WO2016093359A1 - 治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアの製造方法 - Google Patents
治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cells from stem cells, and more particularly to a method for inducing stem cells from cell aggregates (spheres) by suspension culture into therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cells. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation containing a sphere of therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells, and a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation containing cultured corneal endothelial cells.
- the visual information is that light taken from the cornea, the transparent tissue in the foreground of the eyeball, reaches the retina and excites the retinal neurons, and the generated electrical signal reaches the cerebral visual cortex via the optic nerve. Recognized. That is, the cornea is positioned in front of a passage through which light passes when the living body obtains visual information. Therefore, the turbidity of the cornea due to damage or the like has a significant effect on visual function.
- the cornea histologically has a structure composed of three layers of the corneal epithelium, the corneal stroma, and the corneal endothelium from the outer surface side.
- the transparency of the cornea is maintained by keeping the water content constant by Na + active transport (pump function) and barrier function (tight junction protein such as ZO-1) by Na, K-ATPase of the corneal endothelium. ing.
- Damage to the corneal endothelium such as a decrease in corneal endothelial cells, impairs the function of the corneal endothelial cells and causes edema in the corneal stroma. This leads to a decrease in the transparency of the cornea and reduces visual acuity. Such a condition is called bullous keratopathy.
- human corneal endothelial cells have almost no ability to regenerate once damaged. Therefore, if corneal endothelial cells are reduced due to some injury, the treatment is sometimes the only means for which corneal transplantation is effective. In fact, about half of corneal transplantation cases are caused by bullous keratopathy due to corneal endothelial dysfunction.
- Deep layered corneal transplantation (Deep (Lamellar Keratoplasty: DLKP) (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2) that preserves the corneal endothelium and transplants only the epithelium and parenchyma of the donor, and corneal endothelial transplantation that transplants only a part of the cornea including the endothelium (Patent Documents 1 and 2, Non-Patent Document 3) and the like are known.
- the source of the transplant material is still the corneal endothelium itself, and in view of the limited number of donors of the cornea, the problem of lack of donors as in full-thickness corneal transplantation I can't overcome the point.
- corneal endothelial cells are difficult to culture, and it is time-consuming and expensive to prepare a sufficient number of cultured cells for transplantation.
- the present inventors have disclosed a method for inducing differentiation of corneal endothelial cells from stem cells such as iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells) (Patent Document 3) and a monolayer of corneal endothelial cells from stem cells such as iPS cells.
- a method for producing a cell sheet has been reported (Patent Document 4).
- methods for forming cell aggregates from iris parenchyma and differentiating them into corneal endothelial cells Patent Document 5
- attempts to culture human cultured corneal endothelial cells in the state of cell aggregates have been reported (Patent Document 6). ).
- JP 2004-24852 A JP 2005-229869 A WO2013 / 051722 Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-150993 JP 2009-268433 A JP 2006-187281 A
- the object of the present invention is to stabilize a large amount of therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells, which are alternative cells of corneal endothelial cells, capable of treating corneal endothelial dysfunction in a state suitable for implantation into the eye (intraanterior chamber). Is to manufacture. Furthermore, this invention aims at provision of the composition for transplant containing the therapeutic corneal-endothelial cell substitute obtained by the method of this invention.
- the present inventors formed cell aggregates (spheres) by suspension culture of stem cells under specific differentiation-inducing conditions, and used the spheres for transplantation. Later, it was possible to quickly achieve tissue construction as an alternative to the corneal endothelial cell layer, and it was found that excellent corneal endothelial function was obtained, and the present invention was completed.
- the present invention provides the following.
- [1] A method for producing a therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere by suspension culture of stem cells in a differentiation induction medium, wherein the differentiation induction medium contains a GSK3 inhibitor, a retinoic acid, and a ROCK inhibitor. ,Method.
- [2] The method according to [1] above, wherein the differentiation-inducing medium further contains N2 supplement, EGF and bFGF.
- the GSK3 inhibitor is (2′Z, 3′E) -6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO).
- stem cells are skin-derived pluripotent progenitor cells.
- a therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere obtained by the production method according to any one of [1] to [8] above.
- a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation comprising a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere and a viscoelastic substance.
- a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation containing cultured corneal endothelial cells and a viscoelastic substance.
- therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cells can be more efficiently produced from stem cells.
- the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere produced according to the present invention maintains the tight junction between cells, so that the sphere can be injected into the anterior chamber as it is and transplanted to achieve corneal endothelial tissue construction immediately after transplantation. And it is possible to prevent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
- EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- administering the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere as the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention it becomes possible to efficiently retain and adhere the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell to the transplant site.
- therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell spheres or cultured corneal endothelial cells are administered together with viscoelastic substances such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate into the anterior chamber and transplanted, so that these cells can be efficiently transferred to the transplantation site It is possible to stay and adhere to.
- the left figure shows the expression of ⁇ -SMA by immunofluorescence staining, and the right figure shows whether or not stress fibers are formed by actin phalloidin staining.
- the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere was injected (transplanted) into the anterior chamber of a rabbit with (or without) the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere and the pharmaceutical composition for transplantation of the present invention containing a viscoelastic substance. It is the figure which showed the corneal posterior surface of the transplanted eye of the 2nd day after.
- the “stem cell” refers to a cell that can be cultured in vitro and can differentiate into a plurality of cells constituting a living body, and particularly a cell that can differentiate into a corneal endothelial cell.
- embryonic stem cells ES cells
- embryonic primordial germ cell-derived pluripotent stem cells EG cells
- testis-derived pluripotent stem cells GS cells
- somatic cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
- tissue stem cells tissue stem cells
- neural crest stem cells derived from iPS cells and neural crest stem cells derived from corneal stroma.
- Neural crest stem cells are pluripotent stem cells with self-renewal and multipotency. During the development of vertebrates, they migrate from the dorsal side of the neural tube into the body and contribute to the formation of various tissues. It is known.
- the corneal endothelium is derived from the neural crest, as is the corneal stroma.
- ES cell a cell derived from any warm-blooded animal, preferably a mammal can be used.
- mammals include mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, goats, monkeys, humans, and the like.
- those derived from humans can be used.
- ES cells for example, ES cells such as mammals established by culturing early embryos before implantation, or early embryos produced by nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei are cultured. And ES cells obtained by modifying genes on the chromosomes of these ES cells using genetic engineering techniques.
- Each ES cell can be prepared according to a method commonly practiced in the art or according to known literature.
- iPS cells cells derived from any warm-blooded animal, preferably a mammal, can be used.
- mammals include mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, goats, monkeys, humans, and the like.
- those derived from humans can be used.
- examples of iPS cells include cells obtained by introducing a plurality of genes into somatic cells such as skin cells, which have acquired pluripotency similar to ES cells.
- Oct3 / 4 gene IPS cells obtained by introducing Klf4 gene, C-Myc gene and Sox2 gene, iPS cells obtained by introducing Oct3 / 4 gene, Klf4 gene and Sox2 gene (Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26: 101-106) Etc.
- a method in which the transgene is further reduced (Nature. 2008 Jul 31; 454 (7204): 646-50)
- a method using a low molecular weight compound Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jan 9; 4 (1): 16 -9, Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Nov 6; 5 (5): 491-503
- a method using transcription factor protein instead of gene Cell Stem Cell.
- iPS cell-derived neural crest stem cells are more preferably used.
- Use of neural crest stem cells facilitates differentiation into therapeutic corneal endothelial replacement cells.
- Induction of neural crest stem cells from iPS cells can be performed according to a technique known in the art or a method according thereto. For example, it can be performed according to the method described in Nature Protocols, 2010 vol. 5, No. 4, 688-701 or Nature, 2010 vol. 463, 958-964.
- somatic stem cells those derived from humans can be used.
- somatic stem cells are cells that can differentiate into corneal endothelial cells.
- neural crest stem cells derived from corneal stroma Corneal-derived progenitors: COPs
- mesenchymal stem cells mesenchymal stem cells
- skin-derived Examples include pluripotent progenitor cells (skin-derived precursors: SKPs).
- COPs and SKPs are preferred.
- COPs can be prepared, for example, by the method described in Stem Cells. 2006; 24 (12): 2714-2722.
- the corneal stroma after removing the epithelium and endothelium from the mouse cornea was treated with collagenase, and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor 2), FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), B27 supplement, and LIF (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) were added.
- EGF Epithelium Growth Factor 2
- FGF2 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
- B27 supplement B27 supplement
- LIF Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- the production method of the present invention is a method for producing a therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere from stem cells, and includes a step of suspension-culturing stem cells in a differentiation-inducing medium having a specific composition.
- therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell refers to a cell that can be used as a substitute for corneal endothelial cells, which can be treated for corneal endothelial dysfunction, derived from stem cells such as iPS cells. That is, the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cells have physiological functions equivalent to those of the corneal endothelial cells.
- a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere produced by the production method of the present invention is a mass of cells in which several tens to several hundreds of cells are aggregated, Presents a spherical shape.
- spherical includes not only a completely spherical shape but also a substantially spherical shape such as an egg shape or a rugby ball shape.
- the sphere preferably has a diameter in the range of 20 to 2000 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 30 to 1500 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 40 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the differentiation induction medium used in the production method of the present invention contains a GSK3 (GlycogenGsynthase kinase 3) inhibitor, retinoic acid and a ROCK (Rock kinase) inhibitor.
- GSK3 GlycogenGsynthase kinase 3
- ROCK Rock kinase
- the stem cells used in this step are as described above, and are preferably cells destined to differentiate into corneal endothelial cells. Specifically, iPS cell-derived neural crest stem cells and corneal parenchymal stem cells (COPs) ). It is also preferred to use skin-derived pluripotent progenitor cells (SKPs).
- a step of inducing neural crest stem cells can be carried out before the above step, and it is preferable to carry out. Such a step can be carried out, for example, by the method described in Nature Protocols, 2010 vol. 5, .No.4, ⁇ ⁇ 688-701, and a method analogous thereto.
- GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), a serine / threonine protein kinase, is involved in many signal pathways involved in glycogen production, apoptosis, and maintenance of stem cells.
- GSK3 has GSK3 ⁇ and GSK3 ⁇ isoforms encoded by different genes and having high homology at the amino acid level. Further, it is known that GSK3 ⁇ is also involved in the Wnt signal, and that Wnt signal is activated by inhibiting GSK3 ⁇ .
- the GSK3 inhibitor include GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor and GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- GSK3 inhibitors include CHIR98014, CHIR99021, Kenpaullone, AR-AO144-18, TDZD-8, SB216673, BIO ((2'Z, 3'E) -6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime ), TWS-119, SB415286, Ro3303544, and the like. These are all commercially available or can be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known literature.
- BIO is preferably used.
- the concentration of the GSK3 inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of inhibitor used. In the case of BIO, it is usually about 10 to 1000 nM, preferably about 50 to 1000 nM, more preferably about 500 nM.
- One or two or more GSK3 inhibitors may be used in combination.
- retinoic acid used in this step examples include all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 9-cis-retinoic acid, 11-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid and the like. These are all commercially available or can be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known literature.
- ATRA all-trans-retinoic acid
- 9-cis-retinoic acid 9-cis-retinoic acid
- 11-cis-retinoic acid 13-cis-retinoic acid and the like.
- all-trans-retinoic acid is preferable.
- the concentration of retinoic acid in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of retinoic acid used.
- the concentration of all-trans-retinoic acid in the medium is usually 1 to 1000 nM, preferably 10 to 1000 nM, more preferably about 100 nM. is there.
- retinoic acid may be esterified with a fatty acid, and in the case of medical retinol palmitate, it is usually 2 to 200 units / ml, preferably 40 to 150 units / ml, more preferably. Is used at about 100 to 120 units / ml.
- a ROCK inhibitor refers to a substance that inhibits the activity of Rho kinase.
- Rho kinase is a kind of low molecular weight GTP binding protein (low molecular weight G protein) included in the category of GTPase which is a degradation enzyme of GTP (guanosine triphosphate). It has a coiled-coil region at the part and a Rho interaction region at the carboxy terminus.
- Examples of the ROCK inhibitor used in this step include 1- (5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) -2-methylpiperazine (H-7), 1- (5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) -3-methylpiperazine (isoH-7).
- Y-27632 is particularly preferable.
- concentration of the ROCK inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of inhibitor used. In the case of Y-27632, it is usually about 5 to 20 ⁇ M, preferably about 10 ⁇ M.
- One or two or more ROCK inhibitors may be used in combination.
- the differentiation-inducing medium of the present invention may further contain or contain N2 supplement, EGF and bFGF (Basic FibroblastrowGrowth Factor). Preferably it is.
- N2 supplement is a serum substitute widely used for culture of nervous system cells, and is a reagent containing insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine and sodium selenite, and is commercially available. It can be used at the usual concentration used for cell culture, for example, commercially available N2 supplement is added according to its manual.
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
- the origin of EGF used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is effective for the production of the sphere of the present invention, but it is preferable that it is derived from a human in consideration of application in the eye in the future.
- EGF is commercially available or can be prepared by a person skilled in the art according to known literature. For example, it can be synthesized based on a known base sequence or amino acid sequence.
- the concentration of EGF in the medium is usually 1 to 100 ng / ml, preferably about 20 ng / ml.
- bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
- the origin of bFGF used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is effective for the production of the sphere of the present invention, but it is preferable that it is derived from a human in consideration of application to the eye in the future.
- bFGF is commercially available or can be prepared by a person skilled in the art according to known literature. For example, it can be synthesized based on a known base sequence or amino acid sequence.
- the concentration of bFGF in the medium is usually about 1 to 50 ng / ml, preferably about 20 ng / ml.
- each component in the differentiation induction medium may be added simultaneously to the medium, and as long as a therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere can be induced from the stem cells. Alternatively, it may be added to the medium separately with a time difference. It is convenient and preferable that each additive factor is added simultaneously to the medium.
- a monolayer cell layer of therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells extends from the spheres. For induction of differentiation during such adhesion culture, medium exchange with a medium not containing a GSK3 inhibitor is preferred.
- the medium used in this step is not particularly limited as long as it contains each of the above-described additive factors.
- each additive factor is added to a medium used for culturing stem cells (hereinafter also referred to as a basal medium for convenience). It is made.
- the basal medium include MEM (Minimum Essential Medium) medium, BME (Basal Medium Eagle) medium, BGJb medium, CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium, IMDM (Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium) medium, and Medium 199.
- the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for culture. These media are commercially available.
- the medium used in this step may be a serum-containing medium or a serum-free medium.
- mammalian serum such as bovine serum (Fevine Bovine Serum) can be used, and the concentration of the serum in the medium is 0. 1 to 20%, preferably 1 to 10%.
- a serum-free medium is preferred, and in this case, a serum substitute is added.
- the basal medium used in this step is preferably a mixed medium of DMEM medium and F12 medium.
- the medium used in this step can contain vitamins, buffers, inorganic salts, antibiotics (for example, penicillin and streptomycin) and the like as necessary.
- This step is performed at a culture temperature suitable for culturing the stem cells to be used, usually about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C., and for a period sufficient to induce the corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere for treatment, 1 to 10%, preferably Is carried out by suspension culture in a CO 2 incubator aerated with 5% carbon dioxide.
- a culture temperature suitable for culturing the stem cells to be used usually about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C., and for a period sufficient to induce the corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere for treatment, 1 to 10%, preferably Is carried out by suspension culture in a CO 2 incubator aerated with 5% carbon dioxide.
- iPS cell-derived neural crest stem cells, COPs, or SKPs are used as stem cells, they are preferably cultured for 7 days to 2 weeks. If the culture period is too short, sphere formation may not be sufficient, and if it is too long, the sphere may become too
- “suspension culture” means culturing cells in a non-adherent state on a culture substrate, and is not particularly limited, but artificially treated (for example, for the purpose of improving adhesion to cells)
- a culture substrate that has not been coated with an extracellular matrix or the like, or a culture substrate that has been artificially suppressed to adhere to cells (for example, coated with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)).
- MPC 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
- Examples of the culture substrate include dishes, petri dishes and plates (6 well, 24 well microtiter plates, microplates, deep well plates, etc.), flasks, tubes, roller bottles, spinner flasks and the like.
- These culture substrates may be made of either an inorganic material such as glass or an organic material such as polystyrene.
- confirmation that the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere has been produced from the stem cells can be visually confirmed using a microscope. Furthermore, since the sphere of the present invention has a tight junction formed at the cell boundary, it can be confirmed by confirming the expression at the protein level or gene level of a molecule specific to the tight junction at the cell boundary. Protein expression can be evaluated by a method using an antigen-antibody reaction, and gene expression can be evaluated by a method using RT-PCR. Examples of the marker include ZO-1, CLDN7 and the like.
- the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer can be produced by directly culturing the formed therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere as it is.
- a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer spreads on the culture substrate from the adherently cultured sphere.
- the cell layer extending from the sphere also maintains a tight junction, and an adhesive bond due to N-cadherin that is characteristic of corneal endothelial cells is formed.
- the cells also have a Na + , K + -ATPase pump function. Confirmation of adhesive binding by N-cadherin can be performed by confirming expression at the protein level (eg, a method using an antigen-antibody reaction) or gene level (eg, a method using RT-PCR).
- the Na + , K + -ATPase pump function of cells can be determined by using, for example, Ussing chamber, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2010 vol. 51, No. 8, 3935-3942, and Current Eye Research, 2009 vol. 34, 347-354. It can be measured according to the method described in 1.
- differentiation induction into a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer can also be confirmed by evaluating the cell morphology.
- Cells differentiated into endothelial cells show a mosaic growth form.
- a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere which is a precursor state of a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer can be produced by suspension culture from iPS cells, skin stem cells, and other various somatic stem cells. Since this sphere maintains a tight junction between cells, the sphere can be injected into the anterior chamber as it is and transplanted.
- the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, particularly a transplantable pharmaceutical composition, containing a therapeutic corneal endothelial replacement cell sphere and a viscoelastic substance. Furthermore, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, particularly a transplantable pharmaceutical composition, containing cultured corneal endothelial cells and a viscoelastic substance. In the present specification, these may be collectively referred to as the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
- the pharmaceutical composition is suitably used for transplanting therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells or cultured corneal endothelial cells into the eye, particularly into the anterior chamber. By including a viscoelastic substance, it is possible to efficiently adhere to a site requiring transplantation without diffusing spheres or cells.
- the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere examples include those produced by the above-mentioned “1. Method for producing therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere”.
- the cultured corneal endothelial cell may be a primary cultured cell or a cell line. However, since the corneal endothelial cell is difficult to be cultured, it is preferable to use the cell line.
- the cultured corneal endothelial cells are preferably made into a single cell, but in a range where adhesion to the cornea is possible, a cell mass of 2 to several cells, 10 to several tens of cells, etc. as necessary It can also be used in the state.
- the “viscoelastic substance” is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance capable of imparting an appropriate viscosity to a transplant solution containing spheres or cells (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as a transplant solution).
- Hyaluronic acid and / or chondroitin sulfate are preferable, and hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are more preferable.
- These components are substances that are usually used in the ophthalmic field, and can be used without fear of side effects.
- Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate can also be used in the form of salts or esters.
- hyaluronic acid is commercially available as sodium hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate is commercially available as sodium chondroitin sulfate (eg, Biscote® 0.5; sodium hyaluronate at a concentration of 30 mg / ml and chondroitin sulfate sodium 40 mg / Ml), so that they can be used and are convenient.
- the hyaluronic acid concentration is usually 5 to 40 mg / ml, preferably 10 to 30 mg / ml, more preferably 15 to 25 mg / ml.
- the chondroitin sulfate concentration is usually 5 to 50 mg / ml, preferably 15 to 40 mg / ml, more preferably 20 to 35 mg / ml.
- biscort (registered trademark) 0.5 When biscort (registered trademark) 0.5 is used as a viscoelastic substance, it is mixed with a transplantation solution containing spheres or cells at a ratio of 1: 1 to 5, preferably 1: 1 to 3. If the amount of the solution for transplantation is too large, sufficient viscosity cannot be obtained, and sufficient retention of the administered sphere or cell at the transplantation site is prevented, and the sphere or cell may leak from the wound immediately after injection. If there are too many viscoelastic substances, there is a concern about an increase in intraocular pressure.
- the transplantation solution is not particularly limited as long as it is a solution suitable for intraocular administration, in particular, administration into the anterior chamber, and non-irritating isotonic culture solution, physiological saline, buffer solution, and the like are used.
- a culture solution similar to that used for culturing therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell spheres or cultured corneal endothelial cells is used.
- the pharmaceutical composition can contain various components as necessary.
- the component is not particularly limited as long as it is useful for differentiating into the respective endothelial cell layers without dropping the therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere or cultured corneal endothelial cells administered (implanted) into the anterior chamber.
- retinoic acid and a ROCK inhibitor Insulin, EGF and bFGF are also preferred components to add.
- retinoic acid As “retinoic acid”, “ROCK inhibitor”, and “bFGF”, those exemplified in the above “1. Method for producing therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere” are used.
- concentration of retinoic acid in the pharmaceutical composition is appropriately set depending on the type of retinoic acid used. In the case of all-trans-retinoic acid, it is usually about 10 to 1000 nM, preferably about 200 to 800 nM, more preferably about 500 nM.
- retinoic acid may be esterified with a fatty acid, and in the case of medical retinol palmitate, it is usually 2 to 200 units / ml, preferably 40 to 150 units / ml, more preferably.
- the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor in the pharmaceutical composition is appropriately set depending on the type of the inhibitor used. In the case of Y-27632, it is usually about 1 to 10 ⁇ M, preferably about 5 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of EGF in the pharmaceutical composition is usually about 10 to 200 ng / ml, preferably about 75 ng / ml.
- the concentration of bFGF in the pharmaceutical composition is usually about 0.5 to 10 ng / ml, preferably about 1.5 ng / ml. Use at about 5 ng / ml is also preferred.
- Insulin is a kind of peptide.
- Either insulin produced from animal, for example, bovine or porcine pancreas or insulin produced by gene recombination technology can be used. Is taken into consideration, it is preferable that it is derived from a human. Insulin is commercially available or can be prepared by those skilled in the art according to known literature. For example, it can be synthesized based on a known base sequence or amino acid sequence.
- the concentration of insulin in the pharmaceutical composition is usually about 1 to 10 ⁇ g / ml, preferably about 7.5 ⁇ g / ml. Use at about 5 ⁇ g / ml is also preferred.
- the cell density of the therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere suspension in the pharmaceutical composition can cover the exfoliation area after transplantation, and engraft without dropping and differentiate into a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer However, it is usually used at a concentration of 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml, preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml.
- a part of the sphere suspension is sampled, the spheres in the sample are enzymatically treated to separate the cells one by one, and the number of cells is counted. Do it.
- the cell density of the cultured corneal endothelial cell suspension in the pharmaceutical composition is not particularly limited as long as it can cover the exfoliation area after transplantation and is an amount sufficient for engraftment without dropping off. It is used at a concentration of 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml, preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml.
- the cell density in the suspension is determined by sampling a part of the suspension, counting the number of cells in the sample, and using the result.
- Examples of the administration target of the pharmaceutical composition for transplantation of the present invention include mammals such as mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, cows, horses, sheep, monkeys, and humans, preferably humans. is there.
- the dosage of the pharmaceutical composition for transplantation of the present invention is not generally defined depending on the body weight, age, symptoms, etc. of the subject of administration, but for example, in the case of humans, 50 to 200 ⁇ l per eye is administered into the anterior chamber. Is done.
- Example 1 Production and functional evaluation of therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell spheres 1.
- Neural crest stem cells were obtained from human iPS cells based on the preparation of human iPS cell-derived neural crest stem cells (Nature, 2010 vol. 463, 958-964). The present example is different from the previous report in that the iPS cells were cultured in suspension without using matrigel. It was possible to induce differentiation into neural crest stem cells (iPS-NCC) more efficiently by suspension culture.
- Human iPS cells used were 201B7 (provided by Professor Shinya Yamanaka (Kyoto University) and Professor Enoyuki Okano (Keio University)). 2. 1.
- the iPS-NCC obtained in (1) was made into a single cell by enzyme treatment with accutase. This was cultured in a low adhesion plate (or dish) (Nunc, Corning, etc.) at a cell density of 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 10 5 cells / cm 2 .
- the composition of the medium includes NMEM supplement (1 ⁇ ), EGF (20 ng / ml), bFGF (20 ng / ml), ATRA (100 nM), BIO (500 nM) and Y27632 (10 ⁇ M) in DMEM / F12. The formation of spheres was confirmed on the second day after the start of culture (FIG. 1). 3.
- Tight junction of corneal endothelium substitute cell sphere for treatment In the spheres obtained in (1) above, whether or not tight junctions were formed at the cell boundaries was confirmed by examining the presence or absence of ZO-1 and CLDN7 expression by immunofluorescence staining.
- ZO-1 stained primary antibody ⁇ 200 dilution; goat anti-ZO-1 antibody (LS-BIO, # LS-B9774) Secondary antibody: x200 dilution; Alexa Fluor 488-labeled donkey anti-goat antibody (Life Technology, # A11055)
- CLDN7-stained primary antibody x200 dilution; rabbit anti-CLDN7 antibody (Abcam, # ab27487) Secondary antibody: x200 dilution; Cy-3 labeled donkey anti-rabbit antibody (Jackson Lab, # 711-165-152)
- DAPI staining Dojindo Laboratories, # D212
- N-cadherin which is characteristic of corneal endothelial cells
- ZO-1 which is characteristic of tight junctions between cells
- Na, K-ATPase ⁇ 1 which is important as a function of corneal endothelial cells
- the expression of ZO-1 was observed at the cell boundary, and it was confirmed that the tight junction structure was maintained (FIG. 4, left figure). In addition, since N-cadherin expression characteristic of corneal endothelial cells was observed, it was confirmed that an adhesive bond was also formed (FIG. 4, middle panel). Furthermore, Na, K-ATPase, which is important as a function of corneal endothelial cells, was also expressed along the cell membrane (FIG. 4, right figure). Further, the above 2.
- the spheres obtained in (1) were re-spreaded into a snap well (Corning, # 3801), cultured for 6 days to confluence, and then inserted into a Ussing chamber (Physiological Instrument; EM-CSYS-2).
- the circuit current (SCC) was measured, and the Na, K-ATPase pump function was quantified from the difference in SCC before and after the addition of 10 ⁇ M ouabain.
- SCC circuit current
- the Na, K-ATPase pump function of B4G12 cells DSMZ, # ACC-647
- a human corneal endothelial cell line was quantified.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the sphere of the present invention was found to have a pump function equivalent to or better than that of B4G12 cells, which are human corneal endothelial cell lines. 5).
- markers of mesenchymal cells eg, ⁇ -SMA, The presence or absence of expression of FSP-1) and the presence or absence of stress fiber formation were examined.
- Example 2 Sphere transplantation experiment 1.
- a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation comprising a therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere
- a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation having the composition shown in Table 1 was prepared by the following procedure.
- (1) Prepare a medium in which ATRA, Y27632, insulin and bFGF are added to DMEM / F12.
- (2) A cell suspension ( ⁇ 2) was prepared by mixing spheres with the medium obtained in (1) so that the cell density was 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells / ml.
- (3) Add 200 ⁇ l of Biscote (registered trademark) 0.5 to 200 ⁇ l of the cell suspension obtained in (2) and mix.
- Biscote (registered trademark) 0.5 contains 30 mg / ml of JP purified sodium hyaluronate and 40 mg / ml of chondroitin sulfate sodium.
- the therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cell sphere was transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye by the following procedure. (1) While the rabbit's anterior chamber was refluxed with physiological saline, the endothelial surface was rubbed to drop the cells. (2) The anterior chamber from which the cells fell was washed with physiological saline. (3) After washing, the above 1. The pharmaceutical composition for transplantation prepared in (1) was injected into the anterior chamber using a 26 gauge syringe.
- an eye injected with only the medium (Control; no sphere, no biscoat) and an eye injected with only the sphere without using the pharmaceutical composition for transplantation were prepared.
- the rabbit was placed face down for 2 hours.
- the eyeballs were collected and observed macroscopically and microscopically.
- transplanted eyes were prepared for cynomolgus monkeys by injecting spheres into the anterior chamber. Formation of a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer, corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were measured for the transplanted eye.
- the corneal thickness was measured using a corneal thickness measuring device (Tome Corporation; SP-100), and the intraocular pressure was measured using an intraocular pressure measuring device (White Medical; AccuPen (manufactured by ACCUTOME)).
- a corneal thickness measuring device Tome Corporation; SP-100
- the intraocular pressure was measured using an intraocular pressure measuring device (White Medical; AccuPen (manufactured by ACCUTOME)).
- white Medical AccuPen (manufactured by ACCUTOME)
- fibrin deposition was observed macroscopically and microscopically on the posterior corneal surface of the eyeball collected 2 days after the operation (FIG. 7A left, During).
- the “eye with spheres and eyes without biscoat” was observed microscopically, it was observed that the spheres were entangled by fibrin and were not adhered to the cornea (FIG. 7B).
- the spheres of the present invention were transplanted into a cynomolgus monkey anterior chamber from which corneal endothelial cells were detached, and the corneal thickness in the transplanted eye was measured immediately after transplanting and at 1 day and 2 days after transplanting. The results are shown in FIG. It can be seen that corneal edema is suppressed and the corneal thickness can be maintained in the transplanted eye. Also, no increase in intraocular pressure was observed.
- Example 3 Cultured corneal endothelial cell transplantation experiment 1.
- a pharmaceutical composition for transplantation containing cultured corneal endothelial cells Cultured corneal endothelial cells
- Cultured corneal endothelial cell line (B4G12 cells) was made into single cells by enzyme treatment.
- Single cellized cell suspension (suspension 1) to which 15 mg / ml sodium hyaluronate and 20 mg / ml sodium chondroitin sulfate were added and single cellized cell suspension to which PBS was added instead of these A liquid (Suspension 2) was prepared.
- Additives other than sodium hyaluronate and sodium chondroitin sulfate were used in the same concentrations as those described in Example 2 and Table 1.
- the present invention can produce a cell sphere that is a precursor state of a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer by suspension culture from iPS cells, skin stem cells and other various somatic stem cells. Since this sphere maintains a tight junction between cells, when the sphere is directly injected into the anterior chamber and transplanted, it adheres and spreads from it, and the tissue construction of a therapeutic corneal endothelium substitute cell layer that immediately maintains the tight junction is achieved. It is also possible to prevent EMT caused by stimulation such as single cell formation. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for efficiently transplanting induced therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells to the posterior surface of the cornea. This method enables clinical application of therapeutic corneal endothelial substitute cells derived from iPS cells, skin stem cells, and other various somatic stem cells.
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Abstract
Description
一方、虹彩実質組織から細胞凝集体を形成し角膜内皮細胞へと分化させる方法(特許文献5)やヒト培養角膜内皮細胞を細胞凝集体の状態で培養する試みが報告されている(特許文献6)。
[1]幹細胞を分化誘導培地で浮遊培養して治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを製造する方法であって、該分化誘導培地がGSK3阻害剤、レチノイン酸およびROCK阻害剤を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
[2]該分化誘導培地がさらにN2サプリメント、EGFおよびbFGFを含む、上記[1]記載の方法。
[3]GSK3阻害剤が、(2’Z,3’E)-6-ブロモインジルビン-3’-オキシム(BIO)である、上記[1]に記載の方法。
[4]ROCK阻害剤が、(+)-(R)-トランス-4-(1-アミノエチル)-N-(4-ピリジル)シクロヘキサンカルボキサミド二塩酸塩(Y-27632)である、上記[1]に記載の方法。
[5]レチノイン酸が、全トランス-レチノイン酸である、上記[1]に記載の方法。
[6]幹細胞が、iPS細胞由来神経堤幹細胞又は角膜実質由来神経堤幹細胞である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[7]幹細胞が、iPS細胞由来神経堤幹細胞である、上記[6]記載の方法。
[8]幹細胞が、皮膚由来多能性前駆細胞である、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[9]上記[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の製造方法により得られた治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア。
[10]移植用である、上記[9]記載のスフェア。
[12]治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア、及び粘弾性物質を含有する移植用医薬組成物。
[13]培養角膜内皮細胞、及び粘弾性物質を含有する移植用医薬組成物。
[14]前房内への移植用である、上記[12]又は[13]記載の医薬組成物。
[15]治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアが上記[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の製造方法により得られたものである、上記[12]~[14]のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
[16]培養角膜内皮細胞が単一細胞化されたものである、上記[12]~[14]のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
[17]粘弾性物質がヒアルロン酸及び/又はコンドロイチン硫酸である、上記[12]~[16]のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
[18]ヒアルロン酸濃度が5~40mg/mlである上記[17]記載の医薬組成物。
[19]コンドロイチン硫酸濃度が5~50mg/mlである上記[17]又は[18]に記載の医薬組成物。
[20]レチノイン酸およびROCK阻害剤をさらに含む、上記[12]~[19]のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
[21]インスリン、EGFおよびbFGFをさらに含む、上記[20]記載の医薬組成物。
また、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを本発明の医薬組成物として投与することで、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞を移植部位に効率的に滞留・接着させることが可能となる。
本発明によれば、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアあるいは培養角膜内皮細胞をヒアルロン酸やコンドロイチン硫酸等の粘弾性物質とともに前房内に投与し移植することで、それらの細胞を移植部位に効率的に滞留・接着させることが可能となる。
本発明において「幹細胞」とは、インビトロにおいて培養することが可能で、かつ、生体を構成する複数系列の細胞に分化し得る細胞をいうが、中でも角膜内皮細胞に分化し得る細胞をいう。具体的には胚性幹細胞(ES細胞)、胎児の始原生殖細胞由来の多能性幹細胞(EG細胞)、精巣由来の多能性幹細胞(GS細胞)、体細胞由来人工多能性幹細胞(induced pluripotent stem cells;iPS細胞)、ヒトの体性幹細胞(組織幹細胞)が挙げられ、角膜内皮細胞への分化誘導が可能なものが挙げられる。より好ましくはiPS細胞由来の神経堤幹細胞及び角膜実質由来の神経堤幹細胞である。神経堤幹細胞とは、自己複製能と多分化能を持つ多能性の幹細胞であり、脊椎動物の発生過程では、神経管の背側から体中に移動し、様々な組織の形成に寄与することが知られている。角膜内皮は角膜実質と同じく神経堤由来とされている。
具体的には、ES細胞としては、例えば、着床以前の初期胚を培養することによって樹立した哺乳動物等のES細胞、体細胞の核を核移植することによって作製された初期胚を培養することによって樹立したES細胞、及びこれらのES細胞の染色体上の遺伝子を遺伝子工学の手法を用いて改変したES細胞が挙げられる。各ES細胞は当分野で通常実施されている方法や、公知文献に従って調製することができる。
具体的には、iPS細胞としては、例えば、皮膚細胞等の体細胞に複数の遺伝子を導入して得られる、ES細胞同様の多分化能を獲得した細胞が挙げられ、例えばOct3/4遺伝子、Klf4遺伝子、C-Myc遺伝子及びSox2遺伝子を導入することによって得られるiPS細胞、Oct3/4遺伝子、Klf4遺伝子及びSox2遺伝子を導入することによって得られるiPS細胞(Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26: 101-106)等が挙げられる。他にも、導入遺伝子をさらに減らした方法(Nature. 2008 Jul 31;454(7204):646-50)、低分子化合物を利用した方法(Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Jan 9;4(1):16-9、Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Nov 6;5(5):491-503)、遺伝子の代わりに転写因子タンパク質を利用した方法(Cell Stem Cell. 2009 May 8;4(5):381-4)など、iPS細胞の作成法については技術的な改良が鋭意行なわれているが、作製されたiPS細胞の基本的な性質、すなわち多分化能を有するという点は作出方法によらず同等であり、いずれも本発明の方法に用い得る。
本発明では、より好ましくはiPS細胞由来の神経堤幹細胞を用いる。神経堤幹細胞を用いることで治療用角膜内皮代替細胞への分化誘導が容易になる。iPS細胞からの神経堤幹細胞の誘導は当分野で知られている手法に従って、あるいはそれに準じた方法で実施することができる。例えばNature Protocols, 2010 vol. 5, No.4, 688-701あるいは、Nature, 2010 vol.463, 958-964に記載された方法に準じて実施することができる。
本発明の製造方法は、幹細胞から治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを製造する方法であり、特定の組成からなる分化誘導培地で幹細胞を浮遊培養する工程を含む。
本発明において、「治療用角膜内皮代替細胞」とは、iPS細胞等の幹細胞から誘導される、角膜内皮機能不全を治療可能な、角膜内皮細胞の代替となり得る細胞である。即ち、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞は角膜内皮細胞と同等の生理機能を有する。
本発明の製造方法によって製造される治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア(以下、本発明のスフェアとも称する)は、数十個乃至数百個の細胞が凝集した細胞の塊であって、一般的に球状を呈する。ここで「球状」とは、完全に球形である場合に加え、卵形やラグビーボール状といった略球形の形状であることを含む。
該スフェアは、例えば、直径が20~2000μmの範囲であることが好ましく、より好ましくは30~1500μmの範囲であり、特に好ましくは40~1000μmの範囲である。
本工程で用いるROCK阻害剤としては、例えば、1-(5-イソキノリンスルホニル)-2-メチルピペラジン(H-7)、1-(5-イソキノリンスルホニル)-3-メチルピペラジン(イソH-7)、N-2-(メチルアミノ)エチル-5-イソキノリンスルホンアミド二塩酸塩(H-8)、N-(2-アミノエチル)-5-イソキノリンスルホンアミド二塩酸塩(H-9)、N-[2-(p-ブロモシンナミルアミノ)エチル]-5-イソキノリンスルホンアミド二塩酸塩(H-89)、N-(2-グアニジノエチル)-5-イソキノリンスルホンアミド塩酸塩(HA-1004)、1-(5-イソキノリンスルホニル)ホモピペラジン二塩酸塩(Fasudil/HA-1077)、(S)-(+)-2-メチル-4-グリシル-1-(4-メチルイソキノリニル-5-スルホニル)ホモピペリジン二塩酸塩(H-1152)、(+)-(R)-トランス-4-(1-アミノエチル)-N-(4-ピリジル)シクロヘキサンカルボキサミド二塩酸塩(Y-27632)が挙げられる。
これらはいずれも商業的に入手可能であり、なかでも特にY-27632が好ましい。ROCK阻害剤の培地中の濃度は、用いる阻害剤の種類によって適宜設定されるが、Y-27632の場合、通常5~20μM、好ましくは10μM程度である。1種又は2種以上のROCK阻害剤を組み合わせて用いても良い。
本工程で用いる基礎培地は、好ましくは、DMEM培地とF12培地の混合培地である。
本発明は、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア及び粘弾性物質を含有する医薬組成物、特に移植用医薬組成物を提供する。さらに、本発明は、培養角膜内皮細胞及び粘弾性物質を含有する医薬組成物、特に移植用医薬組成物を提供する。本明細書中、これらを総称して本発明の医薬組成物と略記する場合がある。当該医薬組成物は、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞あるいは培養角膜内皮細胞を眼内に移植、特に前房内に移植するのに好適に用いられる。粘弾性物質を含めることによってスフェアや細胞を拡散させることなく移植を必要とする部位に効率的に接着させることが可能となる。
治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアとしては上記「1.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアの製造方法」により製造されたものが挙げられる。
培養角膜内皮細胞としては、初代培養細胞であっても株化細胞であってもよいが、角膜内皮細胞は初代培養が難しいことから、株化細胞を用いることが好ましい。培養角膜内皮細胞は、単一細胞化されていることが好ましいが、角膜への接着が可能な範囲で、必要に応じて2~数個の細胞、10~数十個の細胞等の細胞塊の状態で用いることもできる。
「粘弾性物質」としては、スフェアあるいは細胞を含有する移植用の溶液(以下、移植用溶液と略記する場合がある)に適度な粘性を付与することができる物質であれば特に限定されないが、好ましくはヒアルロン酸及び/又はコンドロイチン硫酸であり、より好ましくはヒアルロン酸及びコンドロイチン硫酸である。これらの成分は通常眼科領域で利用されている物質であり、副作用の懸念なく使用することができる。
ヒアルロン酸及びコンドロイチン硫酸は塩やエステルの形態で用いることもできる。例えばヒアルロン酸はヒアルロン酸ナトリウムとして、コンドロイチン硫酸はコンドロイチン硫酸エステルナトリウムとして市販されている(例、ビスコート(登録商標)0.5;ヒアルロン酸ナトリウムを30mg/mlの濃度で、コンドロイチン硫酸エステルナトリウムを40mg/mlの濃度でそれぞれ含む)ので、それらを用いることができ、また、簡便である。
ヒアルロン酸濃度は、通常、5~40mg/mlであり、好ましくは10~30mg/mlであり、より好ましくは15~25mg/mlである。
コンドロイチン硫酸濃度は、通常、5~50mg/mlであり、好ましくは15~40mg/mlであり、より好ましくは20~35mg/mlである。
インスリンとは、ペプチドの一種であり、動物、例えば、ウシ、ブタの膵臓から生産されたインスリンや遺伝子組換え技術により生産されたインスリンのいずれもが使用できるが、将来的に眼内への適用を考慮した場合、ヒト由来であることが好ましい。インスリンは商業的に入手可能であるか、当業者であれば既知文献に従って調製することもできる。例えば、既知の塩基配列、アミノ酸配列に基づいて合成することができる。インスリンの医薬組成物中の濃度は、通常1~10μg/ml、好ましくは7.5μg/ml程度である。5μg/ml程度での使用もまた好ましい。
本発明の移植用医薬組成物の投与量としては、投与対象の体重や年齢、症状などにより一概に規定されるものではないが、例えばヒトであれば一眼あたり50~200μlが前房内に投与される。
1.ヒトiPS細胞由来の神経堤幹細胞の調製
既報(Nature, 2010 vol.463, 958-964)に基づいてヒトiPS細胞から神経堤幹細胞を得た。本実施例では、iPS細胞を培養する際にマトリゲルを用いず浮遊培養した点が上記既報とは異なっている。浮遊培養することによってより効率的に神経堤幹細胞(iPS-NCC)へと分化誘導することができた。ヒトiPS細胞は、201B7(山中伸弥教授(京都大学)、岡野栄之教授(慶應義塾大学)から供与された)を用いた。
2.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアの製造
上記1.で得られたiPS-NCCをアキュターゼによる酵素処理にて単一細胞とした。これを低接着性プレート(又はディッシュ)(Nunc社、Corning社等)内で1×104~105細胞/cm2の細胞密度で培養した。
培地の組成は、DMEM/F12にN2サプリメント(1×)、EGF(20ng/ml)、bFGF(20ng/ml)、ATRA(100nM)、BIO(500nM)及びY27632(10μM)を含む。
培養開始後2日目でスフェアの形成が確認された(図1)。
3.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアのタイトジャンクション
上記2.で得られたスフェアにおいて、細胞境界にタイトジャンクションが形成されているか否かを、ZO-1及びCLDN7の発現の有無を免疫蛍光染色法により調べることで確認した。
(1)ZO-1染色
1次抗体:×200希釈;ヤギ抗ZO-1抗体(LS-BIO、#LS-B9774)
2次抗体:×200希釈;Alexa Fluor 488標識ロバ抗ヤギ抗体(ライフテクノロジー、#A11055)
(2)CLDN7染色
1次抗体:×200希釈;ウサギ抗CLDN7抗体(アブカム、#ab27487)
2次抗体:×200希釈;Cy-3標識ロバ抗ウサギ抗体(ジャクソンラボ、#711-165-152)
(3)DAPI染色(同仁化学研究所、#D212)
結果を図2に示す。細胞境界にZO-1及びCLDN7の発現が観察された。この結果より、スフェアの段階で既に細胞間タイトジャンクションが形成されていることがわかった。
4.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアから製造された治療用角膜内皮代替細胞層の機能評価-1
上記2.で得られたスフェアを、さらに1週間以上浮遊培養した後、通常の接着培養用ディッシュ(イワキ、#3000-035)にて接着培養するとスフェアはディッシュに接着し、細胞が該スフェアから広がっていった(図3参照)。このスフェアから広がっていった細胞について種々のタンパク質の発現や機能を調べた。具体的には角膜内皮細胞に特徴的なN-カドヘリンの発現、細胞間タイトジャンクションに特徴的なZO-1の発現、角膜内皮細胞の機能として重要なNa,K-ATPase α1の発現について調べた。
(1)ZO-1染色
1次抗体:×100希釈;ウサギ抗ZO-1抗体(インビトロゲン、#40-2200)2次抗体:×200希釈;Cy-3標識ロバ抗ウサギ抗体(ジャクソンラボ、#711-165-152)
(2)N-カドヘリン染色
1次抗体:×100希釈;マウス抗N-カドヘリン抗体(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック、#MA1-2002)
2次抗体:×200希釈;Alexa Fluor 488標識ロバ抗マウス抗体(ライフテクノロジー、#A21202)
(3)Na,K-ATPase α1染色
1次抗体:×200希釈;マウス抗Na,K-ATPase α1抗体(ノバス バイオロジカルス、#NB300-146)
2次抗体:×200希釈;Alexa Fluor 488標識ロバ抗マウス抗体(ライフテクノロジー、#A21202)
結果を図4に示す。細胞境界にZO-1の発現が観察されタイトジャンクション構造を保っていることが確認された(図4、左図)。また、角膜内皮細胞に特徴的なN-カドヘリンの発現が見られたことから接着結合も形成していることが確認された(図4、中図)。さらに、角膜内皮細胞の機能として重要であるNa,K-ATPaseも細胞膜上に沿って発現していた(図4、右図)。
さらに、上記2.で得られたスフェアをいったんスナップウェル(Corning、#3801)に撒きなおし、6日間培養してコンフルエントにした後、Ussing chamber(Physiological Instrument; EM-CSYS-2)に挿入してウェルの表裏のshort circuit current (SCC)を測定し、10μMのウワバイン添加前後のSCCの差よりNa,K-ATPaseポンプ機能を定量した。対照として、ヒト角膜内皮細胞株であるB4G12細胞(DSMZ、#ACC-647)のNa,K-ATPaseポンプ機能を定量した。結果を図5に示す。本発明のスフェアはヒト角膜内皮細胞株であるB4G12細胞のポンプ機能と同等以上のポンプ機能を有していることがわかった。
5.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアから製造された治療用角膜内皮代替細胞層の機能評価-2
単層細胞シートの状態にある角膜内皮細胞を移植に使用する際、通常、細胞シートを酵素処理により単一細胞にして、細胞懸濁液として前房内に注入し角膜後面に接着させる。しかしながらこのような酵素処理は細胞にとってストレスであり、結果として間葉系の細胞形態に変化してしまう、即ち上皮-間葉移行(EMT)を生じてしまうといった問題点があった。
本発明のようにスフェアを経由した場合でもEMTが生じるのかを調べた。具体的には、EMTを獲得した細胞では上皮系から間葉系への発現マーカーの変化やアクチンストレスファイバーの再構築が誘導されることから、間葉系細胞のマーカー(例、α-SMA、FSP-1)の発現の有無、及びストレスファイバー形成の有無を調べた。
(1)α-SMA染色
1次抗体:×200希釈;ウサギ抗α-SMA抗体(Bioss、#bs-0189R)2次抗体:×200希釈;Cy-3標識ロバ抗ウサギ抗体(ジャクソンラボ、#711-165-152)
(2)アクチン染色
×40希釈;Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin(インビトロゲン、#A12379)
結果を図6に示す。スフェアから得られた治療用角膜内皮代替細胞層ではα-SMA陽性細胞を認めず、又ストレスファイバーも形成されていなかった。これらの結果からスフェアを経由する本発明の方法を用いて得られた治療用角膜内皮代替細胞ではEMTが生じないことがわかった。
1.治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを含有する移植用医薬組成物
上記2.で得られたスフェアを用いて、以下の手順で表1に記載の組成の移植用医薬組成物を調製した。
(1)DMEM/F12にATRA、Y27632、インスリン及びbFGFを添加した培地を調製する。
(2)(1)で得られた培地に細胞密度が1×107細胞/mlとなるようにスフェアを混合し細胞懸濁液(×2)を調製した。
(3)(2)で得られた細胞懸濁液200μlにビスコート(登録商標)0.5 200μlを添加して混合する。
ビスコート(登録商標)0.5には、日局精製ヒアルロン酸ナトリウム30mg/ml、及びコンドロイチン硫酸エステルナトリウム40mg/mlが含まれている。
(手順)
上記1.で調製した移植用医薬組成物を用いて、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを以下の手順で眼前房内に移植した。
(1)ウサギの前房を生理食塩水還流させながら、内皮面をこすり、細胞を脱落させた。
(2)細胞が脱落した前房を生理食塩水で洗浄した。
(3)洗浄後、上記1.で調製した移植用医薬組成物を26ゲージのシリンジを用いて前房内に注入した。
比較の為に、培地のみ注入した眼(Control;スフェアなし、ビスコートなし)、移植用医薬組成物を用いずにスフェアのみを注入した眼(スフェアあり、ビスコートなし眼)を準備した。
(4)2時間、ウサギをうつ伏せで安置した。
(5)2日間観察後、眼球を回収して肉眼的および顕微鏡的に観察した。
同様にカニクイザルについてもスフェアを前房内に注入した移植眼を作製した。
移植眼に対し、治療用角膜内皮代替細胞層の形成、角膜厚及び眼圧を測定した。
角膜厚は角膜厚測定装置(トーメーコーポレーション;SP-100)を、眼圧は眼圧測定装置(ホワイトメディカル;AccuPen(ACCUTOME社製))を、それぞれ用いて測定した。
(結果)
ウサギへの移植実験におけるControlと、「スフェアあり、ビスコートなし眼」では、術後2日後に回収した眼球の角膜後面には肉眼的および顕微鏡的にフィブリンの沈着が認められた(図7A左、中)。「スフェアあり、ビスコートなし眼」を顕微鏡的に観察すると、フィブリンによりスフェアがからみとられていて角膜に接着できていない状態が観察された(図7B)
一方、上記手順で移植用医薬組成物を使用してスフェアを移植した場合、角膜後面へのフィブリンの沈着は認めなかった(図7A右)。この眼球角膜を顕微鏡的に観察したところ、角膜後面に接着し広がって、移植後2日でタイトジャンクションを保った治療用角膜内皮代替細胞層を形成することができた(図7C)。ZO-1及び核の染色は、実施例1に準じて行った。
さらに、本発明のスフェアを、角膜内皮細胞を剥離したカニクイザル前房内に移植し、移植直後、移植後1日及び2日の時点での移植眼における角膜厚を測定した。結果を図8に示す。移植眼では角膜浮腫が抑制され、角膜厚を維持できていることがわかる。また、眼圧の上昇も認められなかった。
1.培養角膜内皮細胞を含有する移植用医薬組成物
培養角膜内皮細胞株化細胞(B4G12細胞)を酵素処理にて単一細胞とした。
ヒアルロン酸ナトリウム15mg/ml及びコンドロイチン硫酸エステルナトリウム20mg/mlを添加した単一細胞化細胞懸濁液(懸濁液1)およびこれらを添加せず代わりにPBSを添加した単一細胞化細胞懸濁液(懸濁液2)を調製した。ヒアルロン酸ナトリウム及びコンドロイチン硫酸エステルナトリウム以外の添加物は、実施例2、表1に記載されているものと同様のものを同様の濃度で使用した。懸濁液1及び2とも、最終の細胞密度は1.0×105細胞/100μlとなるように調整した。
2.培養角膜内皮細胞の移植
(手順)
上記1.で調製した移植用医薬組成物を用いて、培養角膜内皮細胞を以下の手順で眼前房内に移植した。
(1)ウサギ(4羽)の前房を生理食塩水還流させながら、内皮面をこすり、角膜内皮細胞を直径8mmの範囲で剥離させた。
(2)細胞が脱落した前房を生理食塩水で洗浄した。
(3)洗浄後、上記1.で調製した移植用医薬組成物を26ゲージのシリンジを用いて前房内に1羽あたり200μl(=2.0×105細胞)ずつ注入した。単一細胞化懸濁液1を用いて調製した医薬組成物を注入した群(粘弾性物質添加群)、単一細胞化懸濁液2を用いて調製した医薬組成物を注入した群(PBS添加群)、それぞれ2羽ずつ作成した。
(4)3時間、ウサギの体位を制限して細胞を角膜後面へ沈着させ接着させた。
(5)2日間観察後、眼球を回収して角膜後面の接着細胞の範囲および密度を評価した。
(結果)
粘弾性物質添加群のウサギでは、角膜内皮細胞が剥離した直径8mmの範囲全体に亘って細胞の接着が確認された。一方、PBS添加群のウサギでは、接着範囲は5mm×6mm程度と粘弾性物質添加群に比べて狭かった。
各ウサギにおいて、角膜内皮細胞を剥離した領域内で任意に4個所選択し、各箇所における接着細胞の数を顕微鏡下で測定しその密度を算出した。結果を下記表2及び図9に示す。
これらの結果より、培養角膜内皮細胞単一細胞化懸濁液の前房内注入法においても、粘弾性物質を添加することにより角膜後面への細胞の接着密度が有意に高くなることがわかった。
従って、本発明は、誘導した治療用角膜内皮代替細胞を角膜後面に効率よく移植する方法を提供する。当該方法によってiPS細胞、皮膚幹細胞、その他の各種体性幹細胞から誘導した治療用角膜内皮代替細胞の臨床応用が可能となる。
Claims (21)
- 幹細胞を分化誘導培地で浮遊培養して治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアを製造する方法であって、該分化誘導培地がGSK3阻害剤、レチノイン酸およびROCK阻害剤を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 該分化誘導培地がさらにN2サプリメント、EGFおよびbFGFを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- GSK3阻害剤が、(2’Z,3’E)-6-ブロモインジルビン-3’-オキシム(BIO)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ROCK阻害剤が、(+)-(R)-トランス-4-(1-アミノエチル)-N-(4-ピリジル)シクロヘキサンカルボキサミド二塩酸塩(Y-27632)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- レチノイン酸が、全トランス-レチノイン酸である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 幹細胞が、iPS細胞由来神経堤幹細胞又は角膜実質由来神経堤幹細胞である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 幹細胞が、iPS細胞由来神経堤幹細胞である、請求項6記載の方法。
- 幹細胞が、皮膚由来多能性前駆細胞である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法により得られた治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア。
- 移植用である、請求項9記載のスフェア。
- 前房内への移植用である、請求項10記載のスフェア。
- 治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェア、及び粘弾性物質を含有する移植用医薬組成物。
- 培養角膜内皮細胞、及び粘弾性物質を含有する移植用医薬組成物。
- 前房内への移植用である、請求項12又は13記載の医薬組成物。
- 治療用角膜内皮代替細胞スフェアが請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法により得られたものである、請求項12~14のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 培養角膜内皮細胞が単一細胞化されたものである、請求項12~14のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 粘弾性物質がヒアルロン酸及び/又はコンドロイチン硫酸である、請求項12~16のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒアルロン酸濃度が5~40mg/mlである請求項17に記載の医薬組成物。
- コンドロイチン硫酸濃度が請求項17又は18に記載の医薬組成物。
- レチノイン酸およびROCK阻害剤をさらに含む、請求項12~19のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- インスリン、EGFおよびbFGFをさらに含む、請求項20記載の医薬組成物。
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