WO2016063357A1 - アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法及びシンチレータ材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法及びシンチレータ材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016063357A1 WO2016063357A1 PCT/JP2014/077982 JP2014077982W WO2016063357A1 WO 2016063357 A1 WO2016063357 A1 WO 2016063357A1 JP 2014077982 W JP2014077982 W JP 2014077982W WO 2016063357 A1 WO2016063357 A1 WO 2016063357A1
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- alkali halide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/62—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing gallium, indium or thallium
- C09K11/626—Halogenides
- C09K11/628—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/10—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/61—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or unspecified halogen elements
- C09K11/615—Halogenides
- C09K11/616—Halogenides with alkali or alkaline earth metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/416—Reflective
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for producing an alkali halide scintillator powder and a method for producing a scintillator material.
- a vacuum evaporation method in which an alkali halide as a base material and an additive as a light emission center are co-evaporated in a high temperature process under a high vacuum or a pulling method (CZ method).
- a single crystal production method such as the above is generally performed.
- the vacuum deposition method which is a high-temperature process exceeding 600 ° C. under high vacuum, not only consumes a large amount of heat energy, but also deposits on various places, resulting in a large material loss and in addition to the emission center. There is a problem that it is difficult to control the deposition rate and concentration of the additive.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an alkali halide scintillator powder at room temperature and in the atmosphere without performing complicated condition control, a high-temperature process under high vacuum (for example,> 600 ° C.), and the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a scintillator material capable of producing a large scintillator sheet using a system scintillator powder.
- an additive serving as a light emission center is added to the alkali halide powder as a base so as to have a predetermined mol%, and the alkali halide powder and the additive are pulverized, or In order to mix or mechanical energy is applied to give an impact force, shear force, shear stress or friction force, the base alkali halide is doped with additive ions serving as a luminescent center.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a production procedure of an alkali halide scintillator powder and a scintillator sheet.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of the production procedure of the powder and scintillator sheet, taking thallium activated cesium iodide as an alkali halide scintillator as an example.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the comparative examples and examples and the light emission intensity.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the comparative example in Examples (Part 1) of thallium activated cesium iodide powder and the emission intensity.
- Part 1 is an explanatory diagram of a production procedure of an alkali halide scintillator powder and a scintillator sheet.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of the production procedure of the powder and scintillator sheet, taking thallium activated cesium iodide as an alkali halide sci
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory view of the relationship between the example (part 2) of the thallium activated cesium iodide powder and the light emission intensity.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the examples of the copper activated cesium iodide powder and the light emission intensity.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of the relationship between the examples of thallium activated potassium chloride powder and the light emission intensity.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the examples of thallium activated potassium bromide powder and the emission intensity.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a production procedure of an alkali halide scintillator powder and a scintillator sheet.
- the alkali halide powder as the base and the additive as the luminescent center are pulverized and mixed, and mechanical energy such as impact force, shear force, shear stress, and friction force is applied to cause the reaction to occur. Applying the process.
- an apparatus for applying mechanical energy for pulverizing or mixing raw materials of alkali halide scintillator powder or for applying impact force, shear force, shear stress, or friction force
- an agate mortar (mortar)
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- these can be performed by a mechanical device such as a rolling mill, a satellite mill, or a jet mill.
- the solid materials including the powder raw material when applying mechanical energy to pulverize or mix the raw materials of the alkali halide scintillator powder or to give impact force, shear force, shear stress or frictional force, the solid materials including the powder raw material Needless to say, liquid or gas may be interposed as long as mixing, grinding, impact force application, shear force application, shear stress application, frictional application, etc. can be performed efficiently. For example, an organic solvent that can be easily evaporated is more desirable.
- the powder of the additive containing the alkali halide powder serving as the base and the ions serving as the emission center is measured (step S11).
- Tl + type center Tl + , In + , Sn 2+ , Bi 3+ , Cu + [wherein Cu + is a Tl + type anion center and )]
- TlCl thallium chloride
- TlBr thallium bromide
- TlI thallium iodide
- InCl indium chloride
- InBr indium bromide
- InI indium iodide
- BiCl 3 bismuth chloride (III)
- BiBr 3 bismuth bromide
- BiI 3 bismuth iodide
- CuI copper iodide
- rare earth ions serving as the emission center those having Tb 3+ ions, Eu 3+ ions, Ce 3+ ions, etc., that is, TbCl 3 (terbium (III) chloride), TbBr 3 (terbium (III) bromide), TbI 3 (iodide terbium (III)), EuCl 3 (europium (III) chloride), EuBr 3 (bromide europium (III)), EuI 3 (iodide Yuuropiu (III)), CeCl 3 (cerium chloride (III) ), CeBr 3 (cerium bromide (III)), include powders selected to correspond to the selected ions as a luminescent center from the group consisting of CeI 3 (iodide cerium (III)).
- the weighed alkali halide powder is put into an agate mortar (mortar) and pulverized while applying mechanical energy such as impact force, shear force, shear stress, friction force (step S12: first step).
- step S13 it is determined whether or not the pulverization process in step S12 has passed a first predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) (step S13).
- the first predetermined time is obtained in advance as a time during which the alkali halide powder becomes fine enough to have a sufficient surface area. If it is determined in step S13 that the first predetermined time has not yet elapsed (step S13; No), the process proceeds to step S12 and the pulverization process is continued.
- step S13 when the first predetermined time has elapsed (step S13; Yes), an additive powder containing an ion serving as a luminescent center is added to the ground alkali halide powder in the agate mortar (Ste S14).
- the addition amount (mol%) of the additive is more than the addition amount with which the doping amount of the ion serving as the emission center is sufficient and sufficient luminous efficiency is obtained, and the number of ions that do not contribute to light emission increases. It is necessary to make it less than the addition amount that the utilization efficiency of the material decreases.
- the addition amount (mol%) of the additive takes the maximum value when the intensity of the maximum emission wavelength of the single crystal of the alkali halide scintillator powder is measured using mol% of the additive as a variable. It is desirable to set it to be mol%.
- step S15 second step.
- step S16 it is determined whether or not the pulverization / mixing process in step S15 has passed for a second predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) (step S16).
- a second predetermined time for example, 10 minutes
- the second predetermined time that is, to pulverize or mix the base alkali halide powder and the additive in order to dope the ions serving as the luminescence center in the base alkali halide, or
- the emission spectrum obtained when a predetermined excitation light (including X-rays) is irradiated is mainly used as a base material.
- step S16 It is desirable to set the time from the emission spectrum of the alkali halide powder to a time at which the emission spectrum of ions mainly serving as the emission center is obtained. If it is determined in step S16 that the second predetermined time has not yet elapsed (step S16; No), the process proceeds to step S15 and the pulverization / mixing process is continued.
- step S16 when the second predetermined time has elapsed (step S16; Yes), the doping of ions serving as the luminescence center into the alkali halide powder serving as the base is completed, and the alkali halide scintillator powder is obtained. Since it is obtained, the obtained alkali halide scintillator powder is put into a die of a not-shown press apparatus and a predetermined pressure is applied to perform press molding to obtain a scintillator plate (scintillator pellet) (step S17).
- an alkali halide scintillator is obtained simply by pulverizing and mixing an alkali halide powder as a base and an additive powder containing ions as a luminescent center using a mechanochemical process. Since a powder can be obtained, an alkali halide scintillator powder can be obtained without performing precise condition control.
- a scintillator sheet (scintillator material) can be obtained by press molding, the scintillator sheet can be easily enlarged. Furthermore, the shape of the scintillator sheet can be easily changed by changing the mold.
- the scintillator sheet sintillator material
- seat sintillator material
- the scintillator material need not be limited to the sheet, and can be used as a powder (powder) or a block (for example, It is also possible to form in other forms such as a rectangular parallelepiped shape. Furthermore, it is also possible to configure as a scintillator unit by embedding (packing) powder in a frame forming a fine grid.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of the production procedure of the powder and scintillator sheet, taking thallium activated cesium iodide as an alkali halide scintillator as an example.
- a powder of cesium iodide CsI of alkali halide as a base material and a powder of thallium iodide TlI as an additive serving as a light emission center are mixed.
- a mechanochemical process is applied in which mechanical energy such as impact force, shear force, shear stress, and friction force is applied to cause the reaction.
- a base alkali halide cesium iodide CsI powder and an emission center thallium iodide TlI powder Is performed (step S21). Specifically, cesium iodide CsI 10 g ( ⁇ 0.038 mol) and thallium iodide TlI 0.013 g ( ⁇ 3.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mol) are weighed.
- step S22 first step.
- step S23 it is determined whether or not the pulverization process in step S12 has passed a first predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) (step S23). If it is determined in step S23 that the first predetermined time has not yet elapsed (step S23; No), the process proceeds to step S12 and the pulverization process is continued.
- a first predetermined time for example, 10 minutes
- step S23 when the first predetermined time has elapsed (step S23; Yes), the thallium iodide TlI powder is added to the cesium iodide CsI powder after pulverization in the agate mortar (step S24).
- the amount of thallium iodide TlI added is preferably 0.01 mol% to 2.0 mol%. This is because, if it is less than 0.01 mol%, the doping amount of thallium ion Tl + is small and sufficient light emission efficiency cannot be obtained. Further, if it exceeds 2.0 mol%, thallium iodide TlI that does not contribute to light emission increases and the utilization efficiency of the material decreases. In the case of the above example, the concentration of the added thallium iodide TlI powder is about 0.1 mol%.
- the mol% (predetermined mol%) of thallium iodide TlI as the addition amount of thallium iodide TlI is the thallium activity as an alkali halide scintillator powder, with the mol% of thallium iodide TlI being an additive as a variable.
- the intensity of the maximum emission wavelength of the cesium iodide single crystal it is desirable that the intensity be set to mol% that takes the maximum value.
- step S25 second step.
- step S26 it is determined whether or not the pulverization / mixing process in step S25 has passed for a second predetermined time (for example, 10 minutes) (step S26). If it is determined in step S26 that the second predetermined time has not yet elapsed (step S26; No), the process proceeds to step S15, and the pulverization / mixing process is continued.
- a second predetermined time for example, 10 minutes
- step S26 when the second predetermined time has elapsed (step S16; Yes), doping of thallium iodide TlI into cesium iodide CsI is completed, and thallium activated cesium iodide powder is obtained. Therefore, the obtained thallium activated cesium iodide powder is put into a mold of a pressing device (not shown) and a predetermined pressure is applied to perform press molding to obtain a scintillator plate (scintillator pellet) (step S27).
- a thallium-activated cesium iodide powder can be obtained by pulverizing and mixing cesium iodide powder and thallium iodide powder using a mechanochemical process, so that precise condition control is performed. Without this, thallium-activated cesium iodide powder can be obtained.
- a scintillator sheet (scintillator material) can be obtained by press molding, the scintillator sheet can be easily enlarged. Furthermore, the shape of the scintillator sheet can be easily changed by changing the mold.
- the scintillator sheet (scintillator material) is pressed at room temperature.
- the scintillator sheet (scintillator material) can be manufactured stably by promoting doping of thallium ions into the cesium iodide powder.
- the thallium activated cesium iodide CsI (TlI) has been described as the alkali halide scintillator, it is not limited thereto.
- the base alkali halide is cesium iodide CsI
- the additive serving as the emission center is thallium iodide TlI.
- cesium iodide CsI anhydrous cesium iodide having a bead shape and a particle size of 10 mesh or less and having a purity of 99.999% was used.
- Example C1 As thallium iodide TlI, one having a purity of 99.99% was used.
- An agate mortar (inner diameter ⁇ 90 mm, outer diameter ⁇ 110 mm, depth 38 mm) was charged with 10 g of cesium iodide CsI and crushed with a pestle for 10 minutes to prepare a sample. 180 g of the sample in this state is weighed, put into a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 7 mm, pressed for 1 minute with a force of 800 kgf (approximately equivalent to a pressure of 204 MPa), and the obtained pellet having an outer diameter of ⁇ 7 mm ⁇ thickness of 1 mm is a first comparison. It was set as Example C1.
- the mixture was pulverized and mixed for 10 minutes in total, and 180 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, put into a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 7 mm, and pressed for 1 minute with a force of 800 kgf, and the obtained outer diameter ⁇ 7 mm ⁇ thickness A 1 mm thick pellet was taken as a first example E1.
- the mixture was pulverized and mixed for a total of 30 minutes, 180 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, placed in a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 7 mm, pressed for 1 minute with a force of 800 kgf, and the obtained outer diameter ⁇ 7 mm ⁇ thickness A 1 mm thick pellet was designated as a second example E2.
- Excitation light source IK3452R-F type He-Cd laser manufactured by Kinmon Electric Co., Ltd., oscillation wavelength 325 nm, output power 10 mW
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the emission spectrum measurement result. As shown in FIG. 3, no light emission was observed in the first comparative example C1.
- the intensity of the emission band related to the Tl + emission center increases as the pulverization / mixing time is increased. Increased.
- the second comparative example C2 just mixed also shows weak light emission, but this light emission is closer to the shorter wavelength than the light emission peak of the original CsI: Tl + scintillator light emission. There is a shift.
- Tl + ions are not diffused in the crystal and light is emitted from Tl + ions attached to the surface of the CsI particles.
- the emission intensity increased and the emission peak did not reach the emission peak of the original thallium activated cesium iodide CsI: Tl + scintillator emission, Shifted to the longer wavelength side.
- the emission intensity was further increased and the emission peak was the same as the emission peak of the original thallium activated cesium iodide CsI: Tl + scintillator emission. .
- thallium iodide ion Tl + diffuses into cesium iodide CsI particles by mixing and grinding for 10 minutes to form thallium active cesium iodide (CsI: Tl + ).
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the comparative example in Examples (Part 1) of thallium activated cesium iodide powder and the emission intensity.
- the intensity of the luminescence peak was further increased. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the intensity of the emission peak (550 nm) of the third example E3 mixed and pulverized for 60 minutes is approximately the same as that of the first example E1 mixed and pulverized for 10 minutes. It has become 5 times.
- a scintillator sheet (scintillator plate) can be obtained by press molding, it has been found that the scintillator sheet can be easily enlarged. Further, by attaching an Al film or the like as a reflecting plate for reflecting emitted light on one side of the scintillator sheet, the light extracted from the other side of the sheet can be increased. Furthermore, it is also possible to form a scintillator unit that is easy to handle by embedding (packing) powder in a frame forming a fine grid.
- the manufacturing method is the same as that in the case of manufacturing using cesium iodide CsI as the base alkali halide and using thallium iodide TlI as the additive, so only the emission spectrum measurement result will be described.
- the mixture was further pulverized and mixed for 30 minutes in total, and 110 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, placed in a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 6 mm, and pressed for 1 minute with a force of 1000 kgf, and the resulting outer diameter ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ thickness
- a pellet having a thickness of 1 mm was designated as a second example E12.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory view of the relationship between the example (part 2) of the thallium activated cesium iodide powder and the light emission intensity.
- the emission peak was the same as the emission peak of the original thallium activated cesium iodide CsI: Tl + scintillator emission. became.
- the manufacturing method is the same as that in the case of manufacturing using cesium iodide CsI as the base alkali halide and using thallium iodide TlI as the additive, so only the emission spectrum measurement result will be described.
- the mixture was further pulverized and mixed for 30 minutes in total, and 110 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, placed in a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 6 mm, and pressed for 1 minute with a force of 1000 kgf, and the resulting outer diameter ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ thickness
- a pellet having a thickness of 1 mm was designated as a second example E22.
- Excitation light source ArF excimer laser (oscillation wavelength 193 nm)
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of the relationship between the examples of the copper activated cesium iodide powder and the light emission intensity.
- the emission peak was the same as the emission peak of the original scintillator emission of copper active cesium iodide CsI: Cu 2 — .
- the manufacturing method is the same as that in the case of manufacturing using cesium iodide CsI as the base alkali halide and using thallium iodide TlI as the additive, so only the emission spectrum measurement result will be described.
- potassium chloride KCl having a bead-like shape and a particle size of 10 mesh or less and having a purity of 99.9% was used.
- thallium chloride TlCl one having a purity of 99.9% was used.
- Put 10 g of potassium chloride KCl in an agate mortar (inner diameter ⁇ 90 mm, outer diameter ⁇ 110 mm, depth 38 mm) and pulverize with a pestle for 10 minutes ( first predetermined time), then 0.032 g of thallium chloride TlCl (concentration 0.1 mol) %).
- the mixture was pulverized and mixed for a total of 30 minutes, and 56 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, put into a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 6 mm, and pressed for 1 minute with a force of 1000 kgf, and the obtained outer diameter ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ thickness
- a pellet having a thickness of 1 mm was designated as a second example E32.
- Excitation light source ArF excimer laser (oscillation wavelength 193 nm)
- the emission peak was the same as the emission peak of the original scintillator emission of thallium activated potassium chloride KCl: Tl + .
- the manufacturing method is the same as that in the case of manufacturing using cesium iodide CsI as the base alkali halide and using thallium iodide TlI as the additive, so only the emission spectrum measurement result will be described.
- the mixture was pulverized and mixed for a total of 30 minutes, 75 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, placed in a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 6 mm, and pressed with a force of 1000 kgf for 1 minute, and the obtained outer diameter ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ thickness A 1 mm thick pellet was taken as a second example E42.
- the mixture was pulverized and mixed for a total of 60 minutes, and 75 g of the sample obtained at this time was weighed, put into a mold having an inner diameter of approximately ⁇ 6 mm, and pressed with a force of 1000 kgf for 1 minute, and the obtained outer diameter ⁇ 6 mm ⁇ thickness A 1 mm thick pellet was designated as a third example E43.
- the emission peak was the same as the emission peak of the original scintillator emission of potassium thallium active potassium bromide KBr: Tl + .
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Abstract
Description
図1は、アルカリハライド系シンチレータの粉末及びシンチレータシートの製造手順の説明図である。
ステップS13の判別において、未だ第1の所定時間が経過していない場合には(ステップS13;No)、処理をステップS12に移行して粉砕処理を継続する。
ここで、第2の所定時間、すなわち、母体のアルカリハライド中に発光中心となるイオンをドーピングするために、母体となるアルカリハライド粉末及び添加物を、粉砕させ、あるいは、混合させるために、若しくは、衝撃力、剪断力、ずり応力あるいは摩擦力を与えるために機械的エネルギーを付与する時間は、所定の励起光(X線を含む)を照射したときに得られる発光スペクトルが、主として母体となるアルカリハライド粉末の発光スペクトルから主として発光中心となるイオンの発光スペクトルとなる時間以上に設定されるのが望ましい。
ステップS16の判別において、未だ第2の所定時間が経過していない場合には(ステップS16;No)、処理をステップS15に移行して粉砕・混合処理を継続する。
このように構成することにより、母体となるアルカリハライド粉末への発光中心となるイオンのドーピングを促進して安定にシンチレータシート(シンチレータ材料)を製造することができる。
さらに、細かいグリッド(格子)を形成している枠に粉末を埋め込んで(詰め込んで)シンチレータユニットとして構成することも可能である。
まずは、アルカリハライド系シンチレータのタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウムを例としてその粉末及びシンチレータシートの製造手順について詳細に説明する。
図2は、アルカリハライド系シンチレータのタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウムを例としてその粉末及びシンチレータシートの製造手順の説明図である。
具体的には、ヨウ化セシウムCsI10g(≒0.038mol)及びヨウ化タリウムTlI0.013g(≒3.9×10-5mol)を秤量する。
ステップS23の判別において、未だ第1の所定時間が経過していない場合には(ステップS23;No)、処理をステップS12に移行して粉砕処理を継続する。
これは、0.01mol%未満であると、タリウムイオンTl+のドーピング量が少なく、十分な発光効率が得られないからである。また、2.0mol%超であると、発光に寄与しないヨウ化タリウムTlIが増加し、材料の利用効率が低下するからである。
上述の例の場合には、添加したヨウ化タリウムTlI粉末の濃度は、約0.1mol%となっている。
ステップS26の判別において、未だ第2の所定時間が経過していない場合には(ステップS26;No)、処理をステップS15に移行して粉砕・混合処理を継続する。
このように構成することにより、ヨウ化セシウム粉末内へのタリウムイオンのドーピングを促進して安定にシンチレータシート(シンチレータ材料)を製造することができる。
以上のより実施の形態の説明においては、アルカリハライド系シンチレータとしてタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウムCsI(TlI)に関して述べたが、これに限定するものではない。
(A)タリウム活性ヨウ化セシウム粉末の実施例(その1)
まず、以下の説明においては、アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末としてタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウム粉末を作製するに際し、母体のアルカリハライドとしてヨウ化セシウムCsIを用い、添加物としてヨウ化タリウムTlIを用いて製造する場合を例として述べる。
まず、ヨウ化セシウムCsIとしては、ビーズ状の形状を有し、10メッシュ以下の粒径を有する純度99.999%の無水ヨウ化セシウムを用いた。
めのう乳鉢(内径φ90mm、外径φ110mm、深さ38mm)にヨウ化セシウムCsI10gを入れ、10分間乳棒で粉砕して試料とした。この状態の試料を180g秤量し、内径がおよそφ7mmの金型に入れ、800kgfの力(≒圧力204MPa相当)で1分間プレスし、得られた外径φ7mm×厚さ1mmのペレットを第1比較例C1とした。
(1)励起光源:金門電気社製 IK3452R-F型 He-Cdレーザ
発振波長325nm、出力パワー10mW
裏面入射型FFT-CCDを有する裏面入射2Dディテクタマルチチャンネル分光器
・グレーティング:測定波長範囲が200~1100nm:HC-1
・スリット:5μm
・2次光カットフィルタ付きディテクタ:OFV-200
図3に示すように、第1比較例C1においては、発光は見られなかった。
また、1分間混合・粉砕を行った第3比較例C3においては、発光強度が増すとともに、発光ピークが本来のタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウムCsI:Tl+のシンチレータ発光の発光ピークには至らないものの、長波長側にシフトした。
30分間及び60分間混合・粉砕を行った第2実施例E2及び第3実施例E3においては、発光ピークの強度がさらに増加している。より詳細には、図3に示すように、10分間混合・粉砕した第1実施例E1と比較して、60分間混合・粉砕した第3実施例E3は、発光ピーク(550nm)の強度がおよそ5倍になっている。
さらにまた、細かいグリッド(格子)を形成している枠に粉末を埋め込んで(詰め込んで)、取り扱いの容易なシンチレータユニットとして構成することも可能である。
次に、アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末としてタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウム粉末を作製するに際し、母体のアルカリハライドとしてヨウ化セシウムCsIを用い、添加物として臭化タリウムTlBrを用いて製造した場合を例として述べる。
めのう乳鉢(内径φ90mm、外径φ110mm、深さ38mm)にヨウ化セシウムCsI10gを入れ、10分間(=第1所定時間)乳棒で粉砕し、次に、臭化タリウムTlBrを0.011g(濃度0.1mol%)を加えた。この状態の試料を110g秤量し、内径がおよそφ6mmの金型に入れ、1000kgfの力で1分間プレスし、得られた外径φ6mm×厚さ1mmのペレットを第1実施例E11とした。
これらの結果、図5に示すように、10分間混合・粉砕を行った第1実施例E11においては、発光ピークが本来のタリウム活性ヨウ化セシウムCsI:Tl+のシンチレータ発光の発光ピークと同様となった。
また、30分間及び60分間混合・粉砕を行った第2実施例E12及び第3実施例E13においては、発光ピークの強度が第1実施例E11と比較してさらに増加していることがわかる。
次に、アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末として銅活性ヨウ化セシウム粉末を作製するに際し、母体のアルカリハライドとしてヨウ化セシウムCsIを用い、添加物としてヨウ化銅CuIを用いて製造した場合を例として述べる。
めのう乳鉢(内径φ90mm、外径φ110mm、深さ38mm)にヨウ化セシウムCsI10gを入れ、10分間(=第1所定時間)乳棒で粉砕し、次に、ヨウ化銅CuIを0.07g(濃度1.0mol%)を加えた。この状態の試料を110g秤量し、内径がおよそφ6mmの金型に入れ、1000kgfの力で1分間プレスし、得られた外径φ6mm×厚さ1mmのペレットを第1実施例E21とした。
(1)励起光源:ArF エキシマレーザ(発振波長193nm)
これらの結果、10分間混合・粉砕を行った第1実施例E21においては、発光ピークが本来の銅活性ヨウ化セシウムCsI:Cu-のシンチレータ発光の発光ピークと同様となった。
また、30分間及び60分間混合・粉砕を行った第2実施例E22及び第3実施例E23においては、発光ピークの強度が第1実施例E21と比較してさらに増加していることがわかる。
次に、アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末としてタリウム活性塩化カリウム粉末を作製するに際し、母体のアルカリハライドとして塩化カリウムKClを用い、添加物として塩化タリウムTlClを用いて製造した場合を例として述べる。
また、塩化タリウムTlClとしては、純度99.9%のものを用いた。
めのう乳鉢(内径φ90mm、外径φ110mm、深さ38mm)に塩化カリウムKCl10gを入れ、10分間(=第1所定時間)乳棒で粉砕し、次に、塩化タリウムTlClを0.032g(濃度0.1mol%)を加えた。この状態の試料を56g秤量し、内径がおよそφ6mmの金型に入れ、1000kgfの力で1分間プレスし、得られた外径φ6mm×厚さ1mmのペレットを第1実施例E31とした。
(1)励起光源:ArF エキシマレーザ(発振波長193nm)
また、30分間及び60分間混合・粉砕を行った第2実施例E32及び第3実施例E33においては、発光ピークの強度が第1実施例E31と比較してさらに増加していることがわかる。
次に、アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末としてタリウム活性臭化カリウム粉末を作製するに際し、母体のアルカリハライドとして臭化カリウムKBrを用い、添加物として臭化タリウムTlBrを用いて製造した場合を例として述べる。
また、臭化タリウムTlBrとしては、純度99.9%のものを用いた。
めのう乳鉢(内径φ90mm、外径φ110mm、深さ38mm)に臭化カリウムKCl10gを入れ、10分間(=第1所定時間)乳棒で粉砕し、次に、臭化タリウムTlBrを0.024g(濃度0.1mol%)を加えた。この状態の試料を75g秤量し、内径がおよそφ6mmの金型に入れ、1000kgfの力で1分間プレスし、得られた外径φ6mm×厚さ1mmのペレットを第1実施例E41とした。
また、30分間及び60分間混合・粉砕を行った第2実施例E42及び第3実施例E43においては、発光ピークの強度が第1実施例E31と比較してさらに増加していることがわかる。
以上、複数の実施例について説明したが、上述した他の母体となるアルカリハライド及び発光中心となるイオンを含む他の添加物についても同様に適用が可能である。
S14…添加物添加工程(第2工程)
S22…ヨウ化セシウム粉砕工程(第1工程)
S24…ヨウ化タリウム添加工程(第2工程)
S15、S25…粉砕・混合工程(第2工程)
S16、S26…粉砕・混合経過時間判別工程(第2工程)
S17、S27…プレス成型工程
Claims (11)
- 母体となるアルカリハライド粉末に発光中心となるイオンを含む添加物を添加し、前記アルカリハライド粉末及び前記添加物を粉砕させ、あるいは、混合させるために衝撃力、剪断力、ずり応力あるいは摩擦力を与える機械的エネルギーを与えて、母体のアルカリハライド中に前記発光中心となる前記イオンをドーピングしてアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を得る、
ことを特徴とするアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記アルカリハライドは、LiF、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、NaF、NaCl、NaBr、NaI、KF、KCl、KBr、KI、RbF、RbCl、RbBr、RbI、CsF、CsCl、CsBr、CsI及びこれらの混晶系から構成されるグループから選択したものを含む、
請求項1記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記イオンは、Tl+、In+、Sn2+、Bi3+、Cu+、Tb3+、Eu3+、Ce3+から構成されるグループから選択したものであり、
前記添加物は、前記イオンに対応するハロゲン化物、TlCl、TlBr、TlI、InCl、InBr、InI、SnCl2、SnBr2、SnI2、BiCl3、BiBr3、BiI3、CuI、TbCl3、TbBr3、TbI3、EuCl3、EuBr3、EuI3、CeCl3、CeBr3、CeI3から構成されるグループから前記イオンに対応づけて選択したものである、
請求項1記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記機械的エネルギーの付与を、すり鉢、転動ミル、衛星ミル、ジェットミル等の機械装置で行う、
請求項1記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記機械的エネルギーを付与する時間は、所定の励起光(X線を含む)を照射したときに得られる発光スペクトルが前記アルカリハライド粉末の発光スペクトルから前記イオンを発光中心とする所望のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の発光スペクトルとなる
時間以上に設定される、
請求項1記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記添加物は、前記アルカリハライド粉末に対し、所定mol%となるように添加され、
前記所定mol%は、前記添加物のmol%を変数としてアルカリハライド系シンチレータ単結晶の最大発光波長の強度を測定した場合に、当該強度が最大値をとるmol%となるように設定される、
請求項1記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 前記所定mol%は、0.01mol%~2.0mol%に設定される、
請求項6記載のアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末の製造方法。 - 母体となるアルカリハライド粉末に発光中心となるイオンを含む添加物を添加する過程と、
前記アルカリハライド粉末及び前記添加物を粉砕させ、あるいは、混合させるために衝撃力、剪断力、ずり応力あるいは摩擦力を与える機械的エネルギーを与えて、母体のアルカリハライド中に前記発光中心となる前記イオンをドーピングしてアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を生成する過程と、
生成された前記アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を秤量する過程と、
前記秤量された前記アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を金型に入れて所定圧力でプレスしてシンチレータシートを製造する過程と、
を備えたシンチレータ材料の製造方法。 - 前記所定圧力でプレスするに際して、前記金型を所定温度に加温した状態で行うホットプレスを行う、
請求項8記載のシンチレータ材料の製造方法。 - 前記所定圧力でプレス後、シート片面にAlフィルム等の反射板を貼る過程を備えた、
請求項8記載のシンチレータ材料の製造方法。 - 母体となるアルカリハライド粉末に発光中心となるイオンを含む添加物を添加する過程と、
前記アルカリハライド粉末及び前記添加物を粉砕させ、あるいは、混合させるために衝撃力、剪断力、ずり応力あるいは摩擦力を与える機械的エネルギーを与えて、母体のアルカリハライド中に前記発光中心となる前記イオンをドーピングしてアルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を生成する過程と、
生成された前記アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末を秤量する過程と、
前記秤量された前記アルカリハライド系シンチレータ粉末をグリッド(格子)が形成された枠に埋め込んでシンチレータユニットを製造する過程と、
を備えたシンチレータ材料の製造方法。
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