Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
  • C11D1/37—Mixtures of compounds all of which are anionic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
  • C11D3/2082—Polycarboxylic acids-salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
  • C11D3/2086—Hydroxy carboxylic acids-salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2093—Esters; Carbonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/008—Polymeric surface-active agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
  • C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
  • C11D1/14—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
  • C11D1/146—Sulfuric acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/667—Neutral esters, e.g. sorbitan esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols

Definitions

• LAUNDRY PRETREATMENT COMPOSITION Field of the invention relates to laundry pretreatment compositions which are especially useful against stained cotton or polycotton fabrics.
• a typical two-step method usually involves step-wise treatment of stained fabrics with two separate components/compositions.
• stained fabrics are contacted with a first component which is a stain-removing pre-treatment composition.
• pretreated fabrics are washed with a laundry detergent composition.
• compositions are usually efficacious against a particular stain or a class of stains. It is generally observed that oily stains have more affinity towards some fabrics e.g., cotton and polycotton and therefore they are more difficult to be dislodged therefrom.
• WO2013092184 A1 discloses a method for treating soiled fabrics to make them more amenable to cleaning during the wash cycle, in particular making the fabric more hydrophilic, and thereby increasing the removal of oily stains.
• the composition has a metal salt like polyaluminium chloride and a carboxylic polymer, an organic acid and a polysaccharide. Stain removal is important from the point of view of the detergents industry. A robust method to dislodge significant amount of stains from stained fabrics could lead to sustainable use of detergent products or may even allow detergent compositions to used at lower temperatures and save energy. Therefore there is need to aid and improve the detergency, especially against oily and sebaceous stains, on hydrophilic fabrics like cotton or polycotton.
• GB338121 A (Marquardt and Walter, 1930) discloses a 2-step method. Application of a first component having non-neutralised saponifiable fatty acids such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid is followed by a second component which is alkaline.
• a shear-thinning gel detergent composition is disclosed in US2004/058838 A1 (Unilever).
• the composition contains non-neutralized fatty acids in specified amounts depending on the total surfactant content.
• This product offers dual advantages of pre- treatment and main-wash detergency of a single product.
• a laundry pre-treatment composition having at least 55 wt% fatty acids with melting point greater than 20 °C, a polyhydric alcohol binder, water and a surfactant is disclosed in W010023043 A1 (Unilever).
• US2005/090412 A1 discloses a gel laundry detergent composition/pre- treatment composition of pH 7, having anionic surfactant, non-neutralised fatty acids, non-ionic surfactant and sodium citrate.
• a somewhat similar formulation is disclosed in US205/0176610 A1 (Unilever).
• WO201 1/163457 Al discloses laundry detergent compositions, which have pH around 8.
• EP2767582 A1 discloses detergent compositions which do not contain any water-insoluble esters of fatty acids.
• WO2015/135866 A1 discloses detergent and pretreatment compositions which do not contain any water-insoluble esters of fatty acids.
• US4457857 A (Sepulveda Ralph R, 1984) discloses liquid stain release compositions that contain alkyl esters from 25 to 100 wt%, admixed with a non-ionic surfactant.
• EP0256354 A1 (Henkel, 1988) discloses laundry pretreatment compositions which contain a solvent, a fatty acid ester from 10 to 90 wt%.
• the compositions are devoid of organic acids.
• compositions are not effective enough against the more substantive oily or sebaceous stains.
• composition comprising a surfactant, a non-neutralised fatty acid having pKa greater than 5, an organic acid having pKa of 2 to 5, and 0.5 wt% to 10 wt% of a water-insoluble fatty acid ester, act synergistically against oily or sebaceous stains on fabrics, especially on cotton and polycotton.
• an aqueous laundry pre-treatment composition comprising:
• a surfactant which is a non-ionic surfactant or an ethoxylated anionic surfactant or a mixture thereof;
• an aqueous laundry pre-treatment composition of the first aspect for use in a fabric washing process involving cotton or polycotton fabric stained with oily or sebaceous stains, to provide enhancement in the Stain Removal Index (SRI) by at least two units according to the Reflectometer method.
• an aqueous laundry pre-treatment composition of the first aspect for providing enhancement in the Stain Removal Index (SRI) by at least two units on cotton or polycotton fabric stained with oily or sebaceous stains according to the Reflectometer method.
• a method of removing oily or sebaceous stains from stained fabrics comprising a step of contacting a portion of said stained fabric with 0.5 ml to 5 ml of a composition of the first aspect, followed by cleaning the contacted fabric with aqueous laundry wash liquor or by dry cleaning.
• Hydrophilic fibres such as cotton
• Hydrophilic fibres have more affinity for water as compared to oil.
• water displaces oily soil from the surface of the fabric, causing the soil to "roll-up"; the soil is then readily removable by mechanical action.
• Polyester fibers such as those made from the copolymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, do not have this preferential affinity for water, but rather, are hydrophobic. It is observed that ordinary laundering often does not satisfactorily remove oily soils from fabrics because such stains are highly substantive to such fabrics.
• the present invention provides a laundry pretreatment composition which can loosen- up the stains thereby rendering their removal more facile during washing.
• compositions in accordance with the invention are aqueous.
• the compositions comprise significant amount of water. It is preferred that the compositions have from 60 wt% to 95 wt% water. Further preferably the compositions have 70 to 95 wt% water. Water forms a continuous aqueous phase in the compositions and it provides a medium for easy application on to stained fabrics.
• compositions in accordance with this invention comprise 0.5 wt% to 15 wt% of a surfactant which is a non-ionic surfactant or an ethoxylated anionic surfactant or a mixture thereof.
• the surfactant is either solely a non-ionic surfactant or an ethoxylated anionic surfactant or alternatively a mixture of the two amounting to 0.5 wt% to 15 wt%.
• a surfactant is necessary for detergency and to create an emulsion with the continuous aqueous phase.
• nonionic surfactants are characterized by the presence of a hydrophobic group and an organic hydrophilic group and are typically produced by condensation of an organic aliphatic or alkyl aromatic hydrophobic compound with ethylene oxide (hydrophilic in nature).
• the nonionic surfactants are polyalkoxylated lipophiles wherein the desired hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) is obtained from addition of a hydrophilic alkoxy group to a lipophilic moiety.
• HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance
• a preferred class of nonionic surfactants is the alkoxylated alkanols in which the alkanol is of 9 to 20 carbon atoms and wherein the number of moles of alkylene oxide (of 2 or 3 carbon atoms) is from 5 to 20. Of such materials, it is preferred to use those wherein the alkanol is a fatty alcohol of 9 to 1 1 or 12 to 15 carbon atoms and which contain from 5 to 8 or 5 to 9 alkoxy groups per mole.
• paraffin-based alcohols e.g. nonionic surfactants from Huntsman or Sassol.
• NeodolTM condensation products of a mixture of higher fatty alcohols averaging about 12 to 15 carbon atoms with about 9 moles of ethylene oxide.
• the higher alcohols are primary alkanols.
• alkoxylated surfactants which could be used contain a precise alkyl chain length rather than an alkyl chain distribution of the alkoxylated surfactants. Typically, these are referred to as narrow range alkoxylates. Examples of these include the NeodolTM-1 series of surfactants.
• non-ionic suracfants are represented by the commercially well-known class of non-ionic surfactants sold under the trademark PlurafacTM from BASF.
• PlurafacTM are the reaction products of a higher linear alcohol and a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides, containing a mixed chain of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, terminated by a hydroxyl group.
• Examples include C13-C15 fatty alcohols condensed with 6 moles ethylene oxide and 3 moles propylene oxide, CI S- CI S fatty alcohol condensed with 7 moles propylene oxide and 4 moles ethylene oxide, C13-C15 fatty alcohol condensed with 5 moles propylene oxide and 10 moles ethylene oxide or mixtures of any of the above.
• DobanolTM is an ethoxylated C12-C15 fatty alcohol with an average of 7 moles ethylene oxide per mole of fatty alcohol.
• compositions in accordance with the present invention could have non-ionic surfactant as the sole surfactant. It is then preferred that the compositions have from 2 to 8 wt% non-ionic surfactant and more preferably from 3 to 6 wt% non-ionic surfactant.
• the surfactant present in compositions in accordance with this invention could be solely an ethoxylated anionic surfactant. This surfactant may have a normal or branched chain alkyl group containing lower ethoxy groups with two or three carbon atoms.
• a general formula of such surfactants is RO(C2H40) x SO3 " M + where R is an alkyl chain having from 10 to 22 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated, M is a cation which makes the compound water-soluble, especially an alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium cation, and x averages from 1 to 15.
• R is an alkyl chain having from 12 to 16 carbon atoms
• M is sodium and x averages from 1 to 3, more preferably x is 1 .
• the ethoxylated anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES). It is the sodium salt of lauryl ether sulphonic acid in which the predominantly C12 lauryl alkyl group is ethoxylated with an average of 1 to 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole.
• Suitable ethoxylated anionic surfactants that could be used in accordance with the present invention are C12-C15 normal or primary alkyl triethoxy sulphate, sodium salt; n-decyl diethoxy sulphate, sodium salt; C12 primary alkyl diethoxy sulphate, ammonium salt; C12 primary alkyl triethoxy sulfate, sodium salt; C15 primary alkyl tetraethoxy sulfate, sodium salt; mixed C14-15 normal primary alkyl mixed tri- and tetraethoxy sulfate, sodium salt; stearyl pentaethoxy sulfate, sodium salt; and mixed C10-18 normal primary alkyl triethoxy sulfate, potassium salt.
• compositions in accordance with the invention comprise a mixture of said non- ionic surfactant and said ethoxylated anionic surfactant
• the ratio of the amount of said non-ionic surfactant to that of said ethoxylated anionic surfactant is in the range of 1 :0.2 to 1 :2 parts by weight.
• the organic acid Compositions in accordance with the invention comprise 0.5 wt% to 5 wt% of at least one organic acid having pKa of 2 to 5 at 20 °C. It is preferred that the amount of organic acid is 0.5 to 3 wt%.
• organic acid Any organic acid may be used so long as the pKa is 2 to 5 at 20 °C. It is preferred that the organic acid is glycolic acid, citric acid, maleic acid or lactic acid or a mixture thereof. The mixture may have two or more of these acids.
• Non-neutralised fatty acid The compositions in accordance with this invention also have 0.5 wt% to 5 wt% of at least one non-neutralised fatty acid having pKa greater than 5 at 20 °C.
• Non-neutralized fatty acids provide additional benefits of gelling and structuring.
• pKa insofar as it relates to fatty acids is well documented.
• This publication inter-alia indicates that the pKa of Stearic acid is 10.15 and that of Oleic acid is 9.85.
• Any fatty acid is suitable, including but not limited to lauric, myristic, palmitic stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acid, and mixtures thereof, preferably those fatty acids which would not form crispy solids at room temperature.
• Naturally obtainable fatty acids which are usually complex mixtures are also suitable (such as tallow, coconut, and palm kernel fatty acids).
• a preferred fatty acid is oleic acid because it is liquid at room temperature and its C18 chain helps to induce lamellar phase.
• Industrial grade distilled coconut fatty acids is a mixture of fatty acids containing C8 acid to C18 fatty acids.
• industrial grade Oleic acid is a mixture of fatty acids having C14 acid to C18 fatty acid. The difference in alkyl chain length in such a mixture of fatty acids can weaken the Van der Waals interaction between fatty acid molecules, and this may lower the pKa as compared to the pure form of the fatty acid.
• the amount of the non-neutralized fatty acid would depend on the amount and the type of surfactant present. It is preferred that the amount of non-neutralised fatty acids is 0.5% to 6 wt%, more preferably from 0.5 to 5 wt%.
• compositions in accordance with the invention comprise 0.5 wt% to 10 wt% of a water-insoluble fatty acid ester.
• the water-insoluble fatty acid ester is at least one of methyl, ethyl or lauryl laurate, isopropyl stearate, isopropyl, methyl, ethyl or butyl myristate, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl or octyl palmitate, isopropyl linoleate, methyl, ethyl or stearyl oleate, lauryl acetate, lauryl caproate or lauryl lactate.
• the ester is methyl laurate, methyl oleate, butyl laurate or isopropyl myristate or a mixture thereof.
• pH of the compositions in accordance with this invention is in the range of 2 to 5.
• compositions of the invention may further comprise other surfactants over and above the surfactants described earlier. However, such additional surfactants may have no influence or limited influence on the viscosity profile of the composition.
• the compositions of this invention may comprise further surfactants selected from anionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic and combinations thereof. Cationic surfactants are not preferred. Examples of such further surfactants suitable for inclusion herein can be found in "Surface Active Agents" Vol. 1 , by Schwartz & Perry, Interscience 1949, Vol. 2 by Schwartz, Perry & Berch, Interscience 1958, in the current edition of "McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents” published by Manufacturing Confectioners Company or in “Tenside-Taschenbuch", H. Stache, 2nd Edn., Carl Hauser Verlag, 1981.
• compositions of the invention may optionally comprise other ingredients, such as fragrances, preservatives and colorants, foam boosting agents, preservatives (e.g. bactericides), pH buffering agents, polyelectrolytes and anti-oxidants,
• the fabric may be any fabric such as cotton (woven, knitted and denim), polyester (woven, knitted and micro fibre), nylon, silk, polycotton (polyester/cotton blends), polyester elastane, cotton elastane, viscose rayon, acrylic or wool.
• the composition and method in accordance with the invention is particularly suitable for hydrophilic fabrics and more particularly for cotton or polycotton. Therefore it is preferred that the hydrophilic fabric is cotton or polycotton.
• fabrics that can be treated include the other synthetic and natural fabrics. It is envisaged that the method can be used to treat garments and other clothing and apparels that form a typical wash-load in household laundry.
• the household materials that can be treated include, but are not limited to, bedspreads, blankets, carpets, curtains and upholstery. The stains
• the stain may be any oily stain or sebaceous stain. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the method, the stained portion of the fabric substantially contains oily or sebacious stains. They are predominately solid in nature and such stains usually come into contact with fabrics in the course of their regular use. Non-limiting examples include tomato oil stain, curry oil stain, dirty motor oil and sebum derived stains.
• an aqueous laundry pre-treatment composition as claimed in claim 1 for use in a fabric washing process involving cotton or polycotton fabric stained with oily or sebaceous stains, to provide enhancement in Stain Removal Index (SRI) by at least one unit.
• SRI Stain Removal Index
• the term SRI is well known to persons skilled in the art and is widely used in patent and non-patent technical literature. In substance, the SRI indicates efficacy of any laundry/laundry treatment composition. Greater the index better is the composition.
• an aqueous laundry pre- treatment composition for the first aspect for providing enhancement in Stain Removal Index (SRI) by at least one unit on cotton or polycotton fabric stained with oily or sebaceous stains.
• SRI Stain Removal Index
• a method of removing oily or sebaceous stains from stained fabrics comprising a step of contacting a portion of said stained fabric with 0.5 ml to 5 ml of a composition of the first aspect, followed by cleaning contacted fabric with aqueous laundry wash liquor or by dry cleaning.
• the method preferably comprises an aqueous washing process.
• the stained fabrics may be soaked in the composition according to the invention, or alternatively, the composition may be applied either neat or in diluted form to the stained fabrics.
• the pretreatment step may comprise the step of soaking the substrate in an aqueous solution to which the treatment composition has been added.
• the second step of the method of the invention may be a 'main' wash and may be a manual washing process or a washing in a machine.
• the second step may use any suitable detergent composition.
• this detergent composition comprises one or more surfactants and/or other functional ingredients.
• the method of the invention requires less than 90 minutes in duration, more preferably less than 60 minutes and most preferably less than 30 minutes.
• the pre-treatment step preferably requires less than 5 minutes, and more preferably less than 2 minutes.
• the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the pretreatment composition is ambient-active. Accordingly, the
• temperature of the wash liquor step of aqueous washing process is therefore less than 40 °C and preferably less than 30 °C and more preferably less than 25 °C and more preferably less than or equal to 22 °C further more preferably 15 °C or less at all times during the washing but excluding drying.
• Example 1 Enhancement of stain removal index provided by compositions inside and outside the invention
• Table 1 shows some of the important parameters/variables related to Example 1 , followed by some explanation of the term SRI. Table 1
• SRI is a measure of how much of a stain on textile is removed during washing.
• the intensity of any stain can be measured by means of a Reflectometer in terms of the difference between the stain and a clean cloth giving ⁇ * for each stain. It is defined as ⁇ * and is calculated as given below:
• L * , a * , and b * are the coordinates of the CIE 1976 ( L * , a * , b * ) colour space, determined using a standard reflectometer .
• ⁇ * can be measured before and after the stain is washed, to give AE * bw (before wash) and AE * aw (after wash).
• SRI of 100 means complete removal of a stain.
• ⁇ after wash is the difference in L a b colour space between the clean (unwashed) fabric and the stain after wash. So a ⁇ after wash of zero means a stain that is completely removed. Therefore, a SRI aw (aw: after wash) of 100 is a completely removed stain.
• the clean (or virgin) fabric is an "absolute standard" which is not washed. For each experiment, it refers to an identical piece of fabric to that to which the stain is applied. Therefore, its point in L a b colour space stays constant.
• Tergometer wash protocol For the determination of the SRI, a standard protocol was used, called the Tergometer (also called Tergotometer) wash protocol. Said Tergometer wash protocol has the following steps:
• composition G is outside the invention although mentioned otherwise in the Table.
• composition H also shows further technical effect of the water-insoluble fatty acid ester, which in this case was methyl laurate.
• Example 2 Comparison of citric acid and sodium citrate
• Example 4 SRI obtained through various organic acids having pKa of 2 to 5 Details of the compositions and the observed SRI values are summarised in table 5. Table 5

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• 2016
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