WO2016129501A1 - 加水分解性粒子を用いた地下資源の採掘方法 - Google Patents
加水分解性粒子を用いた地下資源の採掘方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016129501A1 WO2016129501A1 PCT/JP2016/053401 JP2016053401W WO2016129501A1 WO 2016129501 A1 WO2016129501 A1 WO 2016129501A1 JP 2016053401 W JP2016053401 W JP 2016053401W WO 2016129501 A1 WO2016129501 A1 WO 2016129501A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrolyzable
- particles
- resin
- polyoxalate
- acid
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
- C09K8/588—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids characterised by the use of specific polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/665—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
- C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxy carboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for mining underground resources using hydrolyzable particles, and further relates to hydrolysable particles used in the mining method.
- Hydrolyzable resins represented by polylactic acid are also excellent in biodegradability. From the viewpoint of environmental improvement, etc., they are currently being investigated as substitutes for various plastics in various applications, and some have been put to practical use. Has been. Recently, use as an additive to be added to the drilling fluid used when collecting underground resources has also been proposed (see Patent Documents 1 to 3).
- a well drilling method called a hydraulic fracturing method is currently widely used for collecting underground resources.
- Such a drilling method pressurizes the drilling fluid filling the well at high pressure, thereby generating a crack (fracture) in the vicinity of the well, improving the permeability (ease of fluid flow) in the vicinity of the well, It expands the effective cross section of resources such as oil and gas into the well, and increases the productivity of the well.
- Such drilling fluids are also called fracturing fluids.
- viscous fluids such as gel-like gasoline were used, but recently, shale gas produced from a shale layer that exists in a relatively shallow place.
- a drilling fluid drilling fluid
- the fluid flows into these cracks, and a load is applied to these cracks, so that the cracks have a size suitable for collecting resources.
- the crack formed at the beginning is temporarily clogged with the above-mentioned hydrolyzable resin particles, so that the subsequent fluid pressurization makes the crack more effective. It becomes possible to form.
- the additive added to the fluid in order to temporarily close the crack in this manner is called a diving agent.
- hydrolysable particles are hydrolyzed by underground water and enzymes and disappear, so that it is not necessary to remove hydrolysable particles in a subsequent process, and the well drilling is advanced efficiently.
- the temperature of the well varies depending on the depth, the temperature in the well varies widely from 40 ° C. to 200 ° C., and the optimum hydrolyzable resin varies depending on the temperature in the well where a crack for resource collection is formed.
- Poly lactic acid that is collected from a relatively shallow stratum such as shale gas, etc. often has a well bore temperature of 100 degrees or less, is highly hydrolyzable, has high biodegradability, and does not cause environmental pollution. The use of is desired.
- polylactic acid has an advantage that it is inexpensive, and there is a great expectation for its use as a mining liquid used in large quantities.
- the particle shape and particle size become a problem. That is, such hydrolysable particles are introduced into cracks (fractures) formed in the ground, and serve to close the cracks or to suppress the collapse of the cracks. Therefore, it is required to have a particle shape close to a spherical shape and an appropriate particle size. For example, if the particle shape is indefinitely far from a sphere (ie, the roundness of the particle is low), there are many voids even if it is difficult to press-fit into the crack or it can be introduced into the crack. Thus, it becomes difficult to effectively suppress the outflow of gas from the crack. If the particles are too large, it is difficult to penetrate into the cracks.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a mining method using hydrolyzable particles having hydrolyzability, roundness and particle size suitable for hydraulic fracturing.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide hydrolyzable particles having a particle form most suitable for the mining method.
- the hydrolyzable particles are made of a hydrolyzable resin having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 5000 or more, particularly 10,000 or more, and an average particle diameter (D 50 ) is in the range of 300 to 1000 ⁇ m, and the minor axis / major axis ratio is
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- D 50 average particle diameter
- a mining method characterized by using spherical particles having a roundness of 0.8 or more.
- polylactic acid or polyoxalate can be suitably used as the hydrolyzable resin forming the hydrolyzable particles, and in particular, polyoxalate is a trifunctional or higher functional alcohol or acid. It is preferable to have a branched copolymer unit derived therefrom.
- the most suitable hydrolyzable resin has a dispersion structure in which fine particles of a polymer that is more easily hydrolyzable than the matrix resin are distributed in the hydrolyzable matrix resin.
- the above-mentioned hydrolysable particles that are added to a fluid that is injected into a well when mining underground resources are provided.
- hydrolyzable particles and proppant are mixed with an aqueous dispersion medium fluid, and the fluid is injected into a well formed in the ground.
- the degradable particles are introduced into cracks formed in the well and exhibit a function of temporarily closing the cracks. That is, by introducing these hydrolysable particles into cracks formed by perforation (preliminary blasting) and temporarily closing them, cracks are further generated by subsequent fluid injection. Or it becomes possible to grow a crack.
- the outflow of gas, etc. is effectively suppressed from within the crack, so the fluid pressure is effective at other locations (for example, where fine cracks are generated). In addition, it promotes further growth of fine cracks.
- the above hydrolysable particles are hydrolyzed and disappear after a predetermined time, and as a result, the underground gas flows out into the crack, and the gas that flows out from the crack is collected.
- the above proppant has a function of maintaining this crack. That is, since a hollow channel structure is formed in the crack after the hydrolyzable particles disappear, it tends to collapse due to underground pressure. The proppant introduced into the crack effectively prevents the crack from collapsing, thereby efficiently collecting the resource gas through the crack.
- the proppant inorganic particles such as sand grains are generally used, and the shape of the particles is not limited as long as it has a size that can be introduced into the cracks.
- the shape of the particles is not limited as long as it has a size that can be introduced into the cracks.
- it is required to have a shape close to a true sphere in order to close and close the crack closely, and to some extent, It is also necessary to have a particle strength of
- hydrolysable particles having such characteristics have not been produced so far, but the present inventors have succeeded in producing such hydrolysable particles by adopting a specific method.
- the average particle size (D 50 ) is in the range of 300 to 1000 ⁇ m, and the minor axis / major axis ratio.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the hydrolyzable resin is 5000 or more (particularly 10,000 or more, more preferably 50000 or more).
- the mining method of the present invention including the step of mixing hydrolyzable particles having predetermined characteristics and proppant into an aqueous dispersion medium fluid and press-fitting into a well effectively performs temporary clogging of cracks. It is possible to effectively perform crack generation and growth operations, and also effectively maintain cracks after the disappearance of hydrolyzable particles, and efficiently collect resource gas, especially shale gas, through the cracks. it can.
- the electron micrograph (50-times multiplication factor) which shows the hydrolysable particle made from polylactic acid used by this invention.
- the electron micrograph (50-times multiplication factor) which shows the hydrolyzable particle made from polyoxalate used by this invention.
- the hydrolyzable particles used in the present invention have high sphericity as shown in the micrographs of FIG. 1 (polylactic acid particles) and FIG. 2 (polyoxalate particles).
- the roundness expressed by the ratio of the minor axis / major axis is 0.8 or more, particularly very close to 1.
- the particles have an average particle size (D 50 ) on the volume basis measured by a laser diffraction scattering method in the range of 300 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the hydrolyzable particles of the present invention have high sphericity as described above, and at the same time, the size of the particles is suitable for introduction into cracks formed in wells during hydraulic fracturing. It has a size. For this reason, it exhibits an excellent function as an agent called a diverting agent that is introduced into a crack formed in a well during hydraulic fracturing and temporarily closes the crack. For example, if the sphericity is lower than the above range, even if it can be introduced into the crack, the function of closing the crack is poor, and the outflow of gas from the crack cannot be effectively suppressed. It will interfere with the work to be formed. If the particle size is larger than the above range, it is difficult to introduce particles into the crack, and if the particle size is smaller than the above range, it is difficult to effectively block the crack. In addition, problems such as dust scattering are likely to occur during handling.
- the hydrolyzable particles of the present invention have a form suitable for use in addition to a dispersion for excavation for hydraulic fracturing during hydraulic fracturing.
- the angle of repose is as small as 50 degrees or less.
- the hydrolyzable particles are formed of a hydrolyzable resin, but the weight average molecular weight (Mw) needs to be 5000 or more in order to give a certain particle strength. is there.
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- the particle strength cannot be maintained in an appropriate range, tends to collapse, and it may be difficult to maintain the particle shape.
- Hydrolyzability is too high, for example, even if added to a dispersion used for hydraulic fracturing and provided in a crack formed in a well, it immediately hydrolyzes and temporarily closes the crack There is a risk that it will not be possible to perform such functions.
- Typical examples of such a hydrolyzable resin include polylactic acid and polyoxalate.
- Particularly suitable hydrolyzable resins have a sea-island dispersion structure. Hereinafter, these hydrolyzable resins will be described.
- Polylactic acid used for forming the hydrolyzable particles having the above-described form may be either 100% poly-L-lactic acid or 100% poly-D-lactic acid, or poly-L-lactic acid. And a poly-D-lactic acid melt blend, or a random copolymer or block copolymer of L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. Further, various copolymer components may be copolymerized in a small amount as long as the hydrolyzability of polylactic acid is not impaired.
- copolymer components examples include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, neopentyl glycol, glycerin, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, bisphenol A, and polyethylene glycol.
- Dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, glutaric acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, anthracene dicarboxylic acid, and diesters thereof; glycolic acid, Hydroxycarboxylic acids such as L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxyvaleric acid, hydroxycaproic acid, mandelic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid; Corridor, caprolactone, butyrolactone, valerolactone, polo lactones, such as lactones, such as undecalactone and the like.
- Hydroxycarboxylic acids such as L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, hydroxyvaleric acid, hydroxycaproic acid, mandelic acid, hydroxy
- the above polylactic acid has an appropriate particle strength, and has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 10,000 or more, particularly 50,000 to 500,000, from the viewpoint that the particle morphology is stably maintained at least during excavation work. It is desirable to be in range. That is, particles formed using polylactic acid tend to have a particle strength lower than that of polyoxalate described later, and therefore it is preferable that the weight average molecular weight is relatively large. In addition, excessively high weight average molecular weight, the hydrolyzability is reduced, there is a possibility that the gas collection and the like may be hindered by continuing to remain in the crack, so the weight average as described above
- the upper limit of the molecular weight (Mw) is desirably 500,000.
- the hydrolyzability is adjusted by mixing a small amount of other hydrolyzable resins (for example, polyoxalate, polyglycolic acid, etc.) with the above polylactic acid.
- other hydrolyzable resins for example, polyoxalate, polyglycolic acid, etc.
- known plasticizers, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, flame retardants, colorants, pigments, fillers, fillers, release agents, charging Additives such as an inhibitor, a fragrance, a lubricant, a foaming agent, an antibacterial / antifungal agent, and a nucleating agent may be blended.
- you may add the component compatibilized with polylactic acid, and a cellulose derivative, a polymethylmethacrylate, a polyvinyl acetate etc. are mentioned as a component to compatibilize.
- Polyoxalate is a polyester having a structure in which oxalic acid esters are linked. The oxalic acid is released by hydrolysis, and this oxalic acid further promotes hydrolysis, and thus exhibits high hydrolyzability.
- the hydrolyzable particles exhibit an appropriate hydrolyzability particularly in a low temperature range of 40 to 80 ° C. That is, shale gas is mined from a shale layer that exists in a relatively shallow ground, and the dispersion liquid for excavation used for the mining is put into a well in the above temperature range. This is because moderate hydrolyzability is required in this temperature range. Polyoxalate is suitable in terms of ensuring appropriate hydrolyzability suitable for such shale gas mining.
- the moderate hydrolyzability as described above is preferably 60% or less when the hydrolyzability is shown by the weight reduction rate when immersed in water at 70 ° C. for 168 hours. Is 50% or less. That is, if the degree of hydrolysis is low and the weight loss rate is too small, it remains without hydrolysis for a long time even if it can penetrate into the crack when added to the dispersion for hydraulic fracturing described later. Resulting in. Also, if the degree of hydrolysis is high and the weight loss rate is excessively large, for example, the particles may collapse by hydrolysis before entering into the cracks. There exists a possibility that the fusion
- the polyoxalate can secure a high particle strength with a low molecular weight as compared with the above-mentioned polylactic acid, and for example, it is desirable that its weight average molecular weight (Mw) is in the range of 5,000 to 200,000.
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- the particle strength cannot be maintained in an appropriate range, it is easy to disintegrate, and it becomes difficult to maintain the particle shape.
- Decomposability is too high, for example, added to the dispersion used for hydraulic fracturing, even if it is used in the cracks formed in the wells, it immediately hydrolyzes, temporarily clogging the cracks, etc. It becomes impossible to fulfill the function of.
- the weight average molecular weight is larger than the above range, its hydrolyzability is lowered, and it may remain in the cracks, thereby causing troubles in collecting gas.
- polyoxalate copolymers having a branched structure introduced in the molecule are particularly preferably used. That is, such a polyoxalate copolymer has a dense molecular structure because a branched structure is introduced into the molecule.
- a polyoxalate having no such branched structure introduced (not yet)
- the hydrolysis rate after 12 hours from dropping in water is extremely low
- the hydrolysis rate after 24 hours from dropping in water is the same as that of unmodified polyoxalate. It is equivalent.
- such a polyoxalate copolymer exhibits hydrolyzability (long-term hydrolyzability) equivalent to that of unmodified polyoxalate, but is significantly lower than that of unmodified polyoxalate in terms of initial hydrolyzability. .
- the dense molecular structure due to the dense molecular structure, the water penetration rate is remarkably suppressed, which leads to a decrease in initial hydrolyzability.
- the polyoxalate copolymer introduced with the branched structure described above includes a linear oxalate main ester unit that is continuous in a straight chain and a branched ester copolymer unit derived from a tri- or higher functional alcohol or acid.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is preferably in the above-described range (5000 to 200000), particularly preferably in the range of 10,000 or more.
- n is a positive number
- A is a divalent organic group, It is represented by
- the divalent organic group A is an organic residue of a dialcohol that can form an ester with oxalic acid.
- the oxalic acid diester used for introducing the main ester unit is preferably a dialkyl oxalate, and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as dimethyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate, and propyl oxalate is preferred. Most preferred are dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate from the viewpoint of transesterification and the like.
- the dialcohol used to introduce the main ester unit is ethylene glycol, 1,3 propanediol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, neopentyl glycol, bisphenol A, cyclohexanedimethanol. Etc. can be illustrated.
- fatty dialcohols particularly straight chain dihydric alcohols, are preferred because they have excellent long-term hydrolyzability and little influence on the environment.
- butanediol is optimal from the viewpoint that the effect of suppressing the initial hydrolyzability by the introduction of the branched ester copolymer unit is high.
- An acid for example, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or phthalic acid
- the branched ester copolymer unit may be, for example, the following formula (2) or (3): P- (O—CO—CO) -r (2) Q- (OAO) -r (3)
- P is a trifunctional or higher functional alcohol residue used to introduce a branched ester copolymer unit
- Q is a trifunctional or higher functional acid residue used to introduce a branched ester copolymer unit
- A like the formula (1), represents a divalent organic group
- r is the valence of a tri- or higher functional alcohol or acid, It is represented by That is, since such a branched copolymer unit is introduced into a linear main ester unit to form a branched structure, this polyoxalate copolymer can be used for a long time while suppressing initial hydrolyzability. The hydrolyzability is maintained at a high level.
- branched ester copolymer unit (hereinafter, sometimes simply referred to as a branched unit), a residue of trifunctional or higher alcohol (P in formula (2)) and a residue of trifunctional or higher acid
- the number of carbon atoms in (Q in Formula (3)) is preferably 18 or less. This is because when these residues P and Q are long chains, the effect of lowering the initial hydrolyzability due to the branched structure becomes dilute.
- Examples of the tri- or higher functional alcohol having a residue having a carbon number as described above include triols such as glycerin, trimethylolmethane, trimethylolethane, and trimethylolpropane, and tetraols such as tetramethylolmethane (pentaerythritol).
- the polyfunctional aliphatic alcohol represented by the above can be exemplified, and the trifunctional or higher acid includes aliphatic tricarboxylic acids such as propanetricarboxylic acid and cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, and aliphatic tetracarboxylic acids such as ethylenetetracarboxylic acid.
- aromatic tricarboxylic acids such as trimellitic acid, aromatic tetracarboxylic acids such as benzenetetracarboxylic acid, biphenyltetracarboxylic acid and benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, and acid anhydrides thereof.
- a branched ester copolymer unit is introduced with a trifunctional or higher alcohol, for example, a linear ester copolymer with pentaerythritol.
- units are introduced.
- the above-mentioned branched unit is preferably introduced in an amount of 0.01 to 1.0 mol% per main ester unit connected in a straight chain. That is, when the amount of the branched ester copolymer unit is small, the effect of reducing the initial hydrolyzability is reduced, and when the branched unit is introduced in a larger amount than necessary, the branched unit is connected to the branched unit. As a result, the molecular weight of the linear main ester unit is reduced. As a result, the effect of reducing the initial hydrolysis characteristics due to the branched structure is reduced, and the solvent-insoluble content (gel fraction) contained in the particles is increased. For example, there is a possibility that molding may be difficult.
- the polyoxalate copolymer having the branched structure as described above is composed of an oxalic acid source (oxalic acid or oxalic acid ester) for forming a linear main ester unit, a dihydric alcohol component, and a branched unit formation.
- the polycondensation reaction is carried out by a known method using a polyhydric alcohol component or polybasic acid component for use and a catalyst so that the branched units are formed at the aforementioned ratio.
- typical examples of the catalyst include compounds such as P, Ti, Ge, Zn, Fe, Sn, Mn, Co, Zr, V, Ir, La, Ce, Li, Ca, and Hf.
- tin compounds are preferred, and for example, titanium alkoxide, dibutyltin dilaurate, butyltin hydroxide oxide hydrate and the like are preferable because of their high activity.
- a heat-resistant agent may be added if necessary to prevent thermal degradation.
- a catalyst deactivator may be added when the polymerization is stopped.
- a polyfunctional alcohol or polybasic acid component for the branched unit is added in the subsequent step, and a polycondensation reaction or a transesterification reaction is performed.
- the target polyoxalate copolymer can also be produced.
- the polyfunctional component can also be introduced by adding a trifunctional or higher polyfunctional component and melting and mixing it while melting the linear polyoxalate using an extruder.
- the above-mentioned branched unit is introduced as a copolymerized ester unit.
- a solvent-insoluble content measured in dichloromethane at 23 ° C.
- the gel fraction is in the range of 1% by mass to 70% by mass.
- they are 10% or more and 70% or less, More preferably, they are 30% or more and 70% or less.
- the polyoxalate described above may contain a small amount of other hydrolyzable resins (for example, polylactic acid or polyglycolic acid) as long as the excellent properties of the polyoxalate as described above are not impaired.
- various known additives may be blended in the same manner as polylactic acid.
- Hydrolyzable resin having a sea-island dispersion structure This type of hydrolyzable resin is a hydrolyzable matrix resin (hydrolyzable resin that exists in a sea state), and is a fine particle (island-like) of a polymer that is easier to hydrolyze than the matrix resin.
- a hydrolyzable resin) having a dispersed structure That is, in such hydrolyzable resin particles, the easily hydrolyzable polymer has a function of adjusting the hydrolyzability of the hydrolyzable particles, and the easily hydrolyzable polymer is protected by the matrix resin. The hydrolysis of the easily hydrolyzable polymer is suppressed.
- biodegradable polyesters such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyoxalate, polyglycolic acid, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate adipate, and polycaprolactone are preferable.
- biodegradable polyesters can be used as a matrix resin and an easily hydrolyzable polymer by combining them according to their degree of hydrolyzability. That is, among the biodegradable polyesters, those that are hardly hydrolysable are used as the matrix resin, and those that are more easily hydrolysable than the matrix resin are used as the hydrolyzable adjusting polymer.
- the above-described biodegradable polyester also needs to have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 5,000 or more, like the polylactic acid and polyoxalate described above, in order to ensure a certain particle strength.
- Mw weight average molecular weight
- the weight retention when the hydrolyzable particles are immersed in water at 70 ° C. for 168 hours is 50% or less, and the weight retention of the matrix resin at this time is 90% or more.
- the matrix resin the above-described polylactic acid (the above weight retention is 90% or more) is selected, and the easily hydrolyzable is selected.
- the polymer the above-mentioned polyoxalate (especially a polyoxalate copolymer containing a trifunctional copolymer unit) or polyglycolic acid, particularly preferably polyoxalate having a weight retention of 50% or less is used. It is desirable to choose. Accordingly, it is possible to effectively prevent the disadvantage that the particles are collapsed by hydrolysis before entering the cracks, and the particles can exist in the cracks for a certain time.
- the easily hydrolyzable polymer is preferably finely distributed.
- the average particle size of the dispersed particles is 5 to 0.01 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 0.1 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to It is preferable to be in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the easily hydrolyzable polymer is distributed in the matrix resin in such an amount that the above-described weight retention rate can be ensured.
- the above-mentioned polyoxalate is used as the easily hydrolyzable polymer.
- the weight retention rate (hydrolysis degree) can be adjusted to the above range. That is, the ability to adjust the degree of hydrolysis with a small amount means that the polyoxalate is coated with a relatively thick polylactic acid layer, and therefore the polyoxalate is very easily hydrolyzed.
- it because it is protected by a thick layer of polylactic acid, it can effectively suppress hydrolysis in an environment near room temperature. Hydrolysis on the ground when used as a dispersion for hydraulic fracturing This is extremely advantageous in preventing the fusion of particles due to the above.
- the polyoxalates when the polyoxalate copolymer containing the trifunctional copolymer unit described above is used as an easily hydrolyzable polymer, even if a part of the polyoxalate copolymer is exposed on the particle surface, The hydrolysis can be effectively suppressed, the particles can be more effectively prevented from fusing at the time of use on the ground, and the operability can be greatly improved.
- hydrolyzable resin obtained by blending the matrix resin and the easily hydrolyzable polymer as described above is blended with various known additives as necessary, like the polylactic acid and polyoxalate described above. It may be.
- Hydrolyzable particles made of the above-mentioned hydrolyzable resin and having a high sphericity and an appropriate particle size are produced by a dropping method using a dropping nozzle having a single tube structure or a multiple tube structure.
- Other methods are difficult to manufacture. For example, in the method of mechanically pulverizing a mass of a hydrolyzable resin, the sphericity of particles is naturally lowered.
- a method using a poor solvent or a method such as spray spraying causes the particle size to become too fine, and even in strand cutting by resin extrusion, the particle size is too small. It becomes extremely coarse. As described above, in the methods generally used in the past, the particle size cannot be adjusted to the above-described range (300 to 1000 ⁇ m) even if the particle size can be formed into a true sphere.
- the hydrolyzable particles used in the present invention are produced by a dropping method using a dropping nozzle, and a dropping type particle manufacturing apparatus used for such a dropping method is a simple one as shown in FIG. There are a tube structure and a multi-tube structure as shown in FIG.
- the liquid A is supplied to the nozzle of the single tube indicated by 5 and the droplet 7 of the liquid A is dropped from the tip thereof, and the receiving tank 9 is maintained while maintaining the droplet state. It is dripped.
- the above-described liquid material of the hydrolyzable resin (including a compounding agent appropriately blended) is used. It is possible to supply a hydrolyzable resin melt directly to the single tube nozzle 5 as such a liquid material (liquid A). However, the droplet 7 having a high viscosity and adjusted to a predetermined particle size is used. It becomes difficult to adjust the flow rate for dropping. Accordingly, it is preferable to adjust the viscosity to about 10 to 10000 mPa ⁇ sec (25 ° C.) using a predetermined organic solvent, and supply the organic solvent solution of the hydrolyzable resin as the liquid A.
- organic solvent used here examples include dichloromethane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetone, toluene, ethyl acetate, and the like.
- concentration of the organic solvent solution is preferably in the range of 10% to 70% by weight.
- the liquid droplets dropped from the tip of the single tube nozzle 5 as described above are dropped into the receiving tank 9.
- the receiving tank 9 is filled with a poor solvent of polyoxalate, such as water and methanol, and can be precipitated and solidified on the spot to obtain hydrolysable particles 11 having a target particle size.
- the dropping nozzle 5 is formed of the core tube 1 and the outer tube 3, and the droplet 7 dropped from the nozzle 5 is received in the receiving tank 9 as described above. It is dripped.
- the liquid A is supplied to the core tube 1 of the dropping nozzle 5 and the liquid B is supplied to the outer tube 3, so that the droplet 7 dropped from the nozzle 5 has the liquid A as a core.
- the capsule structure has the B liquid as a shell.
- the liquid of the hydrolyzable resin described above is used as the liquid A that forms the core of the droplet 7 as in FIG. 2, and the liquid B that forms the shell of the liquid droplet 7 is alginic acid.
- An aqueous solution of sodium is used. That is, this B liquid functions as a particle size adjusting agent that prevents fusion of hydrolyzable particles and maintains a constant particle size.
- the viscosity of the aqueous sodium alginate solution used as the liquid B is adjusted to be about 10 to 1000 mPa ⁇ sec (25 ° C.).
- the concentration of the aqueous solution is preferably in the range of about 1 to 5% by mass.
- the inner diameter of the tip of the nozzle 5 as described above (the inner diameter of the core tube 1 and the outer tube 3) is set to such a range that the diameter of the finally obtained particles is within the aforementioned range, and the A liquid and The supply speed of the B liquid is also set to be in an appropriate range, but it is usually desirable that the flow ratio of the A liquid and the B liquid is appropriately set.
- the droplet 7 dropped from the tip of the nozzle 5 as described above is dropped into the receiving tank 9.
- the receiving tank 9 is filled with an aqueous calcium chloride solution, whereby hydrolysable particles 10 covered with calcium alginate are deposited.
- hydrolysable particles 10 covered with calcium alginate are deposited.
- polylactic acid particles 11 in which the shell of the B liquid is removed from the particles 10 are obtained.
- Each of the hydrolysable particles 11 obtained using the dropping nozzles of FIGS. 3 and 4 is immediately recovered from the receiving tank 9 or 9 ′, and if it contains a solvent, it is appropriately poured into water to remove the solvent. Remove. This operation may be performed before removing the coated sodium alginate when encapsulation is performed using the apparatus of FIG. In general, the obtained particles are appropriately sieved to collect particles having a predetermined particle size, and further appropriately dried with hot air to be used as target polylactic acid particles.
- an example in which an aqueous sodium alginate solution is used as the liquid B forming the shell is not limited to this, but the liquid A is stably coated around the liquid droplets.
- Any aqueous solution of a salt or the like having an appropriate viscosity capable of preventing fusion between the A liquids can be used as the B liquid.
- the kind of aqueous solution stretched to the receiving tank 9 can also be selected suitably.
- the above-mentioned hydrolyzable particles can effectively avoid inconveniences such as dust scattering, are effectively prevented from being fused on the ground, and are easy to handle, and cracks formed during hydraulic fracturing It has a function of being introduced into the inside and temporarily closing the crack, and after a certain period of time, it hydrolyzes and disappears. Therefore, it is suitably used for the preparation of a drilling dispersion such as a fracturing fluid used in underground resource mining sites, and this polylactic acid particle and proppant are used as an aqueous dispersion medium fluid (specifically for mining shale gas). In other words, the fluid is mixed with water and used by injecting the fluid into a well formed underground.
- the proppant used together with the hydrolyzable particles is used for retaining the channel structure of cracks formed by the disappearance of the hydrolyzable particles as described above.
- Inorganic particles for example, clay
- the particle size thereof may be a size that can be quickly introduced into the crack, and specifically, in the range of 800 ⁇ m or less, like the hydrolyzable particles. It is sufficient that it has a size of 300 ⁇ m or more. This is because, when the particles are extremely fine, the effect of retaining cracks is reduced.
- guar gum or xanthone is added as a thickener to impart moderate viscosity to the water of the aqueous dispersion medium fluid to which the polylactic acid particles and proppant are added, and to promote the formation of cracks due to press-fitting. You can also keep it.
- salts such as calcium carbonate are dispersed as a water-dissipating agent, and a fluid is injected in this state to form a cake on the wall surface of the well. You can also. By forming such a cake, water can be prevented from penetrating into the ground from the wall surface of the well, and the collapse of the well can be effectively avoided.
- hydrolysable particles and proppant After the above described hydrolysable particles and proppant are injected, many cracks are generated and the disappearance of hydrolysable particles forms the channel structure of cracks maintained in proppant. A gas, for example shale gas, is collected.
- polylactic acid particles and proppant can be repeatedly press-fitted to promote the generation of more cracks.
- ⁇ Melting point measurement> apparatus DSC6220 (differential scanning calorimeter) manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.
- Sample preparation Sample amount 5-10mg Measurement condition: Measured in the range of 0 ° C to 250 ° C at a temperature increase rate of 10 ° C / min in a nitrogen atmosphere. The melting point was determined at the peak top.
- the liquid temperature in the flask was reduced at 200 ° C. and reduced pressure of 0.1 kPa to 0.8 kPa.
- the obtained polymer was taken out, granulated with a crusher, and crystallized by vacuum heat treatment at 120 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the physical properties of the obtained polymer (PEOx) were as follows. Melting point: 180 ° C Mw (weight average molecular weight): 70000 (Polymethyl methacrylate used as standard) Hydrolyzability (weight retention): 0%
- a polybutylene oxalate copolymer (PBOx copolymer) was synthesized by the same operation as the PBOx synthesis. 180 g of oxalic acid (2 mol) 216 g (2.4 mol) of 1,4-butanediol 0.442 g (0.0048 mol) of glycerin Mw (weight average molecular weight): 90000 (Polystyrene used as standard) Hydrolyzability (weight retention): 3%
- an encapsulating apparatus with a concentric nozzle (Encapsulator B-390 manufactured by Nihon Büch, core nozzle tip diameter 450 ⁇ m, shell nozzle tip diameter 900 ⁇ m) having a structure shown in FIG. 4 was prepared.
- the liquid A (10% PLA solution) is introduced into the core flow path (1), and the liquid B (1.5% sodium alginate aqueous solution) is introduced into the shell flow path (3) to obtain a 10% calcium chloride aqueous solution.
- the sodium alginate-coated PLA capsule (10) obtained above was once immersed in water to remove the solvent (dichloromethane) in the capsule, then immersed in a 55 mM aqueous sodium citrate solution for 1 day, and then an opening of 500 ⁇ m After collecting through a sieve, the particles were washed with water to obtain PLA particles. The roundness of the particles was 0.95, and the SEM photograph was as shown in FIG.
- an encapsulating apparatus with a concentric nozzle (Encapsulator B-390 manufactured by Nihon Büch, core nozzle tip diameter 450 ⁇ m, shell nozzle tip diameter 900 ⁇ m) having a structure shown in FIG. 4 was prepared.
- the liquid A (15% PBOx solution) is introduced into the core flow path (1), and the liquid B (1.5% sodium alginate aqueous solution) is introduced into the shell flow path (3) to obtain a 10% calcium chloride aqueous solution.
- the sodium alginate-coated PBOx capsule (10) obtained above was once immersed in water to remove the solvent (dichloromethane) in the capsule, then immersed in a 55 mM aqueous sodium citrate solution for one day, and then an opening of 150 ⁇ m After being collected through a sieve of, it was washed with water to obtain PBOx particles. The roundness of the particles was 0.95, and the SEM photograph was as shown in FIG.
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Abstract
Description
また、最近では、地下資源採取の際に使用される掘削液に加える添加剤としての使用も提案されている(特許文献1~3参照)。
一般に、坑井内に亀裂を生成するためには、水平坑井中でパーポレーションと呼ばれる予備爆破が行われる。このような予備爆破により、この坑井の深部に比較的大きな亀裂と共に、多数の小さな亀裂が生成する。この後、この坑井内に、掘削液(フラクチュアリング流体)を圧入することにより、これら亀裂に流体が流入し、これら亀裂に負荷が加えられることにより、資源の採取に好適な大きさ亀裂に成長していくこととなるのであるが、初めに形成された亀裂を、上記の加水分解性樹脂粒子により一時的に閉塞しておくことにより、その後の流体加圧により、さらに亀裂を効果的に形成することが可能となる。このように亀裂を一時的に閉塞するために流体中に添加される添加剤はダイバーティングエイジェント(diverting agent)と呼ばれている。
とくに、ポリ乳酸は安価であるという利点を有しており、特に大量に使用される採掘液としての用途に大きな期待が寄せられている。
しかるに、真球度が高く、しかも、水圧破砕に適した粒径を有している加水分解性粒子は、これまで知られておらず、しかも、このような粒子の形態についての検討もほとんどされていない。
本発明の他の目的は、上記の採掘方法に最も適した粒子形態を有する加水分解性粒子を提供することにある。
前記加水分解性粒子として、重量平均分子量(Mw)が5000以上、特に10000以上の加水分解性樹脂からなり且つ平均粒径(D50)が300~1000μmの範囲にあり、短径/長径比が0.8以上の真円度を有している球形状粒子を使用することを特徴とする採掘方法が提供される。
かかる加水分解性樹脂からなる加水分解性粒子は、何れも重量平均分子量が5000以上、特に10000以上であることを条件として、マトリックス樹脂と易加水分解性のポリマーの種類を選択することにより、70℃の水に168時間浸漬したときの重量保持率で加水分解性度を示したとき、前記加水分解性粒子は50%以下の重量保持率を示すと共に、該加水分解性粒子に含まれるマトリックス樹脂の重量保持率が90%以上となるように物性調整されていることが望ましい。
例えば、上記の物性調整は、前記マトリックス樹脂としてポリ乳酸を選択し、前記易加水分解性のポリマーとしてポリオキサレートを選択することにより実現できる。
上記の加水分解性粒子は、所定時間経過後は、加水分解して消失していき、この結果、亀裂内に地中のガスが流出し、亀裂から流れ出たガスを採取するわけであるが、上記のプロパントは、この亀裂を維持する機能を有する。即ち、加水分解性粒子が消失した後の亀裂内は空洞のチャンネル構造が形成されるため、地中の圧力によって崩壊し易くなってしまう。亀裂内に導入されたプロパントは、このような亀裂の崩壊を有効に防止し、これにより、亀裂を通しての資源ガスの採取を効率よく行うことができる。
即ち、本発明では、これまで製造されていなかったような粒子形態を有する加水分解性粒子、具体的には、平均粒径(D50)が300~1000μmの範囲にあり、短径/長径比が0.8以上の真円度を有していると共に、加水分解性樹脂の重量平均分子量(Mw)が5000以上(特に10000以上、より好ましくは50000以上)であるという特性を有しているため、亀裂内への導入を速やかに行うことができ(粒子径が一定の範囲にある)、一定期間は所定の粒子形状が維持され(重量平均分子量が一定の範囲以上である)、さらには、亀裂内に空隙が発生しないように密に充填でき(真円度が高い)、亀裂の一時的閉塞を有効に行うことができる。
本発明で用いる加水分解性粒子は、図1(ポリ乳酸製の粒子)及び図2(ポリオキサレート製の粒子)の顕微鏡写真に示されているように、高い真球度を有しており、例えば、短径/長径比で表される真円度が0.8以上、特に極めて1に近い。
また、この粒子は、レーザー回折散乱法によって測定される体積基準での平均粒径(D50)が300~1000μmの範囲にある。
例えば、真球度が上記範囲よりも低いと、亀裂内に導入できたとしても、亀裂を閉塞する機能が乏しく、亀裂内からのガスの流出を有効に抑制できず、流体圧によってさらに亀裂を形成する作業に支障を来してしまう。また、粒子径が上記範囲よりも大きいと、亀裂内への粒子の導入が困難となり、さらに、粒子径が上記範囲よりも小さいと、亀裂を効果的に閉塞することが困難となってしまうし、さらに、その取扱いに際して、粉塵飛散などの問題を生じ易くなってしまう。
このような加水分解性樹脂の代表的な例として、ポリ乳酸及びポリオキサレートを挙げることができ、特に好適な加水分解性樹脂は、海島分散構造を有する。以下、これらの加水分解性樹脂について説明する。
上記のような形態を有する加水分解性粒子の形成に使用されるポリ乳酸は、100%ポリ-L-乳酸或いは100%ポリ-D-乳酸の何れであってもよいし、ポリ-L-乳酸とポリ-D-乳酸の溶融ブレンド物でもよく、また、L-乳酸とD-乳酸とのランダム共重合体やブロック共重合体であってもよい。
さらに、ポリ乳酸の加水分解性が損なわれない範囲において、各種の共重合成分が少量共重合されたものであってもよい。このような共重合成分としては、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ブタンジオール、ヘキサンジオール、オクタンジオール、ドデカンジオール、ネオペンチルグリコール、グリセリン、ペンタエリスリトール、ソルビタン、ビスフェノールA、ポリエチレングリコールなどを例示することができ、の多価アルコール;シュウ酸、コハク酸、アジピン酸、セバシン酸、グルタル酸、デカンジカルボン酸、シクロヘキヘキサンジカルボン酸、テレフタル酸、イソフタル酸、アントラセンジカルボン酸などのジカルボン酸やそのジエステル;グリコール酸、L-乳酸、D-乳酸、ヒドロキシプロピオン酸、ヒドロキシ酪酸、ヒドロキシ吉草酸、ヒドロキシカプロン酸、マンデル酸、ヒドロキシ安息香酸などのヒドロキシカルボン酸;グリコリド、カプロラクトン、ブチロラクトン、バレロラクトン、ポロピオラクトン、ウンデカラクトンなどのラクトン類などが挙げられる。
ポリオキサレートは、シュウ酸エステルが連なった構造を有するポリエステルであり、加水分解によりシュウ酸を放出し、このシュウ酸が加水分解をさらに促進するため、高い加水分解性を示す。
上記主エステル単位の導入に使用されるシュウ酸ジエステルとしては、シュウ酸ジアルキルが好ましく、シュウ酸ジメチル、シュウ酸ジエチル、シュウ酸プロピル等の炭素数1~4のアルキル基が好ましい。最も好ましくは、エステル交換性等の観点から、シュウ酸ジメチル及びシュウ酸ジエチルである。
また、主エステル単位の導入に使用されるジアルコールとしては、エチレングリコール、1,3プロパンジオール、プロピレングリコール、ブタンジオール、ヘキサンジオール、オクタンジオール、ドデカンジオール、ネオペンチルグリコール、ビスフェノールA、シクロヘキサンジメタノールなどを例示することができる。これらの中では、長期加水分解性に優れ、環境に対する影響が少ないことなどから脂肪ジアルコール、特に直鎖の2価アルコールが好ましく、例えば、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ブタンジオール、ヘキサンジオール、オクタンジオール、ドデカンジオールである。特に、分岐状エステル共重合単位の導入による初期加水分解性抑制効果が高いという観点から、ブタンジオールが最適である。
さらに、主エステル単位中には、目的とする加水分解性が損なわれない範囲の、例えばシュウ酸当り20モル%以下、特に5モル%以下の量で、脂肪族環や芳香族環を有するジカルボン酸(例えばシクロヘキサンジカルボン酸やフタル酸など)が共重合されていてもよい。
P-(O-CO-CO)-r (2)
Q-(O-A-O)-r (3)
上記式中、
Pは、分岐状エステル共重合単位の導入に使用される3官能以上の
アルコールの残基であり、
Qは、分岐状エステル共重合単位の導入に使用される3官能以上の酸
の残基であり、
Aは、前記式(1)と同様、2価の有機基を示し、
rは、3官能以上のアルコールまたは酸の価数である、
で表される。
即ち、このような分岐状共重合単位が直鎖状主エステル単位中に導入されて分岐構造が形成されているため、このポリオキサレート共重合体は、初期加水分解性が抑制されながら、長期加水分解性が高いレベルに維持されるのである。
ここで、触媒としては、P,Ti、Ge、Zn、Fe,Sn、Mn,Co,Zr,V,Ir、La,Ce,Li,Ca、Hfなどの化合物が代表的であり、特に有機チタン化合物、有機スズ化合物が好ましく、例えばチタンアルコキシド、ジラウリン酸ジブチルスズ、ブチルチンヒドロキシドオキシドヒドレートなどが高活性で好適である。
なお、重縮合反応においては、熱劣化防止のため、必要であれば耐熱剤を添加してもよい。また重合を止める際に触媒活性失活剤を添加してもよい。
この後工程では、押出機を用いて、直鎖状のポリオキサレートを溶融中に、3官能以上の多官能成分を加えて溶融混合することにより、多官能成分を導入することもできる。
このタイプの加水分解性樹脂は、加水分解性のマトリックス樹脂(海状に存在している加水分解性樹脂)中に、該マトリックス樹脂よりも易加水分解性のポリマーの微細粒子(島状に存在している加水分解性樹脂)が分布している分散構造を有するものである。即ち、このような加水分解性樹脂粒子では、易加水分解性ポリマーが加水分解性粒子の加水分解性を調整する機能を有しており、この易加水分解性ポリマーがマトリックス樹脂により保護されており、易加水分解性ポリマーの加水分解が抑制されている。このため、易加水分解性ポリマーの加水分解に起因する粒子同士の融着を有効に防止することができ、その取扱い性に優れている。加水分解性粒子は、地下資源の採掘現場で流体中に混合されるものであることを考えると、このような取扱い性は、極めて重要な特性である。
即ち、上記の生分解性ポリエステルの中から、難加水分解性のものをマトリックス樹脂として使用し、マトリックス樹脂よりも易加水分解性のものが加水分解性調整用ポリマーとして使用されることとなる。
上述した加水分解性樹脂からなり且つ高い真球度と適度な大きさの粒子径を有する加水分解性粒子は、単管構造または多重管構造の滴下ノズルを用いての滴下方式によって製造され、これ以外の方法では、製造が困難である。
例えば、加水分解性樹脂の塊状物を機械的粉砕する方法では、当然のことながら、粒子の真球度が低くなってしまう。
また、真球状の粒子を製造する方法として、貧溶媒を用いるような方式やスプレー噴霧などの方式では、粒径が微細になりすぎてしまい、さらに、樹脂の押し出しによるストランドカットでも、粒子径が著しく粗大になってしまう。
このように、従来から一般的に採用されている方式では、粒子径を真球状に成形できたとしても、粒径を前述した範囲(300~1000μm)に調整することができない。
ここで使用される有機溶媒としては、例えば、ジクロロメタン、クロロホルム、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトン、トルエン、酢酸エチル等を挙げることができる。有機溶媒溶液の濃度は10重量%から70重量%の範囲にあるのが好ましい。
また、上記のようなノズル5の先端の内径(芯管1及び外管3の内径)は、最終的に得られる粒子の径が前述した範囲となる程度の範囲に設定され、且つA液及びB液の供給速度も適宜の範囲となるように設定されるが、通常、A液の流量とB液との流量比は、適宜設定されていることが望ましい。
受け槽9には、塩化カルシウム水溶液が張られており、これにより、アルギン酸カルシウムで覆われた加水分解性粒子10が析出する。このように析出した液滴10を、受け槽9’に張られているクエン酸ナトリウム水溶液に浸すことで粒子10からB液のシェルが除かれたポリ乳酸粒子11が得られる。
また、一般的には、得られた粒子は、適宜、篩にかけて所定粒径のものを捕集し、さらに、適宜、熱風乾燥することにより、目的とするポリ乳酸粒子として使用に供される。
上述した加水分解性粒子は、粉塵飛散などの不都合を有効に回避でき、地上での融着等が有効に防止されているため、その取扱いが容易であり、しかも、水圧破砕に際して形成される亀裂内に導入し且つ亀裂を一時的に閉塞する機能を有しており、一定期間経過後は加水分解して消失する。
従って、地下資源の採掘現場で用いられるフラクチュアリング流体などの掘削用分散液の調製に好適に使用され、特にシェールガスの採掘のため、このポリ乳酸粒子とプロパントとを水性分散媒流体(具体的には水)に混合し、該流体を地下に形成された坑井中に圧入することにより使用に供される。
装置:
セイコーインスツルメント株式会社製DSC6220(示差走査熱量
測定装置)
試料調整: 試料量5~10mg
測定条件:
窒素雰囲気下、10℃/minの昇温速度で0℃~250℃の範囲で
測定。
融点はピークトップで求めた。
装置:ゲル浸透クロマトグラフGPC
検出器:示差屈折率検出器RI
カラム:SuperMultipore HZ-M(2本)
溶媒:クロロホルム
流速:0.5mL/min
カラム温度:40℃
試料調製:
試料約10mgに溶媒3mLを加え、室温で放置した。目視で溶解していることを確認した後、0.45μmフィルターにて濾過した。全ての試料について、調製開始から約1時間以内に測定を行った。スタンダードはポリメチルメタクリレートまたはポリスチレンを用いた。
SEM観察で無作為に選んだ10の粒子について、短径/長径の平均値を算出し、真円度とした。
50mlのポリプロピレン(PP)瓶に、試料の粉体300mg(初期重量)、蒸留水40mlを加え、70℃のオーブンに静置保管した。168時間後に取りだし、乾燥させ、試料の重量を測定した。
下記式により、168時間後の加水分解性度を求めた。
加水分解性度=(168時間後の重量)/300×100
粉体は、試料重合体のペレットを岩谷産業株式会社製IMF-800DGで粉砕し、得られた粉末を目開き1mmのメッシュでパスし、一回目にパスした粉体を用いた。
マントルヒーター、液温の温度計、攪拌装置、窒素導入管、留出カラムを取り付けた1Lのセパラブルフラスコに、
シュウ酸 180g(2mol)
1,4-ブタンジオール 216g(2.4mol)
ジラウリン酸ジブチルスズ 0.24ml
を入れ,窒素気流下でフラスコ内の液温を120℃に加温し、常圧重合を行った。縮合水の留去が開始後、液温を150℃まで少しずつ昇温して常圧重合を行い、最終的に72mlの留去液を得た。
その後、フラスコ内の液温を段階的に230℃まで昇温し、0.1kPa~0.8kPaの減圧度で減圧重合を行った。得られたポリマーを取り出し、液体窒素で冷却し、クラッシャーで破砕造粒した。
得られたポリマー(PBOx)の物性は以下のとおりであった。
融点: 105℃
Mw(重量平均分子量):85800
(スタンダードとしてポリスチレン使用)
加水分解性度(重量保持率):3.5%
マントルヒーター、液温の温度計、攪拌装置、窒素導入管、留出カラムを取り付けた1Lのセパラブルフラスコに、
シュウ酸ジメチル 472g(4mol)
エチレングリコール 297g(4.8mol)
テトラブチルチタネート 0.40g
を入れ、窒素気流下でフラスコ内の液温を120℃に加温し、常圧重合を行った。
メタノールの留去が開始後、少しずつ液温を200℃まで昇温し常圧重合させ、最終的に260mlの留去液を得た。
その後、フラスコ内の液温を200℃、0.1kPa~0.8kPaの減圧度で減圧重合させた。得られたポリマーを取り出し、クラッシャーで造粒し、120℃で2時間真空加熱処理し結晶化させた。
得られたポリマー(PEOx)の物性は以下のとおりであった。
融点:180℃
Mw(重量平均分子量):70000
(スタンダードとしてポリメチルメタクリレート使用)
加水分解性度(重量保持率): 0%
PBOx合成と同様の操作により、ポリブチレンオキサレート共重合体(PBOx共重合体)を合成した。
シュウ酸 180g(2モル)
1,4-ブタンジオール 216g(2.4モル)
グリセリン 0.442g(0.0048モル)
Mw(重量平均分子量):90000
(スタンダードとしてポリスチレン使用)
加水分解性度(重量保持率):3%
ポリ乳酸(PLA)粒子の製造;
重量平均分子量(Mw)が20万の市販のPLA(Revode101)を用意した。
このPLAの重量保持率は90%であった。
上記のPLA(Revode101)のジクロロメタン溶液(濃度10重量%)を調製し、A液として用いた。また、1.5%アルギン酸ナトリウム水溶液をB液として用いた。
上記のA液(10%PLA溶液)をコア流路(1)に導入し、上記のB液(1.5%アルギン酸ナトリウム水溶液)をシェル流路(3)に導入し、10%塩化カルシウム水溶液が張られた受け槽(9)に滴下し、アルギン酸ナトリウム被覆PLAカプセル(10)を作製した。
この粒子の真円度は、0.95であり、そのSEM写真は、図1に示すとおりであった。
ポリブチレンオキサレート(PBOx)粒子の製造;
上記で得られたPBOxのジクロロメタン溶液(濃度15重量%)を調製し、A液として用いた。また、1.5%アルギン酸ナトリウム水溶液をB液として用いた。
上記のA液(15%PBOx溶液)をコア流路(1)に導入し、上記のB液(1.5%アルギン酸ナトリウム水溶液)をシェル流路(3)に導入し、10%塩化カルシウム水溶液が張られた受け槽(9)に滴下し、アルギン酸ナトリウム被覆PBOxカプセル(10)を作製した。
この粒子の真円度は、0.95であり、そのSEM写真は、図2に示すとおりであった。
リオキサレート共重合体粒子の製造;
上記で得られたポリオキサレート共重合体を用いた以外は、実験例2と同様にしてポリオキサレート共重合体粒子を得た。
この粒子の真円度は0.90であった。
海島構造を有する加水分解性樹脂よりなる粒子の製造;
先に製造したPEOx及び実験例1で用いた市販のポリ乳酸(PLA)を用意した。
ポリ乳酸0.95g、PEOx0.05g及びHFIP溶媒15mlを20mlのバイアル瓶に加え、溶解させた。溶解後、テフロン(登録商標)製のシャーレにキャストし、フィルムを作製した。
得られたフィルムを37℃の水中に2日間浸漬させ、表面のPEOxを加水分解させた。そのフィルムをSEM観察し、図5に示した(図1)。
図5の黒い箇所はPEOxが抜けてできた空間で、ポリ乳酸のマトリックス樹脂中に、平均粒径2μmのPEOx粒子が分布していたことを確認した。
上記のポリ乳酸とPEOxを使用し、実験例3と同様にして粒子を製造した。
この粒子の真円度は0.90であった。
海島構造を有する加水分解性樹脂よりなる粒子の製造;
先に製造されたポリオキサレート共重合体とポリ乳酸を用いた以外は、実験例4と全く同様にして粒子を製造した。
この粒子の真円度は0.90であった。
3:外管
5:滴下用多重管ノズル
7:液滴
9:受け槽
Claims (14)
- 加水分解性粒子とプロパントとを水性分散媒流体に混合し、該流体を地下に形成された坑井中に圧入する工程を含む地下資源の採掘方法において、
前記加水分解性粒子として、重量平均分子量(Mw)が5000以上の加水分解性樹脂からなり且つ平均粒径(D50)が300~1000μmの範囲にあり、短径/長径比が0.8以上の真円度を有している球形状粒子を使用することを特徴とする採掘方法。 - 前記加水分解性樹脂が重量平均分子量(Mw)が10000以上のポリ乳酸である請求項1に記載の採掘方法。
- 前記加水分解性樹脂がポリオキサレートである請求項1に記載の採掘方法。
- 前記ポリオキサレートが、3官能以上のアルコールもしくは酸に由来する分岐状共重合単位を有している請求項3に記載の採掘方法。
- 前記加水分解性樹脂が、加水分解性のマトリックス樹脂中に該マトリックス樹脂よりも易加水分解性のポリマーの微細粒子が分布している分散構造を有している請求項1に記載の採掘方法。
- 70℃の水に168時間浸漬したときの重量保持率で加水分解性度を示したとき、前記加水分解性粒子は50%以下の重量保持率を示すと共に、該加水分解性粒子に含まれるマトリックス樹脂の重量保持率が90%以上である請求項5に記載の採掘方法。
- 前記マトリックス樹脂がポリ乳酸であり、前記易加水分解性のポリマーがポリオキサレートである請求項6に記載の採掘方法。
- 前記ポリオキサレートが、3官能以上のアルコールもしくは酸に由来する分岐状共重合単位を有している請求項7に記載の採掘方法。
- 重量平均分子量(Mw)が10000以上の加水分解性樹脂からなり、平均粒径(D50)が300~1000μmの範囲にあり、短径/長径比が0.8以上の真円度の球状形状を有していることを特徴とする地下資源の採掘に使用される加水分解性粒子。
- 前記加水分解性樹脂がポリオキサレートを含む請求項9に記載の加水分解性粒子。
- 前記ポリオキサレートが、3官能以上のアルコールもしくは酸に由来する分岐状共重合単位を有している請求項10に記載の加水分解性粒子。
- 前記加水分解性樹脂が、加水分解性のマトリックス樹脂中に該マトリックス樹脂よりも易加水分解性のポリマーの微細粒子が分布している分散構造を有している請求項9に記載の加水分解性粒子。
- 70℃の水に168時間浸漬したときの重量保持率で加水分解性度を示したとき、前記加水分解性粒子は50%以下の重量保持率を示すと共に、該加水分解性粒子に含まれるマトリックス樹脂の重量保持率が90%以上である請求項12に記載の加水分解性粒子。
- 前記マトリックス樹脂がポリ乳酸であり、前記易加水分解性のポリマーがポリオキサレートである請求項13に記載の加水分解性粒子。
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- 2016-02-04 US US15/545,446 patent/US11104840B2/en active Active
- 2016-02-04 AU AU2016217105A patent/AU2016217105B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN107208474A (zh) | 2017-09-26 |
US20180010037A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
US11104840B2 (en) | 2021-08-31 |
CA2975073C (en) | 2019-10-15 |
EP3258058A4 (en) | 2018-10-10 |
EP3258058A1 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
AU2016217105A1 (en) | 2017-08-10 |
CA2975073A1 (en) | 2016-08-18 |
RU2681170C1 (ru) | 2019-03-04 |
AU2016217105B2 (en) | 2019-01-17 |
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