WO2016136452A1 - トナー - Google Patents
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- WO2016136452A1 WO2016136452A1 PCT/JP2016/053760 JP2016053760W WO2016136452A1 WO 2016136452 A1 WO2016136452 A1 WO 2016136452A1 JP 2016053760 W JP2016053760 W JP 2016053760W WO 2016136452 A1 WO2016136452 A1 WO 2016136452A1
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- toner
- temperature
- polymer particles
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- alkylthiol
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08742—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G9/08771—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without oxygen, nitrogen or carbon only
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0825—Developers with toner particles characterised by their structure; characterised by non-homogenuous distribution of components
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
- G03G9/0815—Post-treatment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- G03G9/08706—Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
- G03G9/08708—Copolymers of styrene
- G03G9/08711—Copolymers of styrene with esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
- G03G9/09733—Organic compounds
- G03G9/09775—Organic compounds containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N2030/022—Column chromatography characterised by the kind of separation mechanism
- G01N2030/025—Gas chromatography
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a toner that can be used for developing an image forming apparatus using electrophotography such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine, and a printer.
- a method of forming a desired image by developing an electrostatic latent image with toner is widely used.
- an electrostatic latent image formed on a photoconductor is developed with a toner in which other particles such as an external additive and a carrier are blended in colored particles as required, and then paper or OHP. After being transferred to a recording material such as a sheet, it is fixed and a printed matter is obtained.
- Color image formation by full-color electrophotography generally performs color reproduction using three color toners of yellow, magenta, and cyan, or four colors obtained by adding black to these color toners.
- image forming method in the case of color copying (color copying)
- first, a color original is decomposed and read into a large number of pixels, and light is applied to a charged photoconductor as a color-specific digital image signal.
- An electrostatic latent image is formed.
- the electrostatic latent image for each color is developed on the photosensitive member with color toner corresponding to the image signal, and this is transferred to a recording material made of paper, an OHP sheet or the like.
- a method for producing a toner used for development is roughly classified into a pulverization method and a polymerization method.
- the pulverization method polymer particles are produced by pulverizing and classifying solids of the colored resin obtained by melt-kneading the binder resin and the colorant.
- the polymerization method is a method for producing polymer particles by forming droplets of a polymerizable monomer composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a colorant and polymerizing the droplets.
- the polymer particles obtained by the pulverization method are indefinite, whereas the polymer particles obtained by the polymerization method are almost spherical and have a small particle size and a sharp particle size distribution.
- a toner whose shape and particle size distribution are highly controlled is used, such as a toner obtained by a polymerization method (so-called polymerization method toner). It has become.
- the toner requires various characteristics such as environmental stability from the viewpoint of preventing image quality deterioration due to temperature change and humidity change, printing durability from the viewpoint of toner consumption reduction, and low temperature fixability from the viewpoint of power consumption reduction. Has been.
- the toner for developing an electrostatic image is composed of toner particles composed of polymer particles and an external additive attached to the polymer particles, between the toner particles and a member such as a developing blade, or between the toner particles and the carrier. Then, the toner is supplied onto a photosensitive member having an electrostatic latent image. In the supply step, a toner amount corresponding to the charge density of the electrostatic latent image adheres to the photoreceptor. If the toner is appropriately charged, a high-quality image can be formed.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic image, comprising 80 to 500 ppm of a cyano group-containing hydrocarbon compound, and using a positively chargeable charge control resin or a positively chargeable charge control agent. It is disclosed. Patent Document 1 describes that when the cyano group-containing hydrocarbon compound exceeds 500 ppm, the heat resistant storage stability and printing durability are poor, and when it is less than 80 ppm, the charging stability is deteriorated. However, the toner disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a problem that a small amount of a cyano group-containing hydrocarbon compound volatilizes during fixing.
- a toner containing polymer particles obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer and an external additive attached to the surface of the polymer particles, the following purge & trap / gas In chromatographic measurement A, the volatilization amount a of the alkylthiol having a molecular weight of 110 or more and less than 150, which is quantified when the volatilization temperature is 160 ° C., is 1 mass ppm or less, and the following purge & trap / gas chromatography
- measurement B there is provided a toner characterized in that a volatilization amount b of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner quantified when the volatilization temperature is 220 ° C.
- the volatilization amount of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner is measured by gas chromatography under the following conditions. Quantify a.
- Purge & Trap / Gas Chromatography Measurement B First, 0.1 g of the toner is put into a purge container, and while the helium gas is allowed to flow at 50 mL / min as a carrier gas, the purge container is started to be heated from room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C./min. Hold for a minute and collect the generated volatile components at ⁇ 130 ° C. in a trap tube. Next, while the trap tube collecting volatile components is heated from ⁇ 130 ° C. to 280 ° C.
- the volatilization amount of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner is measured by gas chromatography under the following conditions. Quantify b. [Gas chromatography conditions] Column temperature: 50 ° C. (holding 2 minutes) to 270 ° C. (temperature increase 10 ° C./min) Sample feeding temperature: 280 ° C Detection temperature: 280 ° C Carrier gas: helium gas, flow rate: 1 mL / min
- the alkyl group in the alkylthiol preferably has 6 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms.
- the toner of the present invention contains an alkyl thiol having a molecular weight of less than 150, and the volatilization amount of the alkyl thiol under a heating condition of 220 ° C. is 30 mass ppm or more and 1,000 mass ppm or less.
- the alkylthiol has a molecular weight of 110 or more and the volatilization amount of the alkylthiol under a heating condition of 160 ° C. is 1 mass ppm or less.
- a toner that suppresses odor during printing is provided.
- the toner of the present invention is a toner containing polymer particles obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer and an external additive attached to the surface of the polymer particles, and the following purge & trap / gas chromatography:
- the volatilization amount a of the alkylthiol having a molecular weight of 110 to less than 150, which is quantified when the volatilization temperature is 160 ° C. is 1 mass ppm or less
- the following purge & trap / gas chromatography measurement B The volatilization amount b of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner quantified when the volatilization temperature is 220 ° C. is 30 mass ppm or more and 1,000 mass ppm or less.
- the toner of the present invention contains polymer particles and an external additive.
- the method for producing polymer particles used in the present invention the polymer particles obtained by the production method, the method for producing toner using the polymer particles, and the toner of the present invention will be described in order.
- the polymer particles of the present invention can be produced by employing a wet method or a dry method.
- a preferred suspension polymerization method is performed by the following process.
- A) Suspension polymerization method (A-1) Preparation step of polymerizable monomer composition First, a polymerizable monomer, a colorant, and other additives such as a charge control agent added as necessary. To prepare a polymerizable monomer composition. For mixing at the time of preparing the polymerizable monomer composition, for example, a media type disperser is used.
- the polymerizable monomer means a monomer having a polymerizable functional group, and the polymerizable monomer is polymerized to become a binder resin. It is preferable to use a monovinyl monomer as the main component of the polymerizable monomer.
- the monovinyl monomer examples include styrene; styrene derivatives such as vinyl toluene and ⁇ -methylstyrene; acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, acrylic acid 2
- Acrylic esters such as ethylhexyl and dimethylaminoethyl acrylate
- methacrylic esters such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
- acrylonitrile And nitrile compounds such as methacrylonitrile
- amide compounds such as acrylamide and methacrylamide
- olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene.
- a crosslinkable polymerizable monomer means a monomer having two or more polymerizable functional groups.
- the crosslinkable polymerizable monomer include aromatic divinyl compounds such as divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, and derivatives thereof; alcohols having two or more hydroxyl groups such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Ester compounds in which two or more carboxylic acids having carbon-carbon double bonds are ester-bonded; other divinyl compounds such as N, N-divinylaniline and divinyl ether; compounds having three or more vinyl groups; Can be mentioned.
- crosslinkable polymerizable monomers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the crosslinkable polymerizable monomer is usually used in a proportion of 0.1 to 5 parts by mass, preferably 0.3 to 2 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. desirable.
- the macromonomer has a polymerizable carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond at the end of the molecular chain, and is a reactive oligomer or polymer having a number average molecular weight of usually 1,000 to 30,000.
- the macromonomer is preferably one that gives a polymer having a higher Tg than the glass transition temperature of the polymer obtained by polymerizing the monovinyl monomer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Tg”).
- Tg the glass transition temperature of the polymer obtained by polymerizing the monovinyl monomer
- the macromonomer is preferably used in an amount of 0.03 to 5 parts by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1 part by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- a colorant is used.
- black, cyan, yellow, and magenta colorants can be used.
- carbon black, titanium black, magnetic powder such as iron zinc oxide and nickel iron oxide can be used.
- cyan colorant for example, a copper phthalocyanine compound, a derivative thereof, and an anthraquinone compound can be used. Specifically, C.I. I. Pigment blue 2, 3, 6, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 15: 3, 15: 4, 16, 17: 1, 60, and the like.
- yellow colorant examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- monoazo pigments examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- azo pigments such as disazo pigments
- condensed polycyclic pigments examples include compounds such as monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments.
- magenta colorant monoazo pigments, azo pigments such as disazo pigments, and compounds such as condensed polycyclic pigments are used.
- monoazo pigments such as disazo pigments
- compounds such as condensed polycyclic pigments are used.
- each colorant can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the colorant is preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer.
- the toner of the present invention contains an alkyl thiol having a molecular weight of 110 or more and less than 150.
- the alkylthiol may be contained in the polymer particles, may be contained in an external additive described later, or may be contained in both the polymer particles and the external additive.
- the alkyl thiol may be present from the beginning as a toner raw material during toner production, or may be synthesized by a chemical reaction that occurs in the toner during toner production. Further, the alkyl thiol may be generated in the toner due to a change over time after the toner is manufactured.
- the toner is included in the present invention.
- the specific alkyl thiol used in the present invention may be one kind or two or more kinds.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group in the alkylthiol is preferably 6 or more and 8 or less, more preferably 7 or more and 8 or less, and even more preferably 7. If the alkyl group has less than 6 carbon atoms, it may be difficult to suppress odor during low-temperature fixing. On the other hand, when the carbon number of the alkyl group exceeds 8, the obtained toner may be inferior in charging stability.
- the structure of the alkylthiol used in the present invention has at least one hydrocarbon skeleton of linear, branched, and cyclic, and one hydrogen in the hydrocarbon skeleton is a mercapto. The structure is not particularly limited as long as it is a structure substituted with a group (—SH).
- alkylthiol examples include 1-hexanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 SH, molecular weight: 118.2), 2-hexanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH (SH) CH 3 , molecular weight: 118.2), 3-hexanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH (SH) CH 2 CH 3 , molecular weight: 118.2) and other alkyl thiols having 6 carbon atoms; 1-heptanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 SH, molecular weight: 132.3), 2-heptanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH (SH) CH 3 , molecular weight: 132.3), 3-heptanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH (SH) CH 2 CH 3 , molecular weight: 132.3) having 7 alkylthiol carbon atoms such as, 1- octanethiol (CH 3 (CH 2) 7
- Alkylthiol may be synthesized in advance or commercially available.
- the method for synthesizing alkylthiol is not particularly limited, and a known method may be adopted.
- a positively or negatively chargeable charge control agent can be used to improve the chargeability of the toner.
- the charge control agent is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used as a charge control agent for toner, but among charge control agents, the compatibility with the polymerizable monomer is high, and stable chargeability. (Charge stability) can be imparted to the toner particles, and therefore a positively or negatively chargeable charge control resin is preferred. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a positively chargeable toner, a positively chargeable charge control resin is preferred. More preferably used.
- positively chargeable charge control agents include nigrosine dyes, quaternary ammonium salts, triaminotriphenylmethane compounds and imidazole compounds, polyamine resins as charge control resins that are preferably used, and quaternary ammonium group-containing copolymers. , And quaternary ammonium base-containing copolymers.
- Negatively chargeable charge control agents include azo dyes containing metals such as Cr, Co, Al, and Fe, salicylic acid metal compounds and alkylsalicylic acid metal compounds, and sulfonic acid group containing charge control resins that are preferably used Examples thereof include a copolymer, a sulfonate group-containing copolymer, a carboxylic acid group-containing copolymer, and a carboxylic acid group-containing copolymer.
- the charge control agent in a proportion of usually 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.03 to 8 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. If the addition amount of the charge control agent is less than 0.01 parts by mass, fog may occur. On the other hand, when the addition amount of the charge control agent exceeds 10 parts by mass, printing stains may occur.
- a release agent to the polymerizable monomer composition.
- Any releasing agent can be used without particular limitation as long as it is generally used as a releasing agent for toner.
- the release agent preferably contains at least one of ester wax and hydrocarbon wax.
- ester wax suitably used as a release agent in the present invention is more preferably a polyfunctional ester wax, for example, a pentaerythritol ester such as pentaerythritol tetrapalmitate, pentaerythritol tetrabehenate, pentaerythritol tetrastearate, etc.
- hydrocarbon wax suitably used as a release agent in the present invention examples include polyethylene wax, polypropylene wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, petroleum-based wax, etc. Among them, Fischer-Tropsch wax and petroleum-based wax are preferable, and petroleum-based wax. Is more preferable.
- the number average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon wax is preferably 300 to 800, more preferably 400 to 600. Further, the penetration of the hydrocarbon wax measured by JIS K2235 5.4 is preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 2 to 7.
- the mold release agent for example, natural wax such as jojoba; mineral wax such as ozokerite;
- the mold release agent may be used in combination with one or more waxes as described above.
- the release agent is preferably used in an amount of 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monovinyl monomer.
- a molecular weight modifier when polymerizing a polymerizable monomer that is polymerized to become a binder resin.
- the molecular weight modifier is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used as a molecular weight modifier for toners.
- t-dodecyl mercaptan t-dodecyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, and 2,2, Mercaptans such as 4,6,6-pentamethylheptane-4-thiol; tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrabutylthiuram disulfide, N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-diphenylthiuram disulfide, N, And thiuram disulfides such as N′-dioctadecyl-N, N′-diisopropylthiuram disulfide;
- molecular weight modifiers may be used alone or in combination of two or more. In the present invention, it is desirable to use the molecular weight adjusting agent in a proportion of usually 0.01 to 10 parts by mass,
- a polymerizable monomer composition containing at least a polymerizable monomer is dispersed in an aqueous medium containing a dispersion stabilizer, and after adding a polymerization initiator, Droplet formation is performed.
- the method of forming droplets is not particularly limited, but, for example, (in-line type) emulsifying disperser (trade name: Milder, manufactured by Taihei Koki Co., Ltd.), high-speed emulsifying disperser (product name: TK Homomixer, manufactured by Primix). (MARK II type) and the like capable of strong stirring.
- persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate: 4,4′-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid), 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-N- (2- Hydroxyethyl) propionamide), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile
- Di-t-butyl peroxide benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylbutanoate, t-hexyl peroxy-2 -Ethyl butanoate, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-t-butyl peroxyisophthalate, and t-butyl pero Organic peroxides such as Shiisobuchireto like.
- organic peroxides those that do not contain a cyano group are preferred because of good initiator efficiency and a reduction in residual polymerizable monomers, more preferred are peroxyesters, and non-aromatic peroxyesters, ie aromatic rings. More preferred are peroxyesters having no.
- the polymerization initiator may be added before the droplet formation after the polymerizable monomer composition is dispersed in the aqueous medium. However, the polymerization initiator is not dispersed in the aqueous medium. It may be added to the monomer composition.
- the addition amount of the polymerization initiator used for the polymerization of the polymerizable monomer composition is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 0.3 to 100 parts by mass of the monovinyl monomer. Is 15 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass.
- the aqueous medium refers to a medium containing water as a main component.
- the aqueous medium preferably contains a dispersion stabilizer.
- the dispersion stabilizer include sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate; carbonates such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate; phosphates such as calcium phosphate; metals such as aluminum oxide and titanium oxide. Oxides; metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ferric hydroxide; inorganic compounds such as; water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, methylcellulose, and gelatin; anionic surfactants; Organic compounds such as nonionic surfactants; amphoteric surfactants;
- the said dispersion stabilizer can be used 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- inorganic compounds particularly colloids of poorly water-soluble metal hydroxides are preferred.
- colloids of inorganic compounds especially poorly water-soluble metal hydroxides, the particle size distribution of the polymer particles can be narrowed, and the residual amount of the dispersion stabilizer after washing can be reduced.
- the toner can reproduce the image clearly and has excellent environmental stability.
- (A-3) Polymerization Step Liquid droplets are formed as in (A-2) above, and the resulting aqueous dispersion medium is heated to initiate polymerization, and an aqueous dispersion of polymer particles is prepared.
- the polymerization temperature of the polymerizable monomer composition is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 to 95 ° C.
- the polymerization reaction time is preferably 1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 2 to 15 hours.
- the polymer particles may be used as a toner by adding an external additive as it is, but the polymer particles are used as a core layer, and a so-called core-shell type (obtained by forming a shell layer different from the core layer on the outer side thereof.
- the polymer particles are also preferably referred to as “capsule type”.
- the core-shell type polymer particles balance the reduction of the fixing temperature and the prevention of aggregation during storage by coating the core layer made of a material having a low softening point with a material having a higher softening point. be able to.
- the method for producing the core-shell type polymer particles using the polymer particles described above is not particularly limited, and can be produced by a conventionally known method.
- An in situ polymerization method and a phase separation method are preferable from the viewpoint of production efficiency.
- a method for producing core-shell polymer particles by in situ polymerization will be described below.
- a polymerizable monomer for forming a shell layer polymerizable monomer for shell
- a polymerization initiator is added and polymerized to form a core-shell type heavy polymer. Combined particles can be obtained.
- the same monomers as the aforementioned polymerizable monomers can be used.
- monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate, which can obtain a polymer having a Tg exceeding 80 ° C., alone or in combination of two or more.
- polymerization initiator used for polymerization of the polymerizable monomer for shell examples include persulfate metal salts such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate; 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) Water-soluble such as azo initiators such as) propionamide) and 2,2′-azobis- (2-methyl-N- (1,1-bis (hydroxymethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl) propionamide); A polymerization initiator can be mentioned. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer for shell.
- the polymerization temperature of the shell layer is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 60 to 95 ° C.
- the polymerization reaction time is preferably 1 to 20 hours, and more preferably 2 to 15 hours.
- A-4) Washing, filtration, dehydration, and drying steps The aqueous dispersion of polymer particles obtained by polymerization is subjected to filtration and removal of the dispersion stabilizer according to a known method after the polymerization is completed. The drying operation is preferably repeated several times as necessary. Before the series of operations of washing, filtration, dehydration, and drying, the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles is used for the purpose of removing volatile substances (mainly ether components and styrene) from the polymer particles. A ripping process may be provided.
- volatile substances mainly ether components and styrene
- aqueous dispersion of polymer particles obtained as described above can be stripped by the method of blowing gas as follows in the stripping system shown in FIG.
- aqueous dispersion 4 of polymer particles is diluted with ion exchange water to a predetermined solid content concentration, it is supplied to the evaporator 1 and, if necessary, a predetermined amount of antifoaming agent is added to the evaporator 1.
- An inert gas for example, nitrogen gas
- saturated water vapor is blown into the evaporator 1 to replace the gas phase portion in the evaporator with the inert gas.
- warm water is passed through a jacket 2 provided in contact with the outside of the evaporator 1 while stirring the aqueous dispersion 4 of polymer particles at a predetermined rotational speed using a stirrer 3 equipped with a stirring blade.
- the evaporator 1 is heated.
- the blower 6 is started to adjust the flow rate of the inert gas, and the gas blowing port is formed from the gas blowing tube 5 having a straight pipe shape.
- An inert gas is blown into the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles to remove volatile substances from the polymer particles (stripping treatment).
- the stripping treatment may be performed while maintaining the foam level of the aqueous dispersion 4 of polymer particles at 90 to 95%.
- cooling water is passed through the jacket 2 provided in contact with the outside of the evaporator 1 to cool the polymer particle aqueous dispersion 4 until the liquid temperature of the polymer particle dispersion becomes 25 ° C., End stripping.
- the dispersion stabilizer when an inorganic compound is used as the dispersion stabilizer, the dispersion stabilizer can be dissolved in water and removed by adding an acid or alkali to the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles. preferable.
- a colloid of a poorly water-soluble inorganic hydroxide is used as the dispersion stabilizer, it is preferable to adjust the pH of the polymer particle aqueous dispersion to 6.5 or less by adding an acid.
- the acid to be added inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid can be used. Sulfuric acid is preferred.
- dehydration and filtration methods there are no particular limitations on the dehydration and filtration methods, and various known methods can be used. Examples thereof include a centrifugal filtration method, a vacuum filtration method, and a pressure filtration method. Also, the drying method is not particularly limited, and various methods can be used.
- (B) Pulverization method When polymer particles are produced by employing a pulverization method, the following process is performed. First, a binder resin, a colorant, and other additives such as a charge control agent added as necessary are mixed in a mixer, such as a ball mill, a V-type mixer, an FM mixer (trade name), a high-speed dissolver, Mix using an internal mixer, Fallberg, etc. Next, the mixture obtained as described above is kneaded while being heated using a pressure kneader, a twin-screw extrusion kneader, a roller or the like.
- a mixer such as a ball mill, a V-type mixer, an FM mixer (trade name), a high-speed dissolver, Mix using an internal mixer, Fallberg, etc.
- the obtained kneaded material is coarsely pulverized using a pulverizer such as a hammer mill, a cutter mill, or a roller mill. Furthermore, after finely pulverizing using a pulverizer such as a jet mill or a high-speed rotary pulverizer, the particles are classified into a desired particle size by a classifier such as an air classifier or an airflow classifier, and then polymer particles obtained by a pulverization method. Get.
- suspension polymerization method can be used for other additives, such as a binder resin used by the grinding
- the polymer particles obtained by the pulverization method can be made into core-shell type polymer particles by a method such as an in situ polymerization method, similarly to the polymer particles obtained by the suspension polymerization method (A) described above.
- binder resin other resins that have been widely used for toners can be used.
- specific examples of the binder resin used in the pulverization method include polystyrene, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, polyester resin, and epoxy resin.
- Polymer Particles Polymer particles are obtained by a production method such as the above-described (A) suspension polymerization method or (B) pulverization method. Hereinafter, the polymer particles constituting the toner will be described.
- the polymer particles described below include both core-shell type and non-core type.
- the volume average particle diameter (Dv) of the polymer particles is preferably 4 to 12 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Dv volume average particle diameter
- the volume average particle diameter (Dv) of the polymer particles is preferably 4 to 12 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- Dv is less than 4 ⁇ m, the fluidity of the toner is lowered, the transferability may be deteriorated, and the image density may be lowered.
- Dv exceeds 12 ⁇ m the resolution of the image may decrease.
- the polymer particles preferably have a ratio (Dv / Dn) of the volume average particle diameter (Dv) to the number average particle diameter (Dn) of 1.0 to 1.3, more preferably 1. 0 to 1.2. If Dv / Dn exceeds 1.3, transferability, image density, and resolution may decrease.
- the volume average particle diameter and number average particle diameter of the polymer particles can be measured using, for example, a particle size analyzer (trade name: Multisizer, manufactured by Beckman Coulter).
- the average circularity of the polymer particles of the present invention is preferably 0.96 to 1.00, more preferably 0.97 to 1.00, and more preferably 0.98 to 1.00 from the viewpoint of image reproducibility. More preferably, it is 1.00.
- the average circularity of the polymer particles is less than 0.96, the fine line reproducibility of printing may be deteriorated.
- the circularity is defined as a value obtained by dividing the circumference of a circle having the same projected area as the particle image by the circumference of the projected image of the particle.
- the average circularity in the present invention is used as a simple method for quantitatively expressing the shape of the particles, and is an index indicating the degree of unevenness of the polymer particles. In the case of a perfect sphere, 1 is shown, and the value becomes smaller as the surface shape of the polymer particles becomes more complicated.
- the sphericity Sc / Sr of the polymer particles of the present invention is preferably 1.0 to 1.3, more preferably 1.0 to 1.2.
- the sphericity of the polymer particles is a value obtained by dividing the area (Sc) of a circle whose major axis is the absolute maximum length of the particles by the actual projected area (Sr) of the particles.
- the above polymer particles are mixed and stirred together with an external additive and subjected to an external addition treatment, whereby the external additive is adhered to the surface of the polymer particles, thereby developing a one-component toner (development). Agent).
- the one-component toner may be further mixed and stirred together with carrier particles to form a two-component developer.
- the stirrer that performs the external addition treatment is not particularly limited as long as it is a stirrer that can attach the external additive to the surface of the polymer particles.
- FM mixer trade name, manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Super Mixer trade name, manufactured by Kawada Seisakusho
- Q mixer trade name, manufactured by Nihon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- mechano-fusion system trade name, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron
- mechano mill trade name, manufactured by Okada Seiko Co., Ltd.
- the external addition treatment can be performed using a stirrer capable of mixing and stirring.
- External additives include inorganic fine particles made of silica, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, cerium oxide, etc .; polymethyl methacrylate resin, silicone resin, melamine resin, etc. Organic fine particles; and the like.
- inorganic fine particles are preferable, and among inorganic fine particles, silica and titanium oxide are preferable, and fine particles made of silica are particularly preferable.
- These external additives can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, it is preferable to use two or more types of silica having different particle diameters in combination.
- the external additive it is desirable to use the external additive at a ratio of usually 0.05 to 6 parts by mass, preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles.
- a ratio of usually 0.05 to 6 parts by mass preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles.
- the added amount of the external additive is less than 0.05 parts by mass, a transfer residue may occur. If the amount of the external additive exceeds 6 parts by mass, fog may occur.
- the toner of the present invention is a toner that has little odor during printing, excellent charging stability, and excellent low-temperature fixability.
- the toner of the present invention is required to satisfy the following conditions ( ⁇ ) and ( ⁇ ) in purge and trap / gas chromatography measurements A and B under specific conditions, respectively.
- ( ⁇ ) The amount of volatilization a of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner, which is quantified when the volatilization temperature is 160 ° C., is 1 mass ppm or less.
- the amount of volatilization b of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner which is determined when the volatilization temperature is 220 ° C., is 30 mass ppm or more and 1,000 mass ppm or less.
- a toner that is more excellent in charging stability than the conventional one is provided.
- a toner in which the odor during printing is suppressed to a lower level than before is provided.
- the purge & trap / gas chromatography measurement A in the present invention is as follows. First, 0.1 g of the toner is put into a purge container, and the purge container is heated from room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C./min while flowing helium gas as a carrier gas at a rate of 50 mL / min. Hold for a minute and collect the generated volatile components at ⁇ 130 ° C. in a trap tube. Next, while the trap tube collecting volatile components is heated from ⁇ 130 ° C. to 280 ° C. at a rate of 50 ° C./min, the volatilization amount a of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner is measured by gas chromatography under specific conditions. Quantify.
- the gas chromatography conditions in the present invention are as follows. Column temperature: 50 ° C. (holding 2 minutes) to 270 ° C. (temperature increase 10 ° C./min) Sample feeding temperature: 280 ° C Detection temperature: 280 ° C Carrier gas: helium gas, flow rate: 1 mL / min
- the purge & trap / gas chromatography measurement B in the present invention is as follows. First, 0.1 g of the toner is put into a purge container, and while the helium gas is allowed to flow at 50 mL / min as a carrier gas, the purge container is started to be heated from room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C./min. Hold for a minute and collect the generated volatile components at ⁇ 130 ° C. in a trap tube. Next, while the trap tube collecting the volatile component is heated from ⁇ 130 ° C. to 280 ° C. at a rate of 50 ° C./min, the volatilization amount b of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner is determined by gas chromatography under the above conditions. Quantify. Thus, measurement B is the same as measurement A except that the initial holding temperature of measurement A is changed from 160 ° C. to 220 ° C.
- GC / MS gas chromatograph mass spectrometer
- magnesium hydroxide colloid (slightly water-soluble metal hydroxide colloid) dispersion.
- particle size distribution of the obtained magnesium hydroxide colloid was measured using a particle size distribution measuring device (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, trade name: SALD), the particle size was D50 (number particle size distribution 50). % Cumulative value) was 0.42 ⁇ m, and D90 (90% cumulative value of the number particle size distribution) was 0.82 ⁇ m.
- the polymerizable monomer composition is added to the magnesium hydroxide colloid dispersion obtained as described above at room temperature and stirred until the droplets are stabilized, where t-butylperoxy-is used as a polymerization initiator.
- 2-ethylbutanoate manufactured by Akzo Nobel, trade name: Trigonox 27, purity: 98%, molecular weight: 188, 1 hour half-life temperature: 94 ° C.
- t-dodecyl mercaptan 1.2 as molecular weight regulator 10 parts after adding 0.5 part of divinylbenzene as a crosslinkable polymerizable monomer and using an in-line type emulsifying disperser (trade name: Milder, manufactured by Taiyo Kiko Co., Ltd.) for 10 minutes. High shear stirring was performed to form droplets of the polymerizable monomer composition.
- a suspension (polymerizable monomer composition dispersion) in which droplets of the polymerizable monomer composition obtained as described above are dispersed is charged into a reactor equipped with a stirring blade and heated to 90 ° C. Warm to initiate the polymerization reaction.
- a polymerization initiator for shell dissolved in 1 part of methyl methacrylate (polymerizable monomer for shell) as a polymerizable monomer for shell and 10 parts of ion-exchanged water when the polymerization conversion rate reaches 95%.
- the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles obtained as described above was subjected to stripping treatment as follows in the stripping treatment system shown in FIG.
- an aqueous dispersion 4 of polymer particles is diluted with ion-exchanged water to a solid content concentration of 20%, and then supplied to the evaporator 1 to remove an antifoaming agent (manufactured by San Nopco, trade name: SN deformer 180) 0.1. Part was added to the evaporator 1. Nitrogen gas was blown into the evaporator 1, and the gas phase portion in the evaporator was replaced with nitrogen gas.
- an antifoaming agent manufactured by San Nopco, trade name: SN deformer 180
- the aqueous dispersion 4 of polymer particles was heated to 80 ° C. while stirring with a stirrer 3 equipped with a stirring blade, and then the blower 6 was started and the flow rate of nitrogen gas was 0.6 m 3 / ( hr ⁇ kg) to remove volatile substances from the polymer particles by injecting nitrogen gas into the water dispersion of the polymer particles through a gas injection tube 5 with a straight tube shape. did.
- the nitrogen gas after the stripping treatment is sequentially led to the condenser 8 and the condensation tank 9 through the gas circulation line 7 to be condensed, and the condensed nitrogen gas is passed through the gas circulation line 10 to remove the volatile substance ( Adsorption tower 11 filled with activated carbon was led to volatile substances contained in nitrogen gas.
- the nitrogen gas from which volatile substances had been removed was blown again into the evaporator 1 through the gas circulation line 12 and from the blower 6 through the gas circulation line 13.
- the stripping treatment was performed for 6 hours at a temperature of 80 ° C. of the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles, a pressure of 101 kPa in the evaporator 1 and a nitrogen gas flow rate of 0.6 m 3 / (hr ⁇ kg). After the treatment for 6 hours, the aqueous dispersion of polymer particles was cooled to room temperature.
- an aqueous dispersion of the obtained polymer particles was acid-washed by adding sulfuric acid while stirring at room temperature to bring the pH to 6.5 or less, and after separating water by filtration, 500 parts of ion-exchanged water was used. Was added again for water washing. Thereafter, the dehydration and water washing were repeated several times, filtered and separated, and then put into a dryer and dried at a temperature of 30 ° C. for a whole day and night.
- the obtained polymer particles had a volume average particle diameter Dv of 9.3 ⁇ m and a particle diameter distribution Dv / Dn of 1.14.
- the shell thickness calculated from the particle size of the shell polymerizable monomer and the core particles (polymer particles before forming the shell) was 0.03 ⁇ m, and the sphericity Sc / Sr was 1.2. .
- Hydrophobized silica fine particles product name: TG820F
- hydrophobized silica fine particles manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., product name
- NA50Y 1.0 part was added and mixed using a high-speed stirrer (trade name: FM mixer, manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd.) to prepare the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Example 1 of non-magnetic one component. The test was conducted.
- Example 2 In Example 1, the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Example 2 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the addition amount of 3-heptanethiol was changed from 0.25 part to 0.55 part. The test was conducted.
- Example 3 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Example 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.30 part of 2-hexanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- Example 4 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Example 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.60 part of 2-hexanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- Example 5 In Example 1, the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Example 5 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.28 part of 1-octanethiol. The test was conducted.
- Comparative Example 1 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3-heptanethiol was not added in Example 1, and it was subjected to the test.
- Comparative Example 2 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Comparative Example 2 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 2.0 parts of 3-pentanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- Comparative Example 3 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Comparative Example 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.30 part of 3-pentanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- Comparative Example 4 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Comparative Example 4 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.10 part of 2-decanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- Comparative Example 5 A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of Comparative Example 5 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 0.25 part of 3-heptanethiol was changed to 0.20 part of 2-decanethiol in Example 1. The test was conducted.
- the volatilization amount a of the alkylthiol to the toner is determined by gas chromatography under the following conditions. did.
- Table 1 the result of measurement A is shown as “160 ° C. volatilization amount a (mass ppm)”.
- [Gas chromatography conditions] Column temperature: 50 ° C. (holding 2 minutes) to 270 ° C.
- the volatilization amount b of the alkylthiol with respect to the toner is determined by gas chromatography under the above conditions. did.
- Measurement B is the same as Measurement A except that the initial holding temperature of Measurement A was changed from 160 ° C to 220 ° C. Table 1 below shows the result of measurement B as “220 ° C. volatilization amount b (mass ppm)”.
- the fixing rate was calculated from the ratio of image density before and after the tape was peeled off in the black solid (printing density 100%) printing area. That is, assuming that the image density (ImageDensity) before tape peeling is ID (front) and the image density after tape peeling is ID (back), the fixing ratio can be calculated by the following calculation formula 2.
- the image density was measured using a reflection type image densitometer (manufactured by Macbeth, trade name: RD914).
- the minimum fixing roll temperature at which the fixing rate is 80% or more was defined as the minimum fixing temperature of the toner.
- Odor sensory test Black solid printing (printing density 100%) was performed, the odor generated from the fan was sniffed, and the odor intensity was determined. The determination of the odor intensity at that time was evaluated in 6 stages, and the rank with the largest number of people among the eight panelists was used as the evaluation result of the sample. The numerical value of the odor sensory test represents the following judgment. 0: Odorless 1: A smell that can be finally detected 2: A weak smell that tells what the smell is 3: A smell that can be easily detected 4: A strong smell 5: Strong smell
- Table 1 shows the measurement and evaluation results of the electrostatic image developing toners of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 together with the type of alkylthiol.
- ⁇ 0.1 means that the volatilization amount of alkylthiol is less than the detection limit of 0.1 mass ppm
- > 16000 means 16,000 sheets. Even if it is continuously printed, the fog value is less than 1.
- the toner of Comparative Example 1 is a toner in which the amount of volatilization of alkylthiol at 160 ° C. and 220 ° C. is less than 0.1 mass ppm.
- the odor sensory test value is as low as 1
- the initial fog value in a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage is as high as 1.8
- the durability evaluation number is limited to 12,500. From the above, it can be seen that the charging stability is poor and the minimum fixing temperature is as high as 170 ° C.
- the toner of Comparative Example 2 is a toner having a high volatile amount a of 3.8 mass ppm at 160 ° C. and a volatile amount b of 1,850 mass ppm at 220 ° C. of alkylthiol having a molecular weight of 104.2 at 160 ° C. is there.
- the initial fog value under a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage is as low as 1.0 and the durability evaluation number exceeds 15,000, so there is no problem in charging stability.
- the minimum fixing temperature is as low as 155 ° C.
- the value of the odor sensory test is as high as 3, which is problematic in odor.
- the toner of Comparative Example 3 is a toner having a molecular weight of 104.2 and a low volatilization amount a at 160 ° C. of 0.51 mass ppm and a volatilization amount b at 220 ° C. of 63 mass ppm.
- the initial fog value under a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage is as low as 0.9, and the durability evaluation number exceeds 15,000, so there is no problem in charging stability.
- the minimum fixing temperature is as low as 160 ° C.
- the value of the odor sensory test is as high as 3, which is problematic in odor.
- the toner of Comparative Example 4 is a toner having a molecular weight of 174.4, the volatilization amount a at 160 ° C. being as low as 0.31 mass ppm and the volatilization amount b at 220 ° C. being as low as 18 mass ppm.
- the value of the odor sensory test is as low as 1
- the initial fog value in a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage is as high as 1.7, and the durability evaluation number is only 12,000. Therefore, there is a problem in charging stability, and the minimum fixing temperature is as high as 170 ° C.
- the toner of Comparative Example 5 is a toner with a low molecular weight of 174.4, the volatilization amount a at 160 ° C. of 0.48 mass ppm and the volatilization amount b at 220 ° C. of 60 mass ppm.
- the minimum fixing temperature is as low as 160 ° C. and the odor sensory test value is as low as 1
- the initial fog value in a high temperature and high humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage is as high as 1.6, and durability evaluation Since the number of sheets remains at 13,000, there is a problem in charging stability.
- the toners of Examples 1 to 5 all have a molecular weight of alkylthiol of 110 to 150, a volatilization amount a at 160 ° C. of less than 1 mass ppm, and a volatilization amount at 220 ° C. In this toner, b is 30 to 1,000 mass ppm. From Table 1, the toners of Examples 1 to 5 have a low initial fog value of 1.1 or less in a high-temperature and high-humidity (H / H) environment after long-term storage, and the durability evaluation number is 14, The minimum fixing temperature is as low as 155 to 160 ° C., and the value of the odor sensory test is 2 or less, which is excellent.
- H / H high-temperature and high-humidity
- a toner in which the molecular weight of alkylthiol is 110 to 150, the volatilization amount a at 160 ° C. is less than 1 mass ppm, and the volatilization amount b at 220 ° C. is 30 to 1,000 mass ppm is high temperature and high humidity environment.
- the toner can improve the charging stability under the toner, can suppress the odor, and has excellent low-temperature fixability.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、電子写真法では、感光体に形成された静電潜像を、着色粒子中に必要に応じて外添剤やキャリア等の他の粒子を配合してなるトナーで現像し、紙やOHPシート等の記録材に転写した後、定着して印刷物を得る。
粉砕法においては、結着樹脂と着色剤を溶融混練する方法により得た着色樹脂の固形物を粉砕し、分級することにより、重合体粒子が製造される。
一方、重合法は、重合性単量体と着色剤を含有する重合性単量体組成物の液滴を形成し、当該液滴を重合させて重合体粒子を製造する方法である。粉砕法により得られる重合体粒子が不定形であるのに対して、重合法により得られる重合体粒子は形状が球形に近く、小粒径且つシャープな粒径分布をもつ。特に、画像再現性や精細性等の画質特性を向上させる観点から、重合法により得られるトナー(いわゆる重合法トナー)のように、形状及び粒径分布が高度に制御されたトナーが用いられるようになってきた。
また、トナーには、温度変化や湿度変化等による画質劣化防止の観点から環境安定性、トナー消費量低減の観点から印字耐久性、及び消費電力低減の観点から低温定着性等様々な特性が要求されている。
しかしながら、温度変化や湿度変化等の環境の変化により、トナーの帯電量の低下や不均一化等の変動が生じると、感光体上に静電潜像に応じた所望の現像ができず、画像の濃度変化やムラ、カブリ等の問題が引き起こされる。
特許文献1には、シアノ基含有炭化水素化合物を80~500ppm含み、且つ、正帯電性帯電制御樹脂又は正帯電性帯電制御剤を用いることを特徴とする静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法が開示されている。また、特許文献1には、シアノ基含有炭化水素化合物が500ppmを超えると耐熱保存性及び印字耐久性に劣り、80ppmより少ないと帯電安定性が悪化する旨の記載がある。しかしながら、特許文献1に開示されたトナーは、定着時に微量のシアノ基含有炭化水素化合物が揮発することになるという問題がある。
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定A]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、160℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量aを定量する。
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定B]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、220℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量bを定量する。
[ガスクロマトグラフィー条件]
カラム温度:50℃(保持2分)~270℃(10℃/分昇温)
試料送入温度:280℃
検出温度:280℃
キャリアガス:ヘリウムガス、流量:1mL/分
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定A]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、160℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量aを定量する。
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定B]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、220℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量bを定量する。
[ガスクロマトグラフィー条件]
カラム温度:50℃(保持2分)~270℃(10℃/分昇温)
試料送入温度:280℃
検出温度:280℃
キャリアガス:ヘリウムガス、流量:1mL/分
以下、本発明に用いられる重合体粒子の製造方法、当該製造方法により得られる重合体粒子、当該重合体粒子を用いたトナーの製造方法及び本発明のトナーについて、順に説明する。
本発明の重合体粒子は、湿式法、または乾式法を採用して製造することが出来る。湿式法の中でも好ましい懸濁重合法は、以下に示すプロセスにより行われる。
(A-1)重合性単量体組成物の調製工程
まず、重合性単量体及び着色剤、さらに必要に応じて添加される帯電制御剤等のその他の添加物を混合し、重合性単量体組成物の調製を行う。重合性単量体組成物を調製する際の混合には、例えば、メディア式分散機を用いる。
本発明では、架橋性の重合性単量体を、モノビニル単量体100質量部に対して、通常、0.1~5質量部、好ましくは0.3~2質量部の割合で用いることが望ましい。
ブラック着色剤としては、カーボンブラック、チタンブラック、並びに酸化鉄亜鉛、及び酸化鉄ニッケル等の磁性粉等を用いることができる。
本発明に使用される特定のアルキルチオールは、1種類であってもよいし、2種類以上であってもよい。
本発明に用いられるアルキルチオールの構造は、直鎖状、分岐鎖状、及び環状の内の少なくともいずれか1つの炭化水素骨格を有し、且つ、当該炭化水素骨格中の1つの水素が、メルカプト基(-SH)に置換された構造であれば、特に限定されない。
帯電制御剤としては、一般にトナー用の帯電制御剤として用いられているものであれば、特に限定されないが、帯電制御剤の中でも、重合性単量体との相溶性が高く、安定した帯電性(帯電安定性)をトナー粒子に付与させることができることから、正帯電性又は負帯電性の帯電制御樹脂が好ましく、さらに、正帯電性トナーを得る観点からは、正帯電性の帯電制御樹脂がより好ましく用いられる。
正帯電性の帯電制御剤としては、ニグロシン染料、4級アンモニウム塩、トリアミノトリフェニルメタン化合物及びイミダゾール化合物、並びに、好ましく用いられる帯電制御樹脂としてのポリアミン樹脂、並びに4級アンモニウム基含有共重合体、及び4級アンモニウム塩基含有共重合体等が挙げられる。
負帯電性の帯電制御剤としては、Cr、Co、Al、及びFe等の金属を含有するアゾ染料、サリチル酸金属化合物及びアルキルサリチル酸金属化合物、並びに、好ましく用いられる帯電制御樹脂としてのスルホン酸基含有共重合体、スルホン酸塩基含有共重合体、カルボン酸基含有共重合体及びカルボン酸塩基含有共重合体等が挙げられる。
本発明では、帯電制御剤を、モノビニル単量体100質量部に対して、通常、0.01~10質量部、好ましくは0.03~8質量部の割合で用いることが望ましい。帯電制御剤の添加量が、0.01質量部未満の場合にはカブリが発生することがある。一方、帯電制御剤の添加量が10質量部を超える場合には印字汚れが発生することがある。
本発明において離型剤として好適に用いられるエステルワックスは、多官能エステルワックスがより好適であり、例えば、ペンタエリスリトールテトラパルミテート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラベヘネート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラステアレート等のペンタエリスリトールエステル化合物;ヘキサグリセリンテトラベヘネートテトラパルミテート、ヘキサグリセリンオクタベヘネート、ペンタグリセリンヘプタベヘネート、テトラグリセリンヘキサベヘネート、トリグリセリンペンタベヘネート、ジグリセリンテトラベヘネート、グリセリントリベヘネート等のグリセリンエステル化合物;ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサミリステート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサパルミテート等のジペンタエリスリトールエステル化合物;等が挙げられ、中でもジペンタエリスリトールエステル化合物が好ましく、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサミリステートがより好ましい。
炭化水素系ワックスの数平均分子量は、300~800であることが好ましく、400~600であることがより好ましい。また、JIS K2235 5.4で測定される炭化水素系ワックスの針入度は、1~10であることが好ましく、2~7であることがより好ましい。
離型剤は、上述した1種又は2種以上のワックスを組み合わせて用いてもよい。
上記離型剤は、モノビニル単量体100質量部に対して、好ましくは0.1~30質量部用いられ、更に好ましくは1~20質量部用いられる。
分子量調整剤としては、一般にトナー用の分子量調整剤として用いられているものであれば、特に限定されず、例えば、t-ドデシルメルカプタン、n-ドデシルメルカプタン、n-オクチルメルカプタン、及び2,2,4,6,6-ペンタメチルヘプタン-4-チオール等のメルカプタン類;テトラメチルチウラムジスルフィド、テトラエチルチウラムジスルフィド、テトラブチルチウラムジスルフィド、N,N’-ジメチル-N,N’-ジフェニルチウラムジスルフィド、N,N’-ジオクタデシル-N,N’-ジイソプロピルチウラムジスルフィド等のチウラムジスルフィド類;等が挙げられる。これらの分子量調整剤は、それぞれ単独で、あるいは2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明では、分子量調整剤を、モノビニル単量体100質量部に対して、通常0.01~10質量部、好ましくは0.1~5質量部の割合で用いることが望ましい。
本発明では、少なくとも重合性単量体を含む重合性単量体組成物を、分散安定化剤を含む水系媒体中に分散させ、重合開始剤を添加した後、重合性単量体組成物の液滴形成を行う。液滴形成の方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、(インライン型)乳化分散機(大平洋機工社製、商品名:マイルダー)、高速乳化分散機(プライミクス社製、商品名:T.K.ホモミクサー MARK II型)等の強攪拌が可能な装置を用いて行う。
上記(A-2)のようにして、液滴形成を行い、得られた水系分散媒体を加熱し、重合を開始し、重合体粒子の水分散液を調製する。
重合性単量体組成物の重合温度は、好ましくは50℃以上であり、更に好ましくは60~95℃である。また、重合の反応時間は好ましくは1~20時間であり、更に好ましくは2~15時間である。
重合体粒子が分散している水系媒体中に、シェル層を形成するための重合性単量体(シェル用重合性単量体)と重合開始剤を添加し、重合することでコアシェル型の重合体粒子を得ることができる。
重合により得られた重合体粒子の水分散液は、重合終了後に、公知の方法に従い、ろ過、分散安定化剤の除去を行う洗浄、脱水、及び乾燥の操作が、必要に応じて数回繰り返されることが好ましい。
なお、洗浄、濾過、脱水、及び乾燥の一連の操作の前に、重合体粒子の水分散液について、重合体粒子から揮発性物質(主にエーテル成分、及びスチレン)を除去する目的で、ストリッピング処理工程を設けてもよい。
粉砕法を採用して重合体粒子を製造する場合、以下のようなプロセスにより行われる。
まず、結着樹脂、着色剤、さらに必要に応じて添加される帯電制御剤等のその他の添加物を混合機、例えば、ボールミル、V型混合機、FMミキサー(:商品名)、高速ディゾルバ、インターナルミキサー、フォールバーグ等を用いて混合する。次に、上記により得られた混合物を、加圧ニーダー、二軸押出混練機、ローラ等を用いて加熱しながら混練する。得られた混練物を、ハンマーミル、カッターミル、ローラミル等の粉砕機を用いて、粗粉砕する。更に、ジェットミル、高速回転式粉砕機等の粉砕機を用いて微粉砕した後、風力分級機、気流式分級機等の分級機により、所望の粒径に分級して粉砕法による重合体粒子を得る。
上述の(A)懸濁重合法、又は(B)粉砕法等の製造方法により、重合体粒子が得られる。
以下、トナーを構成する重合体粒子について述べる。なお、以下で述べる重合体粒子は、コアシェル型のものとそうでないもの両方を含む。
Dv/Dnが1.3を超える場合には、転写性、画像濃度及び解像度の低下が起こる場合がある。重合体粒子の体積平均粒径、及び個数平均粒径は、例えば、粒度分析計(ベックマン・コールター製、商品名:マルチサイザー)等を用いて測定することができる。
上記重合体粒子の平均円形度が0.96未満の場合、印字の細線再現性が悪くなるおそれがある。
前記重合体粒子の球形度は、当該粒子の絶対最大長を長径とした円の面積(Sc)を当該粒子の実質投影面積(Sr)で割った値であり、具体的には、重合体粒子の電子顕微鏡写真を撮影し、その写真を画像処理解析装置ルーゼックスIID((株)ニレコ製)により、フレーム面積に対する粒子の面積率:最大2%、トータル処理粒子数:100個の条件で測定し、計算した100個についての平均値として求めることができる。
本発明においては、上記重合体粒子を、外添剤と共に混合攪拌して外添処理を行うことにより、重合体粒子の表面に、外添剤を付着させて1成分トナー(現像剤)とする。
なお、1成分トナーは、さらにキャリア粒子と共に混合攪拌して2成分現像剤としてもよい。
なお、これらの外添剤は、それぞれ単独で用いることもできるが、2種以上を併用して用いることができる。中でも粒径の異なる2種以上のシリカを併用することが好ましい。
本発明のトナーは、印字時の臭気が少なく、帯電安定性に優れ、さらに低温定着性にも優れるトナーである。
本発明のトナーは、特定条件下におけるパージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定A及びBにおいて、以下の条件(α)及び(β)をそれぞれ満たすことが必要である。
(α)揮発温度が160℃のときに定量される、前記アルキルチオールのトナーに対する揮発量aが、1 mass ppm以下であること。
(β)揮発温度が220℃のときに定量される、前記アルキルチオールのトナーに対する揮発量bが、30 mass ppm以上1,000 mass ppm以下であること。
条件(β)を満たすことにより、従来よりも帯電安定性に優れるトナーが提供される。
その一方、条件(α)を満たすことにより、従来よりも印字時の臭気を低く抑えたトナーが提供される。
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、160℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、特定条件下におけるガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールのトナーに対する前記揮発量aを定量する。
カラム温度:50℃(保持2分)~270℃(10℃/分昇温)
試料送入温度:280℃
検出温度:280℃
キャリアガス:ヘリウムガス、流量:1mL/分
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、220℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集したトラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、上記条件下におけるガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールのトナーに対する前記揮発量bを定量する。
このように、測定Bは、測定Aの初期の保持温度を160℃から220℃に変えること以外は、測定Aと同様である。
[実施例1]
モノビニル単量体としてスチレン75部及びn-ブチルアクリレート25部(得られる共重合体の計算Tg=44℃)、シアン着色剤として銅フタロシアニン顔料(C.I.Pigment Blue 15:3)6部、正帯電性帯電制御剤として正帯電性帯電制御樹脂(4級アンモニウム塩基含有共重合体(スチレン/アクリル樹脂(4級アンモニウム塩基含有(メタ)アクリレート単量体単位を8質量%含有)、藤倉化成社製、商品名:FCA-161P、Tg:60℃、Mw:21,000))0.5部、ポリメタクリル酸エステルマクロモノマー(東亜合成化学工業社製、商品名:AA6、Tg=94℃)0.25部を、攪拌装置で攪拌、混合した後、さらにメディア式分散機により、均一に分散させた。ここに、離型剤としてジペンタエリスリトールヘキサミリステート(スチレンに対する溶解度:10g以上/100g、吸熱ピーク:65℃、分子量:1,514)5部、アルキルチオールとして3-ヘプタンチオール(分子量:132.3)0.25部を添加、混合、及び溶解して、重合性単量体組成物を得た。
なお、得られた水酸化マグネシウムコロイドの粒径分布を、粒径分布測定器(島津製作所社製、商品名:SALD)を用いて測定したところ、粒径は、D50(個数粒径分布の50%累積値)が0.42μm、D90(個数粒径分布の90%累積値)が0.82μmであった。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオールの添加量を0.25部から0.55部に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例2の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、2-ヘキサンチオール 0.30部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例3の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、2-ヘキサンチオール 0.60部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例4の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、1-オクタンチオール 0.28部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例5の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオールを添加しないこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例1の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、3-ペンタンチオール 2.0部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例2の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、3-ペンタンチオール 0.30部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例3の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、2-デカンチオール 0.10部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例4の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
実施例1において、3-ヘプタンチオール 0.25部を、2-デカンチオール 0.20部に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例5の静電荷像現像用トナーを作製し、試験に供した。
上記実施例1~実施例5、及び比較例1~比較例5の静電荷像現像用トナーについて特性を調べた。詳細は以下の通りである。
(a)測定A
まず、パージ容器にトナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、160℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集した。
次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーによりアルキルチオールのトナーに対する揮発量aを定量した。下記表1には、測定Aの結果を「160℃揮発量a(mass ppm)」として示す。
[ガスクロマトグラフィー条件]
カラム温度:50℃(保持2分)~270℃(10℃/分昇温)
試料送入温度:280℃
検出温度:280℃
キャリアガス:ヘリウムガス、流量:1mL/分
(b)測定B
まず、パージ容器にトナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、220℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集した。
次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、上記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーによりアルキルチオールのトナーに対する揮発量bを定量した。測定Bは、測定Aの初期の保持温度を160℃から220℃に変えたこと以外は、測定Aと同様である。下記表1には、測定Bの結果を「220℃揮発量b(mass ppm)」として示す。
市販の非磁性一成分現像方式プリンターを用い、印字用紙をセットし、トナーカートリッジにトナーを入れた。トナーカートリッジをポリ塩化ビニル製の袋に入れて密閉し、温度30℃且つ湿度50%の環境下で60日長期保存した後、温度30℃、湿度80%の高温高湿(H/H)環境下にて、カブリ値を以下のようにして測定した。
白ベタ印字(印字濃度0%)を行い、白ベタ印字の途中でプリンターを停止させ、現像後の感光体上における非画像部のトナーを、粘着テープ(住友スリーエム社製、製品名:スコッチメンディングテープ810-3-18)に付着させた後、剥ぎ取り、それを印字用紙に貼り付けた。次に、その粘着テープを貼り付けた印字用紙を、分光色差計(日本電色社製、商品名:SE-2000)で色調を測定し、同様にレファレンスとして、未使用の粘着テープだけを印字用紙に貼り付け、測定し、得られた色差をカブリ値とした。この値が小さい方が、カブリが少なく良好であることを示す。
また、上記の長期保存後、温度30℃、湿度80%の高温高湿(H/H)環境下で、1%印字濃度で連続印字を行い、500枚毎にカブリ値を測定した。カブリ値が1以上になった枚数(カブリ発生枚数)をカウントし、耐久印字試験は、16,000枚まで行い、途中でカブリ値が1以上になった場合には、その時点で耐久印字試験を中止した。
市販の非磁性一成分現像方式のプリンター(印字速度=32枚/分)の定着ロール部の温度を変えられるように改造したプリンターを用い、当該プリンターの現像装置内のトナーカートリッジに、トナーを100g充填した後、印字用紙をセットし、下記のように定着試験を行った。
定着試験は、黒ベタ(印字濃度100%)を印字して、改造プリンターの定着ロールの温度を200℃から低温領域へ5℃ずつ変化させ、それぞれの温度におけるトナーの定着率を測定し、温度-定着率の関係を求めた。なお、5℃ずつ変化させる各温度において、定着ロールの温度を安定化させるために、5分以上その温度状態を維持させた。
定着率は、黒ベタ(印字濃度100%)の印字領域においてテープ剥離を行い、テープ剥離前後の画像濃度の比率から計算した。すなわち、テープ剥離前の画像濃度(ImageDensity)をID(前)、テープ剥離後の画像濃度をID(後)とすると、定着率は、下記計算式2により算出できる。
計算式2=定着率(%)=(ID(後)/ID(前))×100
ここで、テープ剥離操作とは、試験用紙の測定部分に粘着テープ(住友スリーエム社製、商品名:スコッチメンディングテープ810-3-18)を貼り、円盤型の金属ロール(直径15cm×厚さ2cm、重さ=1kg)を用いて、一定圧力で押圧して付着させ、その後、一定速度で紙に沿った方向に粘着テープを剥離する一連の操作である。また、画像濃度は、反射式画像濃度計(マクベス社製、商品名:RD914)を用いて測定した。
この定着試験において、定着率が80%以上になる最低定着ロール温度をトナーの最低定着温度とした。
黒ベタ印字(印字濃度100%)を行い、ファンから発生する臭気を嗅ぎ臭気強度を判定した。その際の臭気強度の判定は6段階の評価とし、8人のパネラーの内、最も人数の多いランクをその試料の評価結果とした。臭気官能試験の数値は以下の判定を表す。
0:無臭
1:やっと感知できるにおい
2:何のにおいであるかわかる弱いにおい
3:楽に感知できるにおい
4:強いにおい
5:強烈なにおい
以下、表1を参照しながら、静電荷像現像用トナーの評価結果について検討する。
表1より、比較例1のトナーは、160℃および220℃でのアルキルチオールの揮発量がいずれも0.1 mass ppmより少ないトナーである。臭気官能試験の値は1と低いが、長期保存後における高温高湿(H/H)環境下の初期カブリの値が1.8と高く、耐久性の評価枚数が12,500枚に留まることから帯電安定性に劣り、最低定着温度も170℃と高いことが分かる。
表1より、実施例1~実施例5のトナーは、長期保存後における高温高湿(H/H)環境下の初期カブリの値が1.1以下と低く、耐久性の評価枚数が14,000枚以上と多く、最低定着温度も155~160℃と低く、また、臭気官能試験の値は2以下であり優れている。
したがって、アルキルチオールの分子量が110~150、且つ、160℃における揮発量aが1 mass ppm未満、且つ、220℃における揮発量bが30~1,000 mass ppmであるトナーは、高温高湿環境下での帯電安定性を向上させることができ、臭気も低く抑えることができ、さらに低温定着性にも優れるトナーである。
2 ジャケット
3 攪拌翼を備えた攪拌機
4 重合体粒子の水分散液
5 気体吹き込み管
6 ブロワー
7 ガス循環ライン
8 凝縮器
9 凝縮タンク
10 ガス循環ライン
11 揮発性物質除去装置
12 ガス循環ライン
13 ガス循環ライン
14 非接触型泡レベル計
Claims (2)
- 重合性単量体を重合して得られる重合体粒子と、当該重合体粒子表面に付着した外添剤とを含有するトナーであって、
下記パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定Aにおいて、揮発温度が160℃のときに定量される、分子量110以上150未満のアルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する揮発量aが、1 mass ppm以下であり、
下記パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定Bにおいて、揮発温度が220℃のときに定量される前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する揮発量bが、30 mass ppm以上1,000 mass ppm以下であることを特徴とするトナー。
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定A]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、160℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量aを定量する。
[パージ&トラップ/ガスクロマトグラフィー測定B]
まず、パージ容器に前記トナー0.1gを入れ、キャリアガスとしてヘリウムガスを50mL/分で流しながら、前記パージ容器を室温から10℃/分の速度で加熱を開始し、220℃の温度で30分間保持して、発生した揮発性成分を-130℃でトラップ管に捕集する。次に、揮発性成分を捕集した前記トラップ管を-130℃から280℃まで50℃/分の速度で加熱しながら、下記条件下のガスクロマトグラフィーにより前記アルキルチオールの前記トナーに対する前記揮発量bを定量する。
[ガスクロマトグラフィー条件]
カラム温度:50℃(保持2分)~270℃(10℃/分昇温)
試料送入温度:280℃
検出温度:280℃
キャリアガス:ヘリウムガス、流量:1mL/分 - 前記アルキルチオール中のアルキル基の炭素数は、6以上8以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のトナー。
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000231220A (ja) * | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-22 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | トナー用バインダー樹脂およびそれを用いたトナー |
| JP2003043750A (ja) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-14 | Reiko Udagawa | 耐候性に優れたカラー画像が得られるトナー |
| JP2004054256A (ja) * | 2002-05-30 | 2004-02-19 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 静電荷像現像用トナー、静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法、画像形成方法、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP2004126337A (ja) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-22 | Minolta Co Ltd | 静電潜像現像用トナー |
| JP2007004140A (ja) * | 2005-05-25 | 2007-01-11 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc | 静電荷像現像用トナーの乾燥システム |
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| EP2833206B1 (en) | 2012-03-28 | 2019-05-15 | Zeon Corporation | Toner for electrostatic image development |
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Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000231220A (ja) * | 1999-02-09 | 2000-08-22 | Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd | トナー用バインダー樹脂およびそれを用いたトナー |
| JP2003043750A (ja) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-14 | Reiko Udagawa | 耐候性に優れたカラー画像が得られるトナー |
| JP2004054256A (ja) * | 2002-05-30 | 2004-02-19 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 静電荷像現像用トナー、静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法、画像形成方法、及び画像形成装置 |
| JP2004126337A (ja) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-22 | Minolta Co Ltd | 静電潜像現像用トナー |
| JP2007004140A (ja) * | 2005-05-25 | 2007-01-11 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc | 静電荷像現像用トナーの乾燥システム |
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| US10061218B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
| US20180067413A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
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