Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/40—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by oxidation with ozone; by ozonolysis
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J10/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J10/02—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor of the thin-film type
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
  • B01J19/2425—Tubular reactors in parallel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/247—Suited for forming thin films
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/34—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with ozone; by hydrolysis of ozonides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
  • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/78—Details relating to ozone treatment devices
  • C02F2201/784—Diffusers or nozzles for ozonation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated

Definitions

• selection of the optimum size of the individual tubes is based on the best compromise between maximum internal diameter (for optimum throughput) and minimum height (for reduced head loss) while maintaining mechanical simplicity (for reduced maintenance), and
• the method of performing ozonolysis or ozone-based oxidation on a liquid or emulsified reagent entails using a tubular falling film reactor with one or multiple tubes wherein the combined ozone and carrier gas flow is co-current.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is between 5 mm and 5 m.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is between 5 mm and 50 mm.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is between 5 mm and 30 mm.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is between 10 mm and 25 mm.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is 25 mm.
• the diameter of the tube(s) is 10 mm.
• the diameter of the tube is between 50 mm and 5 m.
• the diameter of the tube is between 0.5 m and 5 m.
• the diameter of the tube is between 50 mm and 5 m and an annular element is added to the center of the tube to regulate gas flow and to add additional film surface area.
• the length of the tube(s) is between 1 and 20 m.
• the length of the tube(s) is between 1 and 7 m.
• the length of the tube(s) is 1.7 m.
• the length of the tube(s) is 6 m.
• the length of the tube(s) is between 7 and 20 m.
• the distribution of gas within the tube(s) may be controlled by annular spaces for gas flow within the tube(s).
• multiple falling film tube reactors are used in series to process a continuous stream of liquid or emulsified reagent.
• the method of performing ozonolysis or ozone-based oxidation on a liquid or emulsified reagent with a gaseous reagent includes:
• reaction product(s) and gaseous reagent exhaust in one or more product containers connected to the end of the tubes opposite that connected to the annular slots.
• the length of the tubes used in this method is between 1 and 20 m.
• the length of the tubes used in this method is between 1 and 7 m.
• the length of the tubes used in this method is 1 .7 m.
• the length of the tubes used in this method is 6 m.
• the length of the tubes used in this method is between 7 and 20 m.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 5 mm and 5 m.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 5 mm and 50 mm.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 5 mm and 30 mm.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 10 mm and 25 mm.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is 25 mm. [0035] In some embodiments, the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is 10 mm.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 50 mm and 5 m.
• the internal diameter of the tubes used in this method is between 0.5 m and 5 m.
• the feeding pressure of the gaseous reagent used in this method is between 0.1 and 5 bar.
• the feeding pressure of the gaseous reagent used in this method is between 0.1 and 0.5 bar.
• the feeding pressure of the gaseous reagent used in this method is between 0.2 and 0.4 bar.
• the feeding overpressure of the liquid or emulsified reagent with respect to the feeding pressure of the gaseous reagent is between 5 and 15 cm of liquid column.
• the carrier gas contains, at least in part, gaseous reagent exhaust from one or more product containers.
• the reagent is a liquid.
• the reagent is an emulsion in water.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent or reagent mixture is the starting material which is reacted with ozone to yield oxidized product(s).
• the starting material is an alkene, alkyne, or any other compound that may be oxidized with ozone.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises hydroxycitronellene, methoxycitronellene, rose ketones (e.g., lonone), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, allyl ethers, alpha olefins, rosin acids, tertiary amines, alkanes, amides, carboxylic acids, or compounds containing an aromatic ring.
• rose ketones e.g., lonone
• FAME fatty acid methyl esters
• triglycerides e.g., fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, allyl ethers, alpha olefins, rosin acids, tertiary amines, alkanes
• the reagent introduced into the reactor is any compound that is susceptible to ozone oxidation.
• the reagent comprises any alkane, amide, carboxylic acid, or aromatic ring.
• reaction products may be further reduced or oxidized to generate corresponding carbonyls, alcohols, and/or acids.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises hydroxycitronellene.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a hydroxycitronellene emulsion in water.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a hydroxycitronellene solution in methanol.
• the product of the method described herein is hydroxymelonal.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises methoxycitronellene.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a methoxycitronellene emulsion in water.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a methoxycitronellene solution in methanol.
• the product is methoxymelonal.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
• FAME fatty acid methyl esters
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a FAME emulsion in water.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is a FAME solution in methanol.
• the product produced by the method described herein comprises methyl azealdehyde and nonanal.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises an unsaturated olechemical such as a triglyceride, a fatty acid, a fatty alcohol, or a fatty acid ester.
• unsaturated olechemical such as a triglyceride, a fatty acid, a fatty alcohol, or a fatty acid ester.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises a diterpene such as abietic acid or its ester.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises a mono- or di- unsaturated sesquiterpene.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises a mono- or di- unsaturated monoterpene or terpene derivative such as pinene or limonene.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises an allyl ether of 10 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises an alpha olefin of 10 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises a rose ketone.
• the rose ketone is lonone.
• the product of the method described herein is cyclocitral.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises a tertiary amine.
• the product of the method described herein is an /V-oxide derivative.
• the carrier gas is 0 2 .
• the carrier gas is a mixture of 0 2 and N 2 .
• the carrier gas is about 95% 0 2 and 5% about N 2 , about 90% 0 2 and about 10% N 2 , about 85% 0 2 and about 15% N 2 , about 80% 0 2 and about 20% N 2 , about 70% 0 2 and about 30% N 2 , about 60% 0 2 and about 40% N 2 , about 50% 0 2 and about 50% N 2 , about 40% 0 2 and about 60% N 2 , about 30% 0 2 and about 70% N 2 , about 20% 0 2 and 80% N 2 , or 10% 0 2 and 90% N 2 , wherein the term "about” refers to the indicated percentage +/- 2.5%.
• the carrier gas is about 95% 0 2 and about 5% N 2 .
• the carrier gas is air.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises an alkene
• the liquid or emulsified reagent comprises an alkyne.
• the primary component of the liquid or emulsified reagent is methyl oleate.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is derived from soy.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is derived from palm oils.
• the liquid or emulsified reagent is derived from algal oils.
• waste water can be the reagent introduced into the reactor for the purpose of treating the water.
• Figure 1 is a diagram of the vertical cross-section of a multitubular reactor.
• Figure 2 is a diagram of the detail denoted by II in Fig. 1 , on a larger scale.
• Figure 3 is a diagram of the cross-section along line Ill-Ill in Fig. 1 .
• the disclosure relates to the ozonolysis or ozone-related reactions which occur on the free surface of a film of a liquid or emulsified reagent or reagent mixture that is subject to the controlled amount of a gaseous reagent comprising ozone (0 3 ).
• the liquid or emulsified reagent or reagent mixture is the starting material which is reacted with ozone to yield oxidized product(s)
• the starting material is generally an alkene, alkyne, or any other compound that may be oxidized with ozone.
• the reaction products may be further reduced or oxidized to generate corresponding carbonyls, alcohols, and/or acids.
• tubular falling film sulfonation reactors operate by exposing relatively small volumes of liquid reagent(s) to relatively high volumes of reactive gaseous reagent(s) that have been diluted with an inert carrier gas or mixture thereof. Due to their continuous mode of operation, the reactors are efficient and exhibit reasonably high throughput rates per reactor tube, but do not allow for the accumulation of intermediates.
• reactors handle exothermic processes well because they include excellent heat dissipation features.
• the method described herein provides a safe and efficient means of performing ozonolysis reactions on an industrial scale by taking advantage of the aforementioned benefits of tubular falling film sulfonation reactors.
• tubular falling film sulfonation reactors are described in GB 2,043,067 B, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Tubular or multitubular co-current reactors are particularly useful due to their relatively low cost and mechanical simplicity. Such reactors can be adapted to use for ozonation reactions.
• An additional safety advantage can be realized over traditional ozonolysis approaches if the reaction is carried out in water or as an emulsion with water.
• the flashpoint of the liquid reagent(s) can be eliminated or dramatically reduced in the presence of water, thereby minimizing the risk of fire in the event of an uncontrolled exotherm or explosion.
• the use of an emulsion allows for easier control of the liquid reagent in terms of concentration, distribution within the ozonolysis device tubes, and temperature.
• the reactor 1 contains a set of parallel tubes 10 enclosed in a cylindrical housing, which is connected at one end to a gaseous reagent feeding chamber 70 and at the other end to a product collection chamber 40.
• Gaseous ozone from an external source such as a corona discharge or electrolysis driven ozone generating device, flows through conduit 12 into the feeding chamber 70 where it enters the tubes 10 and reacts with the liquid or emulsified reagent.
• an external source such as a corona discharge or electrolysis driven ozone generating device
• Reaction product(s) emerge from the tubes 10 into the product collection chamber 40, from which the reaction product(s) are removed via conduit 13 and collected in an external vessel.
• a liquid coolant such as water and/or glycol flows into the reactor housing through conduit 20, around the tubes 10 and out of the reactor housing via conduit 21.
• the liquid coolant flows into the reactor housing through conduit 21 and out via conduit 20.
• the in conduit 20 and out conduit 21 direction of flow for the liquid coolant is preferred, however, because the exothermic reaction between ozone and the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) takes place preferentially at the portion of the tubes 10 that is closest to the feeding chamber 70.
• the coolant is separated from the gas feeding chamber and the product collection chamber by plates 23 and 24, respectively, which are oriented normal to, and positioned at the ends of the tubes 10.
• the reactor housing interior may contain two separate cooling sections, one to cool the end of the tubes 10 that is connected to the feeding chamber 70 and one too cool the end of the tubes 10 that is connected to the product collection chamber 40, to enhance the overall cooling capacity.
• a third tube plate 25 is positioned between the gas feeding chamber 70 and plate 23 such to define a feeding chamber 15 for the liquid or emulsified reagent(s).
• One or more conduits 16 are used to feed the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) into the feeding chamber 15, which also contains a device as shown in Figure 2 for introducing the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) into one end of the tubes 10.
• each tube 10 has a cylindrical portion 30 with a slightly larger diameter than the remainder of the tube, which is connected to the tube by a frusto-conical section 31.
• the cylindrical portion 30 contains passages 38 for introducing the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) into the tube 10.
• the cylindrical portion 30 fits, with suitable clearance, in a cylindrical sleeve 33, the latter of which facilitates for the formation of liquid-tight seals between the cylindrical portion 30 and plates 23 and 25.
• the cylindrical sleeve 33 contains passages 36 for the liquid or emulsified reagent(s), of suitable size and circumferential distribution as not to generate head losses when allowing passage of the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) into the cylindrical portion 30.
• the outer surface of a second sleeve 50 is in contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical portion 30, except for a central section, owing to the presence of a wide annular groove 51 .
• the inner surface of the cylindrical portion 30 and groove 51 define an annular space for receiving the liquid or emulsified reagent(s) that enter the tube 10 from the passages 36 and 38, which open into groove 51.
• a seal groove 34 is positioned between the cylindrical sleeve 33 and the frusto-conical section 31.
• Suitable axial passages 52 shown only diagrammatically in Fig. 2, allow the liquid reagent to discharge into the tube interior from the annular space defined by groove 51 .
• the sleeve 50 comprises a beveled or frusto-conical end with the same opening angle as the frusto-conical section 31 .
• annular slot oriented according to the generatrices of a truncated cone, the width of this slot being defined by the gap space between sleeve 50 and the frusto-conical section 31 .
• the gap space between sleeve 50 and the frusto-conical section 31 may be adjusted by a threaded crown 54 screwed into the end of the cylindrical portion 30 that is closest to the gas feeding chamber 70.
• the inner diameter of sleeve 50 is suitably the same as the inner diameter of the tube 10 so that the gaseous reagent coming from the distribution chamber 70 may be brought to brush the free surface of the film 60 without resulting in a significant head loss.
• Starting materials for the method described herein include any compound that may be oxidized by ozonolysis.
• Specific examples of starting materials for this process include hydroxycitronellene, methoxycitronellene, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, allyl ethers, alpha olefins, and rosin acids.
• a tube reactor for ozonolysis includes a tube (see, e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ) with a 5 to 30 mm internal diameter (e.g., 10 mm) and a length of 1 to 7 m (e.g., 1 .7 m).
• the tube is constructed of a suitable material (e.g., stainless steel) and is connected to a gaseous reagent feeding chamber (see, e.g., 70 in Figure 1 ) that allows gas to flow through the center of the tube and liquid to be flowed in a film on the wall of the tube through annular slots (e.g., as shown in Figure 2; component II in Figure 1 ).
• the tube is enclosed in a jacket (see, e.g., 1 in Figure 1 ) for circulating liquid coolant around it (see, e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ), with the end of the tube protruding through a liquid-sealed orifice (see, e.g., 24 in Figure 1 ).
• a liquid/gas separation vessel is connected to the bottom of the reaction tube (see, e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ).
• the excess gas flows into an ice condenser and then into an ozone destruction unit.
• the collected liquid product is pumped into sampling containers for analysis by a peristaltic pump.
• the gas inlet (see, e.g., 12 in Figure 1 ) is connected to an ozone generator, and the liquid inlet is connected to a stirred feed tank equipped with a peristaltic pump.
• the liquid inlet pipe is also jacketed and cooled to control the temperature of the feed liquid or emulsified reagent.
• water is combined with the organic reagent in a ratio (e.g., 5:1 ) ranging from stoichiometric (i.e., 1 :1 ) to very dilute (e.g., 100:1 ) in the feed tank and stirred vigorously such that a homogenous emulsion is maintained.
• Deionized water is used for the emulsions.
• a mixture of 0 2 and N 2 gas is used to feed the ozone generator and to comprise the ozone carrier gas for the ozonolysis reaction.
• conversions of starting materials are determined by gas chromatography (GC) and are calculated on the basis of the disappearance of starting material.
• Samples are prepared by extracting the organic components of the emulsion into a homogenous organic solvent phase. Analysis of the composition of the aforementioned organic phase is accomplished by gas chromatography.
• the ratio of water to organic reagent ranges from 1 :1 to 100:1 (e.g., 5:1 ), the ozone concentration ranges from 2.5% to 10% (e.g., 5%), the gas flow rate ranges from 10 to 20 L/min (e.g., 15 L/min), the ozone mass flow rate ranges from 32.6 to 135 g/h (e.g., 65.9 g/h), the emulsion flow rate ranges from 1 to 5 kg/h (e.g., 2 kg/h), and the cooling
• 1-6 pilot tube reactors (e.g., 3) can be connected in series, with gas and liquid being separated at the bottom of each tube.
• Tubes can be from 1-6 m in length (e.g., 1 .7 m), and the tubes can range in diameter from 5-50 mm (e.g., the first 2 tubes being 25 mm in diameter and the 3 rd tube being 10 mm in diameter).
• the organic liquid feed can be flowed in a solution of reagent and nonanoic acid in ranges from 1 :1 to 100:1 (e.g., 3:1 ) through the first tube to the second and third tube in series at rates ranging from 1 -99 kg/hr (e.g., 4.2 kg/hr).
• the gas can be flowed co-currently at ozone concentration in ranges from 0.5% to 10% (e.g., 5.1 %) from the 3 rd tube through the 2 nd to the 1 st tube at a flow rate from 10 to 1500 L/min (e.g., 150 L/min), and the cooling jacket temperature can be maintained between 0 and 50 °C (e.g., 15°C) to yield conversion percentages between 93-100% (e.g., 97.6%).
• ozone concentration in ranges from 0.5% to 10% (e.g., 5.1 %) from the 3 rd tube through the 2 nd to the 1 st tube at a flow rate from 10 to 1500 L/min (e.g., 150 L/min)
• the cooling jacket temperature can be maintained between 0 and 50 °C (e.g., 15°C) to yield conversion percentages between 93-100% (e.g., 97.6%).
• a pilot tube reactor was used for ozonolysis, including a tube with a 10 mm internal diameter and a length of 1.7 m (e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ).
• the tube was constructed of 316 stainless steel and was connected to a gaseous reagent feeding chamber (e.g., 70 in Figure 1 ) that allowed gas to be flowed through the center of the tube and liquid to be flowed in a film on the wall of the tube through annular slots (e.g., as shown in Figure 2; component II in Figure 1 ).
• the tube was enclosed in a steel jacket (e.g., 1 in Figure 1 ) for circulating cooling fluid around the reaction tube ⁇ e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ) with the end of the tube protruding through a liquid-sealed orifice ⁇ e.g., 24 in Figure 1 ).
• a liquid/gas separation vessel was connected to the bottom of the reaction tube ⁇ e.g., 10 in Figure 1 ). The excess gas flowed through to an ice condenser followed by an ozone destruction unit. The collected liquid product was pumped through a peristaltic pump to sampling containers for analysis.
• the gas inlet ⁇ e.g., 12 in Figure 1
• the liquid inlet was connected to a stirred feed tank equipped with a peristaltic pump.
• the liquid inlet pipe was also jacketed and cooled to control the temperature of the feed liquid reagent.
• Methoxycitronellene was >99% pure and was obtained from reaction of methanol with dihydromyrcene.
• Fatty acid methyl esters FAME was obtained from multiple sources including soy, palm, and algal oils and consisted of 72-89% methyl oleate as the primary component.
• a mixture of 95% 0 2 and 5% N 2 gas was used to feed the ozone generator and to comprise the carrier gas for 0 3 to the reaction.
• Example reaction conditions and product distributions are outlined in Tables 1 and 2. Reactions were performed at various 0 3 concentrations and mass flow rates. Table 1. Methoxycitronellene in a water-based emulsion was oxidized by ozonolysis at different ozone concentrations and flow rates to yield the starting material conversion percentages shown.
• a second arrangement of involving 3 pilot tube reactors connected in series was used. All 3 tubes were 1 .7 m in length, with the first 2 tubes being 25 mm in diameter and the 3 rd tube being 10 mm in diameter. All tubes were equipped with a film distribution head, a cooling jacket, and a gas liquid separator at the bottom. The organic, liquid feed was flowed from the first tube through the second and third tube in series. The gas was flowed co-currently from the 3 rd tube through the 2 nd to the 1 st tube. The cooling jacket temperature was maintained at 15 °C. [00117] In one instance, this reactor was used to process a 75% mixture of vegetable fatty acid in nonanoic acid.
• the major components of the vegetable fatty acid were estimated as follows: 77.65% oleic acid, 1 1.64% linoleic acid, 1 .98% stearic acid, 4.4% palmitic acid, 2.9% myristic acid.
• the 0 3 was generated using pure 0 2 and a generator composed of 2 Pinnacle Quadblocks in a custom cabinet. The results of this run are presented in Table 3.
• this reactor was used to convert a 25% solution of dihydromyrcenol in water to hydroxymelonal.
• the results of this run are shown in Table 4.

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