhancing substance is selected from the group consisting of alkane-1 ,2-diols, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof. More preferably, the activity enhancing substance is selected from the group consisting of hexane- 1.2-diol, octane-1.2-diol, decane-1.2-diol, levulinic acid, p-anisic acid, propionic acid, pelargonic acid, malic acid, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. Even more preferably, the activity enhancing substance is selected from the group consisting of octane-1 ,2-diol, levulinic acid, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises exactly one TO-group.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises at least two TO-groups, preferably exactly two TO-groups.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises at most three TO-groups.
• a TO-group with terminal oxygen residues in vicinal position might comprise three terminal oxygen residues.
• a carboxyl group (C(O)OH) might be bound to a carbon atom that is bound to a hydroxyl group.
• a preferred activity enhancing substance comprising such TO-group is malic acid. Therefore, such TO-group is termed "malic group" according to the present invention.
• TO-groups comprise exactly two terminal oxygen residues according to the present invention.
• An especially preferred TO-group with terminal oxygen residues in vicinal position is the glycol group
• the TO-group is a terminal glycol group, i.e. a glycol group, in which at least one of the carbon atoms is not bound to a second carbon atom.
• activity enhancing substances that comprise a glycol group do not comprise any further terminal oxygen residues.
• Preferred activity enhancing substances comprising such TO-group are 1.2-diols.
• Especially preferred activity enhancing substances are alkane-1 ,2-diols.
• the alkane-1 ,2-diols have at least 6 carbon atoms.
• the al- kane-1 ,2-diols have at most 12 carbon atoms.
• the alkane-1.2-diols are selected from the group consisting of hexane-1 ,2-diol, octane-1 ,2-diol and decane-1 ,2-diol. More preferably the alkane-1 ,2-diol is octane-1 ,2-diol.
• TO-groups with terminal oxygen residues in vicinal position are TO-groups with terminal oxygen residues in geminal position.
• the TO-group with terminal oxygen residues in geminal position is a carboxyl group.
• the activity enhancing substance comprises at most two carboxyl groups, more preferably at most one carboxyl group.
• Preferred activity enhancing substances are selected from organic acids, particularly carboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof.
• derivatives of carboxylic acids are preferably selected from the group consisting of salts of carboxylic acids, hydrolysable esters of carboxylic acids, and/or hydrolysable ethers of carboxylic acids.
• the derivatives of carboxylic acids are salts thereof, in particular their alkali metal salts.
• Derivatives of carboxylic acids are preferably selected from the group consisting of ammonium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts thereof. Sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium salts are more preferred.
• the derivatives of carboxylic acids are sodium or potassium salts thereof.
• the carboxylic acids are monoacids.
• the carboxylic acids have a molecular weight of more than 50 g/mol, more preferably more than 65 g/mol, more preferably more than 75 g/mol, more preferably more than 100 g/mol.
• the carboxylic acids have a molecular weight of less than 250 g/mol, more preferably less than 200 g/mol, more preferably less than 160 g/mol, more preferably less than 150 g/mol.
• the carboxylic acids have a pKa of at least 2.5 more preferably at least 3.0, more preferably at least 3.5, more preferably at least 4.0.
• the carboxylic acids have a pKa of at most 6.5, more preferably, at most 6.0, more preferably at most, 5.5, more preferably at most 5.0.
• the carboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of levulinic acid, p-anisic acid, propionic acid, pelargonic acid, malic acid, benzoic acid and sorbic acid. More preferably, the carboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of levulinic acid, p-anisic acid, propionic acid, pelargonic acid, benzoic acid and sorbic acid. Even more preferably, the carboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of levulinic acid, benzoic acid and sorbic acid.
• compositions of this invention are useful for a large number of applications.
• perillic acid compounds as defined herein can be used for preservation, for prevention against microbial spoilage, for therapeutic treatment against microbial infection, for cosmetic treatment and/or care against microbial infection, as fungicides, or as herbicides.
• the perillic acid compounds will preferably be used in an amount of from 0.00001 % to 10% (w/v), more preferably from 0.0001 % to 2% (w/v), more preferably from 0.001 % to 1 % and most preferred from 0.01 % to 0.8% (w/v) of the total composition within which it is used.
• the maximum amount may be as low as ⁇ 0.5% (w/v) or ⁇ 0.2% (w/v).
• the product or composition in or on which the perillic acid compound or composition is used preferably has a pH value from 2 to ⁇ 7, preferably in a range of from pH 3 to ⁇ 7. Adjusting the pH value to less acidic values increases the amount of deprotonated perillic acid compound in the composition. The inventors found that this further increases the preserving effect of the perillic acid compounds in the compositions.
• An optimized pH range is from 4 to ⁇ 7, in particular from 4.5 to 6.5, or up to 6. It has also been found that solubility of the perillic acid compound is increased at the indicated pH values.
• the perillic acid compounds of this invention are used for preservation. This may include preservation of compositions according to this invention.
• Compositions that can be preserved using the perillic acid compound of this invention include foodstuffs, food packaging, beverages, animal food, medicinal products, pharmaceutical products, cosmetic products, household products, plant protection, industrial and technical products.
• Foodstuffs that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include water-containing foodstuffs, in particular dairy products such as yogurt, curd, cheese, cottage cheese, grating cheese; but also marmalade, and jelly. Other embodiments include preservation of sea food such as lobsters, oysters, mussels, fish and shrimps. In order to achieve the desired preserving effect the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the foodstuff or applied to the foodstuff.
• Food packaging that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention includes shells, envelopes, casings, rinds and wrappings within which food can be or is packaged.
• Preferred embodiments include food packaging for cheese and sausage products, including cheese rinds and sausage casings.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to or applied to the food packaging.
• Beverages that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, in particular lemonade, beer, sparkling water, mineral water, energy drinks, milk, fruit juice, vegetable juice, smoothies and drinking yogurt, but also wine, sparkling wine, fruit wine, liquor and spirits.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the beverage.
• Animal food that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include water-containing animal food.
• Preferred embodiments include animal food in particular pet food.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the animal food.
• Medical devices that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include medical devices of class lla.
• Preferred embodiments include water-containing medicinal products, in particular wound dressings and wound cleansing products and contact lenses solutions.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to or applied to the medicinal product.
• compositions of this invention include water-containing pharmaceutical products.
• Preferred embodiments include eye drops, nose drops, aerosols, infusions, injections, solutions, emulsions, dispersions, pastes, gels, ointments, capsules, and effervescent formulations.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the pharmaceutical product.
• Cosmetic products that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include water-containing cosmetic products.
• Preferred embodiments include creams, lotions, ointments, toothpaste, deodorant sticks, pump sprays, mouth wash, shampoo, soap, shower gel, aerosols, sprays, solutions, emulsions, dispersions and pastes, in order to achieve the desired preserving effect the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the cosmetic composition.
• Household products that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include water-containing household products, in particular those used for cleaning or maintenance of water-using household appliances like washing machines, dish washers, driers, coffee machines, steam cookers etc.
• Preferred embodiments include detergents, washing agents and cleaning agents. In order to achieve the desired preserving effect the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the household product.
• Technical products that can be preserved using the perillic acid compounds of this invention include water-containing technical products.
• Preferred embodiments include paints, lacquers, lubricants, coatings, construction materials, sealing mass, adhesives, paste and glue.
• the perillic acid compound and/or the compositions of this invention are preferably added to the technical product.
• the perillic acid compounds of this invention are particularly useful for preservation of water-containing products.
• the water content in the compositions, wherein the perillic acid compound or composition is used for purposes of preservation is at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight, more preferred at least 40% by weight, more preferred at least 60% by weight, or at least 70% by weight and most preferred at least 75% by weight.
• the water-containing products are compositions wherein water or an aqueous solution forms a continuous phase. This is true for aqueous suspensions and oil-in-water emulsions and water-in-oil emulsions. Oil-in-water emulsions are notoriously difficult to protect against microbial spoilage.
• Perillic acid compounds of this invention are excellent preservatives for such compositions, if an appropriate pH is used.
• Other water- containing products that are within the scope of this invention are compositions that contain surfactants.
• the perillic acid compounds or compositions of this invention are used as preservatives in emulsions.
• Emulsions are difficult media with regard to preservation because they comprise a lipophilic and a hy- drophilic phase.
• Many preservatives are lipophilic and thereby accumulate in the oil phase of an emulsion.
• the phase that is most prone to bacterial spoilage is the aqueous or hydrophilic phase.
• the inventors have found that due to the adjustment of the pH to the desired range the preservation efficacy of the inventive preservative is maximized in emulsions.
• the perillic acid compounds and compositions of this invention can be used as antimicrobial agents and compositions. It has been shown that the compounds and compositions of this invention are active against bacteria, yeast and moulds. It is hence a preferred embodiment of this invention to use the perillic acid compounds and compositions as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial use includes therapeutic use and non-therapeutic use.
• the perillic acid compounds or compositions are used as an antimicrobial agent in a therapeutic method.
• the compositions and compounds of this invention are preferred for use in a therapeutic method.
• the method preferably includes the step of administering to a subject an effective amount of the perillic acid compound or of the composition of this invention. Administration can be topical, local and/or systemic.
• the subject can be human or non-human. Preferred subjects are mammals, in particular humans.
• the therapeutic method does not include cancer-therapy.
• the compositions of this invention do not include compositions for use in the treatment of cancer.
• Pathological conditions that can be treated with the perillic acid compounds and compositions of this invention include mycotic infections, bacterial infections and inflammation.
• Preferred pathological conditions include athlete's foot, nail fungus, eczema, rosacea and caries.
• Therapeutic use includes the antimicrobial application against nosocomial infections, including those caused by M SA, MRSE, ESBL and VRE.
• the use of the compounds and compositions against nosocomial infections, including those caused by MRSA, MRSE, ESBL and VRE, is not therapeutic but includes application as cleansers or disinfectants.
• the perillic acid compounds or compositions are used as an antimicrobial agent in a non-therapeutic method.
• the method preferably includes the step of administering to a subject or applying to an object an effective amount of the perillic acid compound or of the composition of this invention.
• Administration to a subject can be topical, local and/or systemic.
• Application to an object can be superficial, by admixture, coating, immersion or impregnation.
• the subject can be human or non-human. Preferred subjects are mammals, in particular humans.
• the compounds and compositions of this invention can be used for improvement of skin balance and sebum control.
• Non-pathological conditions that can be treated with the perillic acid compounds and compositions of this invention include cosmetic conditions like halitosis, dandruff, rosacea, impure and large pore skin, couperose, body odor, and acne.
• the non-therapeutic use includes application of the perillic acid compound or composition to an object.
• the object can be furniture, wood, stone, metal, construction material, surfaces in cars, factories and houses, filters in air conditioners and others.
• perillic acid compounds and compositions of this invention can also be used as herbicides and fungicides, in particular in plant protection products.
• the compounds and compositions of this invention can be used as disinfectants in hospitals, restaurants, hotels, laundries, households, industry, animal farming etc.
• the invention also includes a method of preparing a composition according to this invention including the steps of preparing a mixture of a perillic acid compound and water, and optionally adjusting the pH to a value that is preferred for the compositions of this invention, in particular from 2 to ⁇ 7, preferably to a range of from pH 3 to ⁇ 7. Adjusting the pH value to less acidic values increases the amount of deprotonated perillic acid compound in the composition. The inventors found that this further increases the preserving effect on the compositions while maintaining efficacy of the perillic acid compound at high levels.
• An optimized pH range is from 4 to ⁇ 7, in particular from 4.5 to 6.5, or up to 6. It has also been found that solubility of the perillic acid compound is increased at the indicated pH values. Examples
• Salts of Peri I lie Acid, in particular Sodium Peri 11 ate
• the invention comprises the application of alkali salts of perillic acid, particularly of sodium perillate, to stabilize various compositions in the range of pH 2 to ⁇ 7 containing water as main constituent, and to address different application fields where microbial spoilage/growth is an issue.
• alkali salts of perillic acid particularly of sodium perillate
• sodium peril- late shows a high long-term stability in both as a solid and in water-based systems, especially when exposed to thermal stress.
• ATCC®8739 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCCO9027, Stapyhlococcus aureus ATCC®6538, Candida albicans ATCC®10231 and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC®16404.
• the following culture media were used: Mueller-Hinton II Bouillon (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), yeast peptone dextrose (Candida albicans) and potato dextrose (Aspergillus brasiliensis). All culture media were buffered with 25 mM MES-buffer.
• the plates were incubated at 37 C (Escherichia coli, Pseu- domonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), at 28 C (Candida albicans) and at 25 C (Aspergillus brasiliensis). Plates were evaluated after 24 h and 72 h, respectively.
• the minimal inhibitory concentration is defined as the concentration where no microbial growth was observed after 24 h and 72 h incubation at the specified temperature.
• n.a. not applicable (A. brasiliensis does not grow at pH > 7.0): n.d.: not determined 1 .2 In product Activity / Conservation Efficacy
• strains were used to determine the efficacy of sodium perillate in an oil-water emulsion: Escherichia coli ATCC®8739, Pseu- domonas aeruginosa ATCC®9027, Stapyhlococcus aureus ATCC®6538, Candida albicans ATCC®10231 , and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC® 16404.
• composition of an oii-water-emulsion (ingredient amounts according to the FDA-code):
• n.d. not determined Among others the following species were used to determine the efficacy of sodium perillate in a water-based glucose formulation: Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Asaia sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Aspergillus sp.
• composition of a water-based glucose formulation (ingredient amounts according to the FDA-code):
• cosmetic formulation types an oil-water-emulsion and a surfactant-containing formulation.
• the prepared formulations were stored at 4 C, 22-25 C (room temperature) and 40 C. Additionally, respective formulations were subjected to a stress test (daily temperature change: 4 C, room temperature, 40 C), were centrifuged and/or freezed for several times.
• composition of formulations :
• Sodium perillate was prepared by adding a defined volume of a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to perillic acid to give an aqueous solution of pH 7.0. The water was removed by evaporation resulting in a colorless solid.
• NaOH sodium hydroxide
• the compound was stored for 12 months at 4 C, 22-25 C (resemble room temperature) and 50° C. At certain time intervals all samples were examined and evaluated qualitatively using thin layer chromatography and quantitatively using gas and liquid chromatography. The results were compared to the stability of R-perillic acid. Within the investigation period no degradation products of sodium perillate could be detected.
• Figure 1A A diagram of the proportions of sodium perillate and its degradation products (DP1 to DP6) after 12 months of storage at room temperature.
• Figure 1 B A diagram of the proportions of sodium perillate and its degradation products (DP1 to DP6) after 12 months of storage at 50 C.
• Figure 2 A diagram of the proportions of perillic acid and its degradation products (DP1 to DP6) after 12 months of storage at room temperature.
• Figure 3 The graph illustrates the relationship of the performance of perillic acid compounds and the influence of pH value on the performance of the compound. It can be seen that the performance, i.e. the antimicrobial efficacy, of a given amount of perillic acid compound will vary significantly with changing pH value. Maximum performance is observed between pH 4 and 6.

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