WO2016147802A1 - マルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法 - Google Patents
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- H10N70/235—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect between different crystalline phases, e.g. cubic and hexagonal
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- H10N70/882—Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
- H10N70/8828—Tellurides, e.g. GeSbTe
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for initializing a multiferroic element that is performed in advance before the element operation is executed.
- One solution is to operate the electronic device at an extremely low temperature to suppress the scattering of electrons.
- using a superconductor corresponds to that.
- the electron scattering is zero, so there is no electrical resistance and no Joule heat is generated. Therefore, the electron scattering does not occur.
- the electronic device when this method is used, the electronic device must be cooled to a temperature of several Kelvin, and the energy consumed for this purpose must not be forgotten.
- the topological insulator is an insulator that uses a special electronic state generated on the surface or interface of an object.
- the topological insulator is a relativistic phenomenon that occurs because the inner core electrons of an element with a relatively large atomic number move at a speed close to the speed of light. This will be explained based on the effect. In other words, this electron action (spin-orbit interaction) adds a term for the spin-orbit interaction to the Hamiltonian of the band structure formed by the electron, and changes the band structure and energy eigenvalue.
- the special electronic band structure possessed by the topological insulator is strange that electrons existing on the surface or interface of the substance are separated into two electron spin currents with different spins and continue to flow without applying voltage due to time reversal symmetry. It has the characteristic. This is the same as having the important property of not being subjected to the electron scattering due to the impurities or the like if reversed. Also, for example, if there is no external magnetic field that breaks the time-reversal symmetry, this characteristic is preserved very firmly.
- the name of the topological insulator is derived from the fact that the characteristics of the electronic band structure are similar to the mathematical topology polyhedron theory (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the present inventor has a crystal alloy layer made of antimony-tellurium and a crystal alloy layer made of germanium-tellurium for reducing the power consumption of the phase change solid-state memory regardless of the topological insulator.
- a superlattice phase change film in which the (111) plane axis and c-axis of each crystal alloy layer are aligned and laminated, and the memory structure can be operated by switching the arrangement structure of germanium atoms in the crystal growth axis direction.
- a superlattice phase change solid-state memory is proposed (see Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4).
- this superlattice phase change solid-state memory can be an ideal topological insulator, and the spin current generated by injecting electrons by applying an electric field in the vertical direction.
- a spin memory that can be stored is provided (see Patent Document 3).
- the present inventors have proposed a transistor that applies a voltage using a superlattice structure included in a superlattice phase change solid-state memory as a gate and controls a current (spin current) flowing in the plane (Patent Document). 4).
- a crystal alloy layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Sb 2 Te 3 layer”) in which the ratio of antimony atoms to tellurium atoms is 2: 3, and the crystal orientations of germanium atoms and tellurium atoms are aligned.
- a superlattice structure in which a crystalline alloy layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “GeTe layer”) is repeatedly laminated is composed of two different crystal forms (phases) called set and reset (non-patent literature). 5). Since the reset phase has two types of space inversion symmetry and time inversion symmetry, each spin band is degenerated and has no magnetism.
- the superlattice structure has both an electric dipole and a magnetic moment that generate a magnetic field when an electric field is applied and generate an electric field when a magnetic field is applied.
- the characteristic having both an electric dipole and a magnetic moment is called multiferroic.
- a material that is manifested at a very low temperature is known (Non-patent Document 6), but the superlattice structure expresses the multiferroic material under temperature conditions of room temperature or higher. Therefore, it can be said that it is a highly practical multiferroic material.
- each layer constituting the superlattice structure is formed at a high temperature of 200 ° C. to 250 ° C., but most of the phase transition from the set phase to the reset phase in the process of cooling from the film forming temperature to room temperature. To do. This is because the reset phase is thermodynamically more stable at a temperature of 150 ° C. or less, but the set phase also remains in the GeTe layer when the cooling rate is high.
- the GeTe layer used as the set phase for example, when molecular bonds between germanium atoms and tellurium atoms are expressed by bending up and down, -germanium (lower) -tellurium (upper) -germanium (lower) -tellurium
- the first set phase can be expressed as (upper)-and the vertical relationship of the first set phase is inverted, and can be expressed as -germanium (upper) -tellurium (lower) -germanium (upper) -tellurium (lower)- It is thermodynamically allowed that the same amount of the second set phase is present at the same time.
- the germanium atom is slightly positively charged, and conversely, the tellurium atom paired with the germanium atom is negatively charged. Therefore, when the set phase is composed of any one of the first set phase and the second set phase, electronic polarization can be developed as a ferroelectric. However, if both the first set phase and the second set phase remain in the reset phase, when the reset phase is phase-shifted to the set phase, the remaining first set phase And the second set phase as a nucleus, the two set phases are generated, the electric dipoles cancel each other, and the overall ferroelectricity is lowered.
- This electric dipole cancellation remains in the reset phase, which is a low-temperature phase, and is initialized so that the first set phase and the second set phase, which are the core for forming the set phase, are aligned in advance. It can be solved by doing. Then, the first set phase and the second set are applied by applying at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field to the superlattice structure under a temperature state of 150 ° C. that is a phase transition temperature between the set phase and the reset phase.
- the phase can be initialized in advance so as to be aligned with either one, and thus, the electric dipole can be prevented from canceling, and the multiferroic element having the superlattice structure can exhibit a large electric polarization. Furthermore, it has been found that ferromagnetism having a magnetic moment in a certain direction can be expressed by the deviation of the degeneracy of the spin band.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for initializing a multiferroic element in order to solve the above-described problems in the prior art and obtain a stable element operation.
- a multiferroic element having a laminated structure that is formed mainly of a compound that is formed and includes a reset phase in which electric polarization does not occur and a second alloy layer that transitions between the set phase in which electric polarization occurs A method for initializing a multiferroic element, wherein at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field is applied under a temperature condition equal to or higher than a phase transition temperature at which the reset phase of the second alloy layer is phase-transformed to the set phase.
- M shows an atom in any one of germanium, aluminum, and silicon
- x shows the numerical value of 0.5 or more and less than 1.
- the multiferroic element is one of Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 Te 3 and Bi 2 Se 3 having an atomic composition ratio of 2: 3 among antimony-tellurium, bismuth-tellurium, and bismuth-selenium.
- the first alloy layer is formed with the above compound as the main component and the crystal orientation is oriented in a constant orientation, and is formed with either the germanium-tellurium or silicon-tellurium compound as the main component, and the crystal orientation is constant.
- the method for initializing a multiferroic element according to the above ⁇ 1> which has a superlattice structure in which second alloy layers oriented in the direction are alternately laminated.
- a voltage applied in one direction between the upper electrode and the lower electrode is applied to the stacked structure in which the upper electrode and the lower electrode are arranged at the upper and lower positions in the stacking direction, and an external magnetic field is applied in the stacking direction.
- a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an external magnetic field is applied to the laminated structure in which the first electrode and the magnetic second electrode are arranged on one surface.
- ⁇ 5> With respect to the stacked structure in which the third electrode is disposed on the one surface in a position opposite to the first electrode when viewed from the second electrode, between the first electrode and the second electrode and the second electrode.
- ⁇ 6> The method for initializing a multiferroic element according to any one of ⁇ 3> to ⁇ 5>, wherein a voltage of 0.25 V or less is applied per 1 nm thickness in the stacking direction of the stacked structure.
- ⁇ 7> The method for initializing a multiferroic element according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein an external magnetic field having a magnitude of 5.0 T or less is applied.
- ⁇ 8> The multiferroic composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>, wherein at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field is applied under a temperature condition less than a melting point of the compounds constituting the first alloy layer and the second alloy layer. Element initialization method.
- the multiferroic element to be initialized has a laminated structure including a first alloy layer and a second alloy layer laminated on the first alloy layer.
- the first alloy layer is a layer formed mainly of any of antimony-tellurium, bismuth-tellurium, and bismuth-tellurium.
- any one of Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 Te 3 and Bi 2 Se 3 having an atomic composition ratio of 2: 3 among antimony-tellurium, bismuth-tellurium, and bismuth-selenium is a main component.
- the layer formed as can be preferably mentioned.
- the thickness of the first alloy layer is 2 nm or more and 10 nm or less.
- the first alloy layer thus formed functions as the topological insulator.
- “main component” indicates an element that forms a basic unit cell of a layer.
- the first alloy layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably a layer in which the crystal orientation is oriented in a constant orientation.
- the first alloy layer has a hexagonal crystal structure and its c-axis is oriented in the stacking direction. It is more preferable. With such a crystal structure, the next layer to be stacked serves as a template for generating orientation with this layer as a base, and a superlattice structure of these stacked bodies is easily obtained.
- the said crystal structure of c-axis orientation is easy to be obtained, for example, sputtering method, molecular beam epitaxy method, ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method and the like are preferable.
- the second alloy layer is formed mainly of a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- the second alloy layer has a phase reversal symmetry at the center of the layer due to the arrangement of M, and a reset phase in which electric polarization does not occur and a set phase in which the space reversal symmetry is lost and the electric polarization occurs. It can be transferred.
- the reset phase does not have the magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic material
- the set phase has the magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic material.
- M shows an atom in any one of germanium, aluminum, and silicon
- x shows the numerical value of 0.5 or more and less than 1.
- GeTe is preferable because of its large dielectric constant.
- the thickness of the second alloy layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably more than 0 and 4 nm or less. When the thickness exceeds 4 nm, independent and unique characteristics may be exhibited, and the characteristics of the laminated structure with the first alloy layer may be affected.
- the second alloy layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably a layer whose crystal orientation is oriented in a fixed orientation.
- the second alloy layer has a cubic crystal structure, and its (111) plane is the first alloy layer. It is preferable to be arranged on the adjacent surface. Among them, it is more preferable that the crystal structure has a face-centered cubic crystal and that the (111) plane is arranged on the adjacent surface to the first alloy layer. With such a crystal structure, the next layer to be stacked serves as a template for generating orientation with this layer as a base, and a superlattice structure of these stacked bodies is easily obtained.
- a method for forming the second alloy layer is not particularly limited, but a sputtering method, a molecular beam epitaxy method, an ALD method, a CVD method, and the like are preferable because the crystal structure with c-axis orientation is easily obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a laminated structure.
- the laminated structure 1 includes, for example, an Sb 2 Te 3 first alloy layer (Sb 2 Te 3 layer) 3 in which the crystal orientation is fixed in a constant orientation on a suitable substrate 2, and a crystal orientation in a constant orientation.
- a second alloy layer (GeTe layer) 4 of GeTe oriented in a layered structure has a superlattice structure laminated alternately.
- symbol 3 and 4 in the figure shows the repetition of the laminated structure by which the 1st alloy layer 3 and the 2nd alloy layer 4 were laminated
- the reset phase in the second alloy layer 4 can be phase-shifted to the set phase by applying a relatively weak voltage, for example, while the set phase is
- the phase transition to the reset phase can be performed by applying a relatively strong voltage.
- the set phase that cannot undergo phase transition to the reset phase remains in the cooling process after the laminated structure 1 is manufactured at a high temperature.
- the present inventors further differ in the direction of electric polarization from this set phase, for example, two phases of an upward first set phase and a downward second set phase with respect to the stacking direction of the stacked structure 1. The knowledge that it can express was obtained.
- the electric dipoles of the first set phase and the second set phase are generated when the reset phase is changed to the set phase during the element operation. This cancels out and prevents the phase transition of the reset phase to the set phase.
- FIG. 2A is an explanatory diagram showing a situation when the second alloy layer is in the reset phase
- FIG. 2B is a situation when the second alloy layer is in the first set phase
- FIG. 2C is an explanatory diagram showing a situation when the second alloy layer is in the second set phase.
- the electric polarization possessed by the core of the set phase that could not undergo phase transition in the cooling process after the multilayer structure 1 was manufactured at a high temperature It is important to initialize in such a way that one direction is aligned in advance in one direction, for example, upward or downward with respect to the stacking direction.
- the initialization means that the first set phase and the second set phase mixed in the reset phase in the second alloy layer are any of the first set phase and the second set phase. It means aligning with either phase.
- the reset phase is known to have a larger electrical resistance than the set phase (see Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4 above), and by measuring the electrical resistance and comparing the magnitude, The state of the phase of the second alloy layer can be confirmed.
- the initialization can be performed by applying at least one of an electric field and a magnetic field under a temperature condition equal to or higher than a phase transition temperature for causing the reset phase of the second alloy layer to transition to the set phase.
- a temperature condition equal to or higher than a phase transition temperature for causing the reset phase of the second alloy layer to transition to the set phase.
- the initialization is not particularly limited.
- the initialization may be performed before the shipment of the multiferroic element or may be performed after the shipment. It is preferable to perform cooling while applying the electric field and the magnetic field to the laminated structure in a high temperature state equal to or higher than the phase transition temperature immediately after the film.
- the method for applying the electric field is not particularly limited, and an external electric field may be applied, or a voltage may be applied by attaching an electrode to the laminated structure.
- an external electric field may be applied, or a voltage may be applied by attaching an electrode to the laminated structure.
- a method of applying a voltage in one direction between the upper electrode and the lower electrode to a stacked structure in which an upper electrode and a lower electrode are arranged at the upper and lower positions in the stacking direction (2) A method of applying a voltage in one direction between the two electrodes on the laminated structure in which two electrodes are arranged on one surface, and (3) a second electrode having magnetism on the first surface and the first electrode.
- a method of applying a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode and between the third electrode and the second electrode with respect to the stacked structure in which the third electrode is disposed at a position, etc. Can be mentioned.
- the upper electrode and the lower electrode may be arranged as electrode layers in the laminated structure in addition to the upper and lower surfaces of the laminated structure.
- a voltage may be applied using an electrode formed for the multiferroic element.
- the magnitude of the applied voltage is not particularly limited, but if it is too large, the laminated structure will melt and have a multiferroic function.
- the thickness may be lost and is preferably 0.25 V or less per 1 nm thickness in the stacking direction of the stacked structure, and about 0.1 V is optimal.
- the thickness in the stacking direction of the stacked structure is 20 nm, it is preferably 5.0 V or less, and optimally about 2.0 V.
- the lower limit of the applied voltage is about 0.1V.
- the external magnetic field is preferably applied in the stacking direction of the stacked structure.
- the magnitude of the external magnetic field is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5.0T or less, more preferably 0.1T to 1T. When the magnitude of the external magnetic field exceeds 5.0 T, the residual magnetization in the laminated structure increases, and the set phase may not easily return to the reset phase.
- the temperature condition is not particularly limited as long as it is equal to or higher than the phase transition temperature of the second alloy layer, for example, when the second alloy layer is formed of GeTe, about 150 ° C. or higher. As an upper limit, it is necessary to set the temperature condition to be lower than the melting point of the compounds constituting the first alloy layer and the second alloy layer.
- the phase transition between the reset phase and the set phase is caused by applying a temperature change at the time of initialization, applying a voltage at the time of operating the element, or the like. That is, a change in electric field or magnetic field occurs in addition to the temperature change.
- the phase transition temperature means a temperature at which a phase transition occurs between the reset phase and the set phase without applying a phase transition condition such as an electric field or a magnetic field.
- the initialization method of the Loic element is such that the set phase is dominant in the second alloy layer by placing the multilayer structure under a temperature condition equal to or higher than the phase transition temperature.
- the method (1) can be carried out by arranging electrodes on the top and bottom of the laminated structure 1 shown in FIG.
- two electrodes 20 and 21 can be arranged on one surface of the laminated structure 10 formed on the substrate 12.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the implementation status of the initialization method.
- the arrows in the figure indicate the direction in which the external magnetic field is applied, and can be either the upper or lower direction in the figure.
- the method (3) can be carried out by arranging the electrode 20 and the magnetic electrode 22 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram for explaining another implementation state of the initialization method.
- the arrow in the figure indicates the direction in which the external magnetic field is applied, and can be either the upper or lower direction in the figure.
- the method (4) can be carried out by arranging the electrodes 20 and 21 and the magnetic electrode 22 shown in FIG. Note that the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 assumes a case where a transistor element is formed by forming a gate insulating film and a gate electrode on the laminated structure 10 in particular.
- a sample having a superlattice structure was prepared as follows using a magnetron sputtering apparatus. First, an amorphous silicon layer having a thickness of 5 nm was formed on a clean and flat glass substrate. Next, sputtering using Sb and Te as targets (composition ratio 2: 3) is performed, and an orientation layer made of a crystal alloy layer of Sb 2 Te 3 and having a c-axis crystal orientation oriented in the stacking direction has a thickness of 5 nm. Were laminated.
- composition ratio 1 1: 1
- sputtering using Ge and Te as a target is performed using the sputtering apparatus with the alignment layer as a base, and is composed of a crystalline alloy layer of GeTe.
- a second alloy layer oriented on the surface adjacent to the orientation layer was laminated with a thickness of 1 nm.
- sputtering is performed using the sputtering apparatus with Sb and Te as targets (composition ratio 2: 3), which is made of a crystalline alloy layer of Sb 2 Te 3 and has a c-axis.
- a first alloy layer having a crystal orientation oriented in the stacking direction was stacked with a thickness of 4 nm.
- the second alloy layer and the first alloy layer are alternately laminated in this order by three layers under the same conditions, and the second alloy layer and the first alloy layer in total four layers on the alignment layer. And were stacked alternately.
- the alignment layer, the first alloy layer, and the second alloy layer were formed at 230 ° C.
- a superlattice structure having the first alloy layer and the second alloy layer was produced.
- Example 1 A voltage was applied to the produced first sample while changing the voltage from +0.1 V to +1.0 V between the electrodes at room temperature (25 ° C.) and the resistance was continuously measured.
- the resistance value was 6.0 k ⁇ . Showed a linear ohmic resistance. This result indicates that the first set phase and the second set phase are equally mixed, or that both of these set phases do not exist, and another measurement described later. From the result, it is inferred that the ferroelectricity does not appear with respect to the voltage change by taking the former state.
- the resistance was measured by applying a voltage in the same manner while changing from +0.1 V to +1.0 V. The resistance value remained unchanged at 6.0 k ⁇ and the value before applying the external magnetic field. From this result, it is confirmed that the first sample having the superlattice structure does not have magnetic properties when it is just manufactured.
- the first sample is heated slowly while applying a voltage of +1.5 V between the electrodes and applying an external magnetic field of 0.2 T in one lamination direction of the superlattice structure.
- the temperature was raised to 150 ° C. or higher at which the set phase in the second alloy layer in the superlattice structure became stable, the temperature was raised to 200 ° C., and then cooled to room temperature (initialization treatment).
- the resistance value of the first sample subjected to the initialization process was measured while changing the voltage from +0.1 V to +1.0 V, the resistance value was 6.0 k ⁇ to 2.5 k ⁇ when +0.1 V was applied. It changed to.
- the set phase Since the set phase has a lower resistance than the reset phase, after the initialization process, the set phase occupies a larger proportion in the superlattice structure than the reset phase, resulting in a low resistance value. It is presumed that In addition, this result shows that when the heat treatment is performed while applying a voltage and a magnetic field and cooling to room temperature, the set phase that is electrically polarized according to the applied voltage direction can be held in the superlattice structure even at room temperature. Show.
- the reset phase since the reset phase is stable at room temperature, the reset phase including the set phase in a state in which only the first set phase is aligned in the initialization process is applied to the first phase at a voltage of ⁇ 1.0V. It is inferred that the phase transition to the second set phase opposite in the electric polarization direction from one set was not achieved.
- Example 1 The measurement results in Example 1 above show that the phase transition between the set phase and the reset phase is affected not only by the voltage application direction but also by the external magnetic field application direction, It can be concluded that the first sample having the superlattice structure was able to express multiferroic characteristics.
- Example 2 A voltage was applied to the first sample prepared separately from that used in Example 1 while changing the voltage from +0.1 V to +1.0 V between the electrodes at room temperature (25 ° C.), and the resistance was continuously measured. Then, like the measurement result in Example 1, the resistance value showed a linear ohmic resistance at 6.0 k ⁇ . Also, after applying an external magnetic field of 0.5 T in one of the stacking directions of the superlattice structure for 1 minute, the resistance was measured by applying a voltage in the same manner while changing from +0.1 V to +1.0 V. As with the measurement result in Example 1, the resistance value remained unchanged at 6.0 k ⁇ and the value before applying the external magnetic field.
- the second sample in the superlattice structure is heated slowly while applying only an external magnetic field of 0.2 T in one of the stacking directions of the superlattice structure to the first sample.
- the temperature exceeded 150 ° C. or higher at which the set phase in the layer became stable, and the temperature was raised to 200 ° C. and then cooled to room temperature (initialization treatment).
- the resistance value of the first sample subjected to the initialization process was similarly changed from +0.1 V to +1.0 V and measured by applying a voltage, the resistance value was changed from 6.0 k ⁇ to 4 at the time of +0.1 V application. Changed to 0.0 k ⁇ .
- the amount of change in resistance value (change from 6.0 k ⁇ to 2.5 k ⁇ ) is small compared to the initialization process in Example 1 in which both the voltage and the external magnetic field are applied, that is, the reset at room temperature.
- the retention ratio of the set phase with respect to the phase is small, it is presumed that the set phase can be retained in the superlattice structure to some extent even in the initialization process using only an external magnetic field.
- the reset phase is changed to the set phase by applying a relatively large voltage in the same direction as the initialized direction to the superlattice structure in which the reset phase stably exists. It is inferred that the phase transition to the first set phase).
- Example 3 To the first sample prepared separately from those used in Examples 1 and 2, a voltage of +0.1 V to +1.0 V was applied between the electrodes at room temperature (25 ° C.) while changing the resistance continuously. Was measured, the resistance value showed a linear ohmic resistance at 6.0 k ⁇ , similar to the measurement results in Examples 1 and 2. Also, after applying an external magnetic field of 0.5 T in one of the stacking directions of the superlattice structure for 1 minute, the resistance was measured by applying a voltage in the same manner while changing from +0.1 V to +1.0 V. As in the measurement results in Examples 1 and 2, the resistance value remained unchanged at 6.0 k ⁇ and did not change from the value before applying the external magnetic field.
- the first sample is heated slowly while applying only a voltage of +1.5 V between the electrodes, and the set phase in the second alloy layer in the superlattice structure becomes stable at 150 ° C. After exceeding the above, the temperature was raised to 200 ° C., and then cooled to room temperature (initialization treatment).
- the resistance value of the first sample subjected to the initialization process was similarly changed from +0.1 V to +1.0 V and measured by applying a voltage, the resistance value was changed from 6.0 k ⁇ to 3 at the time of +0.1 V application. Changed to 0.0 k ⁇ .
- the amount of change in resistance value (change from 6.0 k ⁇ to 2.5 k ⁇ ) is small compared to the initialization process in Example 1 in which both the voltage and the external magnetic field are applied, that is, the reset at room temperature.
- the retention ratio of the set phase with respect to the phase is small, even in the initialization process using only the voltage, the set phase can be held in the superlattice structure to some extent even at room temperature, and in this initialization process, It is presumed that the retention rate of the set phase can be increased compared to the initialization process in Example 2 in which only an external magnetic field is applied.
- the resistance is again increased from + 0.1V.
- the resistance value changed from 3.0 k ⁇ to the original 6.0 k ⁇ .
- a second sample was prepared by changing the electrode formation of the first sample as follows. That is, similar to the method for manufacturing the first sample, after forming two W electrodes on the superlattice structure, a TbFeCo strength is formed as a third electrode between the W electrodes by sputtering using a metal mask. A magnetic thin film was formed with a thickness of 100 nm.
- Example 4 When a voltage was applied between the W electrodes of the second sample while changing the voltage from +0.1 V to +1.0 V at room temperature (25 ° C.) and the resistance was continuously measured, the resistance values were as in Examples 1 to 3. Similar to the measurement result in, a linear ohmic resistance was shown at 6.0 k ⁇ . Next, when the resistance value between the one W electrode and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film was measured in the same manner, an ohmic characteristic was also obtained at 6.0 k ⁇ . Also, after applying an external magnetic field of 0.5 T in one of the stacking directions of the superlattice structure for 1 minute, the resistance was measured by applying a voltage in the same manner while changing from +0.1 V to +1.0 V.
- the resistance value remained at 6.0 k ⁇ and did not change from the value before applying the external magnetic field.
- the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film which is the third electrode, is magnetized, but the resistance value does not change before and after the external magnetic field is applied.
- the first set phase having and the second set phase having opposite magnetism are present in the superlattice structure, and after the first set phase and the second set phase are formed in the superlattice structure, Based on the equilibrium state, it is present that there is an equal amount or neither of these set phases exists, and it is assumed that the former state is taken from another measurement result to be described later.
- the temperature is slowly raised while applying only a voltage of +1.5 V between one W electrode and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film, and the set phase in the second alloy layer in the superlattice structure is After exceeding 150 degreeC or more which becomes stable, and heating up to 200 degreeC, it was cooled to room temperature (initialization process).
- the resistance value of the initialized first sample was changed from +0.1 V to +1.0 V and measured by applying a voltage
- the resistance value was changed from 6.0 k ⁇ to 0. It changed to 5 k ⁇ .
- Example 1 Since the initialization process was performed, it was initialized in a magnetic field stronger than that in Example 1, and it was inferred that the resistance value decreased to 0.5 k ⁇ , which was lower than 2.5 k ⁇ . It is presumed that the set phase is formed in the superlattice structure.
- the polarity of the voltage is reversed, and from -0.1 V to ⁇ 1 between one W electrode and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film.
- the resistance was measured by applying a voltage while changing the voltage to 0.0 V, the resistance value did not change between ⁇ 0.1 V and ⁇ 1.0 V, showed 0.5 k ⁇ , and did not recover.
- the amount of the set phase (the first set phase) formed by the initialization process is large, and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film maintains residual magnetization for stabilizing the set phase. Therefore, even when the opposite voltage is applied, the set phase (the first set phase) is stable up to a certain level of voltage, and thus 6.0 k ⁇ can be recovered as in the first embodiment. It is presumed that there was not.
- the external magnetic field having a magnitude of 0.5 T is applied to the second sample having a resistance value of 0.5 k ⁇ by reversing 180 ° for one minute, and then one W electrode and the TbFeCo strength are applied.
- a voltage of +0.1 V to +1.0 V was again applied between the magnetic thin film and the resistance was measured, the resistance value changed from 0.5 k ⁇ to the original 6.0 k ⁇ .
- This result is based on the fact that the external magnetic field reversed by 180 ° is applied, and that the magnetization direction of the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film is reversed by applying the external magnetic field. It is inferred that the set phase) became unstable and phase transitioned to the reset phase.
- a negative voltage of ⁇ 0.1 V to ⁇ 1.0 V is applied between one W electrode and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film with respect to the second sample in a state where the resistance value is changed to 6.0 k ⁇ .
- the resistance value suddenly dropped to 0.5 k ⁇ when ⁇ 0.8 V was applied, and thereafter maintained at 0.5 k ⁇ to ⁇ 1.0 V.
- the spin current in which the direction of magnetization is reversed by applying the external magnetic field reversed by 180 ° flows into the second alloy layer, and the direction of magnetization inside the superlattice structure, Since the electric polarization direction of the set phase aligned with the first set phase by the initialization is reversed (from the electric polarization direction of the first set phase to the electric polarization direction of the second set phase), It is presumed that the phase transition easily occurred in the second set phase, and that the phase transition occurred at a voltage of ⁇ 0.8 V unlike Example 1. That is, in the process in the fourth embodiment, it is assumed that the second set phase appears after the first set phase and the reset phase after the initialization process. The set phases appearing as the first set phase and the second set phase are different from those before the initialization process, and resistance change is confirmed. Therefore, the initialization process aligns with either phase. It is inferred that
- a negative voltage of ⁇ 0.1 V to ⁇ 1.0 V is applied between one W electrode and the TbFeCo ferromagnetic thin film to the second sample in a state where the resistance value is changed to 6.0 k ⁇ .
- the resistance was measured by applying an external magnetic field of 0.10 T in one of the upper and lower lamination directions of the superlattice structure. The same measurement was performed by changing the magnitude of the external magnetic field from 0.15T to 0.50T in increments of 0.05T. As a result, it was found that as the magnitude of the applied magnetic field increases, the resistance value transitions to 0.5 k ⁇ with a large negative voltage.
- the direction of the external magnetic field applied in this measurement is the direction that induces the first set phase, and conversely, the direction of the voltage applied in this measurement is the direction that induces the second set phase. From this, it can be inferred that when the external magnetic field becomes strong, the second set phase is difficult to form, and a larger negative voltage is required to cause the reset phase to transition to the second set phase.
- a voltage of +6.0 V is applied to the first sample between the electrodes, and the temperature is slowly raised while applying only an external magnetic field of 0.2 T in one of the lamination directions of the superlattice structure. Then, the temperature exceeded 150 ° C. or higher at which the set phase in the second alloy layer in the superlattice structure became stable, the temperature was raised to 200 ° C., and then cooled to room temperature. Similarly, when the resistance value of the first sample heat-treated in the external magnetic field was measured while changing the voltage from +0.1 V to +1.0 V, the resistance value was changed from 6.0 k ⁇ to 1 when +0.1 V was applied. Changed to 0.0 k ⁇ .
- the polarity of the voltage is reversed, and the resistance is measured by applying a voltage while changing from ⁇ 0.1 V to ⁇ 1.0 V. It did not recover to 6.0 k ⁇ as it was at 0.0 k ⁇ .
- the resistance is applied.
- the resistance value remains at 1.0 k ⁇ and did not recover to 6.0 k ⁇ .
- the resistance value remains constant at 1.0 k ⁇ regardless of whether a magnetic field is applied or reversed.
- Electrode 21 Electromagnetic
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Abstract
Description
このため、コンピューターには、冷却用のファンが必要である。また、前記ジュール熱によって入力エネルギーの一部が情報の記録・消去には利用できず、エネルギーロスが発生する。つまり、前記電子の散乱を抑制することが、前記電子デバイスの省電力化に向けた中心的な技術開発課題であることは疑う余地はない。
しかし、この方法を用いた場合には、前記電子デバイスを数ケルビンの温度まで冷却する必要があり、このために費やすエネルギーを忘れてはならない。また、このような極低温状態を利用する電子デバイスを一般化して実用化することは困難である。そのため、室温で前記電子散乱を抑えられる手段としては、満足できるものが存在していない状況にある。
即ち、この電子の作用(スピン-軌道相互作用)によって、前記電子が形成するバンド構造のハミルトニアンにスピン-軌道相互作用の項が追加され、バンド構造とエネルギー固有値に変化が生じる。このとき、ある特殊な物質においては、真空表面での価電子帯の最上部のバンドと伝導帯の最下部のバンドとが結合するが、他方、前記物質の内部ではバンドが開いたままの特殊なバンド構造が形成されることがある。
その結果、前記物質の表面あるいは界面では伝導体となるが、内部ではバンドがあるため絶縁体となるという、それまでに知られていなかった特殊な物性が出現する。このような特性をもつ物質を「トポロジカル絶縁体」と称す (非特許文献1参照)。
また、本発明者らは、この超格子型相変化固体メモリが、理想的なトポロジカル絶縁体になり得ることを利用し、垂直方向に電場を加え電子を注入することで発生させたスピン流を蓄積可能なスピンメモリを提供している(特許文献3参照)。
更に、本発明者らは、超格子型相変化固体メモリが備える超格子構造をゲートとして電圧を印可し、その面内に流れる電流(スピン流)を制御するトランジスタを提案している(特許文献4参照)。
前記リセット相は、空間反転対称性と時間反転対称性の2つを有するため、各スピンバンドが縮退し、磁性をもたない。
前記セット相は、対をなすゲルマニウム原子の一個がSb2Te3層側に反転するために空間反転対称性を失うが、時間反転対称性を維持するため、ラシュバ効果と呼ばれるスピン分裂バンドが形成される。
このスプリットしたバンドでは、エネルギー(E)・運動量(k)が作るバンド空間で時間反転対称性保存則からE(k,ダウンスピン)=E(-k,アップスピン)が成立し、勝手にスピン状態を取ることができない。つまり、電子散乱が大きく制約される。
また、前記GeTe層では、前記セット相の状態でバンドがスピン分裂しているため、外部磁場を加えると磁化する。更に、電場を加えると磁場を発生させる。逆に、磁場を加えると電場を発生させる。
即ち、前記超格子構造は、電場を加えると磁場を発生させ、磁場を加えると電場を発生させるという、電気双極子と磁気モーメントとを同時に有する。この電気双極子と磁気モーメントとを同時に有する特性をマルチフェロイックと呼ぶ。
前記マルチフェロイックを発現する材料としては、極低温で発現するものが知られているが(非特許文献6)、前記超格子構造は、室温以上の温度条件下でマルチフェロイックを発現することから、実用性の高いマルチフェロイック材料といえる。
即ち、前記超格子構造を構成する各層は、200℃~250℃の高温で成膜されるが、成膜温度から室温まで冷却される過程において、大半が前記セット相から前記リセット相に相転移する。これは熱力学的に前記リセット相の方が150℃以下の温度で安定なためであるが、冷却の速度が速いと前記GeTe層に前記セット相も残留してしまう。
しかしながら、前記リセット相に前記第1セット相と前記第2セット相との双方が残留していると、前記リセット相を前記セット相に相転移させたときに、これら残留した前記第1セット相と前記第2セット相とを核として2つの前記セット相が発生してしまい、互いの電気双極子が相殺して全体としての強誘電性が低下してしまう。
<1> アンチモン-テルル、ビスマス-テルル、及びビスマス-セレンのいずれかを主成分として形成される第1合金層と、前記第1合金層上に積層されるとともに下記一般式(1)で表される化合物を主成分として形成され、電気分極が生じないリセット相と前記電気分極が生ずるセット相との間で相転移する第2合金層とを含む積層構造体を有するマルチフェロイック素子に対し、前記第2合金層の前記リセット相を前記セット相に相転移させる相転移温度以上の温度条件下で電場及び磁場の少なくともいずれかを加えることを特徴とするマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<2> マルチフェロイック素子が、アンチモン-テルル、ビスマス-テルル、及びビスマス-セレンのうち、原子組成比が2:3されたSb2Te3、Bi2Te3及びBi2Se3のいずれかの化合物を主成分として形成され、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向される第1合金層と、ゲルマニウム-テルル及びシリコン-テルルのいずれかの化合物を主成分として形成され、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向される第2合金層とが交互に積層された超格子構造を有する前記<1>に記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<3> 積層方向の上下位置に上部電極及び下部電極が配される積層構造体に対して、前記上部電極-前記下部電極間に一方向の電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を前記積層方向に加える前記<1>から<2>のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<4> 一の面上に第1電極と磁性を有する第2電極とが配される積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間に電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を積層方向に加える前記<1>から<2>のいずれかにマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<5> 一の面上に更に第2電極からみて第1電極と反対の位置に第3の電極が配される積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間及び前記第3の電極-前記第2電極間のいずれかに電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を積層方向に加える前記<4>に記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<6> 積層構造体の積層方向の厚み1nmあたり、0.25V以下の電圧を加える前記<3>から<5>のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<7> 5.0T以下の大きさの外部磁場を加える前記<1>から<6>のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
<8> 第1合金層及び第2合金層を構成する化合物の融点未満の温度条件下で電場及び磁場の少なくともいずれかを加える前記<1>から<7>のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
前記マルチフェロイック素子は、第1合金層と、前記第1合金層上に積層される第2合金層とを含む積層構造体を有する。
また、前記第1合金層の厚みとしては、2nm以上10nm以下とされる。
このように形成される前記第1合金層は、前記トポロジカル絶縁体として作用する。
なお、本明細書において「主成分」とは、層の基本単位格子を形成する元素であることを示す。
このような結晶構造を有すると、その次に積層される層が、この層を下地として配向を生み出すテンプレートとなって、これら積層体の超格子構造が得られやすい。
前記第1合金層の形成方法としては、特に制限はないが、c軸配向の前記結晶構造が得られやすいことから、例えば、スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、ALD(Atomic Layer Deposition)法、CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)法などが好ましい。
この第2合金層は、Mの配置によって、層の中心に空間反転対称性を持ち、電気分極が生じないリセット相と、前記空間反転対称性が崩れ、前記電気分極が生ずるセット相とに相転移可能とされる。前記リセット相は、強磁性体の磁気特性を有さず、前記セット相は、前記強磁性体の磁気特性を有する。
前記一般式(1)で表される合金としては、中でも、誘電率の大きさから、GeTeが好ましい。
このような結晶構造を有すると、その次に積層される層が、この層を下地として配向を生み出すテンプレートとなって、これら積層体の超格子構造が得られやすい。
前記第2合金層の形成方法としては、特に制限はないが、c軸配向の前記結晶構造が得られやすいことから、例えば、スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、ALD法、CVD法等が好ましい。
積層構造体1は、適当な基板2上に、例えば、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向されたSb2Te3の第1合金層(Sb2Te3層)3と、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向されたGeTeの第2合金層(GeTe層)4とが、交互に積層された超格子構造を有する。なお、図中、符号3,4で示された箇所は、第1合金層3と第2合金層4とが交互に積層された積層構造の繰り返しを示す。
次に、前記第1セット相では、図2(b)中の符号4bとして示すように、Ge-Teの2つの結合ボンド間で正に帯電するGe原子同士、負に帯電するTe原子同士が対向する位置を取り、第2合金層4に電気分極が生じ、図中、第2合金層4の上側が正に帯電し、下側が負に帯電する状態とされる。
次に、前記第2セット相では、図2(c)中の符号4cとして示すように、Ge-Teの2つの結合ボンド間で正に帯電するGe原子同士、負に帯電するTe原子同士が対向する位置を取り、第2合金層4に電気分極が生じ、図中、第2合金層4の上側が負に帯電し、下側が正に帯電する状態とされる。つまり、前記第2セット相では、電気分極の方向が前記第1セット相から反転した状態とされる。
なお、本明細書において、初期化とは、前記第2合金層中の前記リセット相に混在する前記第1セット相及び前記第2セット相を前記第1セット相及び前記第2セット相のいずれか一方の相に揃えることを意味する。
そして、一旦、初期化を行えば、前記セット相が前記第1セット相及び前記第2セット相のいずれか一方の相に揃えられた状態で、素子動作時に前記リセット相-前記セット相間の相転移を生じさせることができ、この相転移現象を利用した前記マルチフェロイック素子の安定した素子動作が可能となる。
また、前記リセット相は、前記セット相よりも電気抵抗が大きいことが知られており(前掲の非特許文献3,4参照)、電気抵抗を測定し、その大きさを比較することで、前記第2合金層の相の状態を確認することができる。
後者については、(1)前記積層方向の上下位置に上部電極及び下部電極が配される積層構造体に対して、前記上部電極-前記下部電極間に一方向の電圧を加える方法、(2)一の面上に2つの電極が配される前記積層構造体に対して、両電極間に一方向の電圧を加える方法、(3)一の面上に第1電極と磁性を有する第2電極とが配される積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間に電圧を加える方法、(4)一の面上に更に前記第2電極からみて前記第1電極と反対の位置に第3の電極が配される前記積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間及び前記第3の電極-前記第2電極間のいずれかに電圧を加える方法等が挙げられる。
なお、前記(1)の方法に関し、前記上部電極及び前記下部電極は、前記積層構造体の上面、下面のほか、積層構造体中に電極層として配されていてもよい。また、前記(1)~(4)の方法に関し、前記マルチフェロイック素子用に形成された電極を利用して電圧を加えることとしてもよい。
電極間に電圧を加える前記(1)~(4)の方法に関し、加える電圧の大きさとしては、特に制限はないが、大きすぎると、前記積層構造体が溶融を起こしマルチフェロイックな機能を失うことがあり、前記積層構造体の積層方向の厚み1nmあたり、0.25V以下であることが好ましく、0.1V程度が最適である。例えば、前記積層構造体の積層方向の厚みが20nmである場合には、5.0V以下であることが好ましく、2.0V程度が最適である。
なお、加える電圧の大きさの下限としては、0.1V程度である。
前記外部磁場としては、前記積層構造体の積層方向に加えることが好ましい。
また、前記外部磁場の大きさとしては、特に制限はないが、5.0T以下が好ましく、0.1T~1Tがより好ましい。前記外部磁場の大きさが5.0Tを超えると、前記積層構造体中の残留磁化が大きくなり、前記セット相が前記リセット相に容易に戻らなくなることがある。
前記(1)の方法では、図1に示す積層構造体1の上下に電極を配して実施することができる。
また、前記(2)の方法では、図3に示すように、基板12上に形成された積層構造体10の一の面上に2つの電極20,21を配して実施することができる。なお、図3は、初期化方法の実施状況を説明する説明図であり、図中の矢印は、前記外部磁場を加える方向を示し、図中の上下いずれかの方向とすることができる。
また、前記(3)の方法では、図4に示す、電極20と磁性を有する電極22とを配して実施することができる。なお、図4は、初期化方法の他の実施状況を説明する説明図であり、図中の矢印は、前記外部磁場を加える方向を示し、図中の上下いずれかの方向とすることができる。
また、前記(4)の方法では、同図4に示す、電極20,21と磁性を有する電極22とを配して実施することができる。
なお、図4に示す態様は、特に積層構造体10上にゲート絶縁膜及びゲート電極を形成してトランジスタ素子を形成する場合を想定するものである。
マグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用いて、次の通り、超格子構造を有する試料を作製した。
先ず、清浄で平坦なガラス基板上にアモルファスシリコン層を5nmの厚みで形成した。
次に、SbとTeをターゲット(組成比2:3)とするスパッタリングを行い、Sb2Te3の結晶合金層からなり、c軸の結晶方位が積層方向に配向された配向層を5nmの厚みで積層させた。
次に、前記配向層を下地として、前記スパッタリング装置を用いて、GeとTeをターゲット(組成比1:1)とするスパッタリングを行い、GeTeの結晶合金層からなり、結晶の(111)面が前記配向層との隣接面に配向された第2合金層を1nmの厚みで積層させた。
次に、前記第2合金層上に、前記スパッタリング装置を用いて、SbとTeをターゲット(組成比2:3)とするスパッタリングを行い、Sb2Te3の結晶合金層からなり、c軸の結晶方位が積層方向に配向された第1合金層を4nmの厚みで積層させた。
引き続き、同条件で前記第2合金層と前記第1合金層とをこの順で交互に3層ずつ積層させ、前記配向層上に合計で4層ずつ前記第2合金層と前記第1合金層とを交互に積層させた。なお、前記配向層、前記第1合金層及び前記第2合金層の成膜は、230℃で行った。
以上により、前記第1合金層及び前記第2合金層を有する超格子構造を作製した。
最後に、前記W電極が露出する状態で、前記超格子構造上に、酸化防止層としてのSiN層をスパッタリング法により厚み20nmで形成した。SiN層形成時のガス圧は、0.5Paであり、キャリアガスとしては、アルゴンガスを用いた。
以上により、前記超格子構造を有する第1試料を作製した。
作製した前記第1試料に対し、室温(25℃)で前記電極間に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加え、連続的に抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、6.0kΩで直線的なオーミック抵抗を示した。
この結果は、前記第1セット相と第2セット相が同等に混在しているか、又は、これらのセット相がどちらも存在しないかの状態であることを示しており、後に説明する別の測定結果から、前者の状態をとることで、電圧変化に対して強誘電性が現れていないためと推察される。
また、前記超格子構造の一方の積層方向に0.5Tの大きさの外部磁場を一分間加えた後、同様に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加えて抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、6.0kΩのままで前記外部磁場を加える前の値と変化はなかった。
この結果から、前記超格子構造を有する前記第1試料は、作製しただけの状態では磁気特性を持たないことが確認される。
前記リセット相に比較して前記セット相は、抵抗が低いことから、前記初期化処理後、前記リセット相よりも前記セット相が大きな割合を前記超格子構造内で占めることで、抵抗値が低くなったものと推察される。また、この結果は、電圧及び磁場を加えながら加熱処理を行い室温まで冷却すると、室温においても印加した電圧方向に応じて電気分極した前記セット相を前記超格子構造内に保持させることができることを示している。
この結果は、一方の方向から電圧を加えて初期化させた前記超格子構造内の前記セット相(ここでは、このセット相を第1セット相とする)に反対方向の電圧を加えたことによって、前記セット相が不安定となって前記リセット相に戻った結果、抵抗が大きくなったものと推察される。また、室温では前記リセット相が安定であるため、-1.0Vの電圧では、前記初期化処理で前記第1セット相のみに揃えられた状態の前記セット相を含む前記リセット相を、前記第1セットと電気分極方向が反対の前記第2セット相に相転移させるには至らなかったものと推察される。
前記リセット相が安定的に存在する前記超格子構造に対して、前記第1セット相に初期化させた方向と同じ方向で比較的大きな電圧を加えることで、前記リセット相が前記第1セット相に相転移したものと推察される。
この結果は、外部磁場の方向に対する強磁性効果が反転するため、前記セット相(第1セット相)が不安定になり、前記リセット相に戻ったものと推察される。
以上の実施例1における測定結果は、前記セット相と前記リセット相との間の相転移が、電圧の印加方向のみならず外部磁場の印加方向に対しても影響を受けることを示しており、前記超格子構造を有する前記第1試料にマルチフェロイックな特性を発現させることができたと結論づけることができる。
実施例1で用いたものとは別に作製した前記第1試料に対し、室温(25℃)で前記電極間に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加え、連続的に抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩで直線的なオーミック抵抗を示した。
また、前記超格子構造の一方の積層方向に0.5Tの大きさの外部磁場を一分間加えた後、同様に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加えて抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩのままで前記外部磁場を加える前の値と変化はなかった。
この結果から、電圧と外部磁場との双方を加えた実施例1における前記初期化処理に比べて抵抗値の変化量(6.0kΩから2.5kΩに変化)が小さい、即ち、室温における前記リセット相に対する前記セット相の保持割合が小さいものの、外部磁場だけの前記初期化処理においても、ある程度、前記セット相を室温でも前記超格子構造内に保持させることができるものと推察される。
実施例1と同様に、前記リセット相が安定的に存在する前記超格子構造に対して、初期化させた方向と同じ方向で比較的大きな電圧を加えることで、前記リセット相が前記セット相(第1セット相)に相転移したものと推察される。
実施例1及び2で用いたものとは別に作製した前記第1試料に対し、室温(25℃)で前記電極間に+0.1Vから+1.0Vの電圧を変化させながら加え、連続的に抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1,2での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩで直線的なオーミック抵抗を示した。
また、前記超格子構造の一方の積層方向に0.5Tの大きさの外部磁場を一分間加えた後、同様に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加えて抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1,2での測定結果と同様に6.0kΩのままで前記外部磁場を加える前の値と変化はなかった。
この結果から、電圧と外部磁場との双方を加えた実施例1における前記初期化処理に比べて抵抗値の変化量(6.0kΩから2.5kΩに変化)が小さい、即ち、室温における前記リセット相に対する前記セット相の保持割合が小さいものの、電圧だけの前記初期化処理においても、ある程度、前記セット相を室温でも前記超格子構造内に保持させることができ、かつ、この初期化処理では、外部磁場だけ加えた実施例2における前記初期化処理に比べ、前記セット相の保持割合を大きくすることができるものと推察される。
前記第1試料の電極形成を次のように変更して、第2試料を作製した。即ち、前記第1試料の作製方法と同様に、2つのW電極を前記超格子構造上に形成した後、金属マスクを用いたスパッタリング法により、これらW電極間に3つ目の電極としてTbFeCo強磁性体薄膜を厚み100nmで形成した。
前記第2試料の前記W電極間に、室温(25℃)で+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加え、連続的に抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1~3での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩで直線的なオーミック抵抗を示した。
次に、1つの前記W電極と前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜との間の抵抗値を同様に測定したところ、6.0kΩでやはりオーミックな特性を示した。
また、前記超格子構造の一方の積層方向に0.5Tの大きさの外部磁場を一分間加えた後、同様に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加えて抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1~3での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩのままで前記外部磁場を加える前の値と変化はなかった。
この状態では、3つ目の電極であるTbFeCo強磁性体薄膜が磁化しているが、前記外部磁場を加える前後で抵抗値に変化がないとする結果は、非磁性な前記リセット相、磁性を持つ前記第1セット相及び反対の磁性を持つ前記第2セット相が前記超格子構造内に存在し、前記第1セット相と前記第2セット相が前記超格子構造の作製後、熱力学の平衡状態に基づいて等量存在するか、又は、これらセット相がどちらも存在しないかの状態であることを示しており、後に説明する別の測定結果から、前者の状態をとるものと推察される。
この結果は、3つ目の電極としての前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜が0.5Tの磁場を加えた時点で磁化して残留磁化を持ち、その状態を維持したまま1.5Vの電圧を加えて前記初期化処理を行ったため、実施例1より強い磁場の中で初期化されたこととなり、抵抗値が2.5kΩよりさらに低い0.5kΩに低下したものと推察され、実施例1より多くの前記セット相が前記超格子構造内に形成されたものと推察される。
この結果については、前記初期化処理で形成された前記セット相(前記第1セット相)の量が多く、また、前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜には前記セット相を安定させるための残留磁化が維持されているため、反対の電圧を加えても、前記セット相(前記第1セット相)は、ある程度の大きさの電圧まで安定であり、よって、実施例1のように6.0kΩを回復できなかったものと推察される。
この結果は、180°反転させた前記外部磁場を加えること、及び、この外部磁場が加わることで前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜の磁化の方向が反転されたことに基づき、前記セット相(前記第1セット相)が不安定になり、前記リセット相に相転移したものと推察される。
この結果は、先の180°反転させた前記外部磁場を加えたことで磁化の方向が反転したスピン電流が前記第2合金層に流入することにより、前記超格子構造内部の磁化の方向と、前記初期化により第1セット相に揃えられた前記セット相の電気分極方向とが逆転(前記第1セット相の電気分極方向から前記第2セット相の電気分極方向)したため、前記リセット相から前記第2セット相に相転移しやすくなって、実施例1と異なり、-0.8Vの電圧で相転移が生じたものと推察される。即ち、本実施例4における処理では、前記初期化処理後、前記第1セット相、前記リセット相を経て、前記第2セット相が現れたものと推察される。なお、前記第1セット相及び前記第2セット相として現れる前記セット相は、前記初期化処理前と異なり、抵抗変化が確認されることから、前記初期化処理により、いずれか一方の相に揃えられていると推察される。
その結果、加える磁場の大きさが大きいほど、大きな負電圧で抵抗値が0.5kΩに遷移することが分かった。
本測定で加えた前記外部磁場の方向は、前記第1セット相を誘発する方向であり、逆に、本測定で加えた電圧の方向は、前記第2セット相を誘発する方向であったことから、前記外部磁場が強くなると前記第2セット相ができにくくなり、前記リセット相を前記第2セット相に相転移させるために、より大きな負電圧が必要になったものと推察される。
この結果から、急峻な抵抗の遷移が確認された先の測定では、前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜と前記超格子構造との接続において、前記TbFeCo強磁性体薄膜に残留する磁場の効果が大きな影響を与えていたものと推察される。
実施例1~3で用いたものとは別に作製した前記第1試料に対し、室温(25℃)で前記電極間(2つのW電極間)に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加え、連続的に抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩで直線的なオーミック抵抗を示した。
また、前記超格子構造の一方の積層方向に0.5Tの大きさの外部磁場を一分間加えた後、同様に+0.1Vから+1.0Vまで変化させながら電圧を加えて抵抗を測定したところ、抵抗値は、実施例1での測定結果と同様に、6.0kΩのままで前記外部磁場を加える前の値と変化はなかった。
以上の参考例における測定では、磁場を印加しても反転しても抵抗値が1.0kΩと一定のままであることから、6.0Vのような大きな電圧を印加すると、マルチフェロイックの特性を有するはずの前記セット相が、例えば、Sb2Te3層と共に融解して合金化することで消失してしまい、その結果として、配向性のない多結晶の抵抗値を示したものと推察される。
2,12 基板
3 第1合金層(Sb2Te3層)
4 第2合金層(GeTe層)
4a リセット相
4b 第1セット相
4c 第2セット相
20,22 電極
21 磁性を有する電極
Claims (8)
- アンチモン-テルル、ビスマス-テルル、及びビスマス-セレンのいずれかを主成分として形成される第1合金層と、前記第1合金層上に積層されるとともに下記一般式(1)で表される化合物を主成分として形成され、電気分極が生じないリセット相と前記電気分極が生ずるセット相との間で相転移する第2合金層とを含む積層構造体を有するマルチフェロイック素子に対し、
前記第2合金層の前記リセット相を前記セット相に相転移させる相転移温度以上の温度条件下で電場及び磁場の少なくともいずれかを加えることを特徴とするマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
ただし、前記式(1)中、Mは、ゲルマニウム、アルミニウム及びシリコンのいずれかの原子を示し、xは、0.5以上1未満の数値を示す。 - マルチフェロイック素子が、アンチモン-テルル、ビスマス-テルル、及びビスマス-セレンのうち、原子組成比が2:3されたSb2Te3、Bi2Te3及びBi2Se3のいずれかの化合物を主成分として形成され、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向される第1合金層と、ゲルマニウム-テルル及びシリコン-テルルのいずれかの化合物を主成分として形成され、結晶方位が一定の方位に配向される第2合金層とが交互に積層された超格子構造を有する請求項1に記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 積層方向の上下位置に上部電極及び下部電極が配される積層構造体に対して、前記上部電極-前記下部電極間に一方向の電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を前記積層方向に加える請求項1から2のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 一の面上に第1電極と磁性を有する第2電極とが配される積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間に電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を積層方向に加える請求項1から2のいずれかにマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 一の面上に更に第2電極からみて第1電極と反対の位置に第3の電極が配される積層構造体に対して、前記第1電極-前記第2電極間及び前記第3の電極-前記第2電極間のいずれかに電圧を加え、かつ、外部磁場を積層方向に加える請求項4に記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 積層構造体の積層方向の厚み1nmあたり、0.25V以下の電圧を加える請求項3から5のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 5.0T以下の大きさの外部磁場を加える請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
- 第1合金層及び第2合金層を構成する化合物の融点未満の温度条件下で電場及び磁場の少なくともいずれかを加える請求項1から7のいずれかに記載のマルチフェロイック素子の初期化方法。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2018081735A (ja) * | 2016-11-18 | 2018-05-24 | 独立行政法人国立高等専門学校機構 | 複合素子の製造方法 |
| CN108807453A (zh) * | 2017-05-04 | 2018-11-13 | 旺宏电子股份有限公司 | 介电掺杂且富含锑的gst相变存储器 |
| WO2019225160A1 (ja) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | スピン蓄積装置 |
| WO2020012916A1 (ja) | 2018-07-10 | 2020-01-16 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 積層構造体及びその製造方法並びに半導体デバイス |
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| EP3350652A1 (en) | 2015-09-18 | 2018-07-25 | Oxford University Innovation Ltd. | Photonic device |
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| CN108807453A (zh) * | 2017-05-04 | 2018-11-13 | 旺宏电子股份有限公司 | 介电掺杂且富含锑的gst相变存储器 |
| CN108807453B (zh) * | 2017-05-04 | 2021-09-10 | 旺宏电子股份有限公司 | 介电掺杂且富含锑的gst相变存储器 |
| WO2019225160A1 (ja) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | スピン蓄積装置 |
| JPWO2019225160A1 (ja) * | 2018-05-23 | 2020-12-17 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | スピン蓄積装置 |
| WO2020012916A1 (ja) | 2018-07-10 | 2020-01-16 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 積層構造体及びその製造方法並びに半導体デバイス |
| KR20210002620A (ko) * | 2018-07-10 | 2021-01-08 | 고쿠리츠켄큐카이하츠호진 상교기쥬츠 소고켄큐쇼 | 적층 구조체 및 그 제조 방법 그리고 반도체 디바이스 |
| JPWO2020012916A1 (ja) * | 2018-07-10 | 2021-07-15 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 積層構造体及びその製造方法並びに半導体デバイス |
| KR102452296B1 (ko) * | 2018-07-10 | 2022-10-06 | 고쿠리츠켄큐카이하츠호진 상교기쥬츠 소고켄큐쇼 | 적층 구조체 및 그 제조 방법 그리고 반도체 디바이스 |
| JP7416382B2 (ja) | 2018-07-10 | 2024-01-17 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 積層構造体及びその製造方法並びに半導体デバイス |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6466564B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
| US20180043448A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
| JPWO2016147802A1 (ja) | 2017-12-07 |
| US10543545B2 (en) | 2020-01-28 |
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