WO2016143904A1 - エクソソームの破壊方法、エクソソームの破壊キットおよび正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法 - Google Patents
エクソソームの破壊方法、エクソソームの破壊キットおよび正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/42—Proteins; Polypeptides; Degradation products thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, gelatin or zein
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
- A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K17/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised peptides; Preparation thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K19/00—Hybrid peptides, i.e. peptides covalently bound to nucleic acids, or non-covalently bound protein-protein complexes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
- C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
- C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exosome destruction method, an exosome destruction kit, and a normal cell-derived exosome separation method.
- Exosomes are a type of extracellular granule secreted from cells. Specifically, exosomes are vesicles having a diameter of about 30 nm to 100 nm released from cells having a vesicle structure composed of a lipid bilayer membrane. This exosome is known to transmit information between the secretory cell and the other cells by being taken up by another cell different from the cell that secreted the exosome (hereinafter also referred to as secretory cell). (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Exosome stability It is known that the exosome membrane structure is generally more stable than the cell membrane structure.
- Non-Patent Document 3 even when exosomes are freeze-thawed four times without adding a stabilizer such as saccharide under a temperature condition of ⁇ 20 ° C., the inclusions in the exosomes are stably present. Experimental results indicating that it was maintained are described.
- cells called animal cells generally cannot withstand freeze-thaw treatment unless the stabilizer described above is used. This suggests that exosomes have a stable membrane structure compared to animal cells.
- the formation process of the membrane structure is different between exosomes and cells.
- the exosome membrane structure and the cell membrane structure are compared, they differ in the surface area of the membrane and the types of surface proteins present on the membrane surface. Even under these circumstances, the exosome membrane structure is considered to be a stable structure compared to the cell membrane structure. Since exosomes are not living cells, they are excluded from the cell death program by apoptosis that can be applied to general cells.
- exosomes present in the blood of cancer patients include substances that serve as biomarkers for cancer (proteins such as PSA, HER2, and EGFR, microRs such as miR-21 and miR-200a). It is reported that RNA, messenger RNA such as Apbb1ip, ASPN, DNA such as KRAS, and various metabolites are included.
- microRNA encapsulated in exosomes as a substance that can be a biomarker for cancer is promising as an indicator for cancer testing.
- Biological microRNAs are already databased in miRBBase (URL: http://www.mirbase.org/). Among them, 2588 human microRNAs are known as of 2015. Moreover, it is known that the expression profile of human microRNA described above varies depending on the type of organ, and also differs between normal cells and cancer cells. In view of these circumstances, in recent years, intensive studies have been conducted to develop a technique for diagnosing the site and progression of cancer by a blood test that analyzes microRNA encapsulated in exosomes in blood (non-patented). Reference 7).
- Exosome separation / collection (collection) / removal method examples include the following.
- a method for recovering exosomes from human body fluids (blood, saliva, urine, etc.) and cell culture fluid the ultracentrifugation method described in Non-Patent Document 8 and the like is most commonly used as of 2015. The method used. For example, when recovering exosomes from cell culture supernatants or body fluids, after removing large contaminants such as cell debris with a filter or the like, ultracentrifugation is performed at 4 ° C. and 100,000 G for 70 minutes. Exosomes can be recovered.
- Non-Patent Document 8 also describes a method of collecting exosomes by precipitation in cell culture supernatant or body fluid using a coprecipitation agent such as PEG (Non-Patent Document 8).
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for adsorbing and removing the exosome using an antibody that specifically binds to the exosome. Specifically, in Patent Document 1, the exosome is adsorbed and removed by using an antibody that specifically binds to a four-pass membrane-penetrating protein such as CD9, CD63, and CD81 existing on the surface of exosome vesicles. How to do is described.
- a four-pass membrane-penetrating protein such as CD9, CD63, and CD81 existing on the surface of exosome vesicles. How to do is described.
- Patent Document 2 describes a method of using an antibody that specifically adsorbs a cancer cell-derived exosome in order to adsorb and remove the cancer cell-derived exosome secreted by the cancer cell.
- Non-Patent Documents 9 and 10 disclose methods of destroying and removing the exosome itself by chemically treating the cell membrane of the exosome. Specifically, Non-Patent Document 9 describes a method using a surfactant, and Non-Patent Document 10 describes a method using phenol, guanidine, and a surfactant.
- Non-Patent Documents 9 and 10 for chemically treating the cell membrane of exosome are techniques for destroying both exosomes derived from cancer cells and normal cells.
- the organic compound used for the treatment of the cell membrane is not in vivo. There is a high probability that it will act specifically.
- phenol since a substance called phenol has a strong protein denaturing action compared to other compounds, phenol is not suitable for the application of the method described in Non-Patent Document 10 to the treatment of diseases such as cancer metastasis.
- Non-Patent Documents 9 and 10 it is considered necessary to eliminate the influence on components different from exosomes present in the living body. From this, it is considered that it is practically impossible to apply the methods described in Non-Patent Documents 9 and 10 to the treatment of diseases such as cancer metastasis in the future. In view of these circumstances, in recent years, there is a tendency to establish a method for destroying and removing exosomes using a biologically safe substance that hardly exhibits a non-specific action in a living body.
- Non-Patent Document 11 describes a technique in which exosomes are collected by antibody immunization and then biomarkers such as microRNAs are extracted from the exosomes.
- the above-described method has room for improvement in that it selectively extracts cancer cell-derived biomarkers.
- the antibody used for collecting exosomes may be used when an antibody recognizing a characteristic protein present in a cancer cell-derived exosome is used as an antigen.
- Non-Patent Document 12 it is difficult to collect exosomes because characteristic proteins present in cancer cell-derived exosomes are degraded by proteases in vivo and lost from the exosome surface. It has been reported that this may occur.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 are also techniques for adsorbing and removing exosomes using antibodies that are highly safe for living bodies, but only for the amount of exosomes that can be adsorbed to the antibodies. Therefore, there is a disadvantage that exosomes exceeding a specific amount cannot be adsorbed and removed. It has been confirmed that this inconvenience tends to become more apparent particularly when exosomes are adsorbed and removed using a column packed with an antibody at a high density. The reason is that the exosome particle is 10 times larger than the antibody. When the exosome is adsorbed and removed using a column packed with an antibody at a high density, the binding points between the antibody and the exosome are densely present in the space.
- exosome particle size is 10 times or more larger than that of the antibody as described above, the space is occupied by the exosome particle. Therefore, when adsorbing and removing exosomes using a column packed with antibodies at a high density, antibody binding points that are not involved in exosome particle binding (adsorption) are generated in the space, resulting in exosome particles.
- Exosomes have a smaller surface area compared to column particles, and there is a relatively small amount of antigen on the surface. Conceivable). It is also known that depending on the type of exosome, the state of antigen on its surface varies, and the result depends greatly on the titer and specificity of the antibody. Furthermore, the method of collecting exosomes using an antibody has room for improvement in terms of recovering highly purified exosomes because it is difficult to sufficiently wash the exosomes.
- the present invention ensures safety for living bodies, and easily and efficiently destroys exosomes derived from cancer cells, and efficiently and selectively extracts biomarkers contained in the exosomes. It is possible to provide exosome destruction and removal technology.
- the present inventors diligently studied to solve the problems in the prior art described in the section of problems to be solved by the above invention. As a result, by using a specific polypeptide, the present inventors have ensured safety against living bodies, easily and efficiently destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes, and are encapsulated in the exosomes.
- the present invention has been completed by finding that a technique capable of efficiently and selectively extracting existing biomarkers can be constructed.
- kits for destroying exosomes derived from cancer cells which contains an antibacterial peptide and the antibacterial peptide is a peptide that satisfies the following condition (1) or (2).
- the chain length is 10 or more and less than 50, Net Charge is greater than 0 and less than 15, and the proportion of hydrophobic residues is 25% or more and less than 65% (provided that 3 or more S—S bonds are included) And excluding those containing any one of lysine residues and valine residues in all amino acids constituting the antimicrobial peptide).
- the chain length is 2 or more and less than 10, the net charge is 0 or less, the hydrophobic residue ratio is less than 25%, and the following conditions (2-1) or (2-2) are satisfied: To meet.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain 3 or more histidine residues and do not contain tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain one or more arginine residues and do not contain phenylalanine residues, tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- the method includes a step of allowing an exosome to coexist with an antibacterial peptide that satisfies the following condition (1) or (2):
- a method for separating normal cell-derived exosomes wherein the exosome is a mixture of cancer cell-derived exosomes and normal cell-derived exosomes.
- the chain length is 10 or more and less than 50, Net Charge is greater than 0 and less than 15, and the proportion of hydrophobic residues is 25% or more and less than 65% (provided that 3 or more S—S bonds are included) And excluding those containing any one of lysine residues and valine residues in all amino acids constituting the antimicrobial peptide).
- the chain length is 2 or more and less than 10, the net charge is 0 or less, the hydrophobic residue ratio is less than 25%, and the following conditions (2-1) or (2-2) are satisfied: To meet.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain 3 or more histidine residues and do not contain tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain one or more arginine residues and do not contain phenylalanine residues, tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- the present invention safety to a living body is ensured, cancer cell-derived exosomes are easily and efficiently destroyed, and biomarkers contained in the exosomes are extracted efficiently and selectively. It is possible to provide a technique for destroying and removing exosomes. In particular, according to the method for destroying exosomes according to the present invention, it is safer and more selective than a known method of performing chemical treatment, more easily, more efficiently and selectively than a known method using an antibody. It is possible to destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes. According to the present invention, it is also possible to selectively destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes from a body fluid sample in which normal cell-derived exosomes and cancer cell-derived exosomes are mixed. The technology according to the present invention will be applied in the future in the field of cancer treatment, selection of new biomarkers related to cancer diseases, testing and diagnosis by efficient detection of existing cancer markers, and dialysis technology. It is considered useful to do.
- antibacterial peptide generally means a polypeptide that exhibits bacteriostatic or bactericidal action against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, some viruses, and the like.
- the antibacterial peptide in the exosome destruction method (hereinafter also referred to as this destruction method) according to the present embodiment refers to one having exosome destruction activity.
- an antimicrobial peptide which can be used for this destruction method what can selectively destroy the exosome derived from a cancer cell is preferable.
- antibacterial peptides having a special function have been reported so far. However, it has not been reported so far that known antibacterial peptides have the action of destroying and removing exosomes. In addition, among the known antibacterial peptides, there is also a so-called “anticancer peptide” that exhibits an action of destroying cancer cells (Non-patent Document 13). Among such anti-cancer peptides, there are those that have little effect on normal cells and low hemolysis. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether the anticancer peptide has an action of selectively destroying cancer cell-derived exosomes.
- the antibacterial peptide has a positive charge.
- a positively charged substance generally binds to a negatively charged compound such as a nucleic acid to form an insoluble substance and precipitate (Non-patent Document 14).
- nucleic acid components such as microRNA from exosomes using antibacterial peptides.
- a technique for extracting nucleic acid components such as microRNA from exosomes using antibacterial peptides has been completed.
- antibacterial peptide examples include magainin such as magainin 2, defensin such as Defensin HNP-1, cecropin such as lactoferricin, nisin, and Cecropin B, andropine, Morrin, seratotoxin, melittin, dermaseptin, bombinin, brevinin, esculetin, buforin such as Buforin IIb, caelin such as MG2B, Caerin 1.1, LL37, mCRAMP, PR-39, CAP-11, CAP-18 , RL-37, CRAMP-1 / 2, rCRAMP, Prophenin, PMAP-23, PMAP-36, PMAP-37, BMAP-27, BMAP-28, BM Cateridines such as AP-34, Bac5, Bac7 and catthelicidin-AL, abaesin, apidaesin, indolicidin, brevinin, protegrin, tachy
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment may be extracted from an organism containing the antibacterial peptide, or may be artificially synthesized in a microbial cell by a genetic recombination technique. It may be one that has been artificially synthesized using an organic synthesis technique such as a method.
- a part of the amino acid residue constituting the antibacterial peptide may be substituted with another amino acid residue, or one of the amino acid residues constituting the antibacterial peptide may be substituted. The part may be deleted, and another amino acid residue may be inserted into the amino acid residue constituting the antibacterial peptide.
- the antimicrobial peptide according to the present embodiment may be one in which two or more peptides are linked via a spacer.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment has been subjected to post-translational modifications such as C-terminal modification (such as amination), N-terminal modification (such as acetylation), side chain modification, cyclization, and sugar chain modification. May be. Therefore, the amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment are not limited to the 20 essential amino acids constituting the living body, and may be special amino acids described later.
- N-terminal modification methods include: Acetylation, 5-FAM, BSA, Hexanoic acid, PEN, 5-FAM-Ahx, CBZ, HYNIC, Stearic acid, Abz, Dansyl , KLH, Succinylation, dansyl-Ahx, Lauric acid, TMR, Acrylic Decanoic acid, Lipoic acid, Alloc, DTPA, Maleimide, Benzoyl, Various Fatty Acid, MCAIT, BioF acid, BOC, Fmoc, OVA, Br-Ac-, Formulation, Palmitoyl, Dab Syl, DHA, Nicotine, ATTO 488/550/633 / 647N / 655, Rhodamine Green, rhodamine B, TAMRA, Texas Red, fluorescein and the like.
- Modification methods for the C-terminal (side chain carboxyl group) include Amidation, AFC, AMC, MAPS Asymmetric 2 branch, MAPS Asymmetric 4 branch, MAPS Asymmetric 8 branch, BSA, KLH, BZl, NHEm, NHzp, ST , Ester (OEt), Ester (OMe), Ester (OtBu), Ester (OTBzl), OVA, p-Nitroanilide, tBu, etc.
- Examples of the above-mentioned special amino acids include 6-Aminocapric acid, Aminobutyric acid, Citruline, Cysteine (Acm protected), various D-Aminoacid, Dimethy-Lythine, Hydroxy-Proline, Methyline-Lineline Lysine, ⁇ -Aline, ⁇ -Acetyl-Lycine, 3-Nitro-Tyrosine, Phosphorylated Tyrosine, Gamma-GLU, Cysteine (tBu), Penicillamine, Penicillamine, N-methyl ted Leucine, Homocystein, N-methylated Valine, Homoserine, Isoleucine, Biotin Lysine, Cysteine (Acm), N-methylated ALA, N-methylLiquelyL ) 1-NAL, N-methylated Phenylalanine, N-methylated Threonine, N-methylated Serine, N-methylated Tyrosine, Alpha Amino-Butyric Acid, FA
- the linkage between the peptides is the S—S bond between cysteines, the C-terminus (or the carboxyl group of the side chain) and the N-terminus (or the side chain).
- NH 2 group, side chain SH group can be performed by cyclization or the like.
- the antimicrobial peptide which concerns on this embodiment may be connected through the spacer as mentioned above.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment has a total amino acid chain length (hereinafter also referred to as chain length), Net charge, and a proportion of hydrophobic residues in the amino acid sequence (hereinafter referred to as a hydrophobic residue proportion) constituting the peptide. Etc.) are preferably controlled.
- the chain length represents the number of monomers such as amino acids constituting the antimicrobial peptide.
- Net charge represents the net charge of the peptide.
- the Net charge basically indicates the value of the Net charge at neutrality (pH 7.4).
- Net charge of the antibacterial peptide described later in Examples is a value described in a database (URL: http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php) or a value calculated in the same database. Is adopted.
- the lower limit of the chain length of the antimicrobial peptide according to this embodiment is preferably 10 or more, and more preferably 20 or more.
- the upper limit of the chain length is preferably less than 50, and more preferably less than 40.
- the lower limit value of Net charge of the antibacterial peptide according to this embodiment is preferably a value greater than 0, and more preferably a value less than 10.
- the upper limit value of Net charge is preferably a value less than 15, and more preferably a value less than 10.
- the lower limit of the proportion of hydrophobic residues in the amino acid sequence constituting the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment is preferably 0% or more, and more preferably 25% or more.
- the upper limit of the hydrophobic residue ratio is preferably 80% or less, and more preferably less than 65%.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment includes a predetermined number or more of specific amino acid residues, assuming that the chain length, the net charge, the ratio of hydrophobic residues in the amino acid sequence, etc. are within the above numerical ranges, respectively.
- the ability to destroy exosomes derived from cancer cells may be reduced. For example, when 6 or more cysteine residues are contained and either a lysine residue or a valine residue is contained, the ability to destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes decreases.
- the number of SS bonds present in the antibacterial peptide according to this embodiment is preferably less than 3.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment is preferably a peptide that satisfies the following condition (1) or (2).
- the chain length is 10 or more and less than 50, Net Charge is greater than 0 and less than 15, and the proportion of hydrophobic residues is 25% or more and less than 65% (provided that 3 or more S—S bonds are included) And all amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide except those containing either lysine residues or valine residues).
- the chain length is 2 or more and less than 10, the net charge is 0 or less, the hydrophobic residue ratio is less than 25%, and the following conditions (2-1) or (2-2) are satisfied: To meet.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain 3 or more histidine residues and do not contain tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain one or more arginine residues, and do not contain phenylalanine residues, tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment is more preferably a peptide that satisfies the following conditions. (Conditions) Chain length is 20 or more and less than 40, Net Charge is 1 or more and less than 10, and hydrophobic residue ratio is 25% or more and less than 65% (provided that 3 or more S—S bonds are included, In addition, all amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide exclude those containing any one of lysine residues and valine residues).
- the antibacterial peptides according to the present embodiment are classified on the basis of their three-dimensional structure, specific examples of the classification include magainin 2, BMAP-27, BMAP-28, cecropin, LL37, CAP-11, CAP. -18, ⁇ -helix antibacterial peptides such as aurein, gaegrin, citropin and melittin, ⁇ -sheet antibacterial peptides such as defensin, lactoferricin and tachypressin, ⁇ -helix antibacterial peptides, and connecting peptides of the above ⁇ -sheet antibacterial peptides And a complex antibacterial peptide such as a peptide having a large number of specific amino acid residues (Histatin-5). Among them, it was confirmed that peptides classified as ⁇ -helix antibacterial peptides tend to have a high ability to destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes, as described later in Examples.
- antimicrobial peptide which concerns on this embodiment may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the exosome according to this embodiment is a kind of extracellular granule released by living cells, and refers to a small lipid vesicle having a diameter of about 30 nm to about 100 nm derived from a late endosomal compartment.
- biomaterials containing exosomes include blood (including separated components), bone marrow fluid, lymph fluid, urine, feces, saliva and other body fluids, and cell lysates.
- any exosome extracted by pretreatment according to a conventional method can be used depending on the biomaterial.
- the exosome according to this embodiment may be an exosome derived from any animal species. Specific examples of exosomes include exosomes derived from warm-blooded animals such as humans, mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, cats, cows, horses, and birds.
- the exosome according to the present embodiment may be an exosome derived from any cell tumor.
- cell tumors derived from exosomes include tumor cells, dendritic cells, reticulocytes, T cells, B cells, platelets, epithelial cells and the like.
- the exosome according to the present embodiment preferably includes an exosome derived from a tumor cell involved in cancer cell metastasis, that is, a cancer cell-derived exosome secreted from the cancer cell.
- the exosome according to the present embodiment may include only a exosome derived from a cancer cell secreted from a cancer cell, or the exosome derived from a cancer cell and a exosome derived from a normal cell.
- exosomes derived from cancer cells preferably contains exosomes derived from cancer cells.
- the exosome according to the present embodiment is a mixture of the above-described exosome derived from cancer cells and exosomes derived from normal cells, the exosome derived from cancer cells is selectively destroyed as described later in Examples. it can.
- Specific examples of cancer cells that secrete exosomes derived from cancer cells according to the present embodiment include breast cancer cells, esophageal cancer cells, stomach cancer cells, appendix cancer cells, colon cancer cells, endometrial cancers.
- the desired exosome fraction can be extracted by the following method of treatment using gel filtration.
- various processing conditions such as centrifugation are not limited to the conditions described later.
- the supernatant of the target cell culture medium secreting exosomes is centrifuged at room temperature for 15 minutes under the condition that the exosome fraction of 2,000 G is not precipitated, thereby separating the insoluble matter.
- the supernatant fraction is obtained by performing centrifugation for 35 minutes at a speed higher than that of the first centrifugation at 12,000 G at room temperature and under conditions where the exosome fraction does not precipitate. Separate impurities.
- the obtained supernatant fraction is applied to a gel filtration column, the absorbance at 260 nm is measured for the eluate obtained, and the fraction having a high absorbance is recovered as a desired exosome fraction.
- the gel filtration column may be a column prepared by purchasing a carrier, or a commercially available product such as Sephacryl S-400 HR (manufactured by GE Healthcare Bioscience).
- Antibody immunization is known as an alternative technique to the ultracentrifugation method.
- the antibody that can be used is not particularly limited as long as it can recognize, as an antigen, a substance that exists only in the surface layer of exosomes in blood.
- Specific examples of the antigen include proteins belonging to the four-transmembrane protein family called tetraspanins such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), human epidermal growth factor type 2 (H2). Specific proteins for exosomes derived from cancer cells.
- These antibodies are generally used in a state of being supported on a carrier.
- the exosome destruction method includes a step of preparing an antibacterial peptide and a step of destroying the exosome by causing the antibacterial peptide and the exosome to coexist.
- exosomes in a sample can be efficiently removed as compared with the conventional method.
- this method is a technique that can be performed ex vivo and can destroy exosomes under conditions that are mild to components other than exosomes in a sample.
- it is preferable that the antibacterial peptide and exosome are allowed to coexist and then incubated at a predetermined temperature and time.
- the work procedure can be simplified about the exosome destruction process.
- the content of the exosome amount and the antibacterial peptide amount in the incubation solution prepared by mixing and coexisting antibacterial peptide and exosome is 1 ⁇ 10 8 particles / mL exosome.
- the concentration can be adjusted using a buffer such as physiological saline or PBS.
- the incubation temperature between the antibacterial peptide and the exosome in the exosome disruption method according to the present embodiment varies depending on the type of the antibacterial peptide, and the optimum value at which the disruption activity is maximized. More preferably, it is 20 ° C. or higher. On the other hand, the upper limit of the incubation temperature is preferably 70 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 40 ° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the incubation time between the antibacterial peptide and the exosome in the exosome destruction method according to this embodiment is preferably 1 second or more, and more preferably 10 minutes or more.
- the upper limit of the incubation time is preferably 72 hours or less, and more preferably 48 hours or less.
- the incubation solution prepared by mixing and coexisting antimicrobial peptide and exosome contains additive components other than buffers such as physiological saline and PBS. Also good.
- additives include reagents such as RNase Inhibitor that stabilize biomarkers, and reagents such as protease inhibitor and BSA that stabilize peptides.
- RNase Inhibitor when extracting the ribonucleic acid biomarker contained in exosome, it is preferable to contain RNase Inhibitor as an additive.
- RNase Inhibitor mammal-derived (human placenta-derived, mouse-derived, porcine-derived, etc.) RNase inhibitor is mainly used (Non-patent Document 15).
- the RNase Inhibitor is a protein of about 50 kDa and is inactivated by noncovalent binding to ribonucleases A, B, and C.
- the RNase Inhibitor is known not to act on RNase T1, T2, H, U1, U2, and CL3.
- a stabilizer based on a complex of oxovanadium (IV) and ribonucleoside may be used (Non-patent Document 16).
- the amount of the additive added to the incubation solution prepared by mixing and coexisting antibacterial peptide and exosome is the exosome destruction activity, the target biomarker or the biological safety.
- the amount generally used in the art can be arbitrarily selected as long as it does not adversely affect the sex.
- RNase Inhibitor it is 0.01 U to 20 U / ⁇ L, preferably 0.1 U to 1 U / mL.
- the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment may be immobilized on a carrier. It is known that a specific peptide having an antibacterial action called an antibacterial peptide can retain its function even if the peptide is used after being fixed to a carrier or the like (Patent Document 3, etc.) .
- the carrier that can be used in the exosome destruction method according to the present embodiment may be a known carrier as long as it can chemically or physically bind the antimicrobial peptide or the antibody described above.
- Specific examples of the carrier include polyamide, polyethylene glycol, sepharose, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, silica, silicon, titanium, and iron. Of these, Sepharose and cellulose are preferable, and Sepharose is more preferable from the viewpoint of safety during use.
- a dialysis membrane for hemodialysis can also be used as a carrier for immobilizing an antimicrobial peptide.
- dialysis membranes for hemodialysis include cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polymethyl methacrylate, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polyester polymer alloy, polyallyl ether sulfone, and the like.
- it may be a complex immobilized on an antibody having an amino acid sequence different from that of the antibacterial peptide, or may be a complex in which the complex is immobilized on a carrier.
- the antibody used here is preferably an antibody that specifically binds to exosomes.
- the exosome can be destroyed by the antibacterial peptide in a state where the exosome interacts with the antibody and the exosome is adsorbed to the antibody.
- the carrier having the antibacterial peptide can be packed in a column and used. By passing a sample containing exosomes through a column packed with a carrier having an antibacterial peptide, exosomes can be efficiently destroyed.
- the antimicrobial peptide and the carrier can be used as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- a spacer substance having a predetermined length may be interposed between the antibody and the carrier or between the antibacterial peptide and the antibody. Specific examples include polyethylene glycol, unsaturated hydrocarbon, peptide and the like.
- the spacer substance is a general term for components capable of binding and connecting two objects via a functional group. Specific examples of the functional group include an amino group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, and a thiol group.
- the binding mode between the spacer and the antibody, carrier and antimicrobial peptide is not particularly limited.
- the combination of the carrier and the spacer substance include commercially available products such as HiTrap NHS-activated HP Columns (manufactured by GE Healthcare).
- the above-mentioned additives may be added to the solution used for column extraction.
- the effect of the exosome destruction method using the antimicrobial peptide according to the present embodiment will be described.
- the method for destroying exosomes using the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment safety for a living body is ensured, and cancer cell-derived exosomes can be easily and efficiently destroyed.
- the exosome derived from a cancer cell can be selectively destroyed by a simple operation as compared with the conventional method.
- the exosome destruction method using the antibacterial peptide according to the present embodiment can be suitably used for extracting a biomarker included in the exosome.
- the destruction method according to the present embodiment described above it is possible to selectively destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes while suppressing the destruction of normal cell-derived exosomes. Therefore, in the field of cancer treatment, the destruction method according to this embodiment will be used in the future to select new biomarkers related to cancer diseases, examination / diagnosis by efficient detection of existing cancer markers, and dialysis. It is considered useful to apply to technology.
- the solution after destruction by the antibacterial peptide can be extracted by a known method.
- a known method for example, in the case of microRNA, it can be extracted using a commercially available RNA extraction kit.
- a generally known method can be employed, for example, after obtaining cDNA from the extracted microRNA using reverse transcriptase and then measuring using a PCR device, particularly a real-time PCR device. .
- the method for destroying exosomes according to the present embodiment it is possible to destroy and remove exosomes in a sample with a substance having safety against a living body.
- exosomes in the sample can be efficiently removed as compared with the conventional method.
- the exosomes in the sample can be effectively destroyed and removed under the condition that other components different from the exosomes in the sample are prevented from being destroyed. Is also possible.
- the exosome destruction method according to the present embodiment is a technique that can be applied to a cancer cell metastasis suppression system in the future.
- the carrier having the antibacterial peptide can be used as one configuration of a blood circulation device for destroying exosome.
- the cancer cell-derived exosome destruction kit utilizes the above-described destruction method and includes an antibacterial peptide.
- the antimicrobial peptide contained in this destruction kit can selectively destroy the exosome derived from a cancer cell, and is a peptide which satisfy
- the chain length is 10 or more and less than 50, Net Charge is greater than 0 and less than 15, and the proportion of hydrophobic residues is 25% or more and less than 65% (provided that 3 or more S—S bonds are included) And all amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide except those containing either lysine residues or valine residues).
- the chain length is 2 or more and less than 10, the net charge is 0 or less, the hydrophobic residue ratio is less than 25%, and the following conditions (2-1) or (2-2) are satisfied: Fulfill.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain 3 or more histidine residues and do not contain tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- All amino acids constituting the antibacterial peptide contain one or more arginine residues and do not contain phenylalanine residues, tryptophan residues and valine residues.
- the cancer cell-derived exosome destruction kit according to this embodiment preferably further includes the above-described RNase Inhibitor from the viewpoint of efficiently destroying the cancer cell-derived exosome.
- the destruction method described above is a technique that can selectively destroy cancer cell-derived exosomes, and can therefore be used to separate normal cell-derived exosomes.
- the method for separating exosomes derived from normal cells according to this embodiment includes a step of allowing an antimicrobial peptide and exosomes to coexist.
- the exosome used in such a method needs to be a mixture of a cancer cell-derived exosome and a normal cell-derived exosome.
- the antimicrobial peptide used in the method for separating normal cell-derived exosomes according to the present embodiment needs to be capable of selectively destroying cancer cell-derived exosomes, the above-described (1) or (2 It is a peptide that satisfies the conditions of
- the method for separating exosomes derived from normal cells further includes a step of adsorbing and removing exosome destruction residues derived from cancer cells. By doing so, exosomes derived from normal cells with high purity can be extracted.
- this invention includes the following aspects. 1. Preparing an antimicrobial peptide; Destroying the exosome by coexisting the antimicrobial peptide and the exosome; A method for destroying exosomes. 2. 1. further comprising preparing a sample containing the exosome prior to the disrupting step; The method for destroying exosomes according to 1. 3. The destroying step is performed ex vivo. Or 2. The method for destroying exosomes according to 1. 4). The exosome is an exosome derived from a cancer cell. To 3.
- the antibacterial peptide is a polypeptide consisting of 10 or more and 50 or less amino acid residues.
- the antimicrobial peptide comprises one or more peptides selected from the group consisting of magainin 2, LL-37, protamine and nisin; To 5.
- the step of preparing the antibacterial peptide includes the step of preparing the antibacterial peptide immobilized on a carrier.
- the step of preparing the antibacterial peptide includes the step of preparing the antibacterial peptide immobilized on an antibody.
- the antibody is an antibody that specifically binds to the exosome, The method for destroying exosomes according to 1. 10.
- the method for destroying exosomes according to 1. 11.
- An exosome destruction kit containing an antibacterial peptide. 12 10.
- the antibacterial peptide is a polypeptide consisting of 10 or more and 50 or less amino acid residues.
- the antimicrobial peptide comprises one or more peptides selected from the group consisting of magainin 2, LL-37, protamine and nisin; Or 12.
- An exosome destruction kit according to 1. 14 10. the antibacterial peptide is immobilized on a carrier; Thru 13. The exosome destruction kit according to any one of the above. 15. 10. the antibacterial peptide is immobilized on an antibody; Thru 13. The exosome destruction kit according to any one of the above. 16. 15.
- the antibody is an antibody that specifically binds to the exosome, An exosome destruction kit according to 1. 17.
- a method for using an antibacterial peptide comprising a step of destroying the exosome by allowing the antibacterial peptide and the exosome to coexist. 18. The method of using an antimicrobial peptide according to claim 17, wherein in the step of destroying, the exosome is destroyed.
- Example 1 (Exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells)
- a human breast cancer cell-derived cell line MM231-luc-D3H2LN (test from National Cancer Center) was inoculated into Advanced RPMI 1640 medium (manufactured by Life Technologies). Then, under the conditions set such that CO 2 concentration using the CO 2 incubator comprising 5% by volume, incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C., to obtain a culture solution containing exosomes. The culture solution was centrifuged at 2,000 G to remove precipitates, and then centrifuged at 110,000 G to precipitate exosomes, and exosome fraction A was collected. The recovered exosome fraction A was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and stored at 4 ° C.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the stored sample was lightly used before use and suspended after being vortexed (shaking mixer).
- the number of exosomes in the solution was analyzed using a nanoparticle analyzer (NanoSight LM10; manufactured by NanoSight) according to the protocol attached to the apparatus.
- the culture solution was centrifuged at 2,000 G for 10 minutes to remove the precipitate, and then centrifuged at 110,000 G for 70 minutes to precipitate the exosome fraction B.
- the recovered exosome fraction B was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and stored at 4 ° C.
- the stored sample was lightly suspended by a vortex mixer (shaking mixer) before use.
- the number of exosomes in the solution was analyzed using a nanoparticle analyzer (NanoSight LM10; manufactured by NanoSight) according to the protocol attached to the apparatus.
- the recovered exosome fraction was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and stored at 4 ° C.
- the stored sample was lightly suspended by a vortex mixer (shaking mixer) before use.
- the number of exosomes in the solution was analyzed using a nanoparticle analyzer (NanoSight LM10; manufactured by NanoSight) according to the protocol attached to the apparatus.
- the culture solution was centrifuged at 2,000 G for 10 minutes to remove the precipitate, and then centrifuged at 110,000 G for 70 minutes to precipitate the exosome fraction.
- the recovered exosome fraction was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and stored at 4 ° C.
- the stored sample was lightly suspended by a vortex mixer (shaking mixer) before use.
- the number of exosomes in the solution was analyzed using a nanoparticle analyzer (NanoSight LM10; manufactured by NanoSight) according to the protocol attached to the apparatus.
- microRNA (miR-21 or miR-16) in the reaction solution was reverse transcription primer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Taqman microRNA Assays, RT primer, hsa-mir-21 or hsa-mir-16) and reverse. Reverse transcription PCR was performed using a coenzyme (Therman Fisher Scientific, Taqman microRNA RT kit).
- the reverse transcription PCR solution obtained by the above-mentioned method was used as a Taqman Assay primer (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Taqman microRNA Assays, Taqman Assay Primer, hsa-mir-21 or hsa-mir-16) and a master for real-time PCR.
- a mix Thermo Fisher Scientific, TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix II, w / UNG
- a calibration curve for microRNA was prepared using synthetic miR-21 (manufactured by Sigma Aldrich) or synthetic miR-16 (manufactured by Sigma Aldrich).
- a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A prepared from a human breast cancer cell-derived cell line MM231-luc-D3H2LN equivalent to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL, and 200 ⁇ M magainin 2 A PBS solution was prepared.
- 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome solution, 50 ⁇ L of magainin 2 solution, and 40 ⁇ L of PBS are mixed to contain 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL of human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and 100 ⁇ M of magainin 2.
- PBS 100 ⁇ L was prepared and incubated at 25 ° C. for 24 hours. Samples were stored at 4 ° C.
- a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A prepared from a human breast cancer cell-derived cell line MM231-luc-D3H2LN equivalent to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL was prepared.
- 10 ⁇ L of an exosome solution derived from human breast cancer cells and 90 ⁇ L of PBS were mixed to prepare 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells at 25 ° C. for 24 hours. Incubated by standing. Samples were stored at 4 ° C.
- the number of exosomes contained in the said solution is measured using a nanoparticle analyzer (Nanosight LM10, manufactured by Nanosite). did.
- the number of exosomes in the solution was reduced to 1.89 ⁇ 10 9 particles / mL due to the coexistence of the antibacterial peptide (magainin 2) and exosomes.
- Magnainin 2 the antibacterial peptide
- the comparative example it was 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL.
- Example 2 An exosome fraction prepared from a human breast cancer cell-derived cell line MM231-luc-D3H2LN against a peripheral blood sample (hereinafter also referred to as a human peripheral blood sample) collected from a healthy human who does not have cancer. A is added so that it may become the exosome density
- the human peripheral blood sample is obtained by performing informed consent on the patient according to the Declaration of Helsinki, for example, in the same manner as the method described in JP2013-198483A. Blood is collected using a blood collection tube containing an anticoagulant.
- human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and magainin 2 pelleted by ultracentrifugation at 110,000 G were suspended in a human peripheral blood sample, and the contents of the human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and magainin 2 were 1 respectively.
- Human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes pelleted by ultracentrifugation at 110,000 G and phenol are suspended in a human peripheral blood sample, and the contents of the human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and phenol are 1.4 ⁇ 10 4 respectively.
- 100 ⁇ L of human peripheral blood sample is prepared so as to be 10 parts / mL human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes and 8% phenol, and incubated by allowing to stand at 25 ° C. for 24 hours.
- Example 2 About a part of the solution after the incubation, after exosome is purified with Exo-Flow32 CD9 IP Kit (manufactured by SBI), it is contained in the solution using a nanoparticle analyzer (Nanosite, NanoSight LM10). Measure the number of exosomes. In Example 2 and Comparative Example 2, the amount of exosome decreases compared to Comparative Example 3. Moreover, protein electrophoresis of serum components is performed on a part of the solution after the incubation. In Example 2 and Comparative Example 3, there is no decrease in albumin component (molecular weight 60,000 to 70,000) and globulin component (molecular weight of about 160,000) as compared with Comparative Example 2.
- Example 3 a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells equivalent to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL and a PBS solution of 100 ⁇ M nisin A were prepared. Then, 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome solution, 50 ⁇ L of nisin A solution, and 40 ⁇ L of PBS were mixed to obtain 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome and 50 ⁇ M of nisin A.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- exosome fraction 100 ⁇ L was prepared so as to contain PBS, and incubated by standing at 25 ° C. for 48 hours. Samples were stored at 4 ° C. About the solution after the said incubation, after suspending lightly using the mixer, the number of exosomes contained in the said solution was measured using the nanoparticle analyzer (the Nanosite LM10, Nanosight LM10).
- Example 4 First, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells corresponding to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL and a PBS solution of 100 ⁇ M lactoferricin were prepared. Then, 10 ⁇ L human breast cancer cell-derived exosome solution, 50 ⁇ L lactoferricin solution, and 40 ⁇ L PBS were mixed to obtain 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL human breast cancer cell-derived exosome, and 50 ⁇ M lactoferri An exosome fraction (100 ⁇ L) was prepared so as to be a PBS containing syn, and incubated at 25 ° C. for 48 hours. Samples were stored at 4 ° C. About the solution after the said incubation, after suspending lightly using the mixer, the number of exosomes contained in the said solution was measured using the nanoparticle analyzer (the Nanosite LM10, Nanosight LM10).
- the nanoparticle analyzer the Nanosite
- a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells equivalent to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL and a PBS solution of 100 ⁇ M LL-37 were prepared.
- 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome solution, 50 ⁇ L of LL-37 solution, and 40 ⁇ L of PBS were mixed to obtain 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome, and 50 ⁇ M of LL-37.
- PBS containing 100 ⁇ L was prepared and incubated by allowing to stand at 25 ° C. for 48 hours. Samples were stored at 4 ° C. About the solution after the said incubation, after suspending using a shaking mixer, the number of exosomes contained in the said solution was measured using the nanoparticle analyzer (the Nanosite LM10, Nanosight LM10).
- a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells corresponding to 1.36 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL was prepared.
- 10 ⁇ L of an exosome solution derived from human breast cancer cells and 90 ⁇ L of PBS were mixed to prepare 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 1.36 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells at 25 ° C. for 48 hours. Incubated by standing. Samples were stored at 4 ° C. About the solution after the said incubation, after suspending using a shaking mixer, the number of exosomes contained in the said solution was measured using the nanoparticle analyzer (the Nanosite LM10, Nanosight LM10).
- Example 3 allowed the number of exosomes in the solution to be 4.51 ⁇ 10 9 particles by allowing the antibacterial peptide and exosome to coexist. / ML.
- Example 4 the number of exosomes in the solution was reduced to 7.47 ⁇ 10 9 particles / mL.
- the number of exosomes in the solution was reduced to 1.09 ⁇ 10 9 particles / mL.
- Example 6 A PBS solution containing magainin 2 at a concentration of 500 ⁇ g / mL is prepared. Next, 100 mg of the above magainin 2 solution is brought into contact with 100 mg of Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier (manufactured by GE Healthcare) and allowed to react at room temperature for 24 hours. After washing the carrier with PBS three times, 100 ⁇ L of 1M ethanolamine (pH 8.0) is added and reacted at 40 ° C. for 4 hours. Thereafter, the carrier is washed 3 times with PBS to obtain Magainin 2-carrying Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B.
- Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier manufactured by GE Healthcare
- a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from human breast cancer cells corresponding to 9.92 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL is prepared.
- 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome and 90 ⁇ L of PBS are mixed to prepare 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 9.92 ⁇ 10 9 particles / mL human breast cancer cell-derived exosome.
- this exosome fraction is incubated by contacting with the above-mentioned Magainin-2-supported Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier, and then allowing to stand at 25 ° C. for 24 hours. In the resulting eluate, the number of exosomes is reduced to 5.68 ⁇ 10 9 particles / mL.
- Example 7 a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL human breast cancer cells is prepared. Then, 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome and 90 ⁇ L of PBS are mixed to prepare 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 1 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL human breast cancer cell-derived exosome. Next, 100 ⁇ L of the exosome fraction is contacted with Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier carrying magainin 2 and anti-human CD9 antibody (Funakoshi, PRO-485), and then incubated at 25 ° C. for 24 hours. The number of exosomes decreases in the resulting eluate.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- Example 8 A human blood sample containing exosome fraction A derived from 1 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL human breast cancer cells is prepared. Next, 100 ⁇ L of human blood sample was brought into contact with Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier (GE Healthcare) carrying magainin 2 and anti-human CD9 antibody (Funakoshi, PRO-485), and then 24 hours at 25 ° C. Incubate for hours. In the resulting eluate, the number of exosomes decreases.
- Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier GE Healthcare
- Example 9 First, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution of exosome fraction A derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL human breast cancer cells is prepared. Then, 10 ⁇ L of human breast cancer cell-derived exosome and 90 ⁇ L of PBS are mixed to prepare 100 ⁇ L of PBS containing 1 ⁇ 10 10 particles / mL human breast cancer cell-derived exosome. Next, 100 ⁇ L of human blood sample was brought into contact with Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier (manufactured by GE Healthcare) carrying Magainin-2-supported Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier and anti-human CD9 antibody (manufactured by Funakoshi, PRO-485). And then incubate at 25 ° C. for 24 hours. In the resulting eluate, the number of exosomes decreases.
- Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B carrier manufactured by GE Healthcare
- Example 10 ⁇ Micro RNA extraction from exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells> (Example 10) PBS containing 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL exosome fraction B derived from human breast cancer cells, various antibacterial peptides shown in Table 2 below adjusted to 100 ⁇ M, and 0.4 U / ⁇ L RNase inhibitor (manufactured by Toyobo) Thus, 10 ⁇ L of the exosome fraction was prepared and incubated by allowing to stand at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- microRNA eluted in the solution was purified and collected by the following method. First, 160 ⁇ L of PBS was added to the reaction solution, and then added to a centrifugal filter (Millipore, Amicon Ultra 0.5 mL, 100K filter) and centrifuged at 14,000 G for 2 minutes. Next, 100 ⁇ L was collected from the filtrate after centrifugation and introduced into a 1.5 mL tube. Next, 350 ⁇ L of RLT buffer (Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit) and 675 ⁇ L of ethanol were added and mixed in a 1.5 mL tube.
- a centrifugal filter Micropore, Amicon Ultra 0.5 mL, 100K filter
- the resulting mixed solution was divided into two portions and added onto a spin column (Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached), centrifuged at 8,000 G for 15 seconds, and the entire amount of the mixed solution was passed through the spin column. . Thereafter, 500 ⁇ L of RPE buffer (Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached) was added to the spin column, and centrifuged at 8,000 G for 15 seconds. Furthermore, once again, 500 ⁇ L of RPE buffer was added to the spin column and centrifuged at 8,000 G for 15 seconds. Thereafter, the remaining RPE buffer was removed by centrifuging the spin column at 14,000 G for 1 minute. Next, 30 ⁇ L of RNase free water (Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached) was added to the spin column, allowed to stand for 1 minute, and centrifuged at 14,000 G for 1 minute to collect the eluate.
- RPE buffer Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached
- microRNA (miR-21) contained in the eluate collected by the above-described method was quantified by the above-mentioned real-time PCR method.
- microRNA extraction was confirmed for some peptides by treating exosomes with antimicrobial peptides.
- the destruction activity of the used antimicrobial peptide was evaluated according to the following criteria. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the concentration of microRNA contained in was 8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 M.
- Example 11 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL exosome derived from human prostate cancer cells (PC3ML), various antibacterial peptides shown in Table 3 below adjusted to 100 ⁇ M, and 0.4 U / ⁇ L RNase inhibitor (manufactured by Toyobo) 10 ⁇ L of the exosome fraction was prepared so as to contain PBS, and incubated by allowing to stand at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the eluted microRNA was purified and recovered from the solution after incubation in Example 11 and Comparative Example 7 by the same method as that extracted from the solution after incubation in Example 10 and Comparative Example 6 described above. .
- microRNA (miR-21) contained in the recovered eluate was quantified by the real-time PCR method described above.
- microRNA extraction was confirmed for some peptides by treating exosomes with antimicrobial peptides.
- the destruction activity of the used antimicrobial peptide was evaluated according to the following criteria. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
- the concentration of microRNA contained in was 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 M.
- Example 12 PBS containing 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL exosome fraction B derived from human breast cancer cells, various antibacterial peptides shown in Table 4 below adjusted to 100 ⁇ M, and 0.4 U / ⁇ L RNase inhibitor (manufactured by Toyobo) Thus, 10 ⁇ L of the exosome fraction was prepared and incubated by allowing to stand at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- microRNA eluted microRNA (miR-16) was purified and recovered from the solution after incubation by the same method as that extracted from the solution after incubation in Examples 10 and 11 and Comparative Examples 6 and 7 described above. did.
- an exosome fraction derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL human mammary gland cells (MCF-10A, normal cells), various antibacterial peptides shown in Table 4 below adjusted to 100 ⁇ M, and 0.4 U / ⁇ L RNase inhibitor 10 ⁇ L of the exosome fraction was prepared so as to be PBS containing (manufactured by Toyobo) and incubated by allowing to stand at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- microRNA eluted microRNA (miR-16) was purified and recovered from the solution after incubation by the same method as that extracted from the solution after incubation in Examples 10 and 11 and Comparative Examples 6 and 7 described above. did.
- microRNA eluted microRNA (miR-16) was purified and recovered from the solution after incubation by the same method as that extracted from the solution after incubation in Examples 10 and 11 and Comparative Examples 6 and 7 described above. did.
- microRNA eluted microRNA (miR-16) was purified and recovered from the solution after incubation by the same method as that extracted from the solution after incubation in Examples 10 and 11 and Comparative Examples 6 and 7 described above. did.
- the amount of microRNA (miR-16) contained in each collected eluate was quantified by the real-time PCR method described above.
- the miR-16 ratio for each antimicrobial peptide used was calculated by the following formula 1.
- the selectivity of the antibacterial peptide used in Example 12 was evaluated as ⁇ when the calculated miR-16 value was higher than the miR-16 ratio of Comparative Example 8. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
- miR-16 ratio ⁇ (quantitative value of microRNA (miR-16) contained in the eluate collected from each incubation solution of Example 12 containing exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells)-(human breast cancer cells Quantitative value of microRNA (miR-16) contained in the eluate recovered from the incubation solution of Comparative Example 8 containing exosomes derived from ⁇ ⁇ (from each incubation solution of Example 12 containing exosomes derived from normal cells) Quantitative value of microRNA (miR-16) contained in recovered eluate)-(microRNA (miR-16) contained in eluate recovered from the incubation solution of Comparative Example 8 containing exosomes derived from normal cells) Quantitative value) ⁇
- each antimicrobial peptide used in Example 12 was capable of selectively destroying human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes.
- the eluted microRNA (miR-16) is purified and recovered from the incubated solution by the same method as that extracted from the incubated solutions of Examples 10 to 12 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 described above. did.
- the eluted microRNA (miR-16) is purified and recovered from the incubated solution by the same method as that extracted from the incubated solutions of Examples 10 to 12 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 described above. did.
- RPE buffer (Qiagen, attached with RNeasy mini kit) was added to the spin column, and centrifuged at 8,000 G for 15 seconds. Furthermore, once again, 500 ⁇ L of RPE buffer was added to the spin column and centrifuged at 8,000 G for 15 seconds. The spin column was centrifuged at 14,000 G for 1 minute to remove the remaining RPE buffer. 30 ⁇ L of RNase free water (Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached) was added to the above spin column, allowed to stand for 1 minute, centrifuged at 14,000 G for 1 minute, and an eluate containing microRNA (miR-16) was recovered.
- RNase free water Qiagen, RNeasy mini kit attached
- the eluted microRNA (miR-16) is purified and recovered from the incubated solution by the same method as that extracted from the incubated solutions of Examples 10 to 12 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 described above. did.
- Comparative Example 10 A solution containing microRNA (miR-16) was purified and collected from 10 ⁇ L of exosome fraction B derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL human breast cancer cells in the same manner as in Comparative Example 9. In addition, a solution containing microRNA (miR-16) was purified and collected from 10 ⁇ L of exosome fraction derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL normal human serum in the same manner as in Comparative Example 9.
- the eluted microRNA (miR-16) is purified and recovered from the incubated solution by the same method as that extracted from the incubated solutions of Examples 10 to 12 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 described above. did.
- an exosome fraction was prepared so as to be a PBS containing an exosome fraction derived from 1 ⁇ 10 11 particles / mL normal human serum and 0.4 U / ⁇ L RNase inhibitor (manufactured by Toyobo), Incubation was carried out by standing at 37 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the eluted microRNA (miR-16) is purified and recovered from the incubated solution by the same method as that extracted from the incubated solutions of Examples 10 to 12 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 described above. did.
- miR-16 ratio ⁇ (quantitative value of microRNA (miR-16) contained in the eluate recovered from each incubation solution of Example 13, Comparative Example 9 or 10 containing exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells) )-(Quantitative value of microRNA (miR-16) contained in the eluate collected from the incubation solution of Comparative Example 11 containing exosomes derived from human breast cancer cells) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (Examples containing exosomes derived from normal cells) 13.
- Example 13 the method using the antimicrobial peptide of Example 13 was capable of selectively destroying human breast cancer cell-derived exosomes compared to the method using no antimicrobial peptide of the comparative example.
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Abstract
Description
エクソソームは、細胞から分泌される細胞外顆粒の一種である。具体的には、エクソソームは、脂質二重膜からなるベシクル構造を有した細胞から放出される直径30nm~100nm程度の小胞である。このエクソソームは、当該エクソソームを分泌した細胞(以下、分泌細胞ともいう。)とは異なる他の細胞に取り込まれることにより、分泌細胞と上記他の細胞との間で情報伝達を行うことが知られている(非特許文献1および2)。
エクソソームの膜構造は、一般に、細胞の膜構造と比べて安定であることが知られている。例えば、非特許文献3には、-20℃の温度条件下、糖類等の安定化剤を添加することなくエクソソームを4回凍結融解処理した場合においても、該エクソソーム中の内包物が安定的に維持されたことを示す実験結果が記載されている。一方、動物細胞と称される細胞は、一般に、上述した安定化剤を用いない限り、凍結融解処理に耐えきれないことが知られている。このことから、エクソソームは、動物細胞と比べて、安定な膜構造を有しているものと推察される。
近年、エクソソームと各種疾患との間に相関関係があることについて、種々の報告がなされている。特に、がん細胞が放出するエクソソームに着目し、がんという特定の疾患に対して上記エクソソームが及ぼす影響について、様々な研究結果が報告されている。たとえば、がん細胞が放出するエクソソーム中に含まれている血管新生を誘導する因子が健常な血管内皮細胞に取り込まれた場合、上記血管新生を誘導する因子によりがん組織周辺の血管新生が誘導され、がん転移や湿潤を進行させる可能性について報告されている(非特許文献4~6)。
エクソソームの分離回収(捕集)・除去方法に着目した技術として、たとえば、以下のものがある。
ヒトの体液(血液、唾液、尿、等)や細胞培養液からエクソソームを回収するための方法としては、非特許文献8等に記載されている超遠心法が、2015年時点で最も一般的に使用される手法である。たとえば、細胞培養上清や体液からエクソソームの回収を行う場合、フィルターなどで細胞片などの大きな夾雑物を除去した後、4℃、100,000Gの条件で70分間超遠心を行うことにより所望のエクソソームを回収することができる。また、非特許文献8には、PEGなどの共沈剤を利用して、細胞培養上清や体液中にエクソソームを沈殿させることにより回収する方法も記載されている(非特許文献8)。
しかしながら、上記背景技術の項で述べた各種従来技術は、いずれも、上述したシステムを実現するために必要な要求水準を満たすものではなかった。具体的には、本発明者らは、上記背景技術の項で述べた各種従来技術について、以下のような課題があることを見出した。
また、非特許文献9および10に記載された方法は、将来的に当該方法をがん転移等の疾患治療に応用することを想定した場合、細胞膜の処理に利用する有機化合物が生体内において非特異的に作用してしまう蓋然性が高い。特に、フェノールという物質は、他の化合物と比べて強力なタンパク質変性作用を有しているため、非特許文献10に記載の方法をがん転移等の疾患治療に応用する場合には、フェノールが生体内に存在するエクソソームとは異なる成分に対して及ぼす影響を排除する必要があると考えられる。このことから、非特許文献9および10に記載された方法を将来的にがん転移等の疾患治療に応用することは、実質的に不可能であるものと考えられる。こうした事情に鑑みて、近年においては、生体内において非特異的な作用を発現しにくい生体安全性を有した物質を用いるエクソソームの破壊除去方法の構築が求められている傾向にある。
また、エクソソームの種類によっては、その表面に抗原が存在する状態もまちまちであり、抗体の力価や特異性に結果が大きく左右されることも知られている。さらに、抗体を用いてエクソソームを捕集する手法は、その十分に洗浄することが困難であるため、精製度の高いエクソソームを回収するという点においても、改善の余地を有していた。
前記抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させることにより、前記エクソソームを破壊する工程と、
を有するエクソソームの破壊方法が提供される。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たすものである。
(2-1)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。
前記エクソソームが、がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物である、正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法が提供される。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たすものである。
(2-1)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。
また、本発明によれば、正常細胞由来のエクソソームと、がん細胞由来のエクソソームとが混在する体液試料から、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊することも可能である。本発明に係る技術は、がん治療の分野において、将来的に、がん疾患に関わる新規バイオマーカーの選別、既存がんマーカーの効率的検出による検査・診断、さらには、透析技術にも応用することが有用であるものと考えられる。
まず、「抗菌ペプチド」とは、一般に、グラム陰性菌、グラム陽性菌、真菌、一部のウイルス等に対して、静菌作用もしくは殺菌作用を示すポリペプチドを意味する。一方、本実施形態に係るエクソソームの破壊方法(以下、本破壊方法ともいう。)における抗菌ペプチドは、エクソソームの破壊活性を有するものを指す。中でも、本破壊方法に使用可能な抗菌ペプチドとしては、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊できるものが好ましい。
第1に、ペプチドのNet chargeが0未満であり、かつがん細胞の破壊能を有することが公知となっている抗がんペプチドであったとしても、がん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊能が無い又は低い場合がある。
第2に、抗がん作用を示すことが公知となっているPR-39などの抗がんペプチドであったとしても、がん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊能が無い又は低い場合がある。
第3に、がん細胞の細胞膜分解性を有することが公知となっているHepcidin TH2-3やA6K等の抗がんペプチドであったとしても、がん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊能が無い又は低い場合がある。
このような事情を踏まえ、本発明者らは、抗菌ペプチドのがん細胞に対する作用機序と、がん細胞由来のエクソソームに対する作用機序との間には、相関性や類似性はなく、両者の作用機序は互いに相違しているものと推察した。
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(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たすものである。
(2-1)抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。
(条件)鎖長が20以上40未満であり、Net Chargeが1以上10未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
本実施形態に係るエクソソームは、生物の細胞が放出する細胞外顆粒の一種であり、後期エンドソーム区画由来の直径30nm以上100nm以下程度の小型脂質小胞を指す。
また、エクソソームを含む生体材料としては、血液(成分分離したものを含む)、骨髄液、リンパ液、尿、便、唾液等の体液、細胞破砕物などが挙げられる。本実施形態においては、生体材料に応じて、常法に従って前処理を行い抽出したエクソソームであれば使用可能である。
本実施形態に係るエクソソームは、いかなる動物種由来のエクソソームであってもよい。エクソソームの具体例として、ヒト、マウス、ラット、サル、イヌ、ネコ、ウシ、ウマおよびトリ等の温血動物由来のエクソソームが挙げられる。
中でも、本実施形態に係るエクソソームはがん細胞の転移に関与する腫瘍細胞に由来するエクソソーム、すなわち、がん細胞から分泌されたがん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むことが好ましい。言い換えれば、本実施形態に係るエクソソームは、がん細胞から分泌されたがん細胞由来のエクソソームのみを含むものであってもよいし、上記がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物であってもよいが、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むものであることが好ましい。また、本実施形態に係るエクソソームが、上記がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物である場合、実施例にて後述するように、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊できる。
そして、本実施形態に係るがん細胞由来のエクソソームを分泌するがん細胞の具体例としては、乳がん細胞、食道がん細胞、胃がん細胞、虫垂がん細胞、大腸がん細胞、子宮体がん細胞、子宮頚がん細胞、卵巣がん細胞、脳腫瘍細胞、肝がん細胞、胆嚢がん細胞、胆管がん細胞、膵臓がん細胞、副腎がん細胞、消化管間質腫瘍、中皮腫、喉頭がん細胞、口腔がん細胞(口腔底がん、歯肉がん、舌がん、頬粘膜がん、唾液腺がん)、副鼻腔がん細胞(上顎洞がん、前頭洞がん、篩骨洞がん、蝶型骨洞がん)、甲状腺がん細胞、腎臓がん細胞、肺がん細胞、骨肉腫、前立腺がん細胞、精巣腫瘍、腎細胞がん細胞、膀胱がん細胞、横紋筋肉腫、皮膚がん細胞、肛門がん細胞、白血病、リンパ腫 、ホジキン病、多発性骨髄腫等が挙げられる。
次に、エクソソームの各種抽出方法について説明する。
まず、超遠心分離機を用いてエクソソーム画分を抽出する方法について説明する。
細胞から直接エクソソーム画分を抽出する場合、たとえば、細胞培養液の上清を後述する方法で超遠心処理する以下の方法を用いれば、所望のエクソソーム画分を抽出することができる。ただし、遠心分離等の各種処理条件は、後述する条件に限定されるものではない。
まず、エクソソームを分泌する対象細胞培養液の上清を、室温、2,000Gというエクソソーム画分が沈殿しない条件で15分間の遠心分離を行った後、不溶性分を分離する。次に、得られた上清画分を、110,000Gで70分間遠心することによりエクソソームを沈殿させる。その後、上清画分を除去することで、所望のエクソソーム画分を回収することができる。
次に、ゲルろ過することによりエクソソーム画分を抽出する方法について説明する。
細胞培養液の上清からエクソソーム画分を抽出する場合、たとえば、ゲルろ過法を用いて処理する以下の方法で所望のエクソソーム画分を抽出することができる。ただし、遠心分離等の各種処理条件は、後述する条件に限定されるものではない。
まず、エクソソームを分泌する対象細胞培養液の上清を、室温、2,000Gというエクソソーム画分が沈殿しない条件で15分間の遠心分離を行うことにより、不溶性分を分離する。この不溶性分を除去した後、室温、12,000Gという1回目の遠心分離よりも速い速度であり、かつ、エクソソーム画分が沈殿しない条件で35分間の遠心分離を行うことにより上清画分と不純物分とを分離する。次いで、得られた上清画分を、ゲルろ過カラムに供して得られた溶出液について、260nmの吸光度を測定し、吸光度の高いフラクションを所望のエクソソーム画分として回収する。なお、ゲルろ過カラムは、担体を購入し自ら作製したものであってもよいし、Sephacryl S-400 HR(GEヘルスケアバイオサイエンス社製)等の市販品であってもよい。
次に、血液などの検体試料からエクソソーム画分を抽出する方法について説明する。
血液などの検体試料からエクソソーム画分を得る場合には、公知の方法に従い血漿成分又は血清を分離し、以降は細胞培養液上清からエクソソーム画分を抽出する場合に準じた方法にて抽出することができる。検体試料が尿、唾液、汗、髄液からエクソソーム画分を抽出する場合には、公知の方法に従い夾雑物を取り除いた後、以降は細胞培養液上清の場合に準じた方法にて抽出することができる。
次に、抗体を用いてエクソソーム画分を抽出する方法について説明する。
上記超遠心法の代替技術として、抗体免疫法が知られている。使用できる抗体は、血液中においてエクソソームの表層にのみ存在する物質を抗原として認識できるものであれば、特に制限はない。上記抗原の具体例としては、CD9、CD63、CD81等のテトラスパニンと呼ばれる膜4回貫通型タンパク質ファミリーに属するタンパク質や、Epithelial cell adhesion molecule(EpCAM)、human epidermal growth factor receptor type2(HER2)等のがん細胞由来のエクソソームに対して特異的なタンパクが挙げられる。その他、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD14、CD15、CD19、CD20、CD41、CD51、CD61、CD62e、CD66b、CD105、CD144、CD235a、Annexin V、Glycoprotein A、Valpha24/Vbeta11、などが挙げられる。これら抗体は、担体に担持された状態で使用されることが一般的である。
本実施形態に係るエクソソームの破壊方法は、抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程と、抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させることにより、エクソソームを破壊する工程と、を有する。かかる方法によれば、従来の方法と比べて、試料中におけるエクソソームを効率よく除去することが可能である。また、本方法は、生体外で実施されるものであり、かつ試料中におけるエクソソーム以外の成分に対して温和な条件にて、エクソソームの破壊を実施することができる技術である。かかる方法においては、抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させた後、所定の温度・時間でインキュベートすることが好ましい。また、本方法によれば、エクソソームの破壊処理について、その作業手順を簡便化することができる。
また、オキソバナジウム(IV)とリボヌクレオシドの錯体による安定化剤が利用されることもある(非特許文献16)。
本実施形態に係る抗菌ペプチドは、担体に固定化されたものであってもよい。抗菌ペプチドという殺菌作用を有する特定のペプチドは、当該ペプチドを担体などに固定して使用したとしても、その機能を保持することができるものであることが公知となっている(特許文献3など)。
また、エクソソームを含む試料がエクソソームを含む血液である場合には、血液透析用の透析膜を抗菌ペプチドを固定化するための担体として使用することもできる。血液透析用の透析膜の具体例としては、セルロース、セルロースアセテート、ポリスルホン、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリメチルメタクリレート、エチレンビニルアルコール共重合体、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリエステル系ポリマーアロイ、ポリアリルエーテルスルホン等が挙げられる。
また、抗菌ペプチドとは異なるアミノ酸配列からなる抗体に固定化された複合体としてもよく、担体に対して上記複合体を固定化したものであってもよい。ここで使用される抗体は、エクソソームに対して特異的に結合する抗体であることが好ましい。こうすることで、エクソソームと抗体と相互作用させて、上記エクソソームを抗体に対して吸着した状態で、当該エクソソームを抗菌ペプチドにより破壊することができる。
担体に固定化された抗菌ペプチド、または担体に固定化された上記複合体を使用する場合には、当該抗菌ペプチドを有する担体をカラムに充填して使用することも可能である。エクソソームを含む試料は、抗菌ペプチドを有する担体を充填したカラムに通すことにより、効率的にエクソソームを破壊することが可能となる。
スペーサー物質は、一般的に、官能基を介して、2の物体を結合させて連結することが可能な成分の総称である。上記官能基の具体例としては、アミノ基、ヒドロキシル基、カルボキシル基、チオール基等が挙げられる。また、スペーサーと、抗体、担体および抗菌ペプチドとの間の結合様式は、特に限定されない。なお、上記担体とスペーサー物質との組み合わせの例として、HiTrap NHS-activated HP Columns(GEヘルスケア社製)等の市販製品が挙げられる。
本実施形態に係る抗菌ペプチドを使用したエクソソームの破壊方法によれば、生体に対する安全性が担保されており、かつがん細胞由来のエクソソームを簡便かつ効率的に破壊することが可能となる。また、本破壊方法によれば、従来の手法と比べて、簡便な操作でがん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊することができる。
また、本実施形態に係る抗菌ペプチドを使用したエクソソームの破壊方法は、エクソソームに内包されているバイオマーカーを抽出するために好適に利用することができる。上述した本実施形態に係る破壊方法を利用すれば、正常細胞由来のエクソソームを破壊することを抑制しつつ、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊することが可能になる。そのため、本実施形態に係る破壊方法は、がん治療の分野において、将来的に、がん疾患に関わる新規バイオマーカーの選別、既存がんマーカーの効率的検出による検査・診断、さらには、透析技術にも応用することが有用であるものと考えられる。
これにより、たとえば、エクソソームを含む試料がエクソソームを含む血液である場合には、上記抗菌ペプチドを有する担体を、エクソソームを破壊するための血液循環装置の一構成として使用することが可能となる。
本実施形態に係るがん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊キットは、上述した破壊方法を利用するものであり、抗菌ペプチドを含むものである。そして、かかる破壊キットに含まれる抗菌ペプチドは、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊できるものであり、下記(1)または(2)の条件を満たすペプチドである。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たす。
(2-1)抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。
上述した破壊方法は、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊できる手法であるが故、正常細胞由来のエクソソームを分離するためにも利用することが可能である。具体的には、本実施形態に係る正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法は、抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させる工程を含むものである。ただし、かかる方法において使用するエクソソームは、がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物である必要がある。くわえて、本実施形態に係る正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法に用いる抗菌ペプチドは、がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊できるものである必要が有るため、上述した(1)または(2)の条件を満たすペプチドである。
なお、本発明は、以下の態様を含むものである。
1.抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程と、
前記抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させることにより、前記エクソソームを破壊する工程と、
を有するエクソソームの破壊方法。
2.前記破壊する工程の前に、前記エクソソームを含む試料を準備する工程をさらに含む、1.に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
3.前記破壊する工程は、生体外で実施される、1.または2.に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
4.前記エクソソームが、癌細胞由来のエクソソームである、1.乃至3.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
5.前記抗菌ペプチドが、10以上50以下のアミノ酸残基からなるポリペプチドである、1.乃至4.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
6.前記抗菌ペプチドが、マガイニン2、LL-37、プロタミンおよびナイシンからなる群より選択される1以上のペプチドを含む、1.乃至5.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
7.前記抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程が、担体に固定化されている前記抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程を含む、1.乃至6.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
8.前記抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程が、抗体に固定化されている前記抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程を含む、1.乃至6.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
9.前記抗体が、前記エクソソームに対して特異的に結合する抗体である、8.に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
10.前記破壊する工程が、
前記抗体と前記エクソソームとを相互作用させて、前記抗体に相互作用させた前記エクソソームを前記抗菌ペプチドで破壊する工程と、
を含む8.または9.に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
11.抗菌ペプチドを含有する、エクソソームの破壊キット。
12.前記抗菌ペプチドが、10以上50以下のアミノ酸残基からなるポリペプチドである、11.に記載のエクソソームの破壊キット。
13.前記抗菌ペプチドが、マガイニン2、LL-37、プロタミンおよびナイシンからなる群より選択される1以上のペプチドを含む、11.または12.に記載のエクソソームの破壊キット。
14.前記抗菌ペプチドが担体に固定化されている、11.乃至13.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊キット。
15.前記抗菌ペプチドが抗体に固定化されている、11.乃至13.のいずれか一つに記載のエクソソームの破壊キット。
16.前記抗体が、前記エクソソームに対して特異的に結合する抗体である、15.に記載のエクソソームの破壊キット。
17.抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させることにより、前記エクソソームを破壊する工程を含む、抗菌ペプチドの使用方法。
18.前記破壊する工程において、前記エクソソームを破壊する、請求項17に記載の抗菌ペプチドの使用方法。
各実施例で用いた抗菌ペプチドの特徴を下記表1に示した。
ヒト乳がん細胞由来の細胞株MM231-luc-D3H2LN(国立がん研究センターからの供試)を、Advanced RPMI1640培地(ライフテクノロジーズ社製)に植菌した。次いで、CO2インキュベーターを用いてCO2濃度が5体積%となるように設定した条件下、37℃で48時間培養し、エクソソームを含む培養液を得た。この培養液を、2,000Gで遠心することにより沈殿を除去した後、110,000Gで遠心することによりエクソソームを沈殿させ、エクソソーム画分Aを回収した。回収したエクソソーム画分Aは、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に懸濁後、4℃で保管した。なお、保管サンプルは、使用前に軽く、ボルテックスミキサー(振とうミキサー)により懸濁してから使用した。
また、溶液中のエクソソームの個数は、ナノ粒子解析装置(NanoSight LM10;NanoSight社製)を用いて、装置添付のプロトコルに従い解析した。
ヒト乳がん由来の細胞株MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN(=MM231-luc-D3H2LN、国立がん研究センターからの供試)の細胞懸濁液を、10%ウシ胎児血清を含むRPMI 1640培地(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)を入れたディッシュに播種した。次いで、CO2インキュベーターを用いてCO2濃度が5体積%となるように設定した条件下、37℃で上記細胞株を増殖させた後、Advanced RPMI1640培地(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)に交換した。次いで、48時間培養し、エクソソームを含む培養液を得た。この培養液を2,000Gで10分間遠心することにより沈殿を除去した後、110,000Gで70分間遠心することにより沈殿させ、エクソソーム画分Bを回収した。回収したエクソソーム画分Bはリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に懸濁後、4℃で保管した。なお、保管サンプルは、使用前に軽くボルテックスミキサー(振とうミキサー)により懸濁してから使用した。
溶液中のエクソソームの個数は、ナノ粒子解析装置(NanoSight LM10;NanoSight社製)を用いて、装置添付のプロトコルに従い解析した。
ヒト乳腺上皮由来の細胞株MCF 10A(国立がん研究センターからの供試)の細胞懸濁液を、Mammary Epithelium Cell Basal Medium(ロンザ社製)を入れたディッシュに播種した。次いで、CO2インキュベーターを用いてCO2濃度が5体積%となるように設定した条件下、37℃で上記細胞株を増殖させた後、新鮮な培地に交換した。次いで、48時間培養し、エクソソームを含む培養液を得た。この培養液を2,000Gで10分間遠心することにより沈殿を除去した後、110,000Gで70分間遠心することにより沈殿させ、エクソソーム画分を回収した。回収したエクソソーム画分はリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に懸濁後、4℃で保管した。なお、保管サンプルは、使用前に軽くボルテックスミキサー(振とうミキサー)により懸濁してから使用した。
溶液中のエクソソームの個数は、ナノ粒子解析装置(NanoSight LM10;NanoSight社製)を用いて、装置添付のプロトコルに従い解析した。
ヒト前立腺がん由来の細胞株PC3ML(国立がん研究センターより供試)の細胞懸濁液を、10%ウシ胎児血清を含むRPMI 1640培地(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)を入れたディッシュに播種した。次いで、CO2インキュベーターを用いてCO2濃度が5体積%となるように設定した条件下、37℃で上記細胞株を増殖させた後、Advanced RPMI1640培地(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)に交換した。その後、48時間培養し、エクソソームを含む培養液を得た。この培養液を2,000Gで10分間遠心することにより沈殿を除去した後、110,000G70分間で遠心することにより沈殿させ、エクソソーム画分を回収した。回収したエクソソーム画分はリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に懸濁後、4℃で保管した。なお、保管サンプルは、使用前に軽くボルテックスミキサー(振とうミキサー)により懸濁してから使用した。
溶液中のエクソソームの個数は、ナノ粒子解析装置(NanoSight LM10;NanoSight社製)を用いて、装置添付のプロトコルに従い解析した。
Pooled Human Serum(コスモバイオ社製)を2,000Gで10分間遠心した後、油層と沈殿とを除去した。その後、110,000Gで70分間遠心することにより沈殿させ、エクソソーム画分を回収した。回収したエクソソーム画分はリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に懸濁後、4℃で保管した。なお、保管サンプルは、使用前に軽くボルテックスミキサー(振とうミキサーにより懸濁してから使用した。
溶液中のエクソソームの個数は、ナノ粒子解析装置(NanoSight LM10;NanoSight社製)を用いて、装置添付のプロトコルに従い解析した。
反応液中のマイクロRNA(miR-21もしくはmiR-16)は、逆転写プライマー(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製、Taqman microRNA Assays,RTプライマー,hsa-mir-21もしくはhsa-mir-16)および逆転写酵素(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製、Taqman microRNA RT kit)を用いて、逆転写PCRを行った。
(実施例1)
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来の細胞株MM231-luc-D3H2LN株から調製したエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液、および200μMマガイニン2のPBS溶液を準備した。次いで、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、50μLのマガイニン2溶液、および40μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよび100μMのマガイニン2を含むPBSを100μL調製し、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来の細胞株MM231-luc-D3H2LN株から調製したエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液を準備した。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、および90μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むPBSを100μL調製し、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。
(実施例2)
がんにはかかっていない健常なヒトから採取した末梢血試料(以下、ヒト末梢血試料ともいう。)に対して、ヒト乳がん細胞由来の細胞株MM231-luc-D3H2LN株から調製したエクソソーム画分Aを、実際のがん患者のエクソソーム濃度となるよう添加し、模擬的にがん患者のヒト末梢血試料を作製する。なお、上記ヒト末梢血試料は、例えば、特開2013―198483号公報に記載されている方法と同様、ヘルシンキ宣言に従って、患者にインフォームドコンセントを実施して入手する。抗凝固剤入りの採血管を利用して採血する。
次いで、110,000Gで超遠心することによりペレット化したヒト乳癌細胞由来のエクソソームおよびマガイニン2をヒト末梢血試料に懸濁し、上記ヒト乳癌細胞由来のエクソソームおよびマガイニン2の含有量が、それぞれ、1.4×1010particles/mLのヒト乳癌細胞由来のエクソソームおよび100μMのマガイニン2となるようヒト末梢血試料を100μL調製し、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートする。
110,000Gで超遠心することによりペレット化したヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム、およびフェノールをヒト末梢血試料に懸濁し、上記ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよびフェノールの含有量が、それぞれ1.4×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよび8%のフェノールとなるようにヒト末梢血試料を100μL調製し、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートする。
110,000Gで超遠心することによりペレット化したヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームをヒト末梢血試料に懸濁し、上記ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームの含有量が、1.4×1010particles/mLとなるようにヒト末梢血試料を100μL調製し、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートする。
(実施例3)
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液、および100μMナイシンAのPBS溶液、を準備した。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、50μLのナイシンA溶液、および40μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム、および50μMのナイシンAを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分100μLを調製し、25℃で48時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。上記インキュベート後の溶液について、軽く振とうミキサーを用いて懸濁した後、ナノ粒子解析装置(ナノサイト社製、NanoSight LM10)を用いて当該溶液中に含まれるエクソソームの個数を測定した。
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液、および100μMラクトフェリシンのPBS溶液、を準備した。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、50μLのラクトフェリシン溶液、および40μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム、および50μMのラクトフェリシンを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分100μLを調製し、25℃で48時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。上記インキュベート後の溶液について、軽く振とうミキサーを用いて懸濁した後、ナノ粒子解析装置(ナノサイト社製、NanoSight LM10)を用いて当該溶液中に含まれるエクソソームの個数を測定した。
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液、および100μMのLL-37のPBS溶液を準備した。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、50μLのLL-37溶液、および40μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム、および50μMのLL-37を含むPBSを100μL調製し、25℃で48時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。上記インキュベート後の溶液について、振とうミキサーを用いて懸濁した後、ナノ粒子解析装置(ナノサイト社製、NanoSight LM10)を用いて当該溶液中に含まれるエクソソームの個数を測定した。
まず、1.36×1011particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液を準備した。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム溶液、および90μLのPBSを混合して、1.36×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むPBSを100μL調製し、25℃で48時間静置することによりインキュベートした。サンプルは4℃で保管した。上記インキュベート後の溶液について、振とうミキサーを用いて懸濁した後、ナノ粒子解析装置(ナノサイト社製、NanoSight LM10)を用いて当該溶液中に含まれるエクソソームの個数を測定した。
(実施例6)
マガイニン2を500μg/mLの濃度で含有するPBS溶液を準備する。次いで、100mgのEpoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体(GEヘルスケア社製)に、100μLの上記マガイニン2溶液を接触させ、室温で24時間反応させる。担体をPBSで3回洗浄後、100μLの1Mエタノールアミン(pH8.0)を添加し、40℃で4時間反応させる。その後、担体をPBSで3回洗浄し、マガイニン2担持Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6Bとする。 次に、9.92×1010particles/mL相当のヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液を準備する。10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよび90μLのPBSを混合して、9.92×109particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むPBSを100μL調製する。次いで、このエクソソーム画分を、上記マガイニン2担持Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体に接触させ、その後、25℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートする。得られる溶出液においてエクソソームの個数が5.68×109 particles/mLへと減少する。
まず、1×1011particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来エクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液を準備する。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよび90μLのPBSを混合して、1×1010 particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むPBSを100μL調製する。次いで、エクソソーム画分100μLを、マガイニン2および抗ヒトCD9抗体(フナコシ社製、PRO-485)を担持したEpoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体に接触させ、その後、25℃で24時間インキュベートする。得られる溶出液においてエクソソームの個数が減少する。
1×1010particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Aを含むヒト血液試料を準備する。次いで、ヒト血液試料100μLを、マガイニン2および抗ヒトCD9抗体(フナコシ社製、PRO-485)を担持したEpoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体(GEヘルスケア社製)に接触させ、その後、25℃で24時間インキュベートする。得られる溶出液においてエクソソームの個数が、減少する。
まず、1×1011particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来エクソソーム画分Aのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)溶液を準備する。それから、10μLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームおよび90μLのPBSを混合して、1×1010particles/mLヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含むPBSを100μL調製する。次いで、ヒト血液試料100μLを、マガイニン2担持Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体と、抗ヒトCD9抗体(フナコシ社製、PRO-485)を担持したEpoxy-activated Sepharose 6B担体(GEヘルスケア社製)に接触させ、その後、25℃で24時間インキュベートする。得られる溶出液においてエクソソームの個数が、減少する。
<RNase Inhibitorの添加有無がマイクロRNAの安定性に及ぼす影響>
1×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分B、1×10-13MのmiR-21(シグマアルドリッチ社製)、および0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)を含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
1×1010particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分B、および1×10-13MのmiR-21(シグマアルドリッチ社製)を含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
(実施例10)
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、100μMに調整した下記表2に示す各種抗菌ペプチドと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
まず、160μLのPBSを反応液に添加した後、遠心式フィルター(ミリポア社製、アミコンウルトラ0.5mL、100K フィルター)上に添加して14,000Gで2分間遠心した。次に、遠心後のろ液から100μLを回収し、1.5mLチューブ内に導入した。次いで、1.5mLチューブ内に350μLのRLT buffer(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)と675μLのエタノールとを添加し混合した。得られた混合液を、2回に分けて、スピンカラム(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)上に添加し、8,000Gで15秒遠心して、かかる混合液の全量をスピンカラムに通した。その後、スピンカラムに、500μLのRPE buffer(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)を添加し、8,000Gで15秒遠心した。さらに、もう一度、上記スピンカラムに、500μLのRPE bufferを添加して、8,000Gで15秒遠心した。その後、スピンカラムを、14,000Gで1分間遠心することで残存するRPE bufferを除去した。次に、スピンカラムに30μLのRNase free water(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)を添加して、1分間放置後、14,000Gで1分間遠心して得られた溶出液を回収した。
◎:マイクロRNA濃度が50×10-14M以上である。
○:マイクロRNA濃度が10×10-14M~50×10-14Mである。
×:マイクロRNA濃度が10×10-14M未満である。
(実施例11)
1×1011particles/mLのヒト前立腺がん細胞(PC3ML)由来のエクソソームと、100μMに調整した下記表3に示す各種抗菌ペプチドと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト前立腺がん細胞(PC3ML)由来のエクソソームと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
◎:マイクロRNA濃度が10×10-14M以上である。
○:マイクロRNA濃度が5×10-14M~10×10-14Mである。
×:マイクロRNA濃度が5×10-14M未満である。
(実施例12)
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、100μMに調整した下記表4に示す各種抗菌ペプチドと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
式1:miR-16比={(ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含む実施例12の各インキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)-(ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含む比較例8のインキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)}÷{(正常細胞由来のエクソソームを含む実施例12の各インキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)-(正常細胞由来のエクソソームを含む比較例8のインキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)}
(抗体の準備)
EpCAM-exosome Isolation reagent(サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)懸濁液40μLを1.5mLのチューブに分注し、かかる懸濁液をMagnetic Beads Separator (サーモフィッシャーサイエンテイフィック社製)で分離した後、上清を除去することでペレットを回収した。このペレットに対して、0.5mLのPBSを添加して懸濁させ、得られた懸濁液をMagnetic Beads Separatorで分離した後、上清を除去することでペレットを回収した。次に、得られたペレットと、10μLの1.8×1011particles/mLの乳がん細胞由来エクソソーム(MM231-luc-D3H2LN)もしくは1.8×1011particles/mLのヒト正常血清由来エクソソームとを混合し、4℃で18時間放置した。次いで、Magnetic Beads Separatorで混合液を分離した後、上清を除去することでペレットを回収した。その後、上記ペレットに対して1mLのPBAを添加して懸濁させたものをMagnetic Beads Separatorで分離し、上清を除去することでペレットを回収した。この1mLのPBSを添加して分離させる操作を、もう一度繰り返した。その後、得られたペレットに10μLのPBSを添加して懸濁させることでエクソソームを吸着させた抗体サンプルを得た。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、100μMに調整したマガイニン2と、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
上記EpCAM-exosome Isolation reagentにヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bを吸着させた抗体のエクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、RNeasy kitを用いて抽出処理を行い、マイクロRNA(miR-16)を精製、回収した。
具体的には1.5mLチューブ内で、エクソソーム破壊用の界面活性剤組成物として350μLのRLT buffer(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)および675μLのエタノールと混合した。上記混合液を、2回に分けて、スピンカラム(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)上に添加し、8,000Gで15秒遠心して、上記混合液の全量をスピンカラムに通した。上記スピンカラムに、500μLのRPE buffer(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)を添加して、8,000Gで15秒遠心した。さらに、もう一度、上記スピンカラムに、500μLのRPE bufferを添加して、8,000Gで15秒遠心した。上記スピンカラムを、14,000Gで1分間遠心して、残存するRPE bufferを除去した。上記スピンカラムに、30μLのRNase free water(キアゲン社製、RNeasy mini kit添付)を添加して、1分間放置後、14,000Gで1分間遠心して、マイクロRNA(miR-16)を含む溶出液を回収した。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分B10μLから、比較例9と同様の方法で、マイクロRNA(miR-16)を含む溶液を精製、回収した。また、1×1011particles/mLの正常ヒト血清由来のエクソソーム画分10μLから、比較例9と同様の方法で、マイクロRNA(miR-16)を含む溶液を精製、回収した。
1×1011particles/mLのヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソーム画分Bと、0.4U/μLのRNase inhibitor(Toyobo社製)とを含むPBSとなるように、エクソソーム画分10μLを調製し、37℃で24時間静置することによりインキュベートした。
式2:miR-16比={(ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含む実施例13、比較例9または10の各インキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)-(ヒト乳がん細胞由来のエクソソームを含む比較例11のインキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)}÷{(正常細胞由来のエクソソームを含む実施例13、比較例9または10の各インキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)-(正常細胞由来のエクソソームを含む比較例11のインキュベート溶液から回収した溶出液中に含まれるマイクロRNA(miR-16)の定量値)}
Claims (9)
- 抗菌ペプチドを準備する工程と、
前記抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させることにより、前記エクソソームを破壊する工程と、
を有するエクソソームの破壊方法。 - 前記エクソソームが、がん細胞由来のエクソソームである請求項1に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
- 前記エクソソームが、がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物であり、
前記エクソソームを破壊する工程において、前記がん細胞由来のエクソソームを選択的に破壊する、請求項1に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。 - 前記抗菌ペプチドが、下記(1)または(2)の条件を満たすペプチドである、請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たす。
(2-1)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。 - 前記抗菌ペプチドが、下記条件を満たすペプチドである、請求項4に記載のエクソソームの破壊方法。
(条件)鎖長が20以上40未満であり、Net Chargeが1以上10未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。 - 抗菌ペプチドを含んでおり、かつ前記抗菌ペプチドが下記(1)または(2)の条件を満たすペプチドである、がん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊キット。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たす。
(2-1)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。 - RNase Inhibitorをさらに含む、請求項6に記載のがん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊キット。
- 下記(1)または(2)の条件を満たす抗菌ペプチドと、エクソソームとを共存させる工程を含み、
前記エクソソームが、がん細胞由来のエクソソームと正常細胞由来のエクソソームとの混合物である、正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法。
(1)鎖長が10以上50未満であり、Net Chargeが0より大きく15未満であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%以上65%未満である(ただし、S-S結合を3以上含み、かつ、前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にリジン残基およびバリン残基のいずれか一方を含むものを除く)。
(2)鎖長が2以上10未満であり、Net Chargeが0以下であり、かつ疎水性残基割合が25%未満であるとともに、下記(2-1)または(2-2)の条件を満たす。
(2-1)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にヒスチジン残基を3以上含み、かつ、トリプトファン残基及びバリン残基を含まない。
(2-2)前記抗菌ペプチドを構成する全アミノ酸中にアルギニン残基を1以上含み、フェニルアラニン残基、トリプトファン残基およびバリン残基を含まない。 - 前記共存させる工程が、前記がん細胞由来のエクソソームを破壊する工程を含み、
前記共存させる工程の後、前記がん細胞由来のエクソソームの破壊残渣を吸着除去する工程をさらに含む、請求項8に記載の正常細胞由来のエクソソームの分離方法。
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