WO2017002665A1 - 被覆粒子 - Google Patents
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- WO2017002665A1 WO2017002665A1 PCT/JP2016/068355 JP2016068355W WO2017002665A1 WO 2017002665 A1 WO2017002665 A1 WO 2017002665A1 JP 2016068355 W JP2016068355 W JP 2016068355W WO 2017002665 A1 WO2017002665 A1 WO 2017002665A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
- C23C4/067—Metallic material containing free particles of non-metal elements, e.g. carbon, silicon, boron, phosphorus or arsenic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/003—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic followed by coating of the granules
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/06—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies
- B01J3/08—Application of shock waves for chemical reactions or for modifying the crystal structure of substances
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/08—Flame spraying
- B05D1/10—Applying particulate materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/40—Distributing applied liquids or other fluent materials by members moving relatively to surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/10—Carbon fluorides, e.g. [CF]nor [C2F]n
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/205—Preparation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/25—Diamond
- C01B32/26—Preparation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/52—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating using reducing agents for coating with metallic material not provided for in a single one of groups C23C18/32 - C23C18/50
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/18—After-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/04—Diamond
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a coated particle constituted by coating the surface of a base particle with carbon particles obtained by a detonation method.
- Nanoscale diamond (hereinafter referred to as “Nanodiamond”) has many excellent properties such as high hardness and extremely low coefficient of friction, so it has already been used in various fields and is a very promising new material. As a result, application development is being studied.
- nanodiamonds can be synthesized using, for example, detonation reaction of explosives.
- detonation is performed only with a raw material containing an aromatic compound having three or more nitro groups as a carbon source (hereinafter referred to as “explosive raw material”), and an explosive reaction is performed to constitute an explosive raw material.
- Explosive raw material a raw material containing an aromatic compound having three or more nitro groups as a carbon source
- an explosive reaction is performed to constitute an explosive raw material.
- Carbon atoms decomposed and liberated from molecules are generated as diamonds at high temperature and high pressure during detonation, which is called detonation (for example, see Non-Patent Document 1).
- TNT trinitrotoluene
- RDX trimethylenetrinitroamine
- HMX octogen
- the explosive refers to a substance capable of performing a detonation reaction.
- a raw material containing an aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups hereinafter referred to as “non-explosive”. Explosives are also included in the explosives. Explosive substances refer to substances that cause a rapid combustion reaction, and there are solid and liquid substances at room temperature and normal pressure.
- carbon particles produced by the detonation method contain carbon impurities mainly composed of nanoscale graphite carbon (hereinafter referred to as “nanographite”), which is a carbon component having no diamond structure, in addition to nanodiamonds. It is out. That is, the carbon particles are decomposed to the atomic level by detonation of the raw material, and carbon atoms released without being oxidized are aggregated into a solid state and generated. At the time of detonation, the raw material is brought into a high temperature and high pressure state due to a decomposition reaction, but immediately expands and is cooled.
- nanoscale graphite carbon hereinafter referred to as “nanographite”
- the process from high temperature and high pressure to vacuum cooling occurs in a much shorter time than normal combustion or deflagration, which is an explosion phenomenon slower than detonation.
- the diamond is produced.
- a high-performance explosive known as a typical explosive that causes detonation (for example, a mixed explosive of TNT and RDX) is used as the source material, the pressure at the time of detonation becomes very high.
- the produced carbon particles are rich in nanodiamonds.
- carbon atoms that do not form a diamond structure are nanoscale graphitic carbon (nanographite) or the like.
- nano-graphite other than nano-diamond has been considered to be undesirable in utilizing the excellent characteristics of nano-diamond. Therefore, in the prior art, the main focus has been on removing carbon impurities such as nanographite as much as possible by various purification methods and chemical treatments to form nanodiamonds (for example, Patent Document 1, Patent Document 1). 2).
- nanographite has a new function because it can bond more heterogeneous atoms or functional groups other than carbon in addition to different physical properties such as low hardness and high electrical conductivity. It has features such as being able to have it. Therefore, it has been attracting attention as a promising new material that can have various properties by using nanographite alone or as a mixture with nanodiamond.
- An object of the present invention is to use carbon particles containing nanoscale graphitic carbon and diamond produced by a detonation method using a non-explosive-based raw material that is inexpensive and can be stably supplied. To provide a new material.
- the coated particle according to the present invention that has solved the above problem is a step of arranging an explosive substance having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more around a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups.
- the gist is that the carbon particles produced by the step of detonating the explosive substance are covered with the surface of the substrate particles.
- the carbon particles are preferably fluorinated.
- the present invention also includes a functional material in which the coated particles are supported on the surface of the base material.
- the coated particles according to the present invention include a step of disposing an explosive substance having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more around a raw material containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, and detonating the explosive substance. It can be produced by a method including a step and a step of coating the obtained carbon particles on the surface of the substrate particles by a mechanical composite method.
- the carbon particles may be fluorinated and then coated on the surface of the base particles by a mechanical composite method.
- the functional material according to the present invention can be produced by supporting the coated particles obtained by the production method described above on the surface of the base material.
- the coated particles obtained by the above-described production method may be supported on the surface of the base material and then fluorinated to produce the functional material according to the present invention.
- the coated particles may be supported on the surface of the base material by, for example, thermal spraying, rolling, or plating.
- stable detonation can be caused even by a detonation method using an inexpensive non-explosive material, and carbon particles containing nanoscale graphitic carbon and diamond can be produced.
- a novel material can be provided by coating the carbon particles thus obtained on the surface of the substrate particles.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of an explosion device used in the production method of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for explaining the process of mechanical compounding.
- FIG. 3 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3.
- 4 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3.
- FIG. 5 is an X-ray diffraction chart of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a calibration curve used to determine the diamond content ratio of carbon particles.
- FIG. 7 is a drawing-substituting photograph taken with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) before and after fluorination treatment of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. TEM transmission electron microscope
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the C1s narrow band photoelectron spectrum after peak separation processing.
- FIG. 9 is a drawing-substituting photograph in which the surface of the coated particle obtained in the example was taken with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
- FIG. 10 is a drawing-substituting photograph taken so that a portion of the surface layer of the coated particles obtained in the example was cut out with a focused ion beam (FIB) apparatus, and the urethane resin particles inside and the coated carbon particles could be compared. is there.
- FIG. 11 is a photo, which substitutes for a drawing, taken by observing a cross section of the coated particle obtained in the example with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
- FIG. 9 is a drawing-substituting photograph in which the surface of the coated particle obtained in the example was taken with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
- FIB focused ion beam
- FIG. 12 is a drawing-substituting photograph in which the SUS304 type stainless steel plate used as the base material and the obtained functional material are photographed.
- FIG. 13 is a drawing-substituting photograph taken by cutting the functional material shown in FIG. 12 with a precision cutter and observing a cross section with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the results of measuring the number of friction fluids of the samples in the examples.
- the present inventors have studied a method for inexpensively producing carbon particles containing nanoscale graphitic carbon and diamond by the detonation method, and the raw material containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups Has been found to be able to be achieved by a manufacturing method including a step of placing an explosive substance with an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more around and a step of detonating the explosive substance, and previously filed a patent application as Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-273468. did. Thereafter, as a result of further investigation, it was found that the coated particles formed by coating the carbon particles obtained by the above production method on the surface of the substrate particles are useful as a new material, and the present invention has been completed. did.
- the carbon particles used in the present invention produce carbon particles containing nano-scale graphitic carbon and diamond by detonation.
- the method includes a step of disposing an explosive substance having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more around a raw material containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, and a step of detonating the explosive substance.
- Carbon particles can be produced by the production method.
- an explosive substance having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more is arranged around a raw material substance containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups.
- An aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups is a non-explosive raw material contained in a raw material which is a carbon source for the detonation method.
- An explosive substance having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more is a substance that causes a stable detonation in order to generate carbon particles from a raw material.
- numerator which comprises an explosive substance contains a carbon atom
- the said explosive substance may become a carbon source with a raw material substance.
- the aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups has, for example, a structure in which 0, 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms of an aromatic ring such as benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene and the like are substituted with nitro groups.
- the aromatic compound may have a substituent other than a nitro group, and examples of the substituent include an alkyl group, a hydroxy group, a hydroxyalkyl group, an amino group, and a halogen group.
- positional isomer There may be a positional isomer depending on the positional relationship between the nitro group and the substituent. Any of the positional isomers can be used in the above production method. For example, if the aromatic compound is nitrotoluene, there are three positional isomers: 2-, 3- and 4-nitrotoluene.
- aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups examples include benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, nitroxylene, nitronaphthalene, nitroanthracene, dinitrobenzene, dinitrotoluene, dinitroxylene, dinitro Examples include naphthalene and dinitroanthracene.
- the aromatic compounds having two or less nitro groups may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups is preferably a compound having a structure in which one or two hydrogen atoms of the aromatic ring are substituted with nitro groups.
- these aromatic compounds having 2 or less nitro groups since they are easily available and have a low melting point and are easy to mold, for example, dinitrotoluene (DNT), dinitrobenzene (DNB), Dinitroxylene (DNX) and the like are more preferable.
- an explosive raw material in addition to an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, which is a non-explosive raw material, an explosive raw material may be contained.
- the explosive raw material is, for example, a compound having three or more nitro groups, and is generally a nitro compound that is used for explosion purposes.
- the nitro compound include trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexogen (RDX; cyclotrimethylenetrinitroamine), octogen (HMX; cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and tetril (tetranitro). Methylaniline) and the like.
- the said nitro compound may be used independently or may use 2 or more types together.
- the content ratio of the aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups in the raw material is usually 50% by mass or more, preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, based on the total mass of the raw material. More preferably, it is 95% by mass or more. If an aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups, which is an inexpensive non-explosive material, is contained in a high ratio, the content ratio of compounds having 3 or more nitro groups, which is an expensive explosive material, can be reduced. Therefore, the content ratio of the aromatic compound having 2 or less nitro groups is most preferably 100% by mass, but the upper limit is preferably about 99% by mass or 98% by mass. .
- the explosive speed of the explosive material arranged around the raw material must be higher than the explosive speed of the raw material. That is, among the aromatic compounds having two or less nitro groups contained in the raw material, for example, dinitrotoluene (DNT, true density: 1.52 g / cm 3 , melting point: 67 to 70 ° C.) that is inexpensive and easy to use. Although it is difficult to detonate stably, the detonation speed is expected to be about 6000 m / sec. Therefore, the explosive speed of explosive substances must be higher than this.
- the explosive speed of typical explosive substances is usually 10,000 m / sec or less.
- the explosive speed of the explosive substance is preferably 6300 m / second or more, and the upper limit is preferably 10,000 m / second or less.
- the explosion speed of DNT reference can be made to Combustion and Flames, Volume 14 (1970), page 145.
- the explosion speed is the propagation speed of detonation when an explosive substance causes detonation.
- solid substances include, for example, TNT, RDX, HMX, PETN, Tetril, mixed explosives mainly composed of RDX and TNT (for example, composition B), HMX and TNT.
- mixed explosives for example, octol
- a liquid explosive can also be used as the explosive substance. If a liquid is used for the explosive substance, the degree of freedom of shape is high, the size can be easily increased, and operability and safety can be improved as compared with the case where a solid is used.
- liquid explosives include hydrazine (including its hydrated hydrazine hydrate) and hydrazine nitrate, hydrazine and ammonium nitrate, hydrazine, hydrazine nitrate and ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and hydrazine and nitromethane. Is mentioned.
- the solid substance has a low melting point, and therefore, TNT that is easy to mold or composition B containing TNT as a main component is preferable.
- the explosive substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the properties and explosion speed of typical explosive substances are shown in Table 1 below.
- the explosive substances in Table 1 below indicate substances that can be detonated stably.
- the amount of the raw material and the explosive material used may be appropriately adjusted according to the desired amount of carbon particles, and is not particularly limited, but the ratio (explosive material / raw material) is a mass ratio, Preferably it is 0.1 or more, More preferably, it is 0.2 or more, Preferably it is 1 or less, More preferably, it is 0.9 or less, More preferably, it is 0.8 or less. If the ratio of the amount used is less than 0.1, a detonation reaction sufficient to generate carbon particles cannot be performed, and thus the yield may decrease. Conversely, if the ratio of the amount used exceeds 1, explosive substances are used more than necessary, which may increase production costs.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of an explosion device used in the manufacturing method.
- the explosive device shown in FIG. 1 is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the present invention.
- the explosive substance 12 is arranged around the raw material substance 10.
- the high temperature and high pressure accompanying the shock wave generated by the detonation of the explosive substance 12 is applied to the raw material substance 10 as uniformly as possible, that is, in an explosive shape. It is preferable to arrange the source material 10 and the explosive material 12 symmetrically so as to ensure symmetry. Therefore, for example, (a) when both the raw material 10 and the explosive substance 12 are solid, the raw material 10 and the explosive substance 12 are, for example, melted and pressed into a cylindrical split mold. Thus, a concentric columnar molded body may be produced.
- the raw material 10 When the raw material 10 is a solid and the explosive material 12 is a liquid explosive, the raw material 10 is melted and pressed to produce a cylindrical molded body. After aligning the axial direction in the inner central part of the cylindrical container, the liquid explosive may be injected around it.
- the container 20 that houses the raw material 10 and the explosive substance 12 is referred to as an “explosion container”.
- the explosion container 20 it is preferable to use, for example, a container made of a synthetic resin such as an acrylic resin because impurities such as metals can be prevented from being mixed.
- the explosive substance 12 is then detonated to generate carbon particles from the raw material substance 10.
- a shock wave generated by the detonation reaction of the explosive substance 12 propagates toward the raw material 10, and the shock wave compresses the raw material 10 to cause detonation, which is decomposed and liberated from organic molecules constituting the raw material 10.
- the atoms change to carbon particles containing graphitic carbon and nanodiamonds.
- Detonation may be performed in either an open system or a closed system.
- the detonation in the open system may be performed, for example, inside the earth excavated underground or a tunnel.
- the detonation in the sealed system is preferably performed in a state where the raw material and the explosive material are loaded in a metal chamber, for example.
- the state of being loaded in a metal chamber means that, for example, a molded body of the raw material and the explosive material or an explosion container containing the raw material and the explosive material is suspended in the chamber. It is in the state.
- It is preferable to perform detonation in a sealed system because the residue can be prevented from scattering over a wide range.
- a chamber used for detonation is referred to as an “explosion chamber”.
- the atmosphere in the explosion chamber is substantially free of oxygen, the oxidation reaction of carbon can be suppressed and the yield can be improved.
- the gas in the explosion chamber is replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, carbon dioxide gas, or the inside of the explosion chamber is ⁇ 0.1 to ⁇ 0. .01 MPaG (symbol “G” after the pressure unit indicates a gauge pressure; the same applies hereinafter), or the inside of the explosion chamber is evacuated to release the atmosphere (oxygen).
- the inert gas as described above may be filled to a weak positive pressure of about +0.000 to +0.001 MPaG.
- the chamber is not limited to metal as long as it has sufficient strength to withstand detonation, and may be made of concrete, for example.
- a coolant is preferably disposed around the source material and the explosive material. By disposing the coolant, the generated diamond can be rapidly cooled to prevent phase transition to graphitic carbon.
- the coolant for example, the molded body or the explosion container 20 may be installed in the cooling container 30 and the coolant 32 may be filled in the gap between the cooling container 30 and the molded body or the explosion container 20. .
- the coolant 32 is a substance that does not substantially generate an oxidizing substance such as oxygen or ozone, the oxidation reaction of carbon can be suppressed, so that the yield is improved.
- coolant 32 for example, oxygen gas dissolved in the coolant 32 is removed, or a coolant 32 that does not contain a constituent element that generates an oxidizing substance such as oxygen or ozone is used.
- the coolant 32 include water and alkyl halides (for example, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride), and water is particularly preferable because it has little adverse effect on the environment.
- the explosive substance 12 is normally detonated using a detonator or a detonation wire, but in order to cause detonation more reliably, an explosive agent 22 is placed between the explosive substance 12 and the detonator or detonator. It may be interposed. In this case, the explosive 22 and the detonator or explosive wire 24 are attached to the molded body or the explosion container 20 and then loaded into the explosion chamber, for example.
- the explosive charge 22 for example, Composition C-4, SEP manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation and the like can be used.
- the molded body and the explosion container 20 are stored in a liquid-tight container (for example, a bag made of an olefin-based synthetic resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene). It is preferable to prevent the coolant 32 from entering the container 20.
- the explosive substance 12 is detonated and detonated to obtain carbon particles containing graphite carbon and diamond as the residue.
- the residue obtained in the detonation process may contain debris of the container, blasting debris such as wires and wires as impurities.
- the carbon particles can be obtained in the form of a dry powder having a desired particle size.
- coarse rubble is removed from the residue obtained in the detonation process, and then classified by a sieve or the like, separated into a sieve passing part and a residue on the sieve, and the sieve passing part is recovered.
- the residue on the sieve may be classified again after crushing.
- Water is separated from the finally obtained sieve passage to obtain a dry powder.
- the sieve opening may be adjusted as appropriate, separation and purification treatments may be repeated, and the sieve passing through the sieve having an opening corresponding to the desired particle size may be used as the product. More specifically, for example, when detonation is performed in the explosion chamber using water as the coolant 32, the water containing the residue may be collected and settled and separated. After removing the coarse rubble, the supernatant liquid is recovered as a waste liquid, and the precipitate is classified with a sieve or the like to obtain a sieve passing part.
- the residue on the sieve may be crushed and separated by ultrasonic vibration or the like and classified again with a sieve or the like.
- the residue on the sieve having an opening of about 100 ⁇ m is often explosive debris such as debris of the explosion container 20, conductors, or wires, and is disposed of as industrial waste after collection.
- the residue on the sieve having an opening of about 32 ⁇ m may be crushed and separated by ultrasonic vibration or the like and classified again with a sieve or the like.
- the recovered product is separated from water by centrifugation or the like and dried to obtain a carbon particle powder having a desired particle size.
- acrylic resin particles or powder may be mixed in the residue obtained in the detonation process.
- the acrylic resin may be removed by elution treatment with acetone.
- the metal such as iron may be removed by treatment with hot concentrated nitric acid.
- the obtained powder is nanoscale carbon particles containing a large amount of graphitic carbon in addition to nanodiamond. However, depending on the application, it is required to make use of the excellent characteristics of diamond.
- the carbon particles obtained by the above production method have a mass ratio G / D of 2.5 or more when the mass of graphitic carbon is G and the mass of diamond is D.
- G / D mass ratio
- the composition and physical properties of the carbon particles used in the present invention will be described in detail.
- the carbon particles used in the present invention can be defined by the content ratio of the carbon component in mass ratio.
- the carbon particles are decomposed to the atomic level by causing detonation of the raw material, and the carbon atoms released without being oxidized are aggregated and generated in a solid state.
- the raw material is brought into a high temperature and high pressure state due to a decomposition reaction, but immediately expands and is cooled.
- the process from high temperature and high pressure to vacuum cooling occurs in a much shorter time than normal combustion or deflagration, which is an explosion phenomenon slower than detonation, so there is no time for the agglomerated carbon to grow greatly. Scale carbon particles are produced.
- the above-mentioned raw materials used are typical high-performance explosives such as RDX and HMX, which are known to cause detonation
- the pressure during detonation becomes very high.
- the produced carbon particles are rich in nanodiamonds.
- the pressure at the time of detonation does not increase, so diamond synthesis does not occur and nanoscale carbon particles other than diamond are obtained.
- the carbon particles contain a large amount of nanoscale graphitic carbon.
- the content ratio of nanodiamond and nanographite can be controlled by the pressure at the time of detonation of the raw material. That is, the content ratio of nanographite can be increased by using a raw material that is not a high-performance explosive.
- the pressure at the time of detonation of the raw material is lower than that of the high-performance explosive, it may be difficult to detonate the raw material, or a phenomenon may occur where the detonation is interrupted halfway. This indicates that it is difficult to stably detonate the source material alone.
- nanoscale carbon particles such as diamond, graphite, fine carbon nanotubes, and fullerene are produced. Presumed.
- FIG. 4 The observation result of the lattice image in the transmission electron microscope (Transmission Electron Microscope; TEM) photograph in the carbon particle obtained by Experimental example 3 of the Example mentioned later is shown in FIG.
- two types of lattice image shapes were observed: a round sphere as indicated by symbol D and a laminate (graphite) as indicated by symbol G. Both of these are nanoscale, and are considered to be carbon particles of the main component because of their existing amount. Since the carbon particles observed here are expected to be nanodiamond and graphitic carbon, the lattice spacing and the plane spacing of the laminate were measured and compared.
- the TEM scale bar (5 nm, 10 nm) and magnification are obtained by using a Si single crystal with a SiGe multilayer film as a standard sample. . This calibration work is confirmed to be within 5% by monthly accuracy control.
- the diamond (symbol D) reflected in the same field of view has a D111 plane, and the measurement result of the lattice spacing is 2.11 mm.
- the lattice spacing of the D111 plane in a cubic diamond by the powder diffraction method is 2.06 mm, and the ratio of the difference is 2.4%.
- the measurement result of the interplanar spacing observed in the portion indicated by the symbol G in FIG. 4 was 3.46 mm.
- the G002 plane spacing of the hexagonal graphite laminate by the powder diffraction method is said to be 3.37 mm, and the ratio of the difference is also 2.4%. Therefore, the observed interlaminar spacing was almost the same as that of the graphite laminate. Therefore, it is considered that the laminated nanoscale carbon particles are nanographite and occupy a major proportion of the carbon particles.
- X-ray diffraction data can identify nanodiamonds, but for nanoscale carbon particles, what substances are contained in addition to nanographite and fine multi-walled carbon nanotubes that give a peak around 26 °? Is not clear. Fine single-walled (single) carbon nanotubes and various fullerenes are not involved in the peak near 26 °, and thus the quantitative result based on the peak near 26 ° does not include the amount produced. Furthermore, it is expected that the peak near 26 ° also includes nanoscale carbon particles whose structure of the laminate (graphite) is changed to, for example, a turbulent structure by detonation.
- nanodiamond and nanographite manufactured based on this manufacturing method have a mass ratio within a certain range. Since it is expected to fall within the ratio, it is not expected that any carbon other than diamond will be a large error even if it is made of graphitic carbon. Therefore, it is presumed that there is little carbon having a structure other than diamond and graphitic carbon, so the carbonaceous material other than diamond was made graphite carbon and the ratio was obtained.
- the present invention uses carbon particles that contain graphite carbon and diamond and have a high content of graphite carbon compared to conventional products obtained using explosive materials.
- the mass ratio G / D is 2.5 or more, preferably 3 or more, more preferably 3.5 or more, and still more preferably. Is 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the mass ratio G / D is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100 or less, more preferably 50 or less, and even more preferably 20 or less, considering that diamond is included.
- mass ratio G / D is calculated
- the coated particles of the present invention are characterized in that carbon particles obtained by the above production method are configured to be coated on the surface of base material particles. By covering the surface of the substrate particles with the carbon particles, it can be used for various applications as a new material.
- the coated particles can coat the carbon particles on the surface of the substrate particles so that the film thickness becomes 0.004 ⁇ m. That is, when the carbon particles are coated most thinly, the film thickness can be 0.004 ⁇ m.
- the film thickness may be 1 ⁇ m or more. Although the upper limit of the said film thickness is not specifically limited, For example, it is 10 micrometers or less.
- the type of the base material particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carbon, resin, glass, ceramics, metal, and natural materials.
- Examples of carbon include artificial graphite.
- Examples of the resin include acrylic, urethane, nylon, polyethylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
- Examples of the glass include various amorphous glasses and crystallized glasses.
- Examples of the ceramic include SiC, inert alumina, silica, titania, and zirconia.
- the metal include aluminum, pure copper, bronze, brass, carbon steel, stainless steel, maraging steel, and nickel-based alloy.
- natural materials such as synthetic zeolite, wood chips, minerals, coal, and rocks may be used.
- the size of the substrate particles is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, about 2 to 550 ⁇ m.
- the substrate particles are preferably covered with the carbon particles so that the surfaces thereof are completely covered.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the carbon particles are formed only on a part of the surfaces of the substrate particles. It may be attached.
- the coated particles include a step of arranging an explosive material having an explosion speed of 6300 m / sec or more around a raw material material containing an aromatic compound having two or less nitro groups, a step of detonating the explosive material,
- the obtained carbon particles can be manufactured by a method including a step of coating the surface of the substrate particles by a mechanical composite method.
- the mechanical compounding method means mixing or pulverization. That is, from the relationship between the function expression of particles in the mechanical powder processing and the added energy, as the added energy increases, from the mere change of place (mixing) to uniform dispersion, refinement (pulverization), A high level of functionality is added, such as surface coating (compositing).
- composite particles have the following two forms. Coated composite particles in which the surface of the core particle is covered with fine particles (child particles), and the dispersed composite particle that forms a structure in which the child particles enter the core particles or the core particles and the child particles interlace with each other There is.
- Capsule-like composite particles have a core-shell type. What kind of composite particles are generated depends on the physical and chemical properties of the core particles / child particles, and also on the magnitude of the mechanical action and atmosphere of the composite.
- the mechanical compounding process includes (1) particle collision / adhesion, (2) particle disintegration / dispersion, (3) fine particle mixing, (4) particle fusion / It consists of embedding.
- the powerful impact, compression, and shearing action that acts on the particles between the rotor and balls that rotate at high speed and the container and inner piece facilitates these processes, enabling compounding and control of surface properties. .
- hybridization systems high-speed air impact method
- mechano-fusion systems etc.
- a hybridization system a very strong impact force is applied to particles due to a collision with a blade or a casing, so that foreign substances can be embedded or fused.
- the mechano-fusion system is also expected to be applied to mechanical alloying because of its powerful compressive and shearing forces.
- there is a case where such a strong mechanical action is contrary to the function expression of the composite particles. For example, there is a decrease in function or a change in crystal structure due to a sudden temperature rise or impact. A relatively mild technique has been developed for such cases.
- a stirring mixer such as a Henschel mixer that can disperse fine particles well by rotation of a stirring blade. Conveniently for precise fine mixing at the particle surface.
- a composer that can be expected to have an intermediate mechanical action that can be fixed firmly without changing the structure of the substance.
- the above-described Henschel mixer was improved, and an “MP5 mixer (composite)” apparatus manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd. having a function similar to a hybridization system was used.
- the coated particles of the present invention can be obtained not only by this apparatus but also by the above-described various mechanical composite methods.
- the carbon particles may be fluorinated and then coated on the surface of the substrate particles.
- Fluorine treatment of carbon particles in advance allows the coated particles to have fluorine such as water repellency, oil repellency, mold release, non-adhesiveness, antifouling, chemical resistance, lubricity, antibacterial and oxidizing power. It can give its own functions. Further, the coated particles can be easily dispersed in both water and an organic solvent.
- fluorination treatment for example, a direct fluorination method in which the base particles react with fluorine gas or a fluorinating agent derived from fluorine gas can be employed. A method of fluorination by reacting fluorine plasma can also be employed. Further, a method of fluorinating in a solution with a fluorinating agent such as a fluoroalkyl group-containing oligomer can also be employed. Also, fluorination with a fluorinating agent in an ionic liquid can be employed.
- Graphite fluoride is drawing attention as a new industrial material because of its chemical and physical properties.
- Graphite fluoride is a white powdery inorganic sheet polymer produced by direct reaction of carbon and fluorine.
- Graphite fluoride tends to be collocated with fluorocarbons such as CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , and ⁇ CF 2 —CF 2 ⁇ n.
- fluorocarbons such as CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , and ⁇ CF 2 —CF 2 ⁇ n.
- graphite fluoride produced from graphite becomes crystalline, polycondensation, etc. There is a feature that it is a solid polymer that cannot be synthesized by this means. Therefore, it is called graphite fluoride to distinguish it from general carbon and fluorine compounds.
- These carbon materials form a system that is treated as a substance in the boundary region between organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry from the history of their production.
- graphite fluoride produced from various carbon raw materials such as amorphous carbon, carbon black, petroleum coke, and graphite can be expressed by (CF) n .
- the graphite fluoride of the present invention has the most C—F bonds, but is characterized by the fact that C—F 2 bonds and C—F 3 bonds are also observed.
- the anti-wear agent and lubricant are utilized by taking advantage of excellent properties such as abrasiveness, durability and wear resistance of diamond. It is also useful for applications such as fiber materials, resin coatings that provide functionality, drug delivery systems, and electronic devices, taking advantage of the excellent properties of graphite-like carbon such as conductivity, water repellency, and biocompatibility. It is useful for applications such as covers, battery electrode materials, conductive films, reinforced rubbers and water repellent rubbers, catalysts, and adsorbents.
- the present invention also includes a functional material having the coated particles supported on the surface of the base material.
- the following effects can be enjoyed by carrying the coated particles. That is, depending on the type of the base material supporting the coated particles, the surface hardness of the base material is increased, the friction coefficient is decreased to improve the lubricity, the wear resistance is improved, the catalytic property (reactive activity) ), Improved conductivity, improved thermal conductivity, improved corrosion resistance, or fluorinated is water repellency, oil repellency, release property, non-adhesive property, Improves dirtiness, chemical resistance, lubricity, antibacterial power and oxidizing power.
- the type of the base material supporting the coated particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include carbon, wood, glass, resin, ceramics, metal, concrete, and outer wall material.
- Examples of the carbon include graphite, glassy carbon, artificial graphite, isotropic graphite, carbon black, fine carbon, C / C composite (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Composite), carbon fiber, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the glass examples include amorphous glass such as Pyrex (registered trademark) glass and quartz glass, crystallized glass such as lithium aluminosilicate and magnesium aluminosilicate, and special glass such as conductive glass. It is done.
- amorphous glass such as Pyrex (registered trademark) glass and quartz glass
- crystallized glass such as lithium aluminosilicate and magnesium aluminosilicate
- special glass such as conductive glass. It is done.
- thermoplastic resins examples include thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, nylon, and engineering plastics.
- thermoplastic resin examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, ABS resin, acrylic resin, and polycarbonate.
- thermosetting resin a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin etc. are mentioned, for example.
- Examples of the engineering plastic include, for example, polyacetal, bakelite, epoxy glass, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polyamide, modified polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyamide imide, polyether imide, polyether ketone, Examples include polyether ether ketone, polysulfone soot, polyether sulfone, and fluoropolymer.
- the ceramics include oxide ceramics such as alumina, silica and quartz, carbide ceramics such as silicon carbide, nitride ceramics such as silicon nitride and aluminum nitride, titania and zirconia.
- the metal examples include ordinary steel, tool steel, bearing steel, stainless steel, iron, cast iron, and other iron-based metals, copper, copper alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, nickel, nickel-base alloys, tin, lead, cobalt,
- Non-ferrous metals such as titanium, chromium, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc can be used.
- these alloys may be sufficient and the oxide of these metals etc. may be sufficient.
- the shape of the base material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a plate shape, a columnar shape, and a cylindrical shape.
- the functional material can be produced by supporting the coated particles on the surface of the base material.
- Examples of the method of supporting the coated particles on the surface of the base material include (1) thermal spraying, (2) rolling, or (3) plating.
- (1) Thermal spraying and (2) rolling can be generically referred to as a processing method for thermomechanical construction.
- a particle collision method (some of which is also referred to as Wide Peening Cleaning: WPC) using a mechanism in which heat is generated when a fine particle is collided at high speed may be used.
- WPC Wide Peening Cleaning
- Thermal spraying is a surface modification technology that forms a film by spraying material particles obtained by melting or semi-melting a thermal spray material such as metal or ceramics onto the surface of a base material using a combustion flame or electrical energy. It is a kind. As the heat source for melting the thermal spray material such as powder and wire, combustion gas, plasma, etc. are used. The melted material becomes fine particles having a diameter of several ⁇ m to several hundreds of ⁇ m, and several tens of meters to several tens of seconds. A film is formed by laminating flat fine particles that collide with the surface of the base material at a high speed of 100 m / sec and rapidly solidify (in the case of liquefied metal particles, 10 7 ° C / sec or more).
- This laminated structure is a major feature of the thermal spray coating and is also called a lamellar structure.
- a thermal spray material By spraying a thermal spray material, it is used for the purpose of adding functions and qualities such as abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, impermeableness, and conductivity separately from the material to the surface of various equipment and devices. There are many methods and processes for thermal spraying.
- the above-mentioned spraying method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include flame spraying, arc spraying, plasma spraying, explosion spraying, high-speed flame spraying, and cold spray spraying.
- the flame spraying, arc spraying, and plasma spraying are known as temperature-oriented spraying methods in which they are sufficiently melted and sprayed at a low speed.
- the above-described explosion spraying, high-speed flame spraying, and cold spray spraying are known as speed-oriented spraying methods in which particles in a semi-molten state are sprayed at high speed.
- cold spray spraying is one of the surface coating techniques by high-speed fine particle collision, and is characterized by acceleration by a low-temperature high-speed working gas.
- the material particles do not melt because the gas temperature is lower than the melting point of the material particles. Therefore, in recent years, it is also used for thermal spraying of nanocarbon materials such as carbon nanotubes.
- the nano-sized carbon particles constituting a part of the coated particles are obtained by the detonation method and are exposed to a high temperature of at least 800 ° C. at the time of manufacture. Heat resistance is expected to be higher than nano-carbon materials. Therefore, if metal, ceramic, or the like, which is a heat-resistant material, is selected as the base particle, it can be handled by a temperature-oriented spraying method, and it is not necessary to be bound by a speed-oriented spraying method.
- the carbon particles present in the sprayed coating can improve wear resistance, slidability, conductivity (when the base material is ceramic / resin), etc. Conceivable. Furthermore, when the carbon particles in the thermal spray coating are positioned as a filler serving as a catalyst, a carrier, or a binder, further functions can be expected. That is, in the above-described fluorination treatment, the carbon particles carried on the coated particles are made of graphite fluoride so that the coated particles have water repellency, oil repellency, release properties, non-adhesiveness, antifouling properties, chemical resistance, lubrication. Functions such as sexual activity, antibacterial activity, and oxidative activity.
- the surface of the base material sprayed in the same manner as the fluorinated coated particles can have the function of graphite fluoride. That is, by fluorinating the surface of the base material that has been sprayed, the surface of the base material has water and oil repellency, mold release / non-adhesion / antifouling properties, chemical resistance, lubricity, antibacterial and oxidizing power, etc. It can have the function of.
- the rolling method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a press rolling method such as a roll press method and a belt press method, a forging method such as a batch type flat hot press method, and a clad rolling method.
- the above rolling is not limited to the method of forming the coating process by supplying only the coated particles, but may be a method of supplying the mixture of the coated particles and the binder agent to perform the forming process. If the combination of the material of the base material particles and the base material is selected, the coated particles can be supported on the surface of the base material without an adhesive. For example, if a metal or ceramic with a high melting point is selected as the base particle, a resin with a low melting point is selected as the base material, and hot pressing is performed at a heating temperature slightly higher than the temperature on the low melting point side, the coated particle Can be welded to the base material.
- a resin with a low melting point as the base particle select a metal or ceramic with a high melting point as the base material, and similarly, heat at a heating temperature slightly above the lower melting point. Even if the pressing is performed, the base particles of the coated particles melt and spread on the surface of the base material, and after cooling, a layered base material coating containing carbon particles can be formed on the surface of the base material.
- alumina, SiC, stainless steel, maraging steel, tool steel or the like having high hardness is selected as the base particle, and various resins having low hardness, aluminum, copper or the like are selected as the base material, low heating is possible.
- the coated particles can be supported on the surface of the base material even by rolling at a temperature.
- boride powder is directly extruded from aluminum alloy powder.
- the binder agent is not limited to aluminum and aluminum alloy powders, and thermosetting resins and reactive hot melt adhesives that are often used in the production of plywood (plywood) can be used.
- the coated particles of the present invention are rolled by various methods to improve wear resistance, slidability, conductivity (when the base material is ceramic or resin), etc. due to the carbon particles present in the sprayed coating. It is considered possible.
- coated particles those obtained by coating the surface of base particles with carbon particles subjected to fluorination treatment may be used, or carbon particles that have not been subjected to fluorination treatment may be used.
- the coated particles may be prepared, coated on the surface of the base material, and then fluorinated.
- a functional material carrying coated particles on the surface of the base material can be produced by immersing and plating the base material in a plating bath in which the coated particles are dispersed.
- the plating method is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, electroplating or electroless (chemical) plating.
- the type of plating can be a single metal (eg, copper, nickel, chromium, tin, zinc, silver, gold, etc.) or an alloy (eg, brass, bronze, solder, Zn—Ni alloy, Zn—Fe alloy, Ni—P, Ni-B, Ni-W, Ni-Fe, etc.), which is a composite plating method in which fine particles including the coated particles are co-deposited on the plating metal.
- the plating bath is not particularly limited as long as the coated particles are dispersed.
- a plating bath in which the coated particles are dispersed can be used.
- Ni plating bath Ni plating bath, Ni—P plating bath, Ni—B plating bath, Ni—W plating bath, Ni—Cu—P plating bath, Ni—S plating bath, Cr— W plating bath, Cr—Mo plating bath, Cr—Fe plating bath, Cr—C plating bath, Cr—H plating bath, Fe—W plating bath, Fe—Mo plating bath, Fe—Ni plating bath, Co—W series Plating bath, nickel sulfamate plating bath, copper cyanide plating bath, copper pyrophosphate plating bath, copper sulfate plating bath, hexavalent chromium plating bath, zinc cyanide plating bath, zinc cyanide plating bath, alkaline tin plating bath, acidic A tin plating bath, a silver plating bath, a gold cyanide plating bath, an acidic gold plating bath, or the like can be used.
- Ni plating bath for example, Ni plating bath, for example, Ni plat
- the temperature of the plating bath at the time of plating is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 50 to 90 ° C. Further, the plating solution may be stirred during plating.
- Coated particles were produced by coating the surface of the base particles with carbon particles produced by the procedures described in Experimental Examples 1 to 5 below.
- the molded body as the raw material 10 was placed in the center of the explosion container 20 having an inner diameter of 12 cm and a height of 50 cm, and the liquid explosive as the explosive substance 12 was filled around it.
- An explosive 22 (SEP), explosive wire, and No. 6 electric detonator 24 were attached to the top of the explosion container 20, covered, and stored in a liquid-tight polyethylene bag.
- a container having a capacity of 100 L was used as the cooling container 30.
- the explosion container 20 was installed in the cooling container 30. At this time, the outer base of the explosion container 20 was adjusted to be 15 cm in height from the inner bottom of the cooling container 30 by using the iron mount 34 and the iron holed disc 36.
- 120 L of distilled water is added as a coolant 32 to the cooling container 30 and the polyethylene bag, the coolant 32 is filled in the gap between the cooling container 30 and the explosion container 20, the cap is capped, and then the inner volume is obtained using a wire sling. It was suspended from its ceiling in a 30m 3 explosion chamber. The explosion chamber was evacuated from atmospheric pressure, and the amount of oxygen gas remaining in the explosion chamber was calculated to be 279.9 g.
- the explosive material 12 was detonated by detonating the explosive wire with the detonator. Then, about 120 L of water containing residue was recovered from the explosion chamber, and settled and separated to remove coarse rubble. At this time, since the supernatant liquid was strongly alkaline, the pH was adjusted to weak acidity by adding citric acid. The supernatant liquid that became weakly acidic was recovered as a waste liquid as it was. The precipitates were classified using a vibrating sieve device (“KG-700-2W” manufactured by KOWA) in this Experimental Example 1 with a sieve having an opening of 100 ⁇ m and an opening of 16 ⁇ m. The portion passing through the 16 ⁇ m sieve was recovered as it was. In Experimental Examples 2 to 5, which will be described later, classification was performed with a sieve having an opening of 100 ⁇ m and an opening of 32 ⁇ m, and the portion passing through the 32 ⁇ m sieve was recovered as it was.
- KG-700-2W manufactured by KOWA
- Example 2 In this experimental example, the amount of explosive hydrazine-based liquid explosive used was changed from 2.50 kg to 2.49 kg as compared to experimental example 1 above, and a cooling vessel of a capacity of 100 L was changed to a capacity of 200 L. Carbon particles were produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the container was changed and the amount of distilled water used as the coolant was changed from 120 L to 220 L. As a result, a total of 2334 g of carbon particles was obtained as 534 g for the 16 ⁇ m sieve passage, 1315 g for the 32 ⁇ m sieve passage and 485 g for the 100 ⁇ m sieve passage. Table 2 below shows the experimental contents, the amount of recovered carbon particles, and the yield in this experimental example.
- Example 3 In this experimental example, the amount of DNT used as a raw material was changed from 5.52 kg to 5.46 kg and the volume was changed from 3770 cm 3 to 3750 cm 3 in comparison with Experimental Example 1, and a container with a capacity of 100 L as a cooling container. was changed to a container with a capacity of 200 L, the amount of distilled water used as a coolant was changed from 120 L to 220 L, and the amount of oxygen gas remaining in the chamber (calculated value) was changed from 279.9 g to 191.0 g. In addition, carbon particles were produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that citric acid was not added to the supernatant.
- a detonation reaction was performed using the explosion device shown in FIG.
- the cooling container 30 a container having a capacity of 200L was used.
- the coolant 32 220 L of distilled water was used.
- a total of 2059 g of carbon particles was obtained as 636 g of 16 ⁇ m sieve passage, 726 g of 32 ⁇ m sieve passage, and 697 g of 100 ⁇ m sieve passage.
- Table 2 shows the experimental contents, the amount of recovered carbon particles, and the yield in this experimental example.
- ⁇ TEM observation> Carbon particles obtained using a CCD camera capable of observing a lattice image of diamond and a graphitic carbon having a laminated structure and a TEM having a photographing magnification were observed.
- the specific measurement conditions of TEM are as follows.
- FIG. 3 shows a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 passing through a 16 ⁇ m sieve.
- FIG. 4 shows a drawing substitute photograph in which a portion surrounded by c1 in the drawing substitute photograph shown in FIG.
- a photograph a shown in the upper left is an enlarged view of the carbon particles having a round shape.
- the photograph magnification corresponds to 5.9 million times. From this photograph a, it can be confirmed that the round-shaped carbon particles have a particle size of about 7.0 nm.
- a photograph b shown in the upper right of FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the carbon particles that are found to have a round shape as in the case of the photograph a.
- the photograph magnification corresponds to 5.9 million times. From this photograph b, it can be confirmed that the round-shaped carbon particles have a particle size of about 17.5 nm.
- the measurement result of the lattice spacing of the round-shaped carbon particles shown in the photos a and b in FIG. 3 was 2.11 mm. Generally, it is said that the lattice spacing of the D 111 plane of diamond is 2.06 ⁇ , and the ratio of the difference is 2.4%. Therefore, this round carbon particle is considered to be diamond.
- the photo magnification of the photo c shown in the lower left of FIG. 3 corresponds to 2.2 million times, and in this photo c, round carbon particles and irregular lattice structures were observed.
- the round-shaped carbon particles observed in this photo c had a particle size of about 2.0 to 4.0 nm.
- the photographic magnification of the photo d shown in the lower right of FIG. 3 corresponds to 2.2 million times, and this photo d is similar to the photo c, but has round carbon particles and irregular lattice structures. Observed.
- the round-shaped carbon particles observed in the photograph d had a particle size of about 6.0 to 10.0 nm.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a part (c1 portion) of the photo c shown in FIG. 3, and as shown by reference numeral G, it is enlarged around a field of view in which an irregular lattice structure is observed.
- the observed measurement result of the interlaminar spacing was 3.46 mm.
- the interval between the 002 planes of the hexagonal graphite (powder diffraction method) stack is said to be 3.37 mm, and the ratio of the difference is also 2.4%. Therefore, the observed interlaminar spacing was almost the same as that of the graphite laminate.
- the laminated nanoscale carbon particles indicated by symbol G is graphitic carbon (nanographite) and occupies a major proportion of the carbon particles. Furthermore, in the photograph shown in FIG. 4, the dimension in the direction perpendicular to the stacking direction was 1.5 to 10 nm. As is clear from FIG. 4, in the portion indicated by symbol G, the stacking direction of each graphite piece is irregular, and the stacking direction of adjacent graphite pieces is not the same direction. I understand.
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the obtained carbon particles was measured and evaluated.
- -X-ray diffractometer name Rigaku horizontal X-ray diffractometer SmartLab ⁇ Measuring method: ⁇ -2 ⁇ ⁇ X-ray source: Cu-K ⁇ ray ⁇ Excitation voltage-current: 45 kV-200 mA ⁇ Divergent slit: 2/3 ° ⁇ Scatter slit: 2/3 ° ⁇ Reception slit: 0.6mm
- diamond refined by removing graphite-like carbon or the like from carbon particles containing diamond separately produced in the present invention with perchloric acid was used.
- the calibration curve for diamond was obtained from the ratio between the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak and the integrated intensity of the diffraction peaks on the Si 220 plane and Si 311 plane of the silicon crystal added to each sample using five standard samples. Four diamonds were prepared after inspection. The reason why the two peaks of the silicon crystal are used is to suppress the influence of the orientation of the powder silicon.
- the five standard samples are obtained by mixing silicon crystals so that diamond is 0% by mass, 25% by mass, 50% by mass, 75% by mass and 100% by mass.
- a calibration curve for diamond was obtained by plotting the vertical axis as the diamond concentration and the horizontal axis as the diamond to silicon peak area intensity ratio D 220 / (Si 220 + Si 311).
- the obtained calibration curve is shown in FIG.
- the mass ratio G / D was calculated by dividing the obtained diamond content by the estimated graphite content. It was found that diamond and graphitic carbon were the main components. Carbon with other structures was not clearly seen.
- the percentage of diamond contained in the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Examples 1 to 5 was determined, and the carbon particles other than diamond were estimated to be graphitic carbon.
- the carbon content (G) was calculated.
- the mass ratio G / D was calculated based on the content ratio (D) of diamond contained in the carbon particles and the content ratio (G) of graphitic carbon contained in the carbon particles. The results are also shown in Table 2 above.
- graphitic carbon can be produced by the detonation method even when DNT, which is an inexpensive non-explosive material, is used as a raw material, and even when a liquid explosive is used as an explosive material.
- D K ⁇ / ⁇ cos ⁇ .
- D is the crystallite size ( ⁇ )
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the X-ray tube (in the example, 1.5418 ⁇ of the Cu-K ⁇ ray)
- ⁇ is the spread of diffracted X-rays by the crystallite
- ⁇ is the diffraction angle (Rad)
- K is a Scherrer constant and is set to 0.9 (BD Karity (author), Gentaro Matsumura (translation), "X-ray diffraction theory (new edition)", Agne Jofusha; March 1999 Moon).
- the measured diffraction X-ray is subjected to smoothing, background removal and K ⁇ 2 removal, and then a peak around 26 ° (generally called G002) and a peak around 43 ° (generally called D 111).
- the half-value width was determined, and this was taken as the width ⁇ exp of the diffracted X-ray.
- the G002 peak is a peak attributed to graphitic carbon
- the D111 peak is a peak attributed to diamond.
- 10% by mass of Si powder Si powder (StanSil-G03A, Osaka Yakken, center particle size 5.2 ⁇ m) was added, and the half-value width of a peak around 47 ° (generally called Si 220) of the diffraction X-rays was added. ⁇ i.
- the crystallite sizes estimated from the X-ray diffraction data obtained by actually measuring the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Examples 1 to 5 are shown in Table 4 below.
- the crystallite size of diamond calculated based on the half width of the peak of D 111 is considered to be 2 to 5 nm.
- the crystallite size of the diamond obtained from the diffracted X-ray width of the diamond by the Serrer's equation is almost the same as the result of TEM observation described later.
- the crystallite size of graphitic carbon calculated based on the half width of the G002 peak was 2 to 4 nm.
- the face spacing is constant and only the crystallite size is different.
- graphitic carbon has a so-called turbulent structure in which the hexagonal mesh surfaces of graphite are laminated in parallel, but no regularity is observed in the orientation. Therefore, it is expected that the crystallite size obtained from the mixed peak around 26 ° involving various deformations is not accurate. Therefore, the crystallite size of graphitic carbon estimated by this method is used as reference data.
- the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 4 were fluorinated, and fluorine was quantified by combustion-ion chromatography. As a result, the fluorine content was 53% by mass.
- FIG. 7 shows a drawing-substituting photograph in which particles obtained by fluorinating the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 4 were observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the apparatus and measurement conditions used for TEM observation are the same as described above.
- a drawing substitute photo a shows carbon particles before the fluorination treatment
- a drawing substitute photo a1 is an enlarged view of a portion surrounded by a square of the drawing substitute photo a.
- a drawing substitute photo b shows carbon particles after fluorination treatment
- a drawing substitute photo b1 is an enlarged view of a portion surrounded by a square of the drawing substitute photo b.
- composition and bonding state of the surface of the fluorinated carbon particles were examined using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
- a qualitative analysis was performed on the outermost surface of the fluorinated carbon particles by measuring a broad photoelectron spectrum.
- narrow region photoelectron spectrum measurement was performed about the element detected by the qualitative analysis.
- the element composition ratio (atomic%) was calculated from the peak area intensity ratio of the narrow-area photoelectrons and the relative sensitivity coefficient, and the binding state was estimated from the peak position.
- Analytical device “Quantera SXM (Fully Automatic Scanning X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer)” manufactured by Physical Electronics X-ray source: Monochromatic Al K ⁇ X-ray output: 25.1W X-ray beam size: 100 ⁇ m ⁇ Photoelectron extraction angle: 45 °
- FIG. 8 shows the results of measuring the wide-area photoelectron spectrum and narrow-area photoelectron spectrum of the outermost surface of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 4 and subjecting the C1s narrow-area photoelectron spectrum to peak separation.
- the table shown in FIG. 8 shows the binding energy calculated from the C1s narrow region photoelectron spectrum and the area ratio of each peak. It can be seen that the added fluorine is supported on the carbon particles by a C—F bond, a C—F 2 bond, a C—F 3 bond, and a C * —Fx bond.
- the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 4 were fluorinated and the most C—F bonds were observed, followed by C—F 2 bonds and C—F 3 bonds.
- the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3, Experimental Example 4 or Experimental Example 5 were coated on the surface of the substrate particles.
- the base particles include (a) urethane resin particles, (b) acrylic resin particles, (c) nylon resin particles, (d) high molecular weight polyethylene resin particles, (e) SiC particles, and (f) inert alumina particles.
- SiC particles As the SiC particles, “SSC-A15” (average particle diameter ⁇ 18.6 ⁇ m, specific gravity 1.91 g / cm 3 ) manufactured by Shinano Electric Smelting Co., Ltd. was used.
- F As the above-mentioned inert alumina particles, “V-250” manufactured by Union Showa Co., Ltd. (average particle size is unknown), or “VERSAL-G” manufactured by Union Showa Co., Ltd. (average particle size of about 50 ⁇ m, specific gravity) 1.93 g / cm 3 ) was used.
- SUS316L type stainless steel particles those manufactured by Sanyo Special Steel Co., Ltd. were used.
- the average particle diameter is 20 ⁇ m, and the specific gravity is 7.98 g / cm 3 .
- As the copper particles pure copper particles manufactured by Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. were used. The average particle diameter is 20 ⁇ m and the specific gravity is 8.82 g / cm 3 .
- As the bronze particles those manufactured by Sandvik Corporation were used. Cu-15% Sn-0.4% P, the average particle diameter is 27.4 ⁇ m, and the specific gravity is 5.2 g / cm 3 .
- As the maraging steel particles those manufactured by Sandvik Corporation were used. 18Ni300 has an average particle diameter of 32.4 ⁇ m and a specific gravity of 8.0 g / cm 3 .
- the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Examples 3, 4, and 5 and the base material particles are put into “MP5 type composite” manufactured by Nippon Coke Industries, Ltd., the blade rotation speed is 10,000 rpm, and the stirring time is 10 to 30 minutes. Coated particles were produced by mechanical compounding.
- the MP5 type composite had a tank capacity of 6.5 L, a processing capacity of about 3 L, and a motor of 2.2 kW. Specific mixing ratios of the carbon particles and the base particles are as follows.
- (A-1) 500 g of urethane resin particles “C-300” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used.
- the quantity of the said carbon particle is a value when base material particle
- (A-2) 500 g of urethane resin particles “JB-300T” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 42 nm.
- (B-1) 500 g of acrylic resin particles “SE-20T” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 44 nm.
- (B-2) 500 g of acrylic resin particles “GR-300” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 44 nm.
- (B-3) 500 g of acrylic resin particles “Toughtic AR650M” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 67 nm.
- (B-4) 300 g of acrylic resin particles “Toughtic FH-S010” and 2% by mass of carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 19 nm.
- (B-5) 230 g of acrylic resin particles “J-4PY” and 5% by mass of carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 were used.
- the estimated film thickness is 4.4 nm.
- (C) The nylon resin particle “TR-2” was 600 g, and the carbon particle obtained in Experimental Example 5 was 5 mass%. The estimated film thickness is 93 nm.
- (D) 250 g of high molecular weight polyethylene resin particles “Mipperon XM-221U” and 2% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 were used. The estimated film thickness is 47 nm.
- (F-1) 500 g of the inert alumina particles “V-250” and 5% by mass of the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used. Although “V-250” does not show the particle size distribution, it cannot be accurately determined. However, when the average particle size (d50) is assumed to be 5 ⁇ m, the estimated film thickness is 396 nm.
- (F-2) 500 g of inert alumina particles “VERSAL-G” and 5% by mass of carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 were used. The estimated film thickness is 396 nm.
- the obtained coated particles were observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (Field Emission-type Scanning Electron Microscope; FE-SEM) to observe whether the surface of the substrate particles was covered with carbon particles.
- FE-SEM Field Emission-type Scanning Electron Microscope
- “JSM-7000F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd. was used, acceleration voltage: 7.5 kV, imaging method: secondary electron image, observation magnification: 200 to 3000 times.
- a part of the surface layer of the coated particles was cut out with a focused ion beam (FIB) apparatus and observed.
- FIB focused ion beam
- IM-4000 ion milling processing apparatus manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies
- the ion source was argon
- the acceleration voltage was 4.0 kV
- the processing temperature was ⁇ 10 ° C.
- S-5500 field emission scanning electron microscope; FE-SEM
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 10 is a drawing-substituting photograph taken so that a portion of the surface layer of the coated particles obtained in the above (a-1) is cut out with a FIB apparatus and the urethane resin particles inside and the coated carbon particles can be compared. Show.
- the coated particles obtained in the above (a-1) are frozen with a cryo CP apparatus, cut with an ion beam, and a cross-section of the coated particles is observed with an FE-SEM. 11 a.
- the drawing substitute photo b shown in FIG. 11 is an enlarged photo of the portion enclosed by the square in the drawing substitute photo a shown in FIG. 11, and the drawing substitute photo c shown in FIG. 11 is the drawing shown in FIG. It is the photograph which expanded the part enclosed with the square in the substitute photograph b.
- the surface of the base particle is coated with carbon particles. Further, as is apparent from FIG. 11, the observed coating particle thickness was about 30 nm at the minimum and about 400 nm at the maximum. It can be seen that the average is 40 to 60 nm, which is almost equal to the estimated film thickness of 42 nm.
- the redepo layer means that the debris generated when cutting with an ion beam to obtain a cross section is redeposited on the surface of the sample.
- a functional material was manufactured by supporting the coated particles obtained by coating the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 5 or Experimental Example 3 on the surface of the base material particles on the surface of the base material by plasma spraying.
- the coated particles obtained in the above (e), (g), and (i) were used as the coated particles. That is, (e) is a coated particle obtained by coating the SiC particle “SSC-A15” with the carbon particle obtained in Experimental Example 5.
- (G) is a coated particle obtained by coating SUS316L type stainless steel particles with the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3.
- (I) is a coated particle obtained by coating bronze particles with the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3. Then, the coated particles were supported on the surface of the base material by plasma spraying.
- SUS304 type stainless steel plate, carbon steel plate, bronze plate, aluminum plate was used as the base material.
- F4 type plasma spraying apparatus manufactured by Sulzer Metco Japan Co., Ltd. was used. The measurement conditions for plasma spraying are shown in Table 6 below.
- FIG. 12 shows a drawing substitute photograph of the SUS304 type stainless steel plate used as the base material and the obtained functional material.
- the thermal spray material coated particles obtained by mechanically compositing 2% by mass of the carbon particles of Experimental Example 3 with SUS316 type stainless steel base material particles were used.
- FIG. 12a is a drawing-substituting photograph in which the base material before plasma spraying of the coated particles is photographed
- FIG. 12b is a functional material after plasma coating of the coated particles obtained in (g) above on the base material. It is the drawing substitute photograph which image
- the film thickness of this functional material was calculated from the amount of increase in mass, it was predicted that a thermal spray coating of about 34 ⁇ m on average was formed by the coated particles.
- FIG. 13a a drawing substitute photograph taken by cutting the functional material shown in FIG. 12b with a precision cutter and observing the cross section with FE-SEM is shown in FIG. 13a.
- FIG. 13b is an enlarged view of a portion surrounded by a dotted-line square in the drawing substitute photo a shown in FIG.
- a1 shows a thermal spray coating formed of coated particles
- a2 shows a SUS304 type stainless steel plate as a base material.
- the coating particles can be supported on the base material by plasma spraying. Further, the thickness of the sprayed coating with the coated particles observed in FIG. 13 was about 20 ⁇ m at the minimum and about 60 ⁇ m at the maximum. It can be seen that the average is 40 to 50 ⁇ m, which is almost equal to the estimated film thickness of 34 ⁇ m.
- the function of producing the coated particles (g) and (i) obtained by coating the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 on the surface of the base material particles on the surface of the base material by plasma spraying was measured.
- the coated particles (g) of SUS316L type stainless steel particles obtained by coating with the carbon particles obtained in the above Experimental Example 3 or the carbon particles obtained in the above Experimental Example 3 are obtained.
- the coated particles (i) of the obtained bronze particles are supported on the surface of each base material (SUS304 type stainless steel plate, carbon steel plate, bronze plate, aluminum plate) by plasma spraying under the conditions shown in Table 6 above, and a functional material Manufactured.
- the conditions for measuring the hardness are as follows. The average value of the measurement results is shown in Table 7 below. ⁇ Hardness measurement conditions> Measuring device: “Minor hardness tester HM-220” manufactured by Mitutoyo Applied load: 0.1 kgf or 0.05 kgf Load time: 10 seconds Measurement position: 5 points on the sprayed film
- Table 7 below shows Vickers hardness (Hv) of each base material (SUS304 type stainless steel plate, carbon steel plate, bronze plate, aluminum plate) as reference data.
- the Vickers hardness of the surface can be improved more than the base material itself by supporting the coated particles of the present invention on the surface of the base material. Further, it can be seen that by supporting the coated particles of the present invention on the surface of the base material, the surface Vickers hardness can be improved more than when the SUS316L type stainless steel particles are supported on the surface of the base material. That is, it can be seen that the Vickers hardness is improved by about 5 to 10% by using coated particles in which carbon particles are coated on the surface of SUS316L type stainless steel particles.
- a functional material was manufactured by supporting the coated particles obtained by coating the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 on the surface of the base material on the surface of the base material by plating.
- alumina powder having a diameter of 4.2 ⁇ m was used as the base particles.
- an aluminum alloy (A5052) plate was used as the base material.
- the size of the plate is 80 mm ⁇ 50 mm ⁇ thickness 0.8 mm.
- the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 and the base material particles are put into “MP5 type composite” manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd., mechanically combined with a blade rotation speed of 10,000 rpm and a stirring time of 20 minutes. Coated particles were produced.
- the MP5 type composite had a tank capacity of 6.5 L, a processing capacity of about 3 L, and a motor of 2.2 kW.
- Specific mixing ratios of the carbon particles and the base particles are as follows.
- F-3 As inert alumina particles, 200 g of spherical alumina “DAW-03” manufactured by Denka Co., Ltd. was used, and the carbon particles obtained in Experimental Example 3 were 5.0 mass%.
- the estimated film thickness is 0.024 ⁇ m.
- the coated particles were supported on the surface of the base material by plating.
- the plating is electroless (chemical) plating.
- a plating bath in which the concentration of the coated particles is dispersed in a Ni—P bath to be 1.0 g / L is used.
- the plating bath temperature is 80 ° C. and the plating time is 60. Minutes.
- the plating solution was stirred.
- heat treatment was performed by holding at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the coverage of the base material surface by a plating layer was 100%.
- a plated layer was formed on the surface of the base material under the same conditions except that a Ni—P bath in which the above-mentioned coated particles were not dispersed was used.
- the coverage of the base material surface by a plating layer was 100%.
- the thickness of the plating layer in the sample after plating was calculated from the change in mass. As a result, the thickness of the plated layer formed by blending the coated particles was 38 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the plated layer formed without blending the coated particles was 25 ⁇ m.
- the Vickers hardness of the plating layer was measured under the following conditions. As a result, the hardness of the plated layer formed by blending the coated particles was 586 Hv, and the hardness of the plated layer formed without blending the coated particles was 681 Hv.
- the surface roughness of the plating layer was measured based on JIS B0601 (2013).
- the reference length at the time of measurement was set to 3 mm, and the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) and the maximum cross-sectional height (Rt) of the roughness curve were measured.
- the plating layer formed by blending the coated particles has an arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of 16.00 ⁇ m, the maximum cross-sectional height (Rt) of the roughness curve is 16.50 ⁇ m, and is formed without blending the coated particles.
- the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of the plated layer was 0.28 ⁇ m, and the maximum cross-sectional height (Rt) of the roughness curve was 2.20 ⁇ m.
- the blended coated particles were dispersed on the surface of the plated layer, and the hardness of the plated layer was higher than when the coated particles were not blended. It is thought that the surface roughness became rougher as it became smaller.
- the wear resistance of the functional material produced by carrying the coated particles on the surface of the base material by plating was evaluated by the following procedure. That is, using a Haydon friction test apparatus, the friction coefficient of the surface of the functional material whose surface was polished was measured, and the wear resistance of the functional material was evaluated based on the measured friction coefficient.
- the conditions for the wear test are as follows. The number of reciprocations is 100, and the friction coefficient every 10 times is shown in Table 8 below. ⁇ Conditions> Measuring device: Surface property measuring machine “TYPE: 14DR” manufactured by Shinto Kagaku Co., Ltd.
- Indenter SUJ2 ball indenter, diameter ⁇ 10mm
- Test speed 3 mm / second (equivalent to 9 reciprocations / minute)
- Load 1kgf Stroke: 10 mm
- number of sliding reciprocations in the longitudinal direction of the test piece 100 reciprocating test environment: room temperature, no lubrication measurement: Measure friction coefficient only in the forward path
- FIG. 14 The relationship between the number of reciprocations and the friction coefficient is shown in FIG.
- the solid line is the result of the functional material obtained by forming the plating layer containing the covering particles on the surface of the base material
- the dotted line is obtained by forming the plating layer not containing the covering particles on the surface of the base material. Sample results are shown respectively.
- the following table 8 and FIG. 14 can be considered as follows. It can be seen that by adding the coated particles of the present invention to the plating layer, the surface friction coefficient can be reduced by about 10% compared to the plating layer itself.
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Abstract
Description
本発明で用いる炭素粒子は、爆轟法により、ナノスケールのグラファイト質の炭素とダイヤモンドとを含む炭素粒子を製造する。具体的には、2個以下のニトロ基を有する芳香族化合物を含む原料物質の周囲に爆速6300m/秒以上の爆発性物質を配置する工程と、前記爆発性物質を爆轟させる工程とを含む製造方法により炭素粒子を製造できる。
上記素地材に、上記被覆粒子を溶射することによって、表面に被覆粒子を担持した機能材料を製造できる。
上記素地材に、上記被覆粒子を圧延することによって、表面に被覆粒子を担持した機能材料を製造できる。
上記被覆粒子を分散させたメッキ浴に、上記素地材を浸漬してメッキすることによって、素地材の表面に被覆粒子を担持した機能材料を製造できる。
本実験例では、原料物質としてジニトロトルエン(DNT)を用いて、かつ、爆発性物質としてヒドラジン系液体爆薬を用いて、爆轟法により炭素粒子を製造した。具体的には、原料物質としてDNT(工業級)を溶填して直径10cm、高さ48cmの円柱状に成型した。得られた成型体の質量は5.52kg、体積は3770cm3、密度は1.46g/cm3であった。また、爆発性物質として2.50kgの硝酸ヒドラジンの75%抱水ヒドラジン溶液を小分けして調製した。
本実験例では、上記実験例1に対して、爆発性物質であるヒドラジン系液体爆薬の使用量を2.50kgから2.49kgに変更したこと、冷却容器である容量100Lの容器を容量200Lの容器に変更したこと、冷却材である蒸留水の使用量を120Lから220Lに変更したこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして炭素粒子を製造した。その結果、16μm篩通過分534g、32μm篩通過分1315gおよび100μm篩通過分485gとして、合計2334gの炭素粒子を得た。本実験例における実験内容、炭素粒子の回収量および収率を下記表2に示す。
本実験例では、上記実験例1に対して、原料物質であるDNTの使用量を5.52kgから5.46kg、体積を3770cm3から3750cm3に変更したこと、冷却容器である容量100Lの容器を容量200Lの容器に変更したこと、冷却材である蒸留水の使用量を120Lから220Lに変更したこと、チャンバー内に残留する酸素ガス量(計算値)を279.9gから191.0gとしたこと、上澄み液にクエン酸を添加しなかったこと以外は、上記実験例1と同様にして炭素粒子を製造した。その結果、16μm篩通過分164g、32μm篩通過分801g、および100μm篩通過分680gとして、合計1645gの炭素粒子を得た。本実験例における実験内容、炭素粒子の回収量および収率を下記表2に示す。
本実験例では、原料物質として2,4-ジニトロトルエン(2,4-DNT)を用いて、かつ、爆発性物質としてヒドラジン系液体爆薬を用いて、爆轟法により炭素粒子を製造した。具体的には、原料物質として2,4-DNT(工業級)を溶填して直径10cm、高さ48cmの円柱状に成型した。得られた成型体の質量は5.48kg、体積は3785cm3、密度は1.45g/cm3であった。また、爆発性物質として2.49kgの硝酸ヒドラジンの75%抱水ヒドラジン溶液を小分けして調製した。
本実験例では、上記実験例3に対して、原料物質であるDNTの体積を3750cm3から3800cm3に変更し、密度を1.46g/cm3から1.44g/cm3に変更したこと、爆発性物質であるヒドラジン系液体爆薬の使用量を2.50kgから2.43kgに変更したこと、チャンバー内に残留する酸素ガス量(計算値)を191.0gから25.52gとしたこと以外は、実験例3と同様にして炭素粒子を製造した。その結果、16μm篩通過分177g、32μm篩通過分678g、および100μm篩通過分610gとして、合計1465gの炭素粒子を得た。本実験例における実験内容、炭素粒子の回収量および収率を下記表2に示す。
ダイヤモンドと積層構造をもったグラファイト質の炭素の格子像が観察できるCCDカメラと撮影倍率を有するTEMを用いて得られた炭素粒子を観察した。TEMの具体的な測定条件は次の通りである。
・TEMの装置名:日本電子製透過型電子顕微鏡JEM-ARM200F
・測定方法 :懸濁法、分散溶媒:メタノール
・加速電圧 :200kV
・CCDカメラ :Gatan製UltraScan
・撮影倍率 :30万倍、80万倍
・写真倍率 :220万倍、A4サイズに印刷時は590万倍
まず、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子のうち、100μm篩通過分のX線回折チャートを図5に示す。
・X線回折装置の装置名:リガク製水平型X線回折装置SmartLab
・測定方法:θ-2θ
・X線源:Cu-Kα線
・励起電圧-電流:45kV-200mA
・発散スリット:2/3°
・散乱スリット:2/3°
・受光スリット:0.6mm
分析装置:Physical Electronics社製「Quantera SXM(全自動走査型X線光電子分光装置)」
X線源:単色化Al Kα
X線出力:25.1W
X線ビームサイズ:100μmφ
光電子取り出し角:45゜
(b)上記アクリル樹脂粒子としては、根上工業株式会社製の「SE-20T」(平均粒径φ22μm、比重1.21g/cm3)、または根上工業株式会社製の「GR-300」(平均粒径φ22μm、比重1.21g/cm3)、または東洋紡株式会社製の「タフチックAR650M」(平均粒径φ30μm、比重1.35g/cm3)、または東洋紡株式会社製の「タフチックFH-S010」(平均粒径φ10μm、比重1.17g/cm3)、または根上工業株式会社製の「J-4PY」(平均粒径φ2.2μm、比重1.21g/cm3)を用いた。
(c)上記ナイロン樹脂粒子としては、東レ株式会社製の「TR-2」(平均粒径φ20μm、比重1.13g/cm3)を用いた。
(d)上記高分子量ポリエチレン樹脂粒子としては、三井化学株式会社製の「ミペロンXM-221U」(平均粒径φ30μm、比重0.94g/cm3)を用いた。
(e)上記SiC粒子としては、信濃電気製錬株式会社製の「SSC-A15」(平均粒径φ18.6μm、比重1.91g/cm3)を用いた。
(f)上記不活性アルミナ粒子としては、ユニオン昭和株式会社製の「V-250」(平均粒径は不明)、またはユニオン昭和株式会社製の「VERSAL-G」(平均粒径約φ50μm、比重1.93g/cm3)を用いた。
(g)上記SUS316L型ステンレス鋼粒子としては、山陽特殊製鋼株式会社製のものを用いた。平均粒径はφ20μm、比重は7.98g/cm3である。
(h)上記銅粒子としては、高純度化学株式会社製の純銅粒子を用いた。平均粒径はφ20μm、比重は8.82g/cm3である。
(i)上記青銅粒子としては、サンドビック株式会社製のものを用いた。Cu-15%Sn-0.4%Pであり、平均粒径はφ27.4μm、比重は5.2g/cm3である。
(j)上記マルエージング鋼粒子としては、サンドビック株式会社製ものを用いた。18Ni300であり、平均粒径はφ32.4μm、比重は8.0g/cm3である。
(a-2)ウレタン樹脂粒子「JB-300T」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は42nmである。
(b-1)アクリル樹脂粒子「SE-20T」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は44nmである。
(b-2)アクリル樹脂粒子「GR-300」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は44nmである。
(b-3)アクリル樹脂粒子「タフチックAR650M」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は67nmである。
(b-4)アクリル樹脂粒子「タフチックFH-S010」を300g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は19nmである。
(b-5)アクリル樹脂粒子「J-4PY」を230g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を5質量%とした。試算膜厚は4.4nmである。
(c)ナイロン樹脂粒子「TR-2」を600g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を5質量%とした。試算膜厚は93nmである。
(d)高分子量ポリエチレン樹脂粒子「ミペロンXM-221U」を250g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は47nmである。
(e)SiC粒子「SSC-A15」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を5質量%とした。試算膜厚は146nmである。
(f-1)不活性アルミナ粒子「V-250」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を5質量%とした。「V-250」は粒径分布が示されていないため正確に判らないが、平均粒径(d50)を5μmと仮定した場合は、試算膜厚は396nmとなる。
(f-2)不活性アルミナ粒子「VERSAL-G」を500g、実験例5で得られた炭素粒子を5質量%とした。試算膜厚は396nmである。
(g)SUS316L型ステンレス鋼粒子を1000g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は259nmである。
(h)純銅粒子を1000g、実験例4で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は286nmである。
(i)青銅粒子を500g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は233nmである。
(j)マルエージング鋼粒子を1000g、実験例4で得られた炭素粒子を2質量%とした。試算膜厚は421nmである。
<硬さ測定条件>
測定装置:Mitutoyo社製「微少硬さ試験器 HM-220」
負荷荷重:0.1kgfまたは0.05kgf
負荷時間:10秒間
測定位置:溶射膜の任意の位置を5点
(f-3)不活性アルミナ粒子として、デンカ株式会社社製の球状アルミナ「DAW-03」を200g、実験例3で得られた炭素粒子を5.0質量%とした。試算膜厚は0.024μmとなる。
<硬さ測定条件>
測定装置:Mitutoyo社製「微少硬さ試験器 HM-102」
負荷荷重:0.025kgf
負荷時間:10秒間
測定位置:メッキ層の任意の位置を5点
<条件>
測定装置 :新東科学株式会社製の表面性測定機「TYPE:14DR」
圧子 :SUJ2ボール圧子、直径φ10mm
試験速度 :3mm/秒(9往復/分相当)
荷重 :1kgf
ストローク:10mm、試験片の長手方向に摺動
往復回数 :100往復
試験環境 :室温、無潤滑
測定 :往路のみ摩擦係数を測定
12 爆発性物質
20 爆発容器
22 伝爆薬
24 雷管や導爆線
30 冷却容器
32 冷却材
34 架台
36 穴あき円板
Claims (9)
- 2個以下のニトロ基を有する芳香族化合物を含む原料物質の周囲に、爆速6300m/秒以上の爆発性物質を配置する工程と、
前記爆発性物質を爆轟させる工程
により製造される炭素粒子が、基材粒子の表面に被覆されて構成されることを特徴とする被覆粒子。 - 前記炭素粒子は、フッ化処理したものである請求項1に記載の被覆粒子。
- 請求項1または2に記載の被覆粒子を素地材の表面に担持したことを特徴とする機能材料。
- 2個以下のニトロ基を有する芳香族化合物を含む原料物質の周囲に、爆速6300m/秒以上の爆発性物質を配置する工程と、
前記爆発性物質を爆轟させる工程と、
得られた炭素粒子を、機械的複合化法によって基材粒子の表面に被覆する工程と
を含むことを特徴とする被覆粒子の製造方法。 - 前記炭素粒子を、フッ化処理した後、機械的複合化法によって基材粒子の表面に被覆する請求項4に記載の被覆粒子の製造方法。
- 請求項4または5に記載の製造方法で得られた被覆粒子を、素地材の表面に担持することを特徴とする機能材料の製造方法。
- 前記被覆粒子を、溶射加工、圧延加工、またはメッキ加工により前記素地材の表面に担持する請求項6に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項4に記載の製造方法で得られた被覆粒子を、素地材の表面に担持した後、フッ化処理することを特徴とする機能材料の製造方法。
- 前記被覆粒子を、溶射加工、圧延加工、またはメッキ加工により前記素地材の表面に担持する請求項8に記載の製造方法。
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EP3318611A4 (en) | 2019-02-13 |
RU2017146049A3 (ja) | 2019-08-01 |
EP3318611A1 (en) | 2018-05-09 |
KR20180014085A (ko) | 2018-02-07 |
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