WO2016125695A1 - Procédé pour prévoir la résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse, et dispositif d'évaluation de performance de surface - Google Patents

Procédé pour prévoir la résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse, et dispositif d'évaluation de performance de surface Download PDF

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WO2016125695A1
WO2016125695A1 PCT/JP2016/052612 JP2016052612W WO2016125695A1 WO 2016125695 A1 WO2016125695 A1 WO 2016125695A1 JP 2016052612 W JP2016052612 W JP 2016052612W WO 2016125695 A1 WO2016125695 A1 WO 2016125695A1
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roughness
frictional resistance
calculated
equation
projected area
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PCT/JP2016/052612
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
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紘央 三重野
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中国塗料株式会社
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Priority to KR1020177022006A priority Critical patent/KR101931465B1/ko
Priority to DK16746526.9T priority patent/DK3255410T3/da
Priority to EP16746526.9A priority patent/EP3255410B1/fr
Priority to US15/548,539 priority patent/US10458898B2/en
Priority to SG11201706238RA priority patent/SG11201706238RA/en
Priority to CN201680008646.1A priority patent/CN107209105B/zh
Publication of WO2016125695A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016125695A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
    • G01N19/02—Measuring coefficient of friction between materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
    • G01B11/0608—Height gauges
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
    • G01B11/303—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces using photoelectric detection means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
    • G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/347—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells using displacement encoding scales
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
    • G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
    • G01N2013/0216—Investigating surface tension of liquids by measuring skin friction or shear force

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for predicting an increase in frictional resistance of a rough surface in contact with a fluid, which is simple, without individual differences, and in which an evaluation result can be obtained quickly, and a frictional resistance increase evaluation apparatus using the prediction method.
  • the present inventors have intensively studied a method and an apparatus capable of predicting an increase in frictional resistance of rough surfaces having different wavelengths for fluids having different flow velocities. As a result, the inventors have found that the following configuration can predict an increase in frictional resistance due to rough surfaces having different wavelengths, and have completed the present invention.
  • the total exposed roughness projected area A per unit area exposed from the thickness of the viscous bottom layer (hereinafter referred to as “exposed roughness projected area A”) is evaluated.
  • a frictional resistance prediction method for a rough surface wherein the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) is calculated by the following formula (1) or the frictional resistance increase ⁇ is calculated by the following formula (2).
  • the coefficient C is a constant depending on the exposure roughness projected area A, and a friction resistance test is performed on a plurality of rough surfaces having different roughnesses by changing the flow velocity V in advance. %) are those obtained by measuring the.
  • Note frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) is the difference tau r-tau 0 frictional resistance tau 0 frictional resistance tau r and smooth the rough surface divided by tau 0 Percentage.
  • the coefficient C r is a constant that depends on the fluid density ⁇ , the exposed roughness projected area A, and the flow velocity V, and the friction resistance test is performed by changing the flow velocity V for a plurality of rough surfaces having different roughnesses in advance.
  • the frictional resistance increase ⁇ was measured and obtained from the relationship of equation (2).
  • the frictional resistance increase ⁇ is a difference ⁇ r ⁇ 0 between the frictional resistance ⁇ r of the rough surface and the frictional resistance ⁇ 0 of the smooth surface.
  • ⁇ s is the thickness of the viscous bottom layer, and is obtained by a frictional resistance test of the smooth surface.
  • the frictional velocity u * is calculated from the frictional resistance ⁇ 0 of the smooth surface according to the equation (5).
  • FIR % Or a value that increases the correlation coefficient between ⁇ and the exposure roughness projection area A is selected.
  • Ra arithmetic mean roughness
  • ⁇ roughness wavelength
  • RSm roughness curve element average length
  • R roughness height
  • formula The method for predicting the frictional resistance of the rough surface according to [1], wherein the value of the projected projection area A of the exposure roughness calculated using 6) is used.
  • the thickness ⁇ s of the viscous bottom layer used to calculate the exposure roughness projected area A is determined by the frictional resistance test of the smooth surface, and from the frictional resistance ⁇ 0 of the smooth surface by the above equation (3).
  • the friction velocity u * is calculated, and the equation (1) among the values of ⁇ s calculated using the dimensionless distance y + (2 ⁇ y + ⁇ 8) and the kinematic viscosity coefficient ⁇ of the target fluid according to the equation (4).
  • a value that increases the correlation coefficient between FIR (%) or ⁇ and the exposure roughness projection area A is selected.
  • [6] An apparatus for evaluating surface performance by the prediction method according to any one of [1] to [5], A measuring section for measuring the roughness height R and the average length RSm of the roughness curve elements; Surface roughness characterized by comprising an exposure roughness projected area A and a calculation means for calculating the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) by the above equation (1) or the frictional resistance increase ⁇ by the above equation (2). Evaluation device.
  • the measurement unit reads the moving distance with a rotary encoder or linear encoder, and the displacement with a laser displacement meter using a two-dimensional beam, and measures the roughness height R of the three-dimensional shape and the average length RSm of the roughness curve element.
  • the surface performance evaluation apparatus according to [6].
  • the present invention it is possible to directly calculate the increase in frictional resistance due to roughness in fluids with different flow velocities by a very simple method of simply evaluating the roughness. By using this method, it is possible to determine the surface treatment grade and surface treatment method in contact with the fluid at the target flow velocity.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing changes in ⁇ s due to changes in flow velocity on rough surfaces having different roughness wavelengths.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for calculating the exposed projected area a from the viscous bottom layer ⁇ s using Rc.
  • FIG. 5 shows the relationship between Rc and roughness parameters Rz, Ra, Rq, RZJIS.
  • FIG. 6 shows a relationship diagram of Ra and roughness parameters Rz, Rc, Rq, RZJIS.
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of surface roughness measurement using a two-dimensional beam.
  • the present invention evaluates the total exposed roughness projection area A per unit area exposed from the thickness of the viscous bottom layer, and calculates the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) or the frictional resistance increase ⁇ , thereby depending on the rough surface. This is a method for predicting an increase in frictional resistance.
  • Rc is the average height of the roughness curve element
  • Ra is the arithmetic average roughness, and these are measured according to JIS B0601: 2001 (ISO 4287: 1997). Since the average height Rc of the roughness curve element is the average of the roughness heights appearing in the cross-sectional curve, the exposure roughness projection area A is shown below using the roughness height Rc, RSm, and the viscous bottom layer height ⁇ s. It can be calculated in a procedure.
  • the single exposed roughness projected area a exposed from the viscous bottom layer is a projected area of a cone, it becomes a triangular area of height h and base l. It is calculated using 0.5 ⁇ h ⁇ l as follows. Since l is calculated using RS in FIG. 4 and RSm ⁇ 2x, and h is calculated as Rc ⁇ s, the equation (3) is expressed using Rc and RSm. Is finally shown in the form (9).
  • the exposure roughness projection area A is calculated in the form of (11) by multiplying the single exposure roughness projection area a exposed from the viscous bottom layer by the roughness number N per unit area calculated by the equation (10).
  • Ra is the arithmetic average roughness, which is a value obtained by folding the roughness curve f (x) from the center line and dividing the area obtained by the roughness curve and the center line by the length, as shown in equation (12). Since it is calculated, it can be regarded as a projected area per unit length. Therefore, as shown in Expression (13), if ⁇ s is reduced, the exposure roughness projected area a exposed from the viscous bottom layer is obtained. Assuming that the number N per unit area of the projected area of the unit length is 1 / RSm in the same manner as the equation (10), the exposure roughness projected area A is calculated by the equation (15). Is done.
  • Roughness Measurement Such roughness measurement is evaluated using a surface roughness measuring device such as a contact type, a non-contact type, a manual method, and an automatic method. Usually, a stylus type or a laser displacement type is preferable in terms of simplicity and the like. Above all, if the laser displacement meter uses a line laser (ultra-high-speed inline profile measuring instrument LJ-V7000 series) or the like, three-dimensional measurement can be performed quickly. The obtained data may be stored or analog / digital processed inside the displacement meter.
  • LJ-V7000 series ultra-high-speed inline profile measuring instrument
  • the cross-sectional curve As it is, but when there is an influence of waviness of a wavelength of 10,000 ⁇ m or more, the cut-off value (in accordance with JIS B 0601: 2001 (ISO 4287: 1997))
  • a roughness curve can be obtained by inserting a high-pass filter having a wavelength ⁇ c of 10,000 ⁇ or more.
  • the evaluation length and cut-off value ⁇ c required for accurately evaluating the roughness are 10,000 ⁇ m or more, and the measurement interval is 500 ⁇ m or less.
  • the measurement interval is 500 ⁇ m
  • the minimum wavelength that can be measured is 2,000 ⁇ m.
  • the measurement error of the low wavelength roughness is increased, it is practically about 250 ⁇ m. If the measurement interval is reduced, it takes a long time to measure and, as a result, the influence of a wavelength with a low roughness height, which is not related to an increase in frictional resistance, appears.
  • the measurement interval is desirable to change the measurement interval (resolution) according to the wavelength of roughness.
  • the frictional resistance test is performed by any of the towing test, the circular tube test, the double cylinder test, and the cavitation water tank.
  • the frictional resistance ⁇ r (N / m 2 ) of the rough surface at each speed when the roughness cylinder is rotated under the same conditions and the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (% ).
  • the thickness of the viscous bottom layer ⁇ s at each speed is obtained by a frictional resistance test on the smooth surface.
  • the frictional speed u * is calculated from the smooth surface frictional resistance ⁇ 0 at each speed by the equation (17), and the thickness is calculated by the equation (18).
  • FIR (%) or A value that increases the correlation coefficient between ⁇ and the exposure roughness projection area A is selected.
  • u * is the friction velocity
  • ⁇ is the kinematic viscosity coefficient
  • ⁇ is the fluid density
  • the slope C in equation (19) varies depending on the type of roughness height R and the frictional resistance test method. A surface having different roughnesses was prepared in advance, and the frictional resistance was evaluated by a frictional resistance test with different flow speeds. The constant in equation (19) was calculated from the relationship between the projected roughness A and the measured FIR (%). Find C.
  • Rc or Ra and the average length RSm of the roughness curve element are measured for the roughness surface using the constant C obtained in advance, and the exposure roughness is measured using the viscous bottom layer thickness ⁇ s at the smooth surface of the target flow velocity.
  • the drag force (F) of the fluid is said to be proportional to the projected area S, the fluid density ⁇ , and the flow velocity V, and the drag coefficient C D is expressed by the equation (20) based on the roughness. Can be calculated. Therefore the frictional resistance increase ⁇ by roughness was calculated by the equation (21), a ⁇ and the force F, the frictional resistance coefficient C r roughness using exposure roughness projection area A and the flow velocity V and the fluid density ⁇ has the formula Calculated by (22).
  • the flow velocity is halved at the center between the outer cylinder and the inner cylinder, and the flow velocity is simply calculated by Equation (23).
  • the method for calculating the flow velocity is appropriately selected according to the friction resistance test method. Is possible.
  • the surface performance evaluation apparatus uses the above-described prediction method, and measures the roughness R by the height R and the average length RSm of the roughness curve elements, and equations (2), ( 3) is used to calculate the exposure roughness projection area A, the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) using equation (19), and the frictional resistance increase ⁇ (N / m 2 ) using equation (24). ) Is provided.
  • this surface evaluation apparatus it is possible to easily predict the increase rate of the frictional resistance on the roughness surface and to evaluate the surface performance.
  • Example 1 EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although this invention is demonstrated in more detail based on an Example, this invention is not limited to these Examples at all.
  • Example 1 Using double cylinder test, 0.5 ⁇ (Rc ⁇ s) 2 / (Rc ⁇ RSm) is used as the exposure roughness projected area A.
  • the average height Rc and roughness curve element of the element was calculated from the average length RSm and the viscous bottom layer thickness ⁇ s, and the relationship between the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) was evaluated.
  • the surface roughness of the inner cylinder on which the coating film was formed was measured with a laser displacement meter starting from 5 mm to the lower part of the test body and measuring 58 lines at intervals of 5 mm up to the upper part. Displacement data was acquired every 250 ⁇ m, and 4,000 points of data were acquired between 1,000 mm. As a result, the measurement interval became 250 ⁇ m. After the measurement data for one line was divided into 33 pieces with an evaluation length of 30 mm, the sectional curve was calculated by subtracting the approximate curve based on the root mean square. Fifteen test inner tubes A to O were prepared.
  • Rz maximum height roughness
  • RZJIS ten-point average roughness
  • Rc average height of roughness curve elements
  • Ra arithmetic average roughness
  • Rq root mean square roughness
  • Table 1 shows the measurement results of Rz, RZJIS, Rc, Ra, Rq, Rsk, Rku and RSm in the cylinders A to O measured using the double cylinder device. Only the cylinder A in Table 1 has an extremely short wavelength, and the method with the above measurement interval of 250 ⁇ m has a low roughness and a long wavelength. Therefore, using a laser displacement meter with a measurement interval of 50 ⁇ m, 1 of 30 mm ⁇ 30 mm The location was remeasured.
  • the frictional resistance increase rate FIR (%) at 500 to 1000 (rpm) of the inner cylinder on which each rough surface was formed was calculated by the equation (16) and shown in Table 4.
  • the exposure roughness projected area A was calculated using Equation (1) using the thickness ⁇ s of the viscous bottom layer in Table 3 and the average height Rc of each cylindrical element in Table 1, and is shown in Table 6.
  • Example 2 Friction Resistance Test Using (Ra- ⁇ s) / RSm as the exposed roughness projected area A
  • the friction resistance measurement method and roughness measurement method use the method described in [Example 1].
  • the exposure roughness projected area A was calculated using Equation (2) using the thickness ⁇ s of the viscous bottom layer in Table 7 and the average height Ra of the elements of each cylinder in Table 1, and is shown in Table 8.
  • Example 4 Calculate the square of 0.5 ⁇ fluid density ⁇ ⁇ exposure roughness projection area A ⁇ flow velocity V using the flow velocity V, fluid density ⁇ , and the exposure roughness projection area A of Table 6 calculated in [Example 1].
  • Table 10 shows. It should be noted that the flow velocity V used here is shown in the upper part of Table 10, assuming that the flow velocity is halved at the center between the outer cylinder and the inner cylinder in the case of the double cylinder test, using the formula (23). Yes.
  • FIG. 9 shows an example of a surface roughness measuring instrument using a Keyence Corporation LJ-V7080 as a displacement meter measurement unit using a two-dimensional beamline laser and a Keyence Corporation optical scale VP-90 as a moving distance reading unit. is there.
  • the displacement can be recorded at a measurement interval of about 50 ⁇ m using a light scale by a scale attached to the wheel, and a three-dimensional shape can be output.
  • a three-dimensional measuring instrument that can quickly measure the surface roughness.
  • the projected roughness area and quantity in the flow direction can be measured at once by this configuration, the exposed roughness projected area A can be obtained very quickly, so that data for resistance prediction can be acquired.

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Abstract

La présente invention vise à fournir un procédé pour prévoir le taux d'augmentation de résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse, avec lequel des résultats d'évaluation sont obtenus facilement et rapidement, et sans différences individuelles. À cet effet, l'invention concerne un procédé pour prévoir la résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse qui est caractérisé en ce qu'une surface rugueuse, ayant différentes longueurs d'onde de rugosité lors d'un contact avec des fluides à différentes vitesses d'écoulement, est évaluée par rapport à une aire projetée de rugosité exposée totale A (ci-après désignée par "aire projetée de rugosité exposée A") par unité d'aire exposée à partir de l'épaisseur de sous-couche visqueuse, et un taux d'augmentation de résistance de frottement FIR (%) est calculé à partir de l'équation suivante (1), ou une augmentation de résistance de frottement Δτ est calculée à partir de l'équation suivante (2). FIR (%) = C × A (1) (dans l'équation (1), le coefficient C est une constante qui dépend de l'aire projetée de rugosité exposée A, et est dérivée par la réalisation à l'avance de tests de résistance de frottement sur une pluralité de surfaces rugueuses ayant des rugosités différentes tout en faisant varier la vitesse d'écoulement V, et la mesure du taux d'augmentation de résistance de frottement FIR (%). Le taux d'augmentation de résistance de frottement FIR (%) est le pourcentage obtenu en divisant la différence τr - τ0 entre la résistance de frottement τr d'une surface rugueuse et la résistance de frottement τ0 d'une surface lisse, par τ0. Dans l'équation (2), le coefficient Cr est une constante dépendant de la densité du fluide ρ, de l'aire projetée de rugosité exposée A, et de la vitesse d'écoulement V, et est calculée à partir de la relation de l'équation (2), par la réalisation à l'avance de tests de résistance de frottement sur une pluralité de surfaces rugueuses ayant des rugosités différentes tout en faisant varier la vitesse d'écoulement V, et la mesure de l'augmentation de résistance de frottement Δτ. L'augmentation de la résistance de frottement Δτ est la différence τr - τ0 entre la résistance de frottement τr d'une surface rugueuse et la résistance de frottement τ0 d'une surface lisse.
PCT/JP2016/052612 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 Procédé pour prévoir la résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse, et dispositif d'évaluation de performance de surface WO2016125695A1 (fr)

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KR1020177022006A KR101931465B1 (ko) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 조면의 마찰저항 예측방법 및 표면성능 평가장치
DK16746526.9T DK3255410T3 (da) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige friktionsmodstand af en ru overflade og en indretning til evaluering af overfladepræstation
EP16746526.9A EP3255410B1 (fr) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 Procédé pour prévoir la résistance de frottement d'une surface rugueuse, et dispositif d'évaluation de performance de surface
US15/548,539 US10458898B2 (en) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 Method for predicting frictional resistance of rough surface, and apparatus for estimating surface performance
SG11201706238RA SG11201706238RA (en) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 Method for predicting frictional resistance of rough surface, and apparatus for estimating surface performance
CN201680008646.1A CN107209105B (zh) 2015-02-05 2016-01-29 粗糙面的摩擦阻力预测方法及表面性能评价装置

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JP2015021306A JP6482888B2 (ja) 2015-02-05 2015-02-05 粗面の摩擦抵抗予測方法および表面性能評価装置
JP2015-021306 2015-02-05

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CN112257316B (zh) * 2020-10-22 2024-02-02 华中科技大学 一种预测燃料电池密封寿命的方法
CN113091689B (zh) * 2021-03-01 2023-05-02 江苏兴达钢帘线股份有限公司 一种柱状线材表面粗糙度测量方法

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JP2016142719A (ja) 2016-08-08
SG11201706238RA (en) 2017-08-30
CN107209105A (zh) 2017-09-26
KR101931465B1 (ko) 2018-12-20
EP3255410A4 (fr) 2018-07-18
US10458898B2 (en) 2019-10-29
US20180017482A1 (en) 2018-01-18
JP6482888B2 (ja) 2019-03-13
EP3255410A1 (fr) 2017-12-13
DK3255410T3 (da) 2020-03-23
EP3255410B1 (fr) 2020-02-26
CN107209105B (zh) 2020-07-14

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