Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
  • C07K16/10—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from RNA viruses
  • C07K16/1018—Orthomyxoviridae, e.g. influenza virus
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/42—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum viral
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
  • A61K2039/507—Comprising a combination of two or more separate antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
  • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
  • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
  • C07K2317/734—Complement-dependent cytotoxicity [CDC]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

• the present invention is related to human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to influenza hemagglutinin (HA), compositions comprising these antibodies and therapeutic and diagnostic methods of using these antibodies.
• HA hemagglutinin
• Influenza is a highly contagious disease, which has a long history characterized by waves of pandemics, epidemics, resurgences and outbreaks. In spite of annual vaccination efforts, influenza infections result in substantial morbidity and mortality.
• Influenza viruses consist of three types, A, B and C. Furthermore, influenza A viruses can be classified into subtypes based on allelic variations in antigenic regions of two genes that encode the surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which are required for viral attachment and entry into the host cell.
• HA hemagglutinin
• NA neuraminidase
• Hemagglutinin is a trimeric glycoprotein that contains two structural domains, a globular head domain that consists of the receptor-binding site (that is subject to frequent antigenic drift) and the stem region (more conserved among various strains of influenza virus).
• the HA protein is synthesized as a precursor (HA0), which undergoes proteolytic processing to produce two subunits (HA1 and HA2), which associate with one another to form the stem/globular head structure.
• the HA1 peptide is responsible for the attachment of virus to the cell surface.
• the HA2 peptide forms a stem-like structure that mediates the fusion of viral and cell membranes in endosomes, allowing the release of the ribonucleoprotein complex into the cytoplasm.
• H1 -H18 hemagglutinin proteins
• the 18 HAs can be classified into two groups.
• Group 1 consists of H1 , H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H1 1 , H12, H13, H16, H17 and H18 subtypes
• group 2 includes H3, H4, H7, H10, H14 and H15 subtypes.
• New strains of the same subtype may arise as a result of a phenomenon called antigenic drift, or mutations in the HA or NA molecules which generate new and different epitopes.
• antigenic drift or mutations in the HA or NA molecules which generate new and different epitopes.
• a new vaccine must be produced every year against viruses that are predicted to emerge, a process that is not only costly, but highly inefficient. While technological advances have improved the ability to produce improved influenza antigen(s) for vaccine compositions, there remains a need to provide additional sources of protection to address emerging subtypes and strains of influenza.
• a vaccine composition comprising the antigen of interest (e.g. the HA and/or NA) to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies in a patient is generally thought to be a good approach, it is not always desirable to use this approach in certain patient populations.
• a vaccine composition comprising the antigen of interest may not always be effective, such as in the elderly, in the very young, in immunocompromised patients, etc.
• EP2582721 Visterra, Inc. (US2013/0302349); Burnham Institute/Dana Farber
• the present invention provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind influenza hemagglutinin (HA).
• the antibodies of the present invention are useful, inter alia, for inhibiting or neutralizing the activity of influenza HA.
• the antibodies are useful for blocking attachment of the influenza virus to the host cell and/or for preventing the entry of the influenza virus into host cells.
• the antibodies function by inhibiting the cell-to-cell transmission of the virus.
• the antibodies are useful in preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom of influenza virus infection in a subject.
• the antibodies may be administered prophylactically or therapeutically to a subject having, or at risk of acquiring, an influenza virus infection.
• compositions containing at least one antibody of the invention may be administered to a subject for whom a vaccine is contra-indicated, or for whom a vaccine is less efficacious, for example, an elderly patient, a very young patient, a patient who may be allergic to any one or more components of a vaccine, or an immunocompromised patient who may be non-responsive to the immunogens in a vaccine.
• compositions containing at least one antibody of the invention may be administered to medical staff, hospitalized patients or nursing home residents or other high-risk patients during an influenza outbreak.
• compositions containing at least one antibody of the invention may be administered as a first line treatment to patients in the event that a predicted yearly vaccine is ineffective, or in the event of a pandemic with a strain that has undergone a major antigenic shift.
• the antibodies of the invention can be full-length (for example, an lgG1 or lgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (for example, a Fab, F(ab') 2 or scFv fragment), and may be modified to affect functionality, e.g., to increase persistence in the host or to increase effector function or eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al., 2000, J. Immunol. 164:1925-1933). In certain embodiments, the antibodies may be bispecific.
• the present invention provides isolated recombinant monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind specifically to the influenza HA.
• the present invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to influenza A hemagglutinin (HA), wherein the antibody has two or more of the following characteristics:
• (a) is a fully human monoclonal antibody
• (b) binds to influenza HA with a dissociation constant (K D ) of less than 10 "9 M, as measured in a real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor (Octet HTX assay);
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) (HCDR1 , HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within any one of the heavy chain variable region (HCVR) sequences listed in Table 1 or Table 12; and three light chain CDRs (LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within any one of the light chain variable region (LCVR) sequences listed in Table 1 or Table 12.
• CDRs heavy chain complementarity determining regions
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a dissociative half-life in monkeys that is about 1 .5 fold greater than a comparator antibody designated Control I imAb and a dissociative half-life in mice that is about 2 fold greater than the Control I imAb.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates an increase in protection as compared to oseltamivir, when administered at 48 hours post infection, or at 72 hours post infection to a mammal infected with influenza virus.
• an antibody of the invention confers an increase in protection in a mammal infected with influenza virus when administered either subcutaneously or intravenously and/or when administered prior to infection, or after infection with influenza virus.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates an increase in protection, as compared to an animal administered an isotype (negative) control antibody, when administered to an infected mammal as a single subcutaneous or intravenous dose ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates an increase in protection when administered to an influenza virus infected mammal as a single intravenous dose of about 15 mg/kg compared to oral administration of oseltamivir administered twice daily for 5 days at a dose of about 5 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of greater than about 20% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered prophylactically as a single subcutaneous dose ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of greater than about 30% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered as a single intravenous dose ranging from about 7 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg by at least 24 hours post infection.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of about 30% to about 60% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered as a single intravenous dose of about 7 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg when administered at 48 hours post infection.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of equal to, or greater than about 60% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered as a single intravenous dose of about 15 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg at 48 hours or longer post infection.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of about 100% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered as a single intravenous dose of about 15 mg/kg at 48 hours, or longer, post infection.
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates a survival rate of about 100% in a mammal infected with influenza virus, when administered as a single intravenous dose of about 15 mg/kg compared to a 40% survival rate observed with oseltamivir when administered orally twice a day for 5 days at a dose of about 25 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention provides an additive protective effect in a mammal infected with influenza virus when administered with oseltamivir at greater than 48 hours post infection.
• an antibody of the invention provides an additive protective effect in a mammal infected with influenza virus when administered with oseltamivir at 72 hours post infection.
• an antibody of the invention provides an additive protective effect when used in combination with oseltamivir when the antibody is administered to an influenza virus infected mammal as a single intravenous dose ranging from about 7 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg and the oseltamivir is administered orally twice daily for 5 days at a dose of about 25 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention provides an additive protective effect when used in combination with oseltamivir at 72 hours after influenza virus infection, wherein the antibody is administered as a single intravenous dose ranging from about 7 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg and the oseltamivir is administered orally twice daily for 5 days at a dose of about 25 mg/kg.
• an antibody of the invention may be administered intravenously, intranasally, subcutaneously, intradermally, or intramuscularly and the oseltamivir may be administered orally.
• the oseltamivir is administered prior to, concurrently with, or after administration of an antibody of the invention.
• the antibody and/or the oseltamivir may be administered as a single dose, or as multiple doses.
• Exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies of the present invention are listed in Tables 1 and 2 herein.
• Table 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy chain variable regions (HCVRs), light chain variable regions (LCVRs), heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1 , HCDR2 and HCDR3), and light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3) of exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies.
• Table 2 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence identifiers of the HCVRs, LCVRs, HCDR1 , HCDR2 HCDR3, LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3 of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies.
• Table 12 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy chain variable regions (HCVRs), light chain variable regions (LCVRs), heavy chain
• HCDR1 , HCDR2 and HCDR3 complementarity determining regions
• LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3 light chain complementarity determining regions
• Table 13 sets forth the nucleic acid sequence identifiers of the HCVRs, LCVRs, HCDR1 , HCDR2 HCDR3, LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3 of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies.
• the present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, which specifically bind influenza HA, comprising a HCVR having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 18, 34, 50, 74, 90, 106, 122, 138, 154, 170, 186, 202, 218, 234, 242, 250, 258, 266, 274, 282 and 290.
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an LCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, which specifically bind influenza HA, comprising a LCVR having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 26, 42, 58, 66, 82, 98, 1 14, 130, 146, 162, 178, 194, 210 and 226.
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR and an LCVR amino acid sequence pair (HCVR/LCVR) comprising any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12 paired with any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds influenza HA comprises a HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/10, 18/26, 34/42, 50/58, 50/66, 74/82, 74/66, 90/98, 106/1 14, 122/130, 138/146, 154/162, 170/178, 186/194, 202/210, 218/226, 234/66, 242/66, 250/66, 258/66, 266/66, 274/66, 282/66 and 290/66.
• the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ I D NOs: 18/26 (e.g., H1 H1 1729P), 50/58 (e.g., H1 H1 1829N), 50/66 (e.g. H1 H1 1829N2), or 106/1 14 (e.g., H1 H14571 N).
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises:
• HCDR1 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 20, 36, 52, 76, 92, 108, 124, 140, 156, 172, 188, 204, 220, 236, 244, 252, 260, 268, 276, 284, and 292;
• HCDR2 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 22, 38, 54, 78, 94, 1 10, 126, 142, 158, 174, 190, 206, 222, 238, 246, 254, 262, 270, 278, 286, and 294;
• HCDR3 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 24, 40, 56, 80, 96, 1 12, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 248, 256, 264, 272, 280, 288, and 296;
• a LCDR1 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 28, 44, 60, 68, 84, 100, 1 16, 132, 148, 164, 180, 196, 212, and 228;
• a LCDR2 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 30, 46, 62, 70, 86, 102, 1 18, 134, 150, 166, 182, 198, 214, and 230; and
• a LCDR3 domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16, 32, 48, 64, 72, 88, 104, 120, 136, 152, 168, 184, 200, 216 and 232.
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment which specifically binds influenza HA, comprises (a) a HCDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 20, (b) a HCDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 22; (c) a HCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 24; (d) a LCDR1 of SEQ I D NO: 28; (e) a LCDR2 of SEQ I D NO: 30 and (f) a LCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 32.
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment which specifically binds influenza HA, comprises (a) a HCDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 52, (b) a HCDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 54; (c) a HCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 56; (d) a LCDR1 of SEQ I D NO: 68; (e) a LCDR2 of SEQ I D NO: 70 and (f) a LCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 72.
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment which specifically binds influenza HA, comprises (a) a HCDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 52, (b) a HCDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 54; (c) a HCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 56; (d) a LCDR1 of SEQ I D NO: 60; (e) a LCDR2 of SEQ I D NO: 62 and (f) a LCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 64.
• the isolated antibody or antigen-binding fragment which specifically binds influenza HA, comprises (a) a HCDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 108, (b) a HCDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 1 10; (c) a HCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 1 12; (d) a LCDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 1 16; (e) a LCDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 1 18 and (f) a LCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 120.
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1 ) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• HCDR1 heavy chain CDR1
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• HCDR2 heavy chain CDR2
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1 ) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• LCDR1 light chain CDR1
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• LCDR2 light chain CDR2
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
• LCDR3 light chain CDR3
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCDR3 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair (HCDR3/LCDR3) comprising any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12, paired with any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• HCDR3/LCDR3 an LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair
• the present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24/32 (e.g., H1 H1 1729P), 56/64 (e.g., H1 H1 1829N), 56/72 (e.g. H1 H1 1829N2) and 1 12/120 (e.g., H1 H14571 N).
• the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1 -HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1 -LCDR2-LCDR3) contained within any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the HCDR1 -HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1 -LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 20-22-24-28-30-32 (e.g., H1 H1 1729P), 52-54-56-60-62-64 (e.g., H1 H1 1829N) ; 52-54-56-68-70-72 (e.g. H1 H1 1829N2) and 108-1 10-1 12-1 16-1 18 and 120 (e.g., H1 H14571 N).
• the present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1 -HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1 -LCDR2- LCDR3) contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair as defined by any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention includes antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising the HCDR1 - HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1 -LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequences set contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18/26 (e.g., H1 H1 1729P), 50/58 (e.g., H1 H1 1829N), 50/66 (e.g. H1 H1 1829N2) and 106/1 14 (e.g., H1 H14571 N).
• SEQ ID NOs: 18/26 e.g., H1 H1 1729P
• 50/58 e.g., H1 H1 1829N
• 50/66 e.g. H1 H1 1829N2
• 106/1 14 e.g., H1 H14571 N
• CDRs within HCVR and LCVR amino acid sequences are well known in the art and can be used to identify CDRs within the specified HCVR and/or LCVR amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
• Exemplary conventions that can be used to identify the boundaries of CDRs include, e.g., the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, and the AbM definition.
• the Kabat definition is based on sequence variability
• the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions
• the AbM definition is a compromise between the Kabat and Chothia approaches. See, e.g., Kabat, "Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest," National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza HA antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern.
• modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety present on the oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733).
• ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
• the present invention also provides for antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that compete for specific binding to influenza HA with an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising the CDRs of a HCVR and the CDRs of a LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR each has an amino acid sequence selected from the HCVR and LCVR sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention also provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that cross-compete for binding to influenza HA, or that bind the same epitope on influenza HA, as a reference antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising the CDRs of a HCVR and the CDRs of a LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR each has an amino acid sequence selected from the HCVR and LCVR sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention also provides isolated antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that block influenza HA attachment to, and/or entry into a host cell.
• the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention are bispecific comprising a first binding specificity to a first epitope in the influenza HA and a second binding specificity to another antigen.
• the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding anti- influenza HA antibodies or portions thereof.
• the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding an HCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., HCDR1 -HCDR2-HCDR3), wherein the HCDR1 - HCDR2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the HCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., HCDR1 -HCDR2-HCDR3), wherein the HCDR1 - HCDR2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding an LCVR, wherein the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., LCDR1 -LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1 - LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., LCDR1 -LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1 - LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-influenza HA antibodies listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding both an HCVR and an LCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12 and wherein the LCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or Table 13, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto, and a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
• the nucleic acid molecule encodes an HCVR and LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR are both derived from the same anti-influenza HA antibody listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the heavy chain amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the light chain amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• the present invention provides recombinant expression vectors capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising a heavy or light chain variable region of an anti- influenza HA antibody.
• the present invention includes recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules mentioned above, i.e., nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR sequences as set forth in Table 1 , or Table 12.
• host cells into which such vectors have been introduced as well as methods of producing the antibodies or portions thereof by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies or antibody fragments, and recovering the antibodies and antibody fragments so produced.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one recombinant monoclonal antibody or antigen- binding fragment thereof which specifically binds influenza HA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention features a composition, which is a combination of an anti-influenza HA antibody and a second therapeutic agent.
• the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-influenza HA antibody.
• agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-influenza HA antibody include, without limitation, other agents that bind and/or inhibit influenza HA activity (including other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, etc.) and/or agents, which do not directly bind influenza HA but nonetheless inhibit viral activity including infectivity of host cells.
• the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a first anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; (b) a second anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody binds to a first epitope on influenza HA and the second antibody binds to a second epitope on influenza HA wherein the first and second epitopes are distinct and non- overlapping; and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a first anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; (b) a second anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the first antibody does not cross-compete with the second antibody for binding to influenza HA; and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition
• the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a first anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen- binding fragment thereof; (b) a second antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which interacts with a different viral (non-influenza) antigen, wherein the first antibody binds to an epitope on influenza HA and the second antibody binds to an epitope on a different viral (non- influenza) antigen; and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Additional combination therapies and co-formulations involving the anti-influenza HA antibodies of the present invention are disclosed elsewhere herein.
• the invention provides therapeutic methods for treating a disease or disorder associated with influenza HA (such as viral infection in a subject), or at least one symptom associated with the viral infection, using an anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen- binding portion of an antibody of the invention, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention to the subject in need thereof.
• the disorder treated is any disease or condition, which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by inhibition of influenza HA activity.
• the invention provides methods to prevent, treat or ameliorate at least one symptom of influenza A infection, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti- influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
• the present invention provides methods to ameliorate or reduce the severity, duration, or frequency of occurrence, of at least one symptom of influenza infection in a subject by administering an anti-influenza HA antibody of the invention, wherein the at least one symptom is selected from the group consisting of headache, fever, aches, rhinorrhea (nasal congestion), chills, fatigue, weakness, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, bronchitis, and death.
• the invention provides methods to decrease viral load in a subject, the methods comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention that binds influenza HA and blocks influenza HA binding and/or entry into the host cell.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be administered prophylactically or therapeutically to a subject having, or at risk of having, or predisposed to developing an influenza infection.
• the subjects at risk include, but are not limited to, an immunocompromised person, for example, a person who is immunocompromised because of autoimmune disease, or those persons receiving immunosuppressive therapy (for example, following organ transplant), or those persons afflicted with human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), certain forms of anemia that deplete or destroy white blood cells, those persons receiving radiation or chemotherapy, or those persons afflicted with an inflammatory disorder.
• immunocompromised person for example, a person who is immunocompromised because of autoimmune disease, or those persons receiving immunosuppressive therapy (for example, following organ transplant), or those persons afflicted with human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), certain forms of anemia that deplete or destroy white blood cells, those persons receiving radiation or chemotherapy,
• an elderly adult more than 65 years of age
• children younger than 2 years of age are elderly adults
• healthcare workers and people with underlying medical conditions such as pulmonary infection, heart disease or diabetes.
• any person who comes into physical contact or close physical proximity with an infected individual has an increased risk of developing an influenza virus infection.
• a subject is at risk of contracting an influenza infection due to proximity to an outbreak of the disease, e.g. subject resides in a densely-populated city or in close proximity to subjects having confirmed or suspected infections of influenza virus, or choice of employment, e.g. hospital worker, pharmaceutical researcher, traveler to infected area, or frequent flier.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent to the subject in need thereof.
• the second therapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of an antiinflammatory drug (such as corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), an anti- infective drug, a different antibody to influenza HA, an antibody to a different influenza antigen (e.g. the neuraminidase), an anti-viral drug, a decongestant, an anti-histamine, a vaccine for influenza, a dietary supplement such as anti-oxidants and any other drug or therapy known in the art useful for ameliorating at least one symptom of the influenza infection, or for reducing the viral load in a patient.
• an antiinflammatory drug such as corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• an anti- infective drug such as corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• an anti- infective drug such as corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti
• the second therapeutic agent may be an agent that helps to counteract or reduce any possible side effect(s) associated with an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention, if such side effect(s) should occur.
• the antibody or fragment thereof may be administered subcutaneously, intravenously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, orally, intranasally, intramuscularly, or intracranially.
• the antibody may be administered as a single intravenous infusion for maximum concentration of the antibody in the serum of the subject.
• the antibody or fragment thereof may be administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of the subject.
• an antibody of the present invention may be administered at one or more doses comprising between 50 mg to 5000 mg.
• the present invention also includes use of an anti-influenza HA antibody or antigen- binding fragment thereof of the invention for treating a disease or disorder that would benefit from the blockade of influenza HA binding and/or activity.
• the present invention also includes use of an anti- influenza HA antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder that would benefit from the blockade of influenza HA binding and/or activity.
• Figure 1 Shows that a single dose of H1 H1 1729P at 48 hrs post infection demonstrates greater efficacy than oseltamivir at 48 hrs post infection in treating severe influenza A virus infection in mice.
• a single dose of H1 H1 1729P at 15 mg/kg (circles) given 48 h p.i. is more efficacious than oseltamivir (TAMIFLU®) dosed twice daily (BID) for 5 days starting on day 2 post infection at 25 (inverse triangles) or 5 mg/kg (diamonds).
• Mice were infected intranasally (IN) on day 0 with 10 x MLD 50 of A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 (H1 N1 ).
• Figure 2 Shows that additive efficacy is observed when a single dose of H1 H1 1729P is combined with oseltamivir at 72 hrs post infection to treat severe influenza in mice.
• Figure 3 Shows the HCVR, HCDR1 , HCDR2, HCDR3, LCVR, LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3 amino acid sequences for the antibody designated H1 H1 1729P.
• Figure 4 Shows the HCVR, HCDR1 , HCDR2, HCDR3, LCVR, LCDR1 , LCDR2 and LCDR3 amino acid sequences for the antibody designated H1 H1 1829N2.
• influenza hemagglutinin also called “influenza HA” is a trimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza virions, which mediates viral attachment (via HA1 binding to a- 2,3- and a-2,6-sialic acids) and entry (through conformational change) into host cells.
• the HA is comprised of two structural domains: a globular head domain containing the receptor binding site (subject to high frequency of antigenic mutations) and the stem region (more conserved among various strains of influenza virus).
• influenza HA is synthesized as a precursor (HA0) that undergoes proteolytic processing to produce two subunits (HA1 and HA2) which associate with one another to form the stem/globular head structure.
• the viral HA is the most variable antigen on the virus (18 subtypes can be classified into two groups), but the stem (HA2) is highly conserved within each group.
• influenza-HA The amino acid sequence of full-length Influenza HA is exemplified by the amino acid sequence of influenza isolate H1 N1 A/California/04/2009 provided in GenBank as accession number FJ966082.1 .
• the term “influenza-HA” also includes protein variants of influenza HA isolated from different influenza isolates, e.g., GQ149237.1 , NC_002017, KM972981 .1 , etc.
• influenza-HA also includes recombinant influenza HA or a fragment thereof.
• the term also encompasses influenza HA or a fragment thereof coupled to, for example, histidine tag, mouse or human Fc, or a signal sequence.
• influenza infection refers to the severe acute respiratory illness caused by influenza virus.
• the term includes respiratory tract infection and the symptoms that include high fever, headache, general aches and pains, fatigue and weakness, in some instances extreme exhaustion, stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, chest discomfort, cough, shortness of breath, bronchitis, pneumonia and death in severe cases.
• antibody is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds (i.e., “full antibody molecules"), as well as multimers thereof (e.g. IgM) or antigen-binding fragments thereof.
• Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region ("HCVR” or "V H ") and a heavy chain constant region (comprised of domains C H 1 , C H 2 and C H 3).
• Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region ("LCVR or "V L ”) and a light chain constant region (C L ).
• V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
• CDR complementarity determining regions
• FR framework regions
• Each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1 , CDR1 , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
• the FRs of the antibody may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified.
• An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs.
• CDR residues not contacting antigen can be identified based on previous studies (for example residues H60-H65 in CDRH2 are often not required), from regions of Kabat CDRs lying outside Chothia CDRs, by molecular modeling and/or empirically. If a CDR or residue(s) thereof is omitted, it is usually substituted with an amino acid occupying the corresponding position in another human antibody sequence or a consensus of such sequences. Positions for substitution within CDRs and amino acids to substitute can also be selected empirically.
• Empirical substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions.
• the fully human anti-influenza-HA monoclonal antibodies disclosed herein may comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences. Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases.
• the present invention includes antibodies, and antigen- binding fragments thereof, which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as "germline mutations").
• Germline mutations A person of ordinary skill in the art, starting with the heavy and light chain variable region sequences disclosed herein, can easily produce numerous antibodies and antigen-binding fragments which comprise one or more individual germline mutations or combinations thereof.
• all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H and/or V L domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antibody was derived.
• only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1 , CDR2 or CDR3.
• one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antibody was originally derived).
• the antibodies of the present invention may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence.
• antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that contain one or more germline mutations can be easily tested for one or more desired properties such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc.
• Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present invention.
• the present invention also includes fully human anti-influenza-HA monoclonal antibodies comprising variants of any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein having one or more conservative substitutions.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies having HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences with, e.g., 10 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 4 or fewer, etc. conservative amino acid substitutions relative to any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
• human antibody is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
• the human mAbs of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3.
• human antibody is not intended to include mAbs in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species (e.g., mouse), have been grafted onto human FR sequences.
• the term includes antibodies recombinantly produced in a non-human mammal, or in cells of a non-human mammal.
• the term is not intended to include antibodies isolated from or generated in a human subject.
• recombinant refers to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the invention created, expressed, isolated or obtained by technologies or methods known in the art as recombinant DNA technology which include, e.g., DNA splicing and transgenic expression.
• the term refers to antibodies expressed in a non-human mammal (including transgenic non-human mammals, e.g., transgenic mice), or a cell (e.g., CHO cells) expression system or isolated from a recombinant combinatorial human antibody library.
• the term "specifically binds,” or “binds specifically to”, or the like, means that an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof forms a complex with an antigen that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Specific binding can be characterized by an equilibrium dissociation constant of at least about 1 x10 "8 M or less (e.g., a smaller K D denotes a tighter binding). Methods for determining whether two molecules specifically bind are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance, and the like. As described herein, antibodies have been identified by real-time, label free bio-layer interferometry assay on an Octet® HTX biosensor, which bind specifically to influenza-HA. Moreover, multi-specific antibodies that bind to one domain in influenza-HA and one or more additional antigens or a bi-specific that binds to two different regions of influenza-HA are nonetheless considered antibodies that "specifically bind", as used herein.
• high affinity antibody refers to those mAbs having a binding affinity to influenza-HA, expressed as K D , of at least 10 "8 M; preferably 10 "9 M; more preferably 10 "10 M, even more preferably 10 "11 M, even more preferably 10 "12 M, as measured by real-time, label free bio-layer interferometry assay, e.g., an Octet® HTX biosensor, or by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORETM, or by solution-affinity ELISA.
• slow off rate an antibody that dissociates from influenza-HA, with a rate constant of 1 x 10 "3 s "1 or less, preferably 1 x 10 "4 s "1 or less, as determined by real-time, label free bio-layer interferometry assay, e.g., an Octet® HTX biosensor, or by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORETM.
• antigen-binding portion of an antibody, "antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex.
• antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, or “antibody fragment”, as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to bind to Influenza HA.
• antibody or antibody fragments of the invention may be conjugated to a moiety such a ligand or a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate”), such as an anti-viral drug, a second anti-influenza antibody, or any other therapeutic moiety useful for treating an infection caused by influenza-HA.
• a moiety such as a ligand or a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate"), such as an anti-viral drug, a second anti-influenza antibody, or any other therapeutic moiety useful for treating an infection caused by influenza-HA.
• an "isolated antibody”, as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies (Abs) having different antigenic specificities ⁇ e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds influenza-HA, or a fragment thereof, is substantially free of Abs that specifically bind antigens other than influenza-HA.
• Abs antibodies having different antigenic specificities ⁇ e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds influenza-HA, or a fragment thereof, is substantially free of Abs that specifically bind antigens other than influenza-HA.
• a "blocking antibody” or a “neutralizing antibody”, as used herein is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to influenza-HA results in inhibition of at least one biological activity of influenza- HA.
• an antibody of the invention may prevent or block influenza attachment to, or entry into a host cell.
• a “neutralizing antibody” is one that can neutralize, i.e., prevent, inhibit, reduce, impede or interfere with, the ability of a pathogen to initiate and/or perpetuate an infection in a host.
• neutralizing antibody and “an antibody that neutralizes” or “antibodies that neutralize” are used interchangeably herein. These antibodies can be used, alone or in combination, as prophylactic or therapeutic agents with other anti-viral agents upon appropriate formulation, or in association with active vaccination, or as a diagnostic tool.
• surface plasmon resonance refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biomolecular interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIACORETM system
• Bio-layer interferometry is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time (Abdiche, Y.N., et al. Analytical Biochemistry, (2008), 377(2), 209-217). In certain embodiments of the invention, a "real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor (Octet HTX assay)" was used to assess the binding characteristics of certain of the anti-influenza HA antibodies.
• K D is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
• epitope refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen-binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
• a single antigen may have more than one epitope. Thus, different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects.
• epitope also refers to a site on an antigen to which B and/or T cells respond. It also refers to a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody.
• Epitopes may be defined as structural or functional. Functional epitopes are generally a subset of the structural epitopes and have those residues that directly contribute to the affinity of the interaction. Epitopes may also be conformational, that is, composed of non-linear amino acids.
• epitopes may include
• determinants that are chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.
• cross-competes means an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to an antigen and inhibits or blocks the binding of another antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
• the term also includes competition between two antibodies in both orientations, i.e., a first antibody that binds and blocks binding of second antibody and vice-versa.
• the first antibody and second antibody may bind to the same epitope.
• the first and second antibodies may bind to different, but overlapping epitopes such that binding of one inhibits or blocks the binding of the second antibody, e.g., wa steric hindrance.
• Cross-competition between antibodies may be measured by methods known in the art, for example, by a real-time, label-free bio-layer interferometry assay.
• Cross-competition between two antibodies may be expressed as the binding of the second antibody that is less than the background signal due to self -self binding (wherein first and second antibodies is the same antibody).
• Cross-competition between 2 antibodies may be expressed, for example, as % binding of the second antibody that is less than the baseline self- self background binding (wherein first and second antibodies is the same antibody).
• nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 90%, and more preferably at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or GAP, as discussed below.
• a nucleic acid molecule having substantial identity to a reference nucleic acid molecule may, in certain instances, encode a polypeptide having the same or substantially similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleic acid molecule.
• the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 90% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity.
• residue positions, which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
• a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g. , charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
• the percent or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. (See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24: 307- 331 ).
• Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1 ) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic- hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and 7) sulfur-containing side chains: cysteine and methionine.
• Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
• a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443 45.
• a "moderately conservative" replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
• Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
• GCG software contains programs such as GAP and BESTFIT which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1 .
• Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA with default or recommended parameters; a program in GCG Version 6.1 .
• FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and
• FAST A3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra).
• Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 and (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.
• terapéuticaally effective amount is meant an amount that produces the desired effect for which it is administered. The exact amount will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, for example, Lloyd (1999) The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding).
• the term "subject” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, in need of amelioration, prevention and/or treatment of a disease or disorder such as viral infection.
• the subject may have an influenza infection or is predisposed to developing an influenza virus infection.
• Subjects "predisposed to developing an influenza virus infection”, or subjects “who may be at elevated risk for contracting an influenza virus infection”, are those subjects with compromised immune systems because of autoimmune disease, those persons receiving immunosuppressive therapy (for example, following organ transplant), those persons afflicted with human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), certain forms of anemia that deplete or destroy white blood cells, those persons receiving radiation or chemotherapy, or those persons afflicted with an inflammatory disorder. Additionally, subject of extreme young or old age are at increased risk. Any person who comes into physical contact or close physical proximity with an infected individual has an increased risk of developing an Influenza virus infection.
• immunosuppressive therapy for example, following organ transplant
• HCV human immunodeficiency syndrome
• AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• certain forms of anemia that deplete or destroy white blood cells
• those persons receiving radiation or chemotherapy or those persons afflicted with an inflammatory disorder.
• subject of extreme young or old age are at increased risk. Any person who comes into
• a subject is at risk of contracting an influenza infection due to proximity to an outbreak of the disease, e.g. subject resides in a densely-populated city or in close proximity to subjects having confirmed or suspected infections of Influenza virus, or choice of employment, e.g. hospital worker, pharmaceutical researcher, traveler to infected area, or frequent flier.
• the terms “treat”, “treating”, or “treatment” refer to the reduction or amelioration of the severity of at least one symptom or indication of influenza infection due to the administration of a therapeutic agent such as an antibody of the present invention to a subject in need thereof.
• the terms include inhibition of progression of disease or of worsening of infection.
• the terms also include positive prognosis of disease, i.e., the subject may be free of infection or may have reduced or no viral titers upon administration of a therapeutic agent such as an antibody of the present invention.
• the therapeutic agent may be administered at a therapeutic dose to the subject.
• prevent refers to inhibition of manifestation of influenza infection or any symptoms or indications of influenza infection upon administration of an antibody of the present invention.
• the term includes prevention of spread of infection in a subject exposed to the virus or at risk of having influenza infection.
• a "protective effect" may be demonstrated by any standard procedure known in the art to determine whether an agent such as an anti-viral agent, or an antibody such as an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention can demonstrate any one or more of the following: e.g. an increase in survival after exposure to an infectious agent, a decrease in viral load, or amelioration of at least one symptom associated with the infectious agent.
• anti-viral drug refers to any anti-infective drug or therapy used to treat, prevent, or ameliorate a viral infection in a subject.
• anti-viral drug includes, but is not limited to TAMIFLU® (Oseltamivir), RELENZA® (Zanamivir), ribavirin, or interferon- alpha2b.
• the infection to be treated is caused by an influenza virus.
• Influenza is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). Influenza viruses are classified based on core protein into three genera A, B and C that are further divided into subtypes determined by the viral envelope glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Influenza A viruses infect a range of mammalian and avian species, whereas type B and C infections are largely restricted to humans. Only types A and B cause human disease of any concern.
• HA hemagglutinin
• NA neuraminidase
• the neutralizing antibody response to Influenza A virus is typically specific for a given viral subtype.
• the 18 HAs, H1 -H18 can be classified into two groups.
• Group 1 consists of H1 , H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H1 1 , H12, H13, H16, H17 and H18 subtypes, and group 2 includes H3, H4, H7, H10, H14 and H15 subtypes.
• a vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of neutralizing all influenza A virus subtypes as well as their yearly variants.
• broadly neutralizing heterosubtypic antibodies could be administered as medicaments for prevention or therapy of influenza A infection.
• HA is synthesized as a homo-trimeric precursor polypeptide HA0. Each monomer can be independently cleaved post-translationally to form two polypeptides, HA1 and HA2, linked by a single disulphide bond.
• the larger N-terminal fragment (HAL 320-330 amino acids) forms a membrane-distal globular domain that contains the receptor-binding site and most determinants recognized by virus-neutralizing antibodies.
• the HA1 polypeptide of HA is responsible for the attachment of virus to the cell surface.
• the smaller C-terminal portion (HA2, approximately 180 amino acids) forms a stem-like structure that anchors the globular domain to the cellular or viral membrane.
• the HA2 polypeptide mediates the fusion of viral and cell membranes in endosomes, allowing the release of the ribonucleoprotein complex into the cytoplasm.
• the inventors have described herein fully human antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to influenza hemagglutinin and modulate the interaction of influenza virus with host cells.
• the anti-influenza HA antibodies may bind to the influenza virus HA with high affinity.
• the antibodies of the present invention are blocking antibodies wherein the antibodies may bind to influenza HA and block the attachment to and/or entry of the virus into host cells.
• the blocking antibodies of the invention may block the binding of influenza virus to cells and as such may inhibit or neutralize viral infectivity of host cells.
• the blocking antibodies may be useful for treating a subject suffering from an influenza virus infection
• the antibodies when administered to a subject in need thereof may reduce the infection by a virus such as influenza in the subject. They may be used to decrease viral loads in a subject. They may be used alone or as adjunct therapy with other therapeutic moieties or modalities known in the art for treating a viral infection. In certain embodiments, these antibodies may bind to an epitope in the stem region of the viral HA.
• the identified antibodies can be used prophylactically (before infection) to protect a mammal from infection, or can be used therapeutically (after infection is established) to ameliorate a previously established infection, or to ameliorate at least one symptom associated with the infection.
• the antibodies of the invention are obtained from mice immunized with a primary immunogen, such as a full length influenza HA or with a recombinant form of influenza HA or fragments thereof followed by immunization with a secondary immunogen, or with an immunogenically active fragment of influenza HA.
• a primary immunogen such as a full length influenza HA or with a recombinant form of influenza HA or fragments thereof followed by immunization with a secondary immunogen, or with an immunogenically active fragment of influenza HA.
• the antibodies are obtained from mice immunized with an influenza vaccine composition followed by booster immunization with one or more recombinantly produced HA peptides.
• the immunogen may be a biologically active and/or immunogenic fragment of influenza HA or DNA encoding the active fragment thereof.
• the fragment may be derived from the stem region of the HA protein.
• the peptides may be modified to include addition or substitution of certain residues for tagging or for purposes of conjugation to carrier molecules, such as, KLH.
• a cysteine may be added at either the N terminal or C terminal end of a peptide, or a linker sequence may be added to prepare the peptide for conjugation to, for example, KLH for immunization.
• Certain anti-influenza-HA antibodies of the present invention are able to bind to and neutralize the activity of influenza-HA, as determined by in vitro or in vivo assays.
• the ability of the antibodies of the invention to bind to and neutralize the activity of influenza-HA and thus the attachment and/or entry of the virus into a host cell followed by the ensuing viral infection may be measured using any standard method known to those skilled in the art, including binding assays, or activity assays, as described herein.
• Example 3 Non-limiting, exemplary in vitro assays for measuring binding activity are illustrated in Example 3, herein.
• the binding affinity and dissociation constants of anti- influenza-HA antibodies for influenza-HA were determined by real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor (Octet HTX assay).
• Octet HTX assay real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor
• Examples 4 and 5 neutralization assays were used to determine infectivity of diverse group 1 strains of influenza virus.
• Example 6 certain antibodies were shown to mediate complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of virus-infected cells in vitro.
• Examples 7 and 10 demonstrate that certain antibodies of the invention are capable of neutralizing an influenza A infection in vivo when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically.
• the antibodies specific for influenza-HA may contain no additional labels or moieties, or they may contain an N-terminal or C-terminal label or moiety.
• the label or moiety is biotin.
• the location of a label may determine the orientation of the peptide relative to the surface upon which the peptide is bound. For example, if a surface is coated with avidin, a peptide containing an N-terminal biotin will be oriented such that the C- terminal portion of the peptide will be distal to the surface.
• the label may be a radionuclide, a fluorescent dye or a MRI-detectable label. In certain embodiments, such labeled antibodies may be used in diagnostic assays including imaging assays. Antigen-Binding Fragments of Antibodies
• antibody shall be understood to encompass antibody molecules comprising two immunoglobulin heavy chains and two immunoglobulin light chains (i.e., “full antibody molecules") as well as antigen-binding fragments thereof.
• full antibody molecules immunoglobulin heavy chains and two immunoglobulin light chains
• antigen-binding portion of an antibody, antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex.
• antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, or "antibody fragment”, as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to Influenza HA.
• An antibody fragment may include a Fab fragment, a F(ab') 2 fragment, a Fv fragment, a dAb fragment, a fragment containing a CDR, or an isolated CDR.
• the term "antigen-binding fragment” refers to a polypeptide fragment of a multi-specific antigen-binding molecule.
• Antigen- binding fragments of an antibody may be derived, e.g., from full antibody molecules using any suitable standard techniques such as proteolytic digestion or recombinant genetic engineering techniques involving the manipulation and expression of DNA encoding antibody variable and (optionally) constant domains.
• DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized.
• the DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add or delete amino acids, etc.
• Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab')2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated
• CDR complementarity determining region
• Other engineered molecules such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression "antigen-binding fragment," as used herein.
• SMIPs small modular immunopharmaceuticals
• An antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain.
• the variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR, which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences.
• _ domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement.
• the variable region may be dimeric and contain V H - V H , V H - V L or V L - V L dimers.
• the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V H or V L domain.
• an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain at least one variable domain covalently linked to at least one constant domain.
• variable and constant domains that may be found within an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention include: (i) V H -C H 1 ; (ii) V H -C H 2; (iii) V H -C H 3; (iv) V H -C h 1 -C h 2; (V) V H -C h 1 -C h 2-CH3; (vi) V H -C H 2-C H 3; (vii) V H -C L ; (viii) V L -C H 1 ; (ix) V L -C H 2; (x) V L -C H 3; (xi) V L -C H 1 -C H 2; (xii) V L -C H 1 -C H 2-C H 3; (xiii) V L -C H 1 -C H 2-C H 3; (x
• variable and constant domains may be either directly linked to one another or may be linked by a full or partial hinge or linker region.
• a hinge region may consist of at least 2 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 or more) amino acids, which result in a flexible or semi-flexible linkage between adjacent variable and/or constant domains in a single polypeptide molecule.
• an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention may comprise a homo-dimer or hetero-dimer (or other multimer) of any of the variable and constant domain configurations listed above in non-covalent association with one another and/or with one or more monomeric V H or V L domain (e.g., by disulfide bond(s)).
• antigen-binding fragments may be mono-specific or multi-specific (e.g., bi-specific).
• a multi-specific antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least two different variable domains, wherein each variable domain is capable of specifically binding to a separate antigen or to a different epitope on the same antigen.
• Any multi-specific antibody format, including the exemplary bi-specific antibody formats disclosed herein, may be adapted for use in the context of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention using routine techniques available in the art.
• Methods for generating human antibodies in transgenic mice are known in the art. Any such known methods can be used in the context of the present invention to make human antibodies that specifically bind to Influenza-HA.
• An immunogen comprising any one of the following can be used to generate antibodies to Influenza HA.
• the antibodies of the invention are obtained from mice immunized with a full length, native influenza HA (See, for example, GenBank accession number FJ966082.1 ), or with a live attenuated or inactivated virus, or with DNA encoding the protein or fragment thereof.
• the influenza-HA protein or a fragment thereof may be produced using standard biochemical techniques and modified and used as immunogen.
• the immunogen is a recombinantly produced influenza-HA protein or fragment thereof.
• the immunogen may be an influenza virus vaccine.
• one or more booster injections may be administered.
• the booster injections may comprise one or more influenza virus strains, or hemagglutinins derived from these strains, eg., See Protein Sciences H1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999, H5 A/lndonesia/20172005, H3
• the booster injections may contain a 1 :1 mixture of the influenza strains, or a 1 :1 mixture of the hemagglutinins derived from the strains.
• the immunogen may be a recombinant Influenza HA peptide expressed in E. coli or in any other eukaryotic or mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or influenza virus itself.
• VELOCIMMUNE® technology see, for example, US 6,596,541 , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, VELOCIMMUNE®
• any other known method for generating monoclonal antibodies high affinity chimeric antibodies to influenza-HA are initially isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region.
• the VELOCIMMUNE® technology involves generation of a transgenic mouse having a genome comprising human heavy and light chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces an antibody comprising a human variable region and a mouse constant region in response to antigenic stimulation.
• the DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody are isolated and operably linked to DNA encoding the human heavy and light chain constant regions.
• the DNA is then expressed in a cell capable of expressing the fully human antibody.
• lymphatic cells such as B-cells
• the lymphatic cells may be fused with a myeloma cell line to prepare immortal hybridoma cell lines, and such hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify hybridoma cell lines that produce antibodies specific to the antigen of interest.
• DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain may be isolated and linked to desirable isotypic constant regions of the heavy chain and light chain.
• Such an antibody protein may be produced in a cell, such as a CHO cell.
• DNA encoding the antigen-specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of the light and heavy chains may be isolated directly from antigen-specific
• lymphocytes are lymphocytes.
• mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody of the invention, for example wild-type or modified lgG1 or lgG4. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
• the anti-influenza-HA antibodies and antibody fragments of the present invention encompass proteins having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the described antibodies, but that retain the ability to bind Influenza HA.
• Such variant antibodies and antibody fragments comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described antibodies.
• the antibody-encoding DNA sequences of the present invention encompass sequences that comprise one or more additions, deletions, or
• Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single dose or multiple doses.
• Some antibodies will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug
• two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, or potency.
• two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching.
• two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known.
• Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and/or in vitro methods.
• Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antibody.
• Bioequivalent variants of the antibodies of the invention may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity.
• cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation.
• bioequivalent antibodies may include antibody variants comprising amino acid changes, which modify the glycosylation characteristics of the antibodies, e.g., mutations that eliminate or remove glycosylation.
• anti-influenza-HA antibodies comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more mutations, which enhance or diminish antibody binding to the FcRn receptor, e.g., at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies comprising a mutation in the C H 2 or a C H 3 region of the Fc domain, wherein the mutation(s) increases the affinity of the Fc domain to FcRn in an acidic environment (e.g., in an endosome where pH ranges from about 5.5 to about 6.0).
• Such mutations may result in an increase in serum half-life of the antibody when administered to an animal.
• Non-limiting examples of such Fc modifications include, e.g., a modification at position 250 (e.g., E or Q); 250 and 428 (e.g., L or F) ; 252 (e.g., L/Y/F/W or T), 254 (e.g., S or T), and 256 (e.g., S/R/Q/E/D or T); or a modification at position 428 and/or 433 (e.g., H/L/R/S/P/Q or K) and/or 434 ⁇ e.g., A, W, H, F or Y [N434A, N434W, N434H, N434F or N434Y]) ; or a modification at position 250 and/or 428; or a modification at position 307 or 308 (e.g., 308F, V308F), and 434.
• a modification at position 250 e.g., E or Q
• 250 and 428 e.g
• the modification comprises a 428L (e.g., M428L) and 434S (e.g., N434S) modification; a 428L, 259I (e.g., V259I), and 308F (e.g., V308F) modification; a 433K (e.g., H433K) and a 434 (e.g., 434Y) modification; a 252, 254, and 256 (e.g., 252Y, 254T, and 256E) modification; a 250Q and 428L modification (e.g., T250Q and M428L) ; and a 307 and/or 308 modification (e.g., 308F or 308P).
• the modification comprises a 265A (e.g., D265A) and/or a 297A (e.g., N297A) modification.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more pairs or groups of mutations selected from the group consisting of: 250Q and 248L (e.g., T250Q and M248L); 252Y, 254T and 256E (e.g., M252Y, S254T and T256E) ; 428L and 434S (e.g., M428L and N434S); 257I and 31 1 1 (e.g., P257I and Q31 1 1) ; 257I and 434H (e.g., P257I and N434H) ; 376V and 434H (e.g., D376V and N434H); 307A, 380A and 434A (e.g., T307A, E380A and N434A) ; and 433K and 434F (e.g., H433K and N434F).
• 250Q and 248L e
• the present invention also includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies comprising a chimeric heavy chain constant (C H ) region, wherein the chimeric C H region comprises segments derived from the C H regions of more than one immunoglobulin isotype.
• C H chimeric heavy chain constant
• the antibodies of the invention may comprise a chimeric C H region comprising part or all of a C H 2 domain derived from a human lgG1 , human lgG2 or human lgG4 molecule, combined with part or all of a C H 3 domain derived from a human lgG1 , human lgG2 or human lgG4 molecule.
• the antibodies of the invention comprise a chimeric C H region having a chimeric hinge region.
• a chimeric hinge may comprise an "upper hinge" amino acid sequence (amino acid residues from positions 216 to 227 according to EU numbering) derived from a human lgG1 , a human lgG2 or a human lgG4 hinge region, combined with a "lower hinge” sequence (amino acid residues from positions 228 to 236 according to EU numbering) derived from a human lgG1 , a human lgG2 or a human lgG4 hinge region.
• the chimeric hinge region comprises amino acid residues derived from a human lgG1 or a human lgG4 upper hinge and amino acid residues derived from a human lgG2 lower hinge.
• An antibody comprising a chimeric C H region as described herein may, in certain embodiments, exhibit modified Fc effector functions without adversely affecting the therapeutic or pharmacokinetic properties of the antibody. (See, e.g., U.S.
• the antibodies of the present invention function by binding to Influenza HA.
• the present invention includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of antibodies that bind Influenza HA (e.g., at 25°C or at 37°C) with a K D of less than 10 nM, as measured by real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor (Octet HTX assay), or by surface plasmon resonance.
• the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof bind influenza-HA with a K D of less than about 5nM, less than about 2nM, less than about 1 nM, less than about 500pM, less than 250pM, or less than 100pM, as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using the assay format as described herein, or a substantially similar assay.
• the present invention also includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind Influenza HA with a dissociative half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than about 100 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25 S C, e.g., using an assay format as defined herein, or a substantially similar assay.
• the antibodies or antigen- binding fragments of the present invention bind Influenza HA with a t1 ⁇ 2 of greater than about 200 minutes, greater than about 300 minutes, greater than about 400 minutes, greater than about 500 minutes, greater than about 600 minutes, greater than about 700 minutes, greater than about 800 minutes, greater than about 900 minutes, or greater than about 1000 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25 S C, e.g., using an assay format as defined herein (e.g., imAb-capture or antigen-capture format), or a substantially similar assay.
• the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the invention bind Influenza HA with a dissociative half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than 300 minutes.
• an antibody of the invention provides for about a 1 .5 to 2-fold increase in dissociative half life as compared to a comparator antibody designated Control I imAb, when tested in monkeys and mice.
• the present invention also includes antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that neutralize the infectivity of influenza virus for its host cells.
• the antibodies exhibit a neutralization potency against various representative group 1 influenza viruses (H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934; H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004; H1 N1 A California/07/2009; H1 N1 A/Wisconsin/1933; H1 N1 A/Brisbane/59/1997, H9N2 A Hong Kong/33982/2009, H13N6 a/gull/Maryland/704/1977 and H16N3 A/shorebird/Delaware/172/2006 with an IC 50 ranging from about 1 .6 nM to about 130 nM in a microneutralization assay, e.g., as shown in Examples 4 and 5, or a substantially similar assay.
• the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that neutralize the infectivity of influenza virus for its host cells exhibit a neutralization potency against
• the present invention also includes antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity of infected cells, with an EC 50 ranging from about 20nM to about 66nM (see example 6). In one embodiment, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity of infected cells, with an EC 50 less than 66 nM.
• the present invention also includes anti-influenza-A HA antibodies that demonstrate an increase in protection, or potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo. Certain antibodies show potent neutralization when administered either prophylactically (prior to infection) or therapeutically (after infection; see example 7). In certain embodiments, some of the antibodies (H1 H1 1729P and H1 H1 1829N2) demonstrated 100% survival of mice when administered prophylactically as a single dose of 1 mg/kg.
• Certain antibodies demonstrated significant survival of mice when administered prophylactically at doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg (100% survival using the antibody designated as H1 H1 1729P), at 0.1 mg/kg of H1 H1 1729P (40% survival), or at 0.05 mg/kg of H1 H1 1829N2 (20% survival). Significant survival was also observed when certain exemplary antibodies (H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P) were
• an antibody of the invention demonstrates an additive protective effect in influenza-infected mammals when combined with an anti-viral drug, oseltamivir.
• the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen- binding fragment thereof that binds specifically to Influenza HA, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof exhibits two or more of the following characteristics: (a) is a fully human monoclonal antibody; (b) binds to influenza HA with a dissociation constant (K D ) of less than 10 " 9 M, as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay; (c) demonstrates a dissociative half- life (t1 ⁇ 2) ranging from about 370 minutes to greater than 1000 minutes; (d) demonstrates neutralization of group 1 influenza A viruses selected from H1 N1 , H5N1 , H9N2, H13N6 and H16N3, with an IC 50 ranging from about 1 .6nM to about 130nM; (e) demonstrates complement mediated lysis of influenza virus infected cells with an EC 50 of about 20nM to about 66nM; or (f) demonstrates protection, as measured by increased survival in an animal model of
• the antibodies of the present invention may possess two or more of the aforementioned biological characteristics, or any combinations thereof. Other biological characteristics of the antibodies of the present invention will be evident to a person of ordinary skill in the art from a review of the present disclosure including the working Examples herein.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA virus antibodies, which interact with one or more amino acids found within one or more domains of the influenza HA molecule.
• the epitope to which the antibodies bind may consist of a single contiguous sequence of 3 or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids located within the influenza HA molecule (e.g. a linear epitope in a domain).
• the epitope may consist of a plurality of non-contiguous amino acids (or amino acid sequences) located within the influenza-HA molecule (e.g. a conformational epitope).
• Various techniques known to persons of ordinary skill in the art can be used to determine whether an antibody "interacts with one or more amino acids" within a polypeptide or protein.
• Exemplary techniques include, for example, routine cross-blocking assays, such as that described in Antibodies, Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY).
• Other methods include alanine scanning mutational analysis, peptide blot analysis (Reineke (2004) Methods Mol. Biol. 248: 443-63), peptide cleavage analysis crystallographic studies and NMR analysis.
• methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer (2000) Prot. Sci. 9: 487-496).
• the hydrogen/deuterium exchange method involves deuterium-labeling the protein of interest, followed by binding the antibody to the deuterium-labeled protein. Next, the protein/antibody complex is transferred to water and exchangeable protons within amino acids that are protected by the antibody complex undergo deuterium-to-hydrogen back-exchange at a slower rate than exchangeable protons within amino acids that are not part of the interface. As a result, amino acids that form part of the protein/antibody interface may retain deuterium and therefore exhibit relatively higher mass compared to amino acids not included in the interface.
• the target protein After dissociation of the antibody, the target protein is subjected to protease cleavage and mass spectrometry analysis, thereby revealing the deuterium-labeled residues which correspond to the specific amino acids with which the antibody interacts. See, e.g., Ehring (1999) Analytical Biochemistry 267: 252-259; Engen and Smith (2001 ) Anal. Chem. 73: 256A-265A.
• epitope refers to a site on an antigen to which B and/or T cells respond.
• B- cell epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
• An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
• Modification-Assisted Profiling also known as Antigen Structure-based Antibody Profiling (ASAP) is a method that categorizes large numbers of monoclonal antibodies (imAbs) directed against the same antigen according to the similarities of the binding profile of each antibody to chemically or enzymatically modified antigen surfaces (see US 2004/0101920). Each category may reflect a unique epitope either distinctly different from or partially overlapping with epitope represented by another category. This technology allows rapid filtering of genetically identical antibodies, such that characterization can be focused on genetically distinct antibodies.
• MAP may facilitate identification of rare hybridoma clones that produce imAbs having the desired characteristics.
• MAP may be used to sort the antibodies of the invention into groups of antibodies binding different epitopes.
• influenza virus-HA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof bind an epitope within any one or more of the regions exemplified in influenza HA, either in natural form, or recombinantly produced, or to a fragment thereof.
• the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies that bind to the same epitope, or a portion of the epitope. Likewise, the present invention also includes anti-influenza- HA antibodies that compete for binding to Influenza HA or a fragment thereof with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein. For example, the present invention includes anti-influenza-HA antibodies that cross-compete for binding to influenza HA with one or more antibodies obtained from those antibodies described in Tables 1 and 12.
• test antibody If the test antibody is able to bind to influenza virus HA following saturation binding with the reference anti-influenza-HA antibody, it can be concluded that the test antibody binds to a different epitope than the reference anti-influenza- HA antibody. On the other hand, if the test antibody is not able to bind to the Influenza HA following saturation binding with the reference anti-influenza-HA antibody, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope as the epitope bound by the reference anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention.
• the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antibody is allowed to bind to a Influenza HA under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the influenza-HA molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to an influenza-HA molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antibody to the influenza-HA molecule. If, in both orientations, only the first (saturating) antibody is capable of binding to the influenza-HA molecule, then it is concluded that the test antibody and the reference antibody compete for binding to influenza-HA.
• an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antibody may not necessarily bind to the identical epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope.
• Two antibodies bind to the same or overlapping epitope if each competitively inhibits (blocks) binding of the other to the antigen. That is, a 1 -, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antibody inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 1990 50:1495-1502).
• two antibodies have the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
• Two antibodies have overlapping epitopes if some amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antibody reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
• the invention encompasses a human anti-influenza-HA monoclonal antibody conjugated to a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate”), such as a toxoid or an anti-viral drug to treat influenza virus infection.
• a therapeutic moiety such as a toxoid or an anti-viral drug to treat influenza virus infection.
• immunoconjugate refers to an antibody, which is chemically or biologically linked to a radioactive agent, a cytokine, an interferon, a target or reporter moiety, an enzyme, a peptide or protein or a therapeutic agent.
• the antibody may be linked to the radioactive agent, cytokine, interferon, target or reporter moiety, enzyme, peptide or therapeutic agent at any location along the molecule so long as it is able to bind its target.
• immunoconjugates include antibody drug conjugates and antibody-toxin fusion proteins.
• the agent may be a second different antibody to Influenza-HA.
• the antibody may be conjugated to an agent specific for a virally infected cell.
• the type of therapeutic moiety that may be conjugated to the anti- influenza-HA antibody and will take into account the condition to be treated and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. Examples of suitable agents for forming
• immunoconjugates are known in the art; see for example, WO 05/103081 .
• the antibodies of the present invention may be mono-specific, bi-specific, or multi- specific. Multi-specific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al., 1991 , J. Immunol. 147:60-69; Kufer et al., 2004, Trends Biotechnol. 22:238-244.
• any of the multi-specific antigen-binding molecules of the invention may be constructed using standard molecular biological techniques (e.g., recombinant DNA and protein expression technology), as will be known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
• influenza-HA-specific antibodies are generated in a bi-specific format (a "bi-specific") in which variable regions binding to distinct domains of Influenza HA are linked together to confer dual-domain specificity within a single binding molecule.
• a bi-specific in which variable regions binding to distinct domains of Influenza HA are linked together to confer dual-domain specificity within a single binding molecule.
• Appropriately designed bi-specifics may enhance overall influenza-HA-protein inhibitory efficacy through increasing both specificity and binding avidity.
• Variable regions with specificity for individual domains, (e.g., segments of the N-terminal domain), or that can bind to different regions within one domain are paired on a structural scaffold that allows each region to bind simultaneously to the separate epitopes, or to different regions within one domain.
• V H heavy chain variable regions
• V L light chain variable regions
• V L segment Use of a single V L segment reduces the complexity of the system and thereby simplifies and increases efficiency in cloning, expression, and purification processes used to generate the bi-specific (See, for example, USSN13/022759 and US2010/0331527).
• antibodies that bind more than one domain and a second target may be prepared in a bi-specific format using techniques described herein, or other techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• Antibody variable regions binding to distinct regions may be linked together with variable regions that bind to relevant sites on, for example, the influenza virus, to confer dual-antigen specificity within a single binding molecule.
• Appropriately designed bi-specifics of this nature serve a dual function.
• Variable regions with specificity for the extracellular domain are combined with a variable region with specificity for outside the extracellular domain and are paired on a structural scaffold that allows each variable region to bind to the separate antigens.
• An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) C H 3 domain and a second Ig C H 3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig C H 3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bi-specific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference.
• the first Ig C H 3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig C H 3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering).
• the second C H 3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second C H 3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V82I (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG1 antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (by IMGT; Q355R, N384S, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU) in the case of lgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody
• Bispecific antibodies can also be constructed using peptide/nucleic acid conjugation, e.g., wherein unnatural amino acids with orthogonal chemical reactivity are used to generate site-specific antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates which then self-assemble into multimeric complexes with defined composition, valency and geometry. (See, e.g., Kazane et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. [Epub: Dec. 4, 2012]).
• the invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising the anti-influenza-HA antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof of the present invention.
• Therapeutic compositions in accordance with the invention will be administered with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
• suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
• suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that are incorporated into formulations to provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
• a multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
• formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTINTM), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. See also Powell et al. "Compendium of excipients for parenteral formulations" PDA (1998) J Pharm Sci Technol 52:238-31 1.
• the dose of antibody may vary depending upon the age and the size of a subject to be administered, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like.
• an antibody of the present invention is used for treating a disease or disorder in an adult patient, or for preventing such a disease, it is advantageous to administer the antibody of the present invention normally at a single dose of about 0.1 to about 60 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 5 to about 60, about 10 to about 50, or about 20 to about 50 mg/kg body weight.
• the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the invention can be administered as an initial dose of at least about 0.1 mg to about 5000 mg, about 1 to about 2000 mg, about 5 to about 1000 mg, or about 10 to about 500 mg, to about 100 mg, or to about 50 mg.
• the initial dose may be followed by administration of a second or a plurality of subsequent doses of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in an amount that can be approximately the same or less than that of the initial dose, wherein the subsequent doses are separated by at least 1 day to 3 days; at least one week, at least 2 weeks; at least 3 weeks; at least 4 weeks; at least 5 weeks; at least 6 weeks; at least 7 weeks; at least 8 weeks; at least 9 weeks; at least 10 weeks; at least 12 weeks; or at least 14 weeks.
• Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the mutant viruses, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432).
• Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, transdermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural and oral routes.
• the composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be also delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see, for example, Langer (1990) Science 249:1527-1533).
• Nanoparticles to deliver the antibodies of the present invention are also contemplated herein.
• Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles may be used both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
• Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles and methods of preparation and use are described in detail by Arruebo, M., et al. 2009 ("Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for biomedical applications" in J. Nanomat. Volume 2009, Article I D 439389, 24 pages, doi:
• Nanoparticles may be developed and conjugated to antibodies contained in pharmaceutical compositions to target virally infected cells. Nanoparticles for drug delivery have also been described in, for example, US 8257740, or US 8246995, each incorporated herein in its entirety.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system.
• a pump may be used.
• polymeric materials can be used.
• a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition's target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.
• the injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intracranial, intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known. For example, the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium
• aqueous medium for injections there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc.
• an alcohol e.g., ethanol
• a polyalcohol e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
• a nonionic surfactant e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil
• oily medium there are employed, e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, etc., which may be used in combination with a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
• a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe.
• a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
• Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable.
• a reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused.
• a disposable pen delivery device there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the pharmaceutical composition, the entire device is discarded.
• Numerous reusable pen and autoinjector delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Examples include, but certainly are not limited to AUTOPENTM (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONICTM pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Burghdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25TM pen, HUMALOGTM pen, HUMALIN 70/30TM pen (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN), NOVOPENTM I, II and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIORTM (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BDTM pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ),
• OPTIPENTM, OPTIPEN PROTM, OPTIPEN STARLETTM, and OPTICLIKTM (Sanofi-Aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few.
• disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but certainly are not limited to the SOLOSTARTM pen (Sanofi-Aventis), the FLEXPENTM (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPENTM (Eli Lilly), the SURECLICKTM Autoinjector (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), the PENLETTM (Haselmeier, Stuttgart, Germany), the EPIPEN (Dey, L.P.) and the HUMIRATM Pen (Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL), to name only a few.
• the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients.
• dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc.
• the amount of the antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 5000 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the antibody is contained in about 5 to about 500 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms.
• the antibodies of the present invention are useful for the treatment, and/or prevention of a disease or disorder or condition associated with influenza virus infection and/or for ameliorating at least one symptom associated with such disease, disorder or condition.
• the antibodies of the invention are useful to treat subjects suffering from the severe and acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. In some embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are useful in decreasing viral titers or reducing viral load in the host. In one embodiment, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof the invention may be administered at a therapeutic dose to a patient with influenza virus infection.
• One or more antibodies of the present invention may be administered to relieve or prevent or decrease the severity of one or more of the symptoms or conditions of the disease or disorder.
• the antibodies may be used to ameliorate or reduce the severity of at least one symptom of influenza virus infection including, but not limited to fever, cough, sore throat, headache, body aches, fatigue, extreme exhaustion, shortness of breath, bronchitis, pneumonia, and death.
• one or more antibodies of the present invention prophylactically to subjects at risk for developing an influenza virus infection such as immunocompromised individuals, elderly adults (more than 65 years of age), children younger than 2 years of age, healthcare workers, family members in close proximity to a patient suffering from an influenza virus infection, and patients with a medical history (e.g., increased risk of pulmonary infection, heart disease or diabetes).
• subjects at risk for developing an influenza virus infection such as immunocompromised individuals, elderly adults (more than 65 years of age), children younger than 2 years of age, healthcare workers, family members in close proximity to a patient suffering from an influenza virus infection, and patients with a medical history (e.g., increased risk of pulmonary infection, heart disease or diabetes).
• the present antibodies are used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating patients suffering from an influenza virus infection.
• the present antibodies are used as adjunct therapy with any other agent or any other therapy known to those skilled in the art useful for treating or ameliorating an influenza virus infection.
• Combination therapies may include an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention and any additional therapeutic agent that may be advantageously combined with an antibody of the invention, or with a biologically active fragment of an antibody of the invention.
• the antibodies of the present invention may be combined synergistically with one or more drugs or agents (e.g. anti-viral agents) used to treat influenza virus.
• exemplary anti-viral agents include, e.g., vaccines, neuraminidase inhibitors or nucleoside analogs.
• Other exemplary anti-viral agents that may be used in combination with an antibody of the invention can include, e.g., zidovudine, gangcyclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, foscarnet, acyclovir, ribavirin, amantadine, remantidine, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, alpha-interferons and other interferons, a neuraminidase inhibitor (e.g., zanamivir (RELENZA®), oseltamivir (TAMIFLU®) laninamivir, peramivir), or rimantadine.
• a neuraminidase inhibitor e.g., zanamivir (RELENZA®), oseltamivir
• exemplary anti-viral drugs include, but are not limited to, a HA inhibitor, a sialic acid inhibitor and an M2 ion channel inhibitor.
• the M2 ion channel inhibitor is amantadine or rimantadine.
• the antibodies of the invention may be combined with a second therapeutic agent to reduce the viral load in a patient with an influenza virus infection, or to ameliorate one or more symptoms of the infection.
• the antibodies of the present invention may be used in combination with an antiinflammatory drug (e.g., corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), a decongestant, an anti-histamine, an anti-infective drug, a different antibody to Influenza virus, an anti-viral drug, a vaccine for influenza virus, such as FLUMIST® or FLUVIRIN®, a dietary supplement such as anti-oxidants or any other palliative therapy to treat an influenza virus infection.
• an antiinflammatory drug e.g., corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• a decongestant e.g., an anti-histamine, an anti-infective drug, a different antibody to Influenza virus, an anti-viral drug, a vaccine for influenza virus, such as FLUMIST® or FLUVIRIN®, a dietary supplement such as anti-oxidants or any other palliative therapy to treat an influenza virus infection.
• a decongestant e.g.,
• the second therapeutic agent is another antibody to influenza.
• the second therapeutic agent is another antibody to influenza hemagglutinin.
• the second therapeutic agent is another antibody to a different influenza protein, such as the neuraminidase, or the tetrameric ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e protein).
• the second therapeutic agent is an antibody to a different protein such as the host transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2).
• the second antibody may be specific for one or more different influenza virus proteins from different subtypes or strains of the virus. It is contemplated herein to use a combination ("cocktail") of antibodies with broad neutralization or inhibitory activity against influenza virus.
• non-competing antibodies may be combined and administered to a subject in need thereof, to reduce the ability of influenza virus to escape due to rapid mutation as a result of selection pressure.
• the antibodies comprising the combination bind to distinct non-overlapping epitopes on the HA protein.
• the antibodies comprising the combination may block the virus attachment and/or entry into and/or fusion with host cells.
• the antibodies may interact with a hemagglutinin selected from any one or more of the Group 1 influenza A subtypes including H1 , H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H1 1 , H12, H13, H16, H17 or H18 and when used alone, or in combination with any one or more of the agents noted above, may neutralize any one or more of the Group 1 influenza subtypes including, but not limited to the following: H1 N1 , H5N1 , H9N2, H13N6 and H16N3.
• the combination comprises one or more antibodies that do not cross-compete;
• the combination includes a first antibody with broad neutralization activity with a second antibody with activity against a narrow spectrum of isolates and that does not cross-compete with the first antibody.
• the term "in combination with” means that additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered prior to, concurrent with, or after the administration of the anti-influenza-HA antibody of the present invention.
• the term “in combination with” also includes sequential or concomitant administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody and a second therapeutic agent.
• the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject prior to administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the present invention.
• a first component may be deemed to be administered "prior to" a second component if the first component is administered 1 week before, 72 hours before, 60 hours before, 48 hours before, 36 hours before, 24 hours before, 12 hours before, 6 hours before, 5 hours before, 4 hours before, 3 hours before, 2 hours before, 1 hour before, 30 minutes before, 15 minutes before, 10 minutes before, 5 minutes before, or less than 1 minute before administration of the second component.
• the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject after administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the present invention.
• a first component may be deemed to be administered "after" a second component if the first component is administered 1 minute after, 5 minutes after, 10 minutes after, 15 minutes after, 30 minutes after, 1 hour after, 2 hours after, 3 hours after, 4 hours after, 5 hours after, 6 hours after, 12 hours after, 24 hours after, 36 hours after, 48 hours after, 60 hours after, 72 hours after administration of the second component.
• the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered to a subject concurrent with administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the present invention.
• Constant administration includes, e.g., administration of an anti- influenza-HA antibody and an additional therapeutically active component to a subject in a single dosage form, or in separate dosage forms administered to the subject within about 30 minutes or less of each other. If administered in separate dosage forms, each dosage form may be administered via the same route (e.g., both the anti-influenza-HA antibody and the additional therapeutically active component may be administered intravenously, etc.) ;
• each dosage form may be administered via a different route (e.g., the anti- influenza-HA antibody may be administered intravenously, and the additional therapeutically active component may be administered orally).
• administering the components in a single dosage from, in separate dosage forms by the same route, or in separate dosage forms by different routes are all considered “concurrent administration," for purposes of the present disclosure.
• administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody "prior to", “concurrent with,” or “after” administration of an additional therapeutically active component is considered administration of an anti-influenza-HA antibody "in combination with” an additional therapeutically active component.
• the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions in which an anti- influenza- HA antibody of the present invention is co-formulated with one or more of the additional therapeutically active component(s) as described elsewhere herein.
• a single dose of an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention may be administered to a subject in need thereof.
• multiple doses of an anti-influenza-HA antibody may be administered to a subject over a defined time course.
• the methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise sequentially administering to a subject multiple doses of an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention.
• sequentially administering means that each dose of anti-influenza- HA antibody is administered to the subject at a different point in time, e.g., on different days separated by a predetermined interval (e.g., hours, days, weeks or months).
• the present invention includes methods which comprise sequentially administering to the patient a single initial dose of an anti-influenza-HA antibody, followed by one or more secondary doses of the anti-influenza-HA antibody, and optionally followed by one or more tertiary doses of the anti- influenza-HA antibody.
• the terms "initial dose,” “secondary doses,” and “tertiary doses,” refer to the temporal sequence of administration of the anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention.
• the “initial dose” is the dose which is administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen (also referred to as the “baseline dose”);
• the “secondary doses” are the doses which are administered after the initial dose;
• the “tertiary doses” are the doses which are administered after the secondary doses.
• the initial, secondary, and tertiary doses may all contain the same amount of anti-influenza-HA antibody, but generally may differ from one another in terms of frequency of administration.
• the amount of anti-influenza-HA antibody contained in the initial, secondary and/or tertiary doses varies from one another (e.g., adjusted up or down as appropriate) during the course of treatment.
• two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) doses are administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen as "loading doses" followed by subsequent doses that are administered on a less frequent basis (e.g., "maintenance doses").
• each secondary and/or tertiary dose is administered 1 to 48 hours (e.g., 1 , 1 1 ⁇ 2, 2, 21 ⁇ 2, 3, 31 ⁇ 2, 4, 41 ⁇ 2, 5, 51 ⁇ 2, 6, 61 ⁇ 2, 7, 71 ⁇ 2, 8, 81 ⁇ 2, 9, 91 ⁇ 2, 10, 101 ⁇ 2, 1 1 , 1 1 1 ⁇ 2, 12, 121 ⁇ 2, 13, 131 ⁇ 2, 14, 141 ⁇ 2, 15, 151 ⁇ 2, 16, 161 ⁇ 2, 17, 171 ⁇ 2, 18, 181 ⁇ 2, 19, 191 ⁇ 2, 20, 201 ⁇ 2, 21 , 21 1 ⁇ 2, 22, 221 ⁇ 2, 23, 231 ⁇ 2, 24, 241 ⁇ 2, 25, 251 ⁇ 2, 26, 261 ⁇ 2, or more) after the immediately preceding dose.
• the immediately preceding dose means, in a sequence of multiple administrations, the dose of anti-influenza-HA antibody, which is administered to a patient prior to the administration of the very next dose in the sequence with no intervening doses.
• the methods according to this aspect of the invention may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti- influenza-HA antibody.
• any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti- influenza-HA antibody may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an anti- influenza-HA antibody.
• only a single secondary dose is administered to the patient.
• two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) secondary doses are administered to the patient.
• only a single tertiary dose is administered to the patient.
• two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) tertiary doses are administered to the patient.
• the frequency at which the secondary and/or tertiary doses are administered to a patient can vary over the course of the treatment regimen.
• the frequency of administration may also be adjusted during the course of treatment by a physician depending on the needs of the individual patient following clinical examination.
• the anti-influenza-HA antibodies of the present invention may be used to detect and/or measure influenza-HA in a sample, e.g., for diagnostic purposes. Some embodiments contemplate the use of one or more antibodies of the present invention in assays to detect a disease or disorder such as viral infection. Exemplary diagnostic assays for influenza-HA may comprise, e.g., contacting a sample, obtained from a patient, with an anti-influenza-HA antibody of the invention, wherein the anti-influenza-HA antibody is labeled with a detectable label or reporter molecule or used as a capture ligand to selectively isolate influenza-HA from patient samples.
• an unlabeled anti-influenza-HA antibody can be used in diagnostic applications in combination with a secondary antibody which is itself detectably labeled.
• the detectable label or reporter molecule can be a radioisotope, such as 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 l; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent moiety such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or rhodamine; or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase.
• Specific exemplary assays that can be used to detect or measure influenza-HA in a sample include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
• Samples that can be used in influenza-HA diagnostic assays according to the present invention include any tissue or fluid sample obtainable from a patient, which contains detectable quantities of either influenza HA, or fragments thereof, under normal or pathological conditions.
• levels of influenza HA in a particular sample obtained from a healthy patient e.g., a patient not afflicted with a disease associated with influenza will be measured to initially establish a baseline, or standard, level of influenza-HA. This baseline level of influenza-HA can then be compared against the levels of influenza-HA measured in samples obtained from individuals suspected of having a influenza-HA -associated condition, or symptoms associated with such condition.
• the antibodies specific for influenza HA may contain no additional labels or moieties, or they may contain an N-terminal or C-terminal label or moiety.
• the label or moiety is biotin.
• the location of a label may determine the orientation of the peptide relative to the surface upon which the peptide is bound. For example, if a surface is coated with avidin, a peptide containing an N-terminal biotin will be oriented such that the C- terminal portion of the peptide will be distal to the surface.
• Example 1 Generation of Human Antibodies to Influenza HA
• Human antibodies to influenza HA were generated in a VELOCIMMUNE ® mouse comprising DNA encoding human immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable regions.
• the mice were immunized with an influenza vaccine composition, followed by a booster dose comprising a mixture of five different recombinant hemagglutinin proteins, at a 1 :1 ratio of each.
• the five recombinant hemagglutinin proteins included in the booster were hemagglutinins from H1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999, H5 A/lndonesia/20172005, H3
• A/Victoria/361/201 1 , H7 A/Netherlands/219/2003 and H9 A/Hong Kong/1073/1988 (Protein Sciences, Catalog Number 3006).
• the antibody immune response was monitored by an influenza A HA specific immunoassay.
• splenocytes were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines.
• the hybridoma cell lines were screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce influenza HA-specific antibodies.
• chimeric antibodies i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and mouse constant domains
• exemplary antibodies generated in this manner were designated as H1 H1 1820N, H1 H1 1829N, H1 H1 1829N2, H2M1 1830N, H1 H1 1830N2, H1 H1 1903N and H1 H14571 N.
• Anti-influenza HA antibodies were also isolated directly from antigen-positive mouse B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in U.S. Patent 7582298. Using this method, several fully human anti-influenza HA antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and human constant domains) were obtained; exemplary antibodies generated in this manner were designated as H1 H1 1723P, H1 H11729P, H1 H1 1704P, H1 H1 171 1 P, H1 H1 1714P, H1 H1 1717P, H1 H1 1724P, H1 H1 1727P, H1 H1 1730P, H1 H1 1731 P2, H1 H1 1734P2,
• H1 H1 1736P H1 H1 1742P2, H1 H1 1744P2, H1 H1 1745P2, H1 H1 1747P2, H1 H1 1748P2.
• Table 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy and light chain variable regions and CDRs of selected anti-influenza HA antibodies of the invention.
• the corresponding nucleic acid sequence identifiers are set forth in Table 2.
• Antibodies are typically referred to herein according to the following nomenclature: Fc prefix (e.g. "H1 H,” “H2M,” etc.), followed by a numerical identifier (e.g. “1 1723,” “1 1830,” etc., as shown in Table 1 or 2), followed by a "P,” “P2,” “N”, N2, or “B” suffix.
• Fc prefix e.g. "H1 H,” “H2M,” etc.
• a numerical identifier e.g. "1 1723,” “1 1830,” etc., as shown in Table 1 or 2
• P P2
• N N2
• B B suffix
• H2M1 1830N etc.
• the H1 H and H2M prefixes on the antibody designations used herein indicate the particular Fc region isotype of the antibody.
• an "H1 M” antibody has a mouse lgG1 Fc
• an "H2M” antibody has a mouse lgG2 Fc (a or b isotype) (all variable regions are fully human as denoted by the first 'H' in the antibody designation).
• an antibody having a particular Fc isotype can be converted to an antibody with a different Fc isotype (e.g., an antibody with a mouse lgG1 Fc can be converted to an antibody with a human lgG4, etc.), but in any event, the variable domains (including the CDRs) - which are indicated by the numerical identifiers shown in Tables 1 , 2, 12 or 13- will remain the same, and the binding properties to antigen are expected to be identical or substantially similar regardless of the nature of the Fc domain.
• Anti-influenza-HA antibody controls were included in some of the following Examples for comparative purposes. Isotype matched negative controls were also used in the Examples.
• One anti-influenza HA comparator antibody designated herein as "Control I imAb" is an anti- influenza HA antibody with heavy (HC) and light chain (LC) amino acid sequences as set forth in WO2008/028946 as SEQ ID NO: 65 (HC) and SEQ ID NO: 91 (LC) and also referred to as CR6261 . As shown in WO2008/028946, this CR6261 antibody has heavy chain
• HCDR complementarity determining region amino acid sequences
• LCDR light chain complementarity determining region amino acid sequences
• K D values Equilibrium dissociation constants (K D values) for Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) binding to selected purified anti-HA monoclonal antibodies were determined using a real-time bio-layer interferometer based biosensor (Octet HTX) assay.
• Octet biosensors coated with either anti- mouse Fc (AMC) or anti-human Fc (AHC) capture were used to capture anti-HA monoclonal antibodies, expressed with mouse Fc (AbPID prefix H1 M, H2aM, H2bM) or human lgG1 Fc (AbPID prefix H1 H) respectively.
• Binding kinetics parameters for different anti-HA monoclonal antibodies binding to varying Group-1 strains of HA are tabulated in Table 3.
• the binding parameters for the same antibodies were determined for binding to group 2 hemagglutinins, however, there was no binding to group 2 HA (data not shown).
• Table 3 Binding Kinetics parameters of monoclonal antibodies binding to different HA strains of Group-1 at 25 q C.
• Example 4 HA Octet cross-competition
• Binding competition between a panel of different anti-influenza HA monoclonal antibodies was determined using a real time, label-free bio-layer interferometry assay on an Octet ® HTX biosensor (ForteBio, A Division of Pall Life Sciences). The entire experiment was performed at 25 °C in 0.01 M HEPES pH7.4, 0.15M NaCI, 0.05% v/v Surfactant Tween-20, and 1 img/mL BSA (HBS-ET Octet buffer) with the plate shaking at a speed of 10OOrpm.
• HBS-ET Octet buffer HBS-ET Octet buffer
• HA reagent Protein Sciences
• imAb-2 1 ⁇ concentration of different anti-HA monoclonal antibodies
• AMC a mouse Fc or with a human Fc, respectively
• imAb-1 an anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody
• the captured anti-HA monoclonal antibodies along with the bound pre-complex of HA and imAb-2 were regenerated using three alternate 20 second dips into 20mM H 3 P0 4 followed by submerging into HBS-ET Octet buffer.
• the biosensors were washed in HBS-ET Octet buffer in between every step of the experiment.
• the real-time binding response was monitored during the entire course of the experiment and the binding response at the end of every step was recorded.
• the response of imAb-1 binding to the pre-complex of HA and imAb-2 was compared and competitive/non-competitive behavior of different anti-HA
• the column on the left shows the mAb1 antibodies that are captured using the AHC Octet biosensors and the column on the right demonstrates the antibodies (mAb2) that cross-compete with the mAb1 antibody.
• Table 4 Cross-competition between a panel of different anti-HA monoclonal antibodies for binding to H1 N1 California strain of HA First mAb (mAb-1) mAb-2 Antibodies
• Example 4 Selected Group 1 -Specific Influenza A Hemagglutinin Monoclonal Antibodies Show Potent Neutralization of Influenza A in vitro across diverse group 1 strains
• Monoclonal antibodies were tested in a microneutralization assay to evaluate breadth and potency.
• Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were plated at 6.0 x 10 3 cells/well in a 96-well plate.
• Virus diluent only was added to background control wells. Cells were incubated for 4 to 5 hours at 37 °C with 5% C0 2 .
• Monoclonal antibodies were diluted at 4 times final concentration in virus diluent. The antibodies were diluted 1 :3 in duplicate. Virus was thawed on ice and diluted to the appropriate pre-determined concentration. Diluted virus was added to diluted mAbs.
• the imAb-virus mixture was immediately transferred to the MDCK cells and incubated at 37°C with 5% C0 2 for 72h. Virus control and uninfected cell control wells were also included. On day 4, the plates were centrifuged at 1200 RPM for 3 minutes. Cells were lysed using 100 ⁇ _ CelTiter-Glo substrate and ATP release measured using luminescence (Victor X3, PerkinElmer). Percent viability was determined relative to uninfected control.
• Viability values were analyzed using non-linear 4PL regression to determine IC 50 values (GraphPad Prism).
• the mAbs showed potency against a broad range of group 1 influenza A viruses (Table 5), including various H1 N1 , H5N1 , H9N2, H13N6, and H16N3 strains.
• the IC 50 values ranged from 1 .68 nM to 48 nM for H2aM11829N and from 2.47 nM to 129.5 nM for H1 H1 1729P.
• Example 5 Selected group 1 -specific Influenza A hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies show potent neutralization of Influenza A in vitro
• mAb H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P were selected for in vitro microneutralization assays. Briefly, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were plated and incubated overnight to achieve 80 -100% confluency the next day.
• MDCK Madin-Darby Canine Kidney
• Monoclonal antibodies were diluted in viral infection medium (VIM) to 50 ⁇ g/mL and diluted 1 :2 in triplicate or quadruplicate.
• VIP viral infection medium
• H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 or H1 N1 A/California/07/2009 was diluted in VIM and added to the diluted antibodies and incubated for 1 h.
• the samples were then transferred to the MDCKs and incubated for 48 h. After the incubation, 50 ⁇ _ of the supernatant was transferred to a new 96-well plate.
• Diluted turkey or horse red blood cells were added to the supernatant and incubated at room temperature for 30 or 60 min.
• the hemagglutination titer was recorded as the reciprocal of the last dilution that completely inhibited hemagglutination.
• Exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P show potent neutralization of H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and H1 N1 A/California/07/2009 (Table 6).
• the average IC 90 values for exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P with respect to neutralization of H5N1 A/Vietnam/1203/2004 were on average 62.50 nM and 26.05 nM (respectively).
• the exemplary monoclonal antibodies (mAb) H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P were selected for in vitro complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assays. Briefly, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were plated 24 hours prior to infection with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 at an MOI of 3. After an incubation of 20 to 25 hours, cells were harvested and resuspended in CDC assay medium at a concentration of 1 x 10 6 cells/mL. The diluted target cells (20 ⁇ _) were added to each well of a 384-well plate.
• MDCK Madin-Darby Canine Kidney
• Monoclonal antibodies were diluted to three times the final starting concentration in CDC assay medium and then diluted 1 :2 in triplicate or quadruplicate.
• CDC assay medium was added to each well not receiving mAb. The plate was shaken at room temperature for ⁇ 2 min at ⁇ 500 rpm. Normal human serum complement (NHSC) was prepared at three times the final concentration (15%) in CDC assay medium and 20 ⁇ _ was added to each well. The plate was incubated for 2 h at room temperature and the lysis reagent, buffer and substrate was brought to room temperature at this time.
• NHSC Normal human serum complement
• the lysis reagent was prepared by dilution of digitonin into CDC assay medium and 5 ⁇ _ of this reagent was added to the maximal lysis control wells to establish the maximal signal control.
• the substrate and buffer were combined and 20 ⁇ _ added to all wells and incubated for 10 min at room temperature.
• the signal was detected on a plate reader (Victor X3, Perkin Elmer).
• the percent specific lysis was calculated as ((lysis by imAb + NHSC) - (lysis by NHSC only))/((digitonin maximal lysis)-(lysis by NHSC only)) x 100.
• Analysis was completed by a four- parameter non-linear regression over an 8-point response curve (GraphPad Prism). Data was plotted for individual trials ⁇ standard deviation, and data presented as averages of all trails ⁇ standard error of the mean.
• Exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P show potent complement- mediated lysis of infected cells. Three randomly selected trials are shown in Table 7. The average EC 50 values for exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P were on average 41 .88 nM ( ⁇ 13.08 SEM) and H1 H1 1729P were 43.25 nM ( ⁇ 3.83 SEM) respectively.
• Table 7 Percent specific lysis of H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934-infected target cells by group 1 hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. Shown are the EC 50 values (nM) for each of three replicates.
• Example 7 Selected Group 1 -Specific Influenza A Hemagglutinin Monoclonal Antibodies Show Potent Neutralization of Influenza A Infection in vivo
• the exemplary monoclonal antibodies H2aM1 1829N, H1 H1 1729P and H2a14571 N were selected for in vivo protection studies using BALB/c mice. Briefly, approximately 6-week old, female mice (approximately 17.5 ⁇ 0.5 g) were injected subcutaneously (SC) with 1 mg/kg of H2aM1 1829N, H1 H1 1729P, H2a14571 N, or mouse or human isotype (negative control) antibody on day -1 . Five mice were included per group per experiment.
• mice were challenged intranasally (IN) with 10 x MLD 50 (800 plaque forming units; PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934. Mice were weighed daily and were sacrificed when they lost > 20 % of their initial starting weight.
• 10 x MLD 50 800 plaque forming units; PFUs
• Exemplary antibodies H2aM1 1829N, H1 H1 1729P and H2a14571 N show potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo at 1 mg/kg.
• Dose response prophylaxis mouse model shows potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo at 1 mg/kg.
• the exemplary monoclonal antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P were selected for prophylactic in vivo protection studies using BALB/c mice. Briefly, 6-week old, female mice (approximately 17.5 ⁇ 0.5 g) were injected SC with 1 , 0.5, 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg or 2, 0.5, 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg of H1 H1 1829N2, H1 H1 1729P antibody on day -1 . Five mice were included per group per experiment. Carrier protein (an irrelevant hlgG1 mAb) was added to all doses of mAb at 1 img/imL.
• mice were challenged intranasally with 10 x MLD 50 (800 plaque forming units; PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 5 x MLD 50 (5,000 PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/California/04/2009. Mice were weighed daily and were sacrificed when they lost > 20 % of their initial starting weight.
• 10 x MLD 50 800 plaque forming units; PFUs
• PFUs plaque forming units
• mice were challenged intranasally with 10 x MLD 50 (800 plaque forming units; PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 5 x MLD 50 (5,000 PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/California/04/2009.
• Mice were weighed daily and were sacrificed when they lost > 20 % of their initial starting weight.
• exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P show potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo at 1 mg/kg. At 0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg, H1 H1 1729P shows 100% and 40% survival, respectively. (Tables 8, 9 and 10).
• exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P show potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo at 2, 0.5 and 0.2 mg/kg and showed 60% survival at 0.05 mg/kg. (Tables 8, 9 and 10).
• mice in experiment 1 after administration of 1 mg/kg group 1 hemagglutinin-specific antibodies, SC prophylactically one day before infection with 10 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934.
• mice in experiment 2 after administration of 1 mg/kg group 1 hemagglutinin-specific antibodies, SC prophylactically one day before infection with 10 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934.
• mice Percent survival of mice after administration of 1 , 0.5, 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg group 1 hemagglutinin-specific antibodies, SC prophylactically one day before infection with 10 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 2, 0.5, 0.2 or 0.05 mg/kg, SC prophylactically one day before infection with 5 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/California/04/2009.
• the exemplary monoclonal antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P were selected for therapeutic in vivo protection studies using BALB/c mice. Briefly, 6-week old, female mice (approximately 17.5 ⁇ 0.5 g) were infected intranasally with 10 x MLD 50 (800 plaque forming units; PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 5 x MLD 50 (5,000 PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/California/04/2009.
• x MLD 50 800 plaque forming units; PFUs
• 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 5 x MLD 50 (5,000 PFUs) in 20 ⁇ _ saline with H1 N1 A/California/04/2009.
• mice Three, four or five days (in the case of H1_PR34) or one, two or three days (in the case of H1_CA09) post-infection, separate groups of 5 mice were injected IV with 15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg of H1 H1 1829N2, or H1 H1 1729P antibody. Mice were weighed daily and were sacrificed when they lost > 20 % of their initial starting weight.
• exemplary antibodies H1 H1 1829N2 and H1 H1 1729P show potent neutralization of influenza A infection in vivo. (Table 1 1 ).
• mice Percent survival of mice in a therapeutic model of infection. Mice were infected with 10 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 or 5 x MLD 50 of H1 N1 A/California/04/2009 on day 0. On days 3, 4 or 5 (for H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934) or days 1 , 2 or 3 (for H1 N1
• mice antibodies were administered at 15 or 30 mg/kg, IV.
• Challenge virus Challenge vi rus:
• H1 N1 A/Puerto Rico/08/1934 H1 N1 A California C I4/2009 (30 (15 mg/kg mAb) mg/kg mA b)
• Example 8 Selected group 1 -specific Influenza A hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies are generated after immunization with H5 immunogens.
• Anti-influenza A-HA antibodies were isolated directly from receptor-binding site (RBS) mutated, avi-tagged H5 A/lndonesia/20172005 and/or H1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999 that contained a carboxy-terminal trimerization domain from T4 phage fibritin (foldon)-positive mouse B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in U.S. Patent 7582298.
• H1H17996B 1002 1004 1006 1008 1010 1012 1014 1016
• H1H17999B 1050 1052 1054 1056 1058 1060 1062 1064
• H1H18000B 1066 1068 1070 1072 1074 1076 1078 1080
• H1H18008B 1194 1196 1198 1200 1202 1204 1206 1208
• H1H18024B 1450 1452 1454 1456 1458 1460 1462 1464
• H1H18027B 1498 1500 1502 1504 1506 1508 1510 1512
• H1H18031B 1562 1564 1566 1568 1570 1572 1574 1576
• H1H18033B 1594 1596 1598 1600 1602 1604 1606 1608
• H1H18034B 1610 1612 1614 1616 1618 1620 1622 1624
• H1H18112B 2810 2812 2814 2816 2818 2820 2822 2824
• H1H18125B 3018 3020 3022 3024 3026 3028 3030 3032
• H1H18126B 3034 3036 3038 3040 3042 3044 3046 3048
• H1H18127B 3050 3052 3054 3056 3058 3060 3062 3064
• H1H18128B 3066 3068 3070 3072 3074 3076 3078 3080
• H1H18129B 3082 3084 3086 3088 3090 3092 3094 3096
• H1H18136B 3194 3196 3198 3200 3202 3204 3206 3208 H1H18137B 3210 3212 3214 3216 3218 3220 3222 3224
• H1H18140B 3258 3260 3262 3264 3266 3268 3270 3272
• H1H18162B 3610 3612 3614 3616 3618 3620 3622 3624
• H1H18165B 3658 3660 3662 3664 3666 3668 3670 3672
• H1H18175B 3818 3820 3822 3824 3826 3828 3830 3832
• H1H18178B 3866 3868 3870 3872 3874 3876 3878 3880
• H1H18187B 4010 4012 4014 4016 4018 4020 4022 4024
• H1H18226B 4618 4620 4622 4624 4626 4628 4630 4632
• H1H18228B 4650 4652 4654 4656 4658 4660 4662 4664
• H1H18229B 4666 4668 4670 4672 4674 4676 4678 4680
• H1H18238B 4810 4812 4814 4816 4818 4820 4822 4824
• H1H18241B 4858 4860 4862 4864 4866 4868 4870 4872
• H1H18250B 5002 5004 5006 5008 5010 5012 5014 5016
• H1H18251B 5018 5020 5022 5024 5026 5028 5030 5032
• H1H18252B 5034 5036 5038 5040 5042 5044 5046 5048
• H1H18254B 5066 5068 5070 5072 5074 5076 5078 5080
• H1H18258B 5130 5132 5134 5136 5138 5140 5142 5144
• H1H18264B 5210 5212 5214 5216 5218 5220 5222 5224
• H1H18283B 5498 5500 5502 5504 5506 5508 5510 5512
• H1H18284B 5514 5516 5518 5520 5522 5524 5526 5528
• H1H18285B 5530 5532 5534 5536 5538 5540 5542 5544
• H1H18287B 5562 5564 5566 5568 5570 5572 5574 5576
• H1H18288B 5578 5580 5582 5584 5586 5588 5590 5592
• H1H18289B 5594 5596 5598 5600 5602 5604 5606 5608
• H1H18293B 5658 5660 5662 5664 5666 5668 5670 5672
• H1H18316B 6010 6012 6014 6016 6018 6020 6022 6024
• H1H18318B 6042 6044 6046 6048 6050 6052 6054 6056
• H1H18319B 6058 6060 6062 6064 6066 6068 6070 6072
• H1H18320B 6074 6076 6078 6080 6082 6084 6086 6088
• H1H17996B 1001 1003 1005 1007 1009 1011 1013 1015
• H1H18000B 1065 1067 1069 1071 1073 1075 1077 1079
• H1H18028B 1513 1515 1517 1519 1521 1523 1525 1527
• H1H18031B 1561 1563 1565 1567 1569 1571 1573 1575 H1H18032B 1577 1579 1581 1583 1585 1587 1589 1591
• H1H18124B 3001 3003 3005 3007 3009 3011 3013 3015
• H1H18125B 3017 3019 3021 3023 3025 3027 3029 3031
• H1H18126B 3033 3035 3037 3039 3041 3043 3045 3047
• H1H18128B 3065 3067 3069 3071 3073 3075 3077 3079 H1H18129B 3081 3083 3085 3087 3089 3091 3093 3095
• H1H18162B 3609 3611 3613 3615 3617 3619 3621 3623
• H1H18170B 3737 3739 3741 3743 3745 3747 3749 3751
• H1H18171B 3753 3755 3757 3759 3761 3763 3765 3767
• H1H18175B 3817 3819 3821 3823 3825 3827 3829 3831 H1H18176B 3833 3835 3837 3839 3841 3843 3845 3847

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