WO2016106610A1 - 多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3d打印设备 - Google Patents

多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3d打印设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016106610A1
WO2016106610A1 PCT/CN2014/095689 CN2014095689W WO2016106610A1 WO 2016106610 A1 WO2016106610 A1 WO 2016106610A1 CN 2014095689 W CN2014095689 W CN 2014095689W WO 2016106610 A1 WO2016106610 A1 WO 2016106610A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser
milling
processing platform
printing apparatus
powder
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PCT/CN2014/095689
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
徐毅
李军旗
聂炎
Original Assignee
深圳市圆梦精密技术研究院
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Application filed by 深圳市圆梦精密技术研究院 filed Critical 深圳市圆梦精密技术研究院
Priority to PCT/CN2014/095689 priority Critical patent/WO2016106610A1/zh
Publication of WO2016106610A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016106610A1/zh

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
    • B23C3/36—Milling milling-cutters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C5/00—Milling-cutters
    • B23C5/26—Securing milling cutters to the driving spindle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P23/00—Machines or arrangements of machines for performing specified combinations of different metal-working operations not covered by a single other subclass
    • B23P23/04—Machines or arrangements of machines for performing specified combinations of different metal-working operations not covered by a single other subclass for both machining and other metal-working operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of 3D printing equipment, in particular to multi-axis milling processing and laser melting composite 3D printing equipment.
  • Metal fused 3D printing technology (Selective Laser Melting, SLM) is a high-brightness laser that directly melts the metal powder material without the need for a binder.
  • SLM Selective Laser Melting
  • the 3D model directly forms an arbitrarily complex structural part equivalent to that of the casting.
  • the metal-melting 3D printing technology can form parts that reach the casting strength level, the shape of the formed parts is large and the surface finish is not high. Thus, the formed parts need to be processed twice by conventional machining methods. Processing can get the shape and surface accuracy required by the aerospace manufacturing industry. Most parts of the aerospace industry, such as engine nozzles, blades, honeycomb combustion chambers, etc., are generally complex thin-wall or lattice sandwich structures, or larger-sized shapes, or free-form surfaces, etc. When the parts processed by the metal-melting 3D printing technology are placed in the machine for secondary processing, the following problems exist:
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a multi-axis milling processing and a laser-melting composite 3D printing device, aiming at solving the prior art, the parts processed by the metal-melting 3D printing technology are subjected to secondary processing on the machine tool, and the clamping is difficult and the processing error is large. , parts are variability and difficult to process.
  • the present invention is achieved by a multi-axis milling process and a laser-melt composite 3D printing apparatus comprising a base having a processing platform vertically movable thereon; the base being provided with a metal powder for laying Forming a powder coating structure of a metal powder layer on the processing platform, the powder laying structure is located at a front end of the processing platform; and a laser beam is disposed above the processing platform to perform a metal powder layer on the processing platform a laser emitting structure that is melt processed to form a single or multiple layers of approximate shape and a milling head that is movable in a three-dimensional space, the milling head having a single layer or more that is rotatable and oscillating and formed on the processing platform A milling tool that performs a milling operation with a layer-like body member.
  • the base is provided with two guide rails arranged side by side, the processing platform is located between the two guide rails;
  • the powder laying structure comprises a scraper and a powder storage box, and the two ends of the scraper respectively Actively connected to the two guide rails, a gap between the lower end of the scraper and the processing platform;
  • the powder storage tank has a powder storage chamber with an upper end opening and used for installing metal powder, and the base is provided with a through hole in which an upper end of the powder storage chamber is aligned;
  • a powder moving chamber of the powder storage tank is provided with a vertical movement and a powder conveying table for transporting metal powder to the base, the powder conveying powder
  • the stages are respectively arranged in alignment with the upper end opening and the through hole of the powder storage chamber.
  • two sides of the processing platform are respectively provided with sensors for detecting the thickness of the metal powder layer laid on the processing platform.
  • the laser emitting structure includes a laser generator that emits a laser beam and a plurality of polarizers that are arranged in rotation and used to reflect the laser beam, and the plurality of the polarizers are spaced apart on a transmission path of the laser beam.
  • the two guide rails are movably connected with a gantry
  • the gantry includes two spaced apart connecting arms and a cross beam, and the lower ends of the two connecting arms are movably connected to the two rails respectively.
  • the two ends of the beam are respectively connected to the upper ends of the two connecting arms;
  • the beam is movably connected with a moving terminal of the beam moving, and the moving terminal is connected with a driving motor for driving the vertical movement of the milling head.
  • the milling head is coupled to the drive motor.
  • the milling head includes the milling cutter and a rotating shaft arranged in rotation, the rotating shaft is coupled to the driving motor, and the upper end of the milling cutter is connected with a connecting shaft driven by a rotating motor, the connection The shaft is rotated through the rotating shaft.
  • a lower end of the rotating shaft is formed with a notch having a lower end opening
  • the connecting shaft is disposed in the notch
  • an upper end of the milling cutter is disposed in the notch
  • a lower end thereof extends outside the notch
  • the notch extends through both side walls of the rotating shaft to form two oppositely disposed side openings.
  • the multi-axis milling and laser-melting composite 3D printing apparatus further includes a recovery tank having a recovery chamber for recovering metal powder on the susceptor, the recovery tank being located at the base Below the seat, a recovery port communicating with the recovery chamber is disposed in the base.
  • the recovery port is located at a rear end of the processing platform along a moving direction of the doctor blade.
  • the multi-axis milling processing and the laser-melting composite 3D printing device processing parts use the laser beam to melt the metal powder layer layer by layer, and then use the milling tool to mill the single or multi-layer approximate body.
  • the cycle repeats until the part is finished.
  • the 3D printing device integrates the traditional milling-based demolition precision machining with the incremental stack manufacturing process based on laser beam fusion 3D printing, which can overcome the traditional 3D printing.
  • the defects of the technology in terms of size and shape accuracy can also overcome the constraints of the machining process on the complexity of the components. In this way, it is not necessary to perform secondary processing on the processed parts, avoiding the current difficulties in clamping and large processing errors.
  • the problem of deformation and difficult processing of parts during processing opens up a wider application space for 3D printing technology and provides new methods and means for the manufacture of core precision parts in the aerospace industry.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a multi-axis milling process and a laser-melt composite 3D printing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a milling head according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is an enlarged schematic view showing a portion A in Fig. 1.
  • the 3D printing apparatus 1 provided by the present invention combines multi-axis milling processing and laser melting, and can be used for molding various parts, such as parts required for the aerospace manufacturing industry.
  • the multi-axis milling and laser-melting 3D printing apparatus 1 includes a susceptor 100, a powder spreading structure, a laser emitting structure 101, and a milling head 108, wherein the susceptor 100 serves as a foundation for the entire 3D printing apparatus 1, and serves as a carrier.
  • the processing platform 109 is disposed on the 100 in the vertical direction, and the metal powder is laid on the processing platform 109; the powder laying structure is disposed on the base 100, which is located at the front end of the processing platform 109, and the powder laying structure is used for metal
  • the powder or the like is transported onto the processing platform 109, and the metal powder forms a metal powder layer on the processing platform 109;
  • the laser emitting structure 101 is located above the processing platform 109 for emitting a laser beam that can move in a horizontal plane, and the laser beam is used for the laser beam
  • the metal powder layer formed on the processing platform 109 is melt processed to form a single layer or multiple layers of approximate shapes; the milling head 108 is located above the processing platform 109, which can move stereoscopically in space, and the milling head 108 has Milling a milling tool 1085 that can swing and rotate, and the milling tool 1085 is used to form a single or multiple layers of melt formed on the processing platform 109 For milling.
  • the XY plane parallel to the processing platform 109 is set to a horizontal plane, the Z direction is a vertical direction, and the plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane is a vertical plane, so that the processing platform 109 can move up and down in the Z direction.
  • the laser beam emitted by the laser emitting structure 101 is then moved in the XY plane, and the milling head 108 can be moved in the X, Y, Z directions, and for the milling tool 1085, it can move stereoscopically in space with the milling head 108, and It can rotate and oscillate itself, so that for the milling tool 1085, it has multi-axis machining characteristics.
  • the laser emitting structure 101 is used to emit a laser beam molten metal powder layer for 3D printing, and the laser beam emitted from the laser emitting structure 101 by the milling tool 1085 of the milling head 108 is used.
  • the single-layer or multi-layer approximation of the secondary processing is milled, and the 3D printing technology and milling are integrated.
  • the powder coating structure transports the metal powder to the processing platform 109, and is laid on the processing platform 109 to form a metal powder layer; according to the 3D printing technology, the laser beam emitted by the laser emitting structure 101 is applied to the metal powder on the processing platform 109.
  • step 1) the laser beam emitted by the laser emitting structure 101 is moved in a horizontal plane, and a single layer or a plurality of layers are formed in the metal powder layer on the processing platform 109; in the step 2), the milling tool 1085 is used in the three-dimensional Space movement as well as rotation and oscillation can be used to mill all types of single or multi-layer approximations.
  • the multi-axis milling processing and the laser-melting composite 3D printing apparatus 1 provided by the embodiment are used to process the parts, and the metal powder layer is melted layer by layer by the laser beam, and then the single-layer or multi-layer approximate body is milled by the milling cutter 1085, and the cycle is repeated.
  • the 3D printing device integrates the traditional milling-based demolition precision machining with the incremental stack manufacturing process based on laser beam melting 3D printing, which can overcome the traditional 3D printing technology in size. And the defects in shape accuracy, etc., can also overcome the constraints on the complexity of the machining of the parts, so that it is not necessary to perform secondary processing on the processed parts, avoiding the current difficulties in clamping, large machining errors, and processing.
  • the deformation of parts and the difficulty of processing have opened up a wider application space for 3D printing technology, providing new methods and means for the manufacture of core precision parts in the aerospace industry.
  • the powder spreading structure comprises a scraper 104 and a powder storage box 103, and the scraper 104
  • the two ends are respectively movably connected to the two guide rails 105, so that the scraper 104 can be moved along the guide rail 105 in a horizontal plane, and the lower end surface of the scraper 104 has a gap with the processing platform 109;
  • the powder storage box 103 has an upper end opening.
  • the powder storage chamber of the powder storage tank 103 is used for storing metal powder.
  • the powder storage tank 103 is located below the base 100, and in the base 100, there is a passage connecting the upper end of the powder storage box 103.
  • the hole that is, the through hole is aligned with the upper end opening of the powder tank 103, of course, the through hole is also located between the two guide rails 105.
  • the powder storage box 103 is further provided with a powder conveying table which can be moved up and down, and the powder conveying table is arranged in alignment with the upper end opening of the powder storage box 103 and the through hole in the base 100, so that when the scraper 104 needs to be in the processing platform
  • the powder powder bed carries the metal powder and moves upwards, respectively passing through the upper end opening of the powder storage box 103 and the through hole of the base 100 until the metal powder is exposed on the base 100, so that The metal powder can be scraped onto the processing platform 109 by the doctor blade 104 to form a metal powder layer.
  • the thickness of the metal powder layer formed on the processing platform 109 each time coincides with the gap between the lower end of the doctor blade 104 and the processing platform 109.
  • the thickness of the metal powder layer laid on the processing platform 109 each time can be selected, and only the blade 104 needs to be adjusted to adjust the gap between the lower end of the blade 104 and the processing platform 109.
  • sensors 107 are respectively disposed on both sides of the processing platform 109, and the sensor 107 is used for the metal powder laid on the processing platform 109.
  • the thickness of the layer is detected, and the information detected by the sensor 107 is fed back to the control center, and the gap between the processing platform 109 and the doctor blade 104 is adjusted by the control center.
  • a plurality of the above-mentioned sensors 107 are respectively disposed on both sides of the processing platform 109 along the sides of the processing platform 109.
  • the laser emitting structure 101 includes a laser generator 1011, a collimating beam expander 1013, and a plurality of rotationally arranged polarizers 1012, wherein the laser generator 1011 is used to generate a laser beam, and the laser beam emitted by the laser generator 1011 is collimated.
  • the beam expander 1013 expands the beam, and the expanded laser beam passes through the plurality of polarizers 1012, and by adjusting the rotation of the plurality of polarizers 1012, the transmission path of the laser beam can be changed to realize the movement of the laser beam in the horizontal plane.
  • the shape requirements of the approximate body member are processed as needed, and the rotation angles of the plurality of polarizers 1012 are adjusted correspondingly.
  • the polarizers 1012 are spaced apart from each other on the transmission path of the laser beam for reflecting the laser beam to achieve the purpose of changing the direction in which the laser beam is transmitted, so that the laser beam is vertically incident on the processing platform 109.
  • a plurality of polarizers 1012 are disposed in the accommodating case 1014, and the laser beam passing through the collimating beam expander 1013 enters the accommodating case 1014, and is reflected by the plurality of polarizers 1012 to the processing platform 109.
  • the lower end of the accommodating case 1014 is provided with an exit port, and the laser beam reflected by the polarizer 1012 in the accommodating case 1014 is emitted through the exit port of the accommodating case 1014; a focusing mirror is disposed in the exit port of the accommodating case 1014.
  • the focus beam is used to focus the laser beam.
  • the laser emitting structure 101 further includes a polarization controller for controlling the rotation adjustment of the plurality of polarizers 1012.
  • a polarization controller for controlling the rotation adjustment of the plurality of polarizers 1012.
  • the polarization controller performs different rotation adjustments on the plurality of polarizers 1012.
  • a lifting motor 111 is connected below the processing platform 109, and the driving of the processing platform 109 is driven by the power of the lifting motor 111, and the paving structure is laid on the processing platform 109 each time.
  • the lifting platform controls the processing platform 109 to descend a fixed distance, thereby ensuring that the distance of the laser beam focus on the metal powder layer is constant.
  • a gantry 106 is disposed on the two guide rails 105.
  • the gantry 106 includes two connecting arms 1062 and a cross member 1061.
  • the lower ends of the two connecting arms 1062 are movably connected to the two guide rails 105, respectively. It is movable along the guide rail 105, and the beam 1061 is connected to the upper ends of the two connecting arms 1062 such that the beam 1061 is arranged across the rails 105 in a span.
  • a moving terminal 1082 is movably coupled to the beam 1061, and the moving terminal 1082 is movable along the beam 1061.
  • a drive motor 1081 is connected to the milling head 108 for driving the milling head 108 in a vertical movement, and the drive motor 1081 is coupled to the moving terminal 1082.
  • the beam 1061 can be moved along the two rails 105, that is, in the Y direction, and the moving terminal 1082 can move along the beam 1061, that is, in the X direction, and the driving motor 1081 can be driven.
  • the milling head 108 moves up and down, that is, in the Z direction, so that the milling head 108 can move in a three-dimensional space.
  • the milling head 108 includes the above-described milling tool 1085 and a rotatable rotating shaft 1083.
  • the rotating shaft 1083 is coupled to the driving motor 1081, and the upper end of the milling tool 1085 is connected with a connecting shaft 1084.
  • the connecting shaft 1084 is rotatably disposed on the rotating shaft 1083.
  • the connecting shaft 1084 is connected to the rotating motor 1087, and is driven to rotate by the rotating motor 1087.
  • the connecting shaft 1084 rotates, the milling tool 1085 swings, thereby rotating the shaft 1083 and the connecting shaft 1084, and rotating the motor. Under the driving of 1087, the rotation and swing of the milling tool 1085 can be realized.
  • a lower end opening 1086 is formed at a lower end of the rotating shaft 1083.
  • the upper end of the milling cutter 1085 is placed in the notch 1086, the lower end of the milling cutter 1085 extends outside the notch 1086, and the connecting shaft 1084 is bored in the notch 1086 and is milled.
  • the upper end of the cutter 1085 is fixedly coupled such that the rotation of the rotary motor 1087 causes the connecting shaft 1084 to rotate, causing the milling tool 1085 to swing.
  • the notch 1086 extends through the side walls of the rotating shaft 1083 to form two oppositely disposed side openings, so that the milling tool 1085 can swing to the side of the notch 1086. Within the side opening, the milling tool 1085 has a wider range of oscillations.
  • the multi-axis milling processing and the laser-melting composite 3D printing apparatus 1 further includes a metal powder recovery structure for recovering the remaining metal powder processed on the susceptor 100, thereby facilitating the metal. Recycling of powder.
  • the metal powder recovery structure includes a recovery tank 110, and the recovery tank 110 is provided with a recovery chamber for accommodating the recovered metal powder.
  • the recovery tank 110 is located below the base 100, and a recovery port is disposed in the base 100.
  • the recovery port communicates with the recovery chamber of the recovery tank 110, so that the remaining metal powder processed on the susceptor 100 can enter the recovery chamber of the recovery tank 110 through the recovery port, recover the metal powder in the chamber, and filter the residue. Re-cycle.
  • the recovery port is disposed on the side of the processing platform 109.
  • the recovery port is disposed at the rear end of the processing platform 109.
  • the recovery ports may be arranged on both sides of the processing platform 109.
  • the 3D printing apparatus 1 further includes a processing chamber having a processing space, and the processing space is in a vacuum state, or the processing space is filled with an inert gas, and the above-described susceptor 100 is disposed in a processing space of the processing chamber.

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Abstract

一种多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备（1），包括基座（100），基座（100）上设有加工平台（109）；基座（100）上设有用于将金属粉铺设在加工平台（109）的铺粉结构，加工平台（109）的上方设有对金属粉层进行熔融加工以形成单层或多层近似形体的激光发射结构（101）以及可在立体空间移动的铣削头（108），铣削头（108）具有可转动及摆动的铣削刀具（1085）。该设备将将以铣削为主的去除式精密加工与以激光束熔融3D打印为主的增量叠层制造工艺集成为一体，克服了3D打印技术在尺寸和形状精度等方面的缺陷，也克服切削加工对零部件复杂程度等方面的制约，不需要对加工后的零件进行二次加工，避免了装夹困难、加工误差大、加工时零件出现变形以及难以加工的问题。

Description

多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备 技术领域
本发明涉及3D打印设备的技术领域,尤其涉及多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备。
 背景技术
金属熔融3D打印技术（Selective Laser Melting，SLM）是利用高亮度激光直接熔化金属粉末材料，无需粘结剂，由3D模型直接成型出与铸件性能相当的任意复杂结构零件。
金属熔融3D打印技术虽然可以成型出达到铸造强度级别的零件，但是成型出的零件的形状误差大、表面光洁度不高，这样，成型后的零件则需要采用传统的机械加工方式对此进行二次加工，才能得到航空制造工业所要求的形状及表面精度。而航空航天行业大部分零件，如发动机喷嘴、叶片、蜂窝结构的燃烧室等，一般是复杂薄壁或点阵夹芯结构，或是尺寸较大的形状，或是自由曲面等形状，当采用金属熔融3D打印技术加工出来的零件，再放入机床进行二次加工时，则存在以下问题：
1） 、装夹困难，或装夹后，由于坐标变换无法精确定位零件参考点，导致加工误差大；
2） 、对于薄壁结构的零件，加工时，由于无支撑零件的面，导致零件应力变形；
3） 、部分零件由于内部结构复杂，刀具无法伸入其内部，导致难以加工。
由于上述问题的存在，导致目前金属熔融3D打印技术虽然已经应用到飞机零件的生产制造中，但应用面较窄，仅应用于一些对精度、强度要求不高的零件，或者形状较简单及容易二次机械加工的零件的加工上，距离广泛应用还存在较大差距。
 技术问题
本发明的目的在于提供多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，旨在解决现有技术中，采用金属熔融3D打印技术加工的零件在机床进行二次加工，存在装夹困难、加工误差大、零件易变性及难以加工的问题。
 技术解决方案
本发明是这样实现的，多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，包括基座，所述基座上设有沿竖向移动的加工平台；所述基座上设有用于将金属粉铺设在所述加工平台形成金属粉层的铺粉结构，所述铺粉结构位于所述加工平台的前端；所述加工平台的上方设有发射激光束对位于所述加工平台上的金属粉层进行熔融加工以形成单层或多层近似形体的激光发射结构以及可在立体空间移动的铣削头，所述铣削头具有可转动及摆动且用于对形成在所述加工平台上的单层或多层近似形体构件进行铣削加工的铣削刀具。
进一步地，所述基座上设有两个相间隔并排布置的导轨，所述加工平台位于两所述导轨之间；所述铺粉结构包括刮刀以及储粉箱，所述刮刀的两端分别活动连接于两所述导轨，所述刮刀的下端与所述加工平台之间具有间隙；所述储粉箱具有上端开口且用于装置金属粉的储粉腔，所述基座中设有与所述储粉腔的上端开口对齐的通孔；所述储粉箱的储粉腔中设有竖向移动且用于将金属粉运送至所述基座上的运粉台，所述运粉台分别与所述储粉腔的上端开口及通孔对齐布置。
进一步地，所述加工平台的两侧分别设有用于检测铺设在所述加工平台上的金属粉层厚度的传感器。
进一步地，所述激光发射结构包括发射激光束的激光发生器以及多个转动布置且用于对激光束进行反射的偏振镜，多个所述偏振镜相间隔布置在激光束的传输路线上。
进一步地，两个所述导轨上活动连接有门架，所述门架包括两个相间隔布置的连接臂以及横梁，两个所述连接臂的下端分别活动连接在两个所述导轨上，所述横梁的两端分别连接在两个所述连接臂的上端；所述横梁上活动连接有横梁移动的移动端子，所述移动端子上连接有用于驱动铣削头竖向移动的驱动电机，所述铣削头连接于所述驱动电机。
进一步地，所述铣削头包括所述铣削刀具以及转动布置的转动轴，所述转动轴连接于所述驱动电机，所述铣削刀具的上端连接有由转动电机驱动转动的连接轴，所述连接轴转动穿设在转动轴中。
进一步地，所述转动轴的下端形成有下端开口的缺口，所述连接轴穿设在所述缺口中，所述铣削刀具的上端置于所述缺口中，其下端延伸至所述缺口外。
进一步地，所述缺口贯穿所述转动轴的两侧侧壁，形成两个相对布置的侧边开口。
进一步地，所述多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备还包括回收箱，所述回收箱中具有用于装置回收所述基座上金属粉的回收腔，所述回收箱位于所述基座的下方，所述基座中设有连通所述回收腔的回收口。
进一步地，沿所述刮刀铺粉的移动方向，所述回收口位于所述加工平台的后端。
 有益效果
与现有技术相比，本发明提供的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备加工零件，利用激光束逐层熔融金属粉层后，利用铣削刀具对单层或多层近似形体进行铣削加工，循环重复直至零件加工完毕，该3D打印设备将传统的以铣削为主的去除式精密加工与以激光束熔融3D打印为主的增量叠层制造工艺集成为一体，既能克服传统3D打印技术在尺寸和形状精度等方面的缺陷，也可以克服切削加工对零部件复杂程度等方面的制约，这样，则不需要对加工后的零件进行二次加工，避免现时装夹困难、加工误差大、加工时零件出现变形以及难以加工的问题，为3D打印技术开辟更加广阔的应用空间，为航空航天产业核心精密零部件的生产制造提供新的方法和手段。
 附图说明
图1是本发明实施例提供的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备的立体示意图；
图2是本发明实施例提供的铣削头的立体示意图；
图3是图1中的A处放大示意图。
 本发明的实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
以下结合具体实施例对本发明的实现进行详细的描述。
如图1~3所示，为本发明提供的较佳实施例。
本发明提供的3D打印设备1，复合了多轴铣削加工及激光熔融，其可以用于成型各种零件，如航空制造工业所需的零件等。
多轴铣削加工及激光熔融3D打印设备1包括基座100、铺粉结构、激光发射结构101以及铣削头108，其中，基座100作为整个3D打印设备1的基础，起到承载作用，基座100上设有沿竖直方向移动的加工平台109，金属粉被铺设在该加工平台109上；铺粉结构设置在基座100上，其位于加工平台109的前端，铺粉结构用于将金属粉等输送到加工平台109上，且金属粉在加工平台109上形成金属粉层；激光发射结构101位于加工平台109的上方，其用于发射可以在水平面移动的激光束，且该激光束用于对形成在加工平台109上的金属粉层进行熔融加工以形成单层或多层近似形体；铣削头108位于加工平台109的上方，其可以在空间中立体移动，且铣削头108具有用于铣削加工的铣削刀具1085，该铣削刀具1085可以摆动及转动，且该铣削刀具1085用于对加工平台109上熔融成型的单层或多层近似形体进行铣削加工。
参照图1所示，设定平行于加工平台109的XY平面为水平面，Z方向则为竖直方向，垂直于水平面的平面为竖直平面，这样，加工平台109可以在沿Z方向上下移动，激光发射结构101发射的激光束则在XY平面移动，而铣削头108可以在X、Y、Z方向移动，且对于铣削刀具1085而言，其随着铣削头108可以在空间中立体移动，并且，其本身可以转动及摆动，这样，对于铣削刀具1085而言，其则具有多轴加工特点。
在上述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融3D打印设备1中，采用激光发射结构101发射激光束熔融金属粉层进行3D打印，利用铣削头108的铣削刀具1085对激光发射结构101发射的激光束每次加工的单层或多层近似形体进行铣削加工，融合3D打印技术及铣削加工为一体。
在实际加工过程中，其具体操作过程如下：
1）、铺粉结构将金属粉输送至加工平台109上，并铺设在加工平台109上，形成金属粉层；按照3D打印技术，激光发射结构101发射的激光束对加工平台109上的金属粉层激光熔融加工，逐行逐层堆积形成单层或多层的近似形体；
2）、利用铣削刀具1085对加工平台109上形成的单层或多层的近似形体进行铣削，以达到构件所需的尺寸及表面精度；
3）、重复循环上述步骤1）及步骤2），一直到最后零件的形状加工完毕。
每次完成上述步骤1）及2），加工平台109则会向下移动一定距离，以保证重新布置在加工平台109上的金属粉层与及激光束焦点之间的距离保持不变。在步骤1）中，利用激光发射结构101发出的激光束在水平面移动，在加工平台109上的金属粉层中成型单层或多层近似形体；在步骤2）中，利用铣削刀具1085在立体空间移动以及转动及摆动，可以对各种类型的单层或多层近似形体全方位进行铣削。
利用本实施例提供的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备1加工零件，利用激光束逐层熔融金属粉层后，利用铣削刀具1085对单层或多层近似形体进行铣削加工，循环重复直至零件加工完毕，该3D打印设备将传统的以铣削为主的去除式精密加工与以激光束熔融3D打印为主的增量叠层制造工艺集成为一体，既能克服传统3D打印技术在尺寸和形状精度等方面的缺陷，也可以克服切削加工对零部件复杂程度等方面的制约，这样，则不需要对加工后的零件进行二次加工，避免现时装夹困难、加工误差大、加工时零件出现变形以及难以加工的问题，为3D打印技术开辟更加广阔的应用空间，为航空航天产业核心精密零部件的生产制造提供新的方法和手段。
本实施例中，在基座100上设有两排相间隔并行布置的导轨105,该两个导轨105布置在加工平台109的两侧；铺粉结构包括刮刀104以及储粉箱103，刮刀104的两端分别活动连接在两个导轨105上，这样，刮刀104则可以沿着导轨105在水平面上移动，且刮刀104的下端面与加工平台109之间具有间隙；储粉箱103具有上端开口的储粉腔，储粉箱103的储粉腔用于存储金属粉,该储粉箱103位于基座100的下方，且在基座100中，设有连通该储粉箱103上端开口的通孔，也就是说，通孔与储粉箱103的上端开口对齐，当然，该通孔也位于两个导轨105之间。
在储粉箱103中还设有可以上下移动的运粉台，该运粉台与储粉箱103的上端开口及基座100中的通孔分别对齐布置，这样，当刮刀104需要在加工平台109上铺设金属粉层时，运粉台上运载着金属粉，并向上移动，分别穿过储粉箱103的上端开口及基座100的通孔，直至金属粉显露在基座100上，这样，利用刮刀104则可以将金属粉刮至加工平台109上，形成金属粉层，当然，每次形成在加工平台109上的金属粉层的厚度，与刮刀104下端与加工平台109的间隙一致。
这样，根据实际加工需要，则可以选择每次铺设在加工平台109上的金属粉层的厚度，只需要调整刮刀104，调节刮刀104下端与加工平台109之间的间隙则可。
为了对铺设在加工平台109上的金属粉层的厚度进行检测，本实施例中，在加工平台109的两侧分别设有传感器107，该传感器107用于对铺设在加工平台109上的金属粉层的厚度进行检测，传感器107检测的信息通过反馈给控制中心，进而由控制中心对加工平台109与刮刀104之间的间隙进行调节。
具体地，为了更加准确的检测金属粉层的厚度，本实施例，在加工平台109的两侧，沿着加工平台109的侧边延伸，分别布置有多个上述的传感器107。
激光发射结构101包括激光发生器1011、准直扩束镜1013以及多个转动布置的偏振镜1012，其中，激光发生器1011用于产生激光束，激光发生器1011发出的激光束，通过准直扩束镜1013进行扩束，扩束后的激光束通过多个偏振镜1012的发射，且通过对多个偏振镜1012的转动调节，可以改变激光束的传输路径，实现激光束在水平面的移动，根据需要加工近似形体构件的形状要求，对应地调节多个偏振镜1012的转动角度。
偏振镜1012相间隔布置在激光束的传输路线上，用于对激光束进行反射，从而达到改变激光束传输方向的目的，使得激光束垂直射至加工平台109上。本实施例中，多个偏振镜1012设置在容置盒1014中，通过准直扩束镜1013的激光束进入容置盒1014中，通过多个偏振镜1012的反射，射至加工平台109的金属粉层上。
容置盒1014的下端设有出射口，在容置盒1014中通过偏振镜1012反射的激光束，通过容置盒1014的出射口发射出来；在容置盒1014的出射口中设有聚焦镜，利用该聚焦镜对激光束进行聚焦。
本实施例中，为了实现对多个偏振镜1012的自动控制，激光发射结构101还包括偏振控制器，该偏振控制器用于控制多个偏振镜1012的转动调节，当然，根据加工的需要，可以内嵌控制程序等，根据不同的加工，偏振控制器则对多个偏振镜1012进行不同的转动调节。
为了实现加工平台109上上下移动,上述的加工平台109下方连接有升降马达111，利用该升降马达111的动力驱动，驱动加工平台109的上下移动，当每次铺粉结构在加工平台109上铺设一层金属粉层后，升降平台则控制加工平台109下降固定距离，从而保证激光束焦点落在金属粉层上的距离不变。
本实施例中，在两个导轨105上设有门架106，该门架106包括两相间隔布置的连接臂1062以及横梁1061，两连接臂1062的下端分别活动连接在两导轨105上，且可以沿着导轨105移动，横梁1061连接在两连接臂1062的上端,这样,横梁1061则呈横跨状布置在两个导轨105之间。在横梁1061上活动连接有移动端子1082，该移动端子1082可以沿着横梁1061移动。在铣削头108上连接有驱动电机1081，该驱动电机1081用于驱动铣削头108在竖向移动，且该驱动电机1081连接在移动端子1082上。
这样，在上述的结构中，横梁1061可以沿着两个导轨105移动，也就是沿着Y方向移动，移动端子1082可以沿着横梁1061移动，也就是沿着X方向移动，驱动电机1081可以驱动铣削头108上下移动，也就是沿Z方向移动，这样，铣削头108则可以在立体空间移动。
铣削头108包括上述的铣削刀具1085以及可转动的转动轴1083，该转动轴1083与驱动电机1081连接，且铣削刀具1085的上端连接有连接轴1084,该连接轴1084转动穿设在转动轴1083中，连接轴1084与转动电机1087连接,由该转动电机1087驱动转动，这样，随着连接轴1084的转动，铣削刀具1085则随着摆动，从而，在转动轴1083及连接轴1084、转动电机1087的驱动下,则可以实现铣削刀具1085的转动及摆动。
具体地，在转动轴1083的下端形成有下端开口的缺口1086，铣削刀具1085的上端置于该缺口1086中，其下端延伸至缺口1086外，连接轴1084穿设在缺口1086中，且与铣削刀具1085的上端固定连接，这样，通过转动电机1087的驱动，连接轴1084转动，使得铣削刀具1085摆动。
为了实现铣削刀具1085摆动范围更广，本实施例中，缺口1086贯穿转动轴1083的两侧侧壁，形成两个相对布置的侧边开口，这样，铣削刀具1085则可以摆动至缺口1086的侧边开口内，使得铣削刀具1085的摆动范围更加广泛。
本实施例中，多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备1还包括金属粉回收结构，该金属粉回收结构用于将基座100上加工剩余的金属粉进行回收，这样，则有利于金属粉的循环利用。
具体地，金属粉回收结构包括回收箱110，该回收箱110中设有用于容置回收的金属粉的回收腔，回收箱110位于基座100的下方，在基座100中设有回收口，该回收口连通回收箱110的回收腔，这样，基座100上加工剩余的金属粉则可以通过回收口进入回收箱110的回收腔中，回收腔内的金属粉，进行残渣滤除，则可以重新循环使用。
本实施例中，回收口布置在加工平台109的侧边，当然，沿着刮刀104铺粉的移动方向，回收口布置在加工平台109的后端。或者，作为其它实施例，回收口可以布置的加工平台109的两侧。
为了使得多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备1在加工的过程中，金属粉不会被氧化，从而使得成型的零件的性能较佳，本实施例中，多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备1还包括加工室，该加工室内具有加工空间，且该加工空间呈真空状态，或者，加工空间内充入惰性气体，上述的基座100布置在加工室的加工空间内。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，包括基座，所述基座上设有沿竖向移动的加工平台；所述基座上设有用于将金属粉铺设在所述加工平台形成金属粉层的铺粉结构，所述铺粉结构位于所述加工平台的前端；所述加工平台的上方设有发射激光束对位于所述加工平台上的金属粉层进行熔融加工以形成单层或多层近似形体的激光发射结构以及可在立体空间移动的铣削头，所述铣削头具有可转动及摆动且用于对形成在所述加工平台上的单层或多层近似形体构件进行铣削加工的铣削刀具。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述基座上设有两个相间隔并排布置的导轨，所述加工平台位于两所述导轨之间；所述铺粉结构包括刮刀以及储粉箱，所述刮刀的两端分别活动连接于两所述导轨，所述刮刀的下端与所述加工平台之间具有间隙；所述储粉箱具有上端开口且用于装置金属粉的储粉腔，所述基座中设有与所述储粉腔的上端开口对齐的通孔；所述储粉箱的储粉腔中设有竖向移动且用于将金属粉运送至所述基座上的运粉台，所述运粉台分别与所述储粉腔的上端开口及通孔对齐布置。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述加工平台的两侧分别设有用于检测铺设在所述加工平台上的金属粉层厚度的传感器。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述激光发射结构包括发射激光束的激光发生器以及多个转动布置且用于对激光束进行反射的偏振镜，多个所述偏振镜相间隔布置在激光束的传输路线上。
  5. 如权利要求1至4任一项所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，两个所述导轨上活动连接有门架，所述门架包括两个相间隔布置的连接臂以及横梁，两个所述连接臂的下端分别活动连接在两个所述导轨上，所述横梁的两端分别连接在两个所述连接臂的上端；所述横梁上活动连接有横梁移动的移动端子，所述移动端子上连接有用于驱动铣削头竖向移动的驱动电机，所述铣削头连接于所述驱动电机。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述铣削头包括所述铣削刀具以及转动布置的转动轴，所述转动轴连接于所述驱动电机，所述铣削刀具的上端连接有由转动电机驱动转动的连接轴，所述连接轴转动穿设在转动轴中。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述转动轴的下端形成有下端开口的缺口，所述连接轴穿设在所述缺口中，所述铣削刀具的上端置于所述缺口中，其下端延伸至所述缺口外。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述缺口贯穿所述转动轴的两侧侧壁，形成两个相对布置的侧边开口。
  9. 如权利要求1至4任一项所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，所述多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备还包括回收箱，所述回收箱中具有用于装置回收所述基座上金属粉的回收腔，所述回收箱位于所述基座的下方，所述基座中设有连通所述回收腔的回收口。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的多轴铣削加工及激光熔融复合3D打印设备，其特征在于，沿所述刮刀铺粉的移动方向，所述回收口位于所述加工平台的后端。
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CN113369895A (zh) * 2021-05-31 2021-09-10 西安交通大学 一种粉末床五轴增减材复合制造装备
CN113787197A (zh) * 2021-09-15 2021-12-14 武汉源威智能科技有限公司 一种微量润滑内冷刀具的制备方法
CN115647807A (zh) * 2022-07-15 2023-01-31 广东工业大学 一种基于cnc跨尺度变刚度全超声增减材复合制造数控机床

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