WO2015129822A1 - 自己組織化用細胞集合体の作製方法 - Google Patents
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- A61L27/3886—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells comprising two or more cell types
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- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3895—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells using specific culture conditions, e.g. stimulating differentiation of stem cells, pulsatile flow conditions
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a cell assembly for self-assembly, and more particularly, to a method for producing a cell assembly necessary for inducing self-organization into a target tissue / organ.
- Non-patent Documents 1 and 2 a method utilizing self-organization ability inherent in cells has been attracting attention.
- Self-organization means that one or a few types of elements do not receive any special “instruction” information from the outside, and assemble their high-level structure by demonstrating their intrinsic characteristics. Is to go. For example, spontaneous phenomena such as the formation of snow crystals, spontaneous formation of patterns in spontaneous patterns are observed, and nanotechnology and optical crystal production. It is also used in engineering.
- Aggregate As a requirement for inducing self-organization, it is necessary to form an aggregate (Aggregate) composed of uniform cells in a high-density environment. It has been reported that Aggregates are prepared from cultured ES ⁇ iPS cells to produce brains, eye cups, pituitaries, teeth, and the like (Non-patent Documents 3-6). As a method for producing such an Aggregate, a small number of cells (about several thousand) can be obtained by using a base material that gathers on the bottom surface, such as 96 well having a U-shaped or V-shaped bottom surface. A method of forming a tissue of several hundred ⁇ m level from the cell aggregates is mainly used.
- the inventors have developed an innovative three-dimensional culture technology that realizes "induction of organ cell differentiation based on organ reorganization” by utilizing the spatio-temporal interaction of three different cell lineages. Established. In other words, by reproducing cell-cell interactions between organ cells, vascular cells, and mesenchymal cells that are essential for the initial process of organ development, three-dimensional organ primordia (organ species) are induced, and blood vessels A basic technology that enables creation of a functional organ having a net has been established (Nature, 499 (7459), 481-484, PCT / JP2012 / 074840: tissue and organ production method).
- the inventors of the present invention succeeded in producing a three-dimensional tissue / organ having a complex higher-order structure from a plurality of types of isolated cells and tissues by the following operations 1 to 4, thereby completing the present invention. It came to. 1. Preparation of necessary cells / tissues A) Any kind of cells / tissues necessary for self-organization into a tissue having a complex structure is prepared. There are no restrictions on the type or number of combinations. B) About 100,000 to 400,000 isolated mesenchymal cells are mixed with a mixed solution composed of any kind of cells and tissues having a total cell number of about 2 million. 2. Preparation of support A) A support having an appropriate hardness is formed on a culture dish for cell culture and solidified.
- a hydrogel polyacrylamide gel or the like
- the produced support is chemically and physically modified. At this time, it is not an essential requirement to give modification to the support. As a chemical factor, it is preferable to use matrigel or laminin, but not limited thereto.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- the cells mixed with the mesenchymal cells are pluripotent cells.
- the tissue mixed with the mesenchymal cells is a tissue derived from pluripotent cells.
- the pluripotent cell is a pluripotent cell obtained from a living body, a pluripotent cell obtained by reprogramming, or a combination thereof.
- mesenchymal stem cells by combining mesenchymal stem cells and a support, or a base material that collects on the bottom surface, it is possible to form an assembly of any complex composition in theory. According to the present invention, it is possible to construct a tissue / organ without using a scaffold material (scaffold).
- A Time course of cell assembly formation process.
- Green iPSC-hepatic endoderm cells, (light red) human vascular endothelial cells, (colorless) mesenchymal cells.
- B Formation of self-assembled iPSC or iPS cell-derived hepatoblasts.
- C Time evolution dynamics of cell assembly formation.
- Red Square root of aggregate projected area. It can be used as an index indicating the position of the outer periphery of the aggregate. After about 13h, it can be approximated by an exponential function (black dotted line).
- Blue The circularity of the aggregate. It was calculated from the projected area and the perimeter of the aggregate.
- CG The time dependence (D, E) and substrate hardness dependence (F, G) of the trajectory (C) of MSCs in the cell assembly, the moving speed and the movement orientation. Self-organizing assembly formation experiment using cells derived from various tissues.
- A, B Cell assembly formation using pancreatic ⁇ cells
- B self-organization
- C, D Cell assembly formation experiments using cells and tissues of other organs In vivo self-organization and functional expression of cell aggregates derived from various tissues.
- A Transplantation causes functional vascularization in 2-3 days.
- B Comparison of time required for blood perfusion compared to the conventional method.
- C Direct anastomosis of mouse and human blood vessels.
- D Glomeruli / tubules formed by aggregates formed from fetal kidney cells.
- E Islet-like tissue formed by aggregates formed from ⁇ cells.
- F A therapeutic effect determination model of an aggregate formed from ⁇ cells.
- G Change in blood glucose level over time in a diabetes model mouse transplanted with aggregates formed from ⁇ cells.
- A Formation of a cell aggregate that does not contain vascular endothelial cells.
- B Formation of cell aggregates using human or mouse mesenchymal cells. Formation of cell aggregates using U bottom gel. Reconstruction of a functional vascular network by kidney primordia transplantation made on a support. Maturation of transplanted kidney primordia. Structural analysis of mature kidney primordium after transplantation. Live observation of the urine production function of the transplanted kidney primordium. Measurement of the hardness characteristics of the support before and after biochemical coating. Production of a support having a multi-pattern of hardness. Production of cell aggregates on a support having a multi-pattern of hardness. Fabrication on a support with a complex multi-pattern.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a cell aggregate in vitro, comprising culturing a mixture of any kind of cells and / or tissue and mesenchymal cells to form a cell aggregate.
- a mesenchymal cell is a connective tissue cell that exists in connective tissue mainly derived from mesoderm and forms a support structure for cells that function in the tissue.
- the term “mesenchymal cell” This concept includes cells that have been determined to differentiate into mesenchymal cells but have not yet differentiated into mesenchymal cells.
- the mesenchymal cells used in the present invention may be differentiated or undifferentiated, but it is preferable to use undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Whether a cell is an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell is confirmed by examining whether a marker protein, for example, Stro-1, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD133, CD271, or Nestin is expressed.
- mesenchymal stem cells mesenchymal progenitor cells
- mesenchymal cells mesenchymal cells (R. Peters, et al. PLoS One. 30; 5 (12): e15689. (2010), etc. Included in lineage cells.
- Mesenchymal cells are mainly derived from humans, but animals other than humans (for example, animals used for laboratory animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, dogs, etc., specifically mice, rats) , Rabbits, pigs, dogs, monkeys, cows, horses, sheep, chickens, sharks, rays, sharks, salmon, shrimps, crabs, etc.).
- Arbitrary types of cells and / or tissues to be mixed with mesenchymal cells may be any type of cells and / or tissues regardless of the type or number of combinations. Moreover, it may be derived from any organ or tissue such as liver, pancreas, intestine, lung, kidney, heart, brain, etc., regardless of cell and / or tissue origin, or also derived from cancer. It may be a thing.
- the cells mixed with the mesenchymal cells are preferably functional cells constituting organs or tissues, or undifferentiated cells or pluripotent cells that differentiate into functional cells.
- the tissue mixed with the mesenchymal cells may be a tissue separated from an individual, or derived from an undifferentiated cell or a pluripotent cell that differentiates into an organ or tissue, or a functional cell. It may be an organized organization.
- undifferentiated cells may include cells that can differentiate into organs such as kidney, heart, lung, spleen, esophagus, stomach, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, gonad, brain, spinal cord, and the like. , Adrenal medulla, epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands, sensory organs, peripheral nerves, cells that can differentiate into ectodermal organs such as lens, kidney, ureter, heart, blood, gonad, adrenal cortex, muscle, skeleton, dermis And cells capable of differentiating into mesodermal organs such as connective tissue and mesothelium, and cells capable of differentiating into endoderm organs such as liver, pancreas, intestinal tract, lung, thyroid, parathyroid gland and urinary tract.
- organs such as kidney, heart, lung, spleen, esophagus, stomach, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, gonad, brain, spinal cord, and the like.
- a cell is a cell that can differentiate into an ectodermal organ, mesodermal organ, or endodermal organ can be confirmed by examining the expression of a marker protein (either one or more of the marker proteins are expressed). If so, it can be determined that the cell can differentiate into an endoderm organ.
- a marker protein either one or more of the marker proteins are expressed.
- HHEX, SOX2, HNF4A, AFP, ALB, etc. are markers
- PDX1, SOX17, SOX9, etc. are markers that can differentiate into the intestinal tract. Then, CDX2, SOX9, etc.
- markers are markers, and in cells that can differentiate into kidney, SIX2, SALL1, in cells that can differentiate into heart, NKX2-5 MYH6, ACTN2, MYL7, HPPA, in cells that can differentiate into blood, For C-KIT, SCA1, TER119, HOXB4, and cells that can differentiate into the brain and spinal cord, HNK1, AP2, NESTIN, etc. are markers.
- hepatoblast hepatic progenitor cells, pancreatoblast, hepatic precursor cells, pancreatic progenitors, pancreatic progenitor cells, pancreatic precursor cells, endocrine precursors, intestinal progenitor cells, intestinal precursor cells, intermediate mesoderm, metanephric mesenchymal precursor cells, multipotent nephron pr gen., real progenitor cells, cardiac mesoderm, cardiovascular progenitor cells, cardiac progenitor cells, (JR. Spence, et al. Nature .: 070 (732). 25 (21): 5214-5228. (2006), J. Zhang, et al.
- pluripotent cells pluripotent cells obtained from a living body (for example, ES cells, pluripotent cells obtained by induction from reprogramming (for example, iPS cells, STAP cells (Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of) somatic cells into pluripotency. Nature, 2014), MUSE cells (Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts.
- iMPC cells induced multipot Examples include nt progenitor cell; Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated generated human blasts. Nature, 2014), undifferentiated cells, artificial pluripotent cells, stem cells, and artificial pluripotent cells.
- ES cells can be prepared according to a known method, for example, K. Si-Taiyeb, et al. Hepatology, 51 (1): 297-305 ( 2010), T. Touboul, et al. Hepatology.51 (5): 1754-65. (2010), Cells that can differentiate into the viscera can be prepared according to D. Zhang, et al., Cell Res.; 19 (4): 429-38.
- Functional cells that make up organs and tissues include pancreatic endocrine cells, pancreatic pancreatic duct epithelial cells, liver hepatocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, renal glomerular epithelial cells, and cardiac myocardial cells Examples thereof include blood lymphocytes and granulocytes, red blood cells, brain neurons and glial cells, spinal cord neurons and Schwann cells.
- Cells are mainly derived from humans, but animals other than humans (for example, experimental animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, animals used for fighting dogs, specifically mice, rats, rabbits, Pigs, dogs, monkeys, cows, horses, sheep, chickens, sharks, rays, sharks, salmon, shrimps, crabs, etc.) cells may be used.
- animals other than humans for example, experimental animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, animals used for fighting dogs, specifically mice, rats, rabbits, Pigs, dogs, monkeys, cows, horses, sheep, chickens, sharks, rays, sharks, salmon, shrimps, crabs, etc.
- vascular cells may be further added to a mixture of arbitrary types of cells and / or tissues and mesenchymal cells.
- vascular cells can be isolated from vascular tissue, but are not limited to cells isolated from vascular tissue, and are induced to differentiate from cells having totipotency or pluripotency such as iPS cells and ES cells. It may be a thing.
- vascular cells vascular endothelial cells are preferable.
- “vascular endothelial cells” refer to cells that constitute vascular endothelium or cells that can differentiate into such cells (for example, vascular endothelial progenitor cells). , Vascular endothelial stem cells, etc.).
- a certain cell is a vascular endothelial cell can be confirmed by examining whether a marker protein, for example, TIE2, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, VE-cadherin, or CD31 is expressed (see above). If any one or more of the marker proteins are expressed, it can be judged as a vascular endothelial cell). Further, c-kit, Sca-1 and the like have been reported as markers for vascular endothelial progenitor cells, and expression of these markers can be confirmed to be vascular endothelial progenitor cells (S Fang, et al. PLOS Biology. 2012; 10 (10): e1001407.).
- a marker protein for example, TIE2, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, VE-cadherin, or CD31 is expressed (see above). If any one or more of the marker proteins are expressed, it can be judged as a vascular endothelial cell). Further, c-kit,
- endothelial cells is included in the vascular endothelial cells in the present invention.
- the blood vessel cells are mainly derived from humans, but animals other than humans (for example, animals used for laboratory animals, pet animals, working animals, racehorses, dogs, etc., specifically mice, rats, rabbits).
- Vascular cells derived from animals such as pigs, dogs, monkeys, cows, horses, sheep, chickens, sharks, rays, sharks, salmon, shrimps, crabs, etc.).
- Vascular cells are obtained from umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord blood vessels, neonatal tissue, liver, aorta, brain, bone marrow, adipose tissue and the like.
- the “vasculature” means a structure composed of vascular endothelial cells and their supporting cells, and the vasculature not only maintains tissues but also plays an important role in the maturation process. .
- the vascular structure not only has a role of delivering oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of the tissue to the inside of the tissue after transplantation, but also the blood vessels (even before the blood flows into the inside). It is thought that reproducing the accompanying three-dimensional tissue structure and cell polarity is important for cell differentiation, proliferation and maintenance. Therefore, tissues that do not have blood vessels not only do not settle after transplantation but necrotic inside, tissue maturation associated with vascularization is not achieved, and it is difficult to exert sufficient functions. there were.
- vasculature and “vascularization” means that the vascular system consisting of vascular endothelial cells and supporting cells is directly integrated with the target tissue, and is given the vascular system.
- vascular endothelial cells and supporting cells are directly integrated with the target tissue, and is given the vascular system.
- the total number of cells is 400,000 or more (preferably 400,000 to 4.4 million, more preferably about 2 million) and any kind of cells and / or tissues and 40,000 or more.
- a mixture with mesenchymal cells (preferably 50,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 100,000 to 400,000) may be cultured.
- cell aggregates are autonomously formed, and cell aggregates having various sizes, for example, a size of 1 mm or more (preferably 1 to 20 mm, more preferably 1 to 8 mm) are obtained.
- the ratio of any type of cells and / or tissue to mesenchymal cells is not particularly limited as long as a cell aggregate having a desired size can be formed, but a suitable number ratio of cells is arbitrary.
- mesenchymal cells 10: 0.5-3.
- the total number of cells is 400,000 or more (preferably 400,000 to 4.4 million, more preferably about 2 million) and any type of cells and / or tissues and 40,000. More than 4000 cells (preferably 50,000-1 million cells, more preferably 100,000-400,000 cells) and more than 4000 cells (preferably 20,000-400,000 cells, more preferably 4 10,000 to 280,000 blood vessel cells may be added.
- the medium used for culturing may be any medium as long as cell aggregates are formed, but a composition that promotes induction of self-organization of the target tissue is preferable.
- a mixture of a vascular endothelial cell medium and a target organ cell medium in a ratio of 1: 1 may be used.
- EGM As media for vascular endothelial cells, EGM (registered trademark) BulletKit (registered trademark) (Lonza CC-4133), EGM-2 (registered trademark) BulletKit (Lonza CC-3162), EGM-2 (registered trademark) MV ( It is preferable to use one such as Lonza CC-3156), but this is not a limitation.
- organ cell culture media include 20% fetal bovine serum (BWT Lot. S-1560), 100 ⁇ g / ml penicillin / streptomycin (Gibco), Insulin- in RPMI1640 (Wako) for adult kidney cells. What added Transferrin-SeleniumX (GIBCO) is good.
- D-MEM High-Glucose Wako 043-30085
- 10% fetal bovine serum BWT Lot. S-1560
- 100 ⁇ g / ml penicillin / streptomycin Gibco
- Any kind of cells and / or a mixture of tissue and mesenchymal cells may be cultured on a gel-like support on which mesenchymal cells can contract.
- the contraction of mesenchymal cells is morphologically observed with a microscope or with the naked eye, and shows that the tissue shape is strong enough to maintain the shape of the tissue following recovery with a medicine spoon (Takebe, etc.) et al. Nature 499 (7459), 481-484, 2013)).
- the support has an appropriate hardness (for example, a Young's modulus of 200 kPa or less (in the case of a gel having a flat shape coated with Matrigel, etc.), but the appropriate hardness of the support can vary depending on the coating and shape.)
- the base material is preferably a gel-like base material, and examples of such a base material include hydrogels (eg, acrylamide gel, gelatin, matrigel, etc.), but are not limited thereto.
- the hardness of the support is not necessarily uniform depending on the shape, size, and quantity of the target assembly, and it is necessary to set a spatial and temporal gradient in the hardness (for example, implementation described later).
- Example 6 and patterning (for example, Example 7 described later) are possible.
- the hardness of the support is preferably 100 kPa or less, more preferably 1 to 50 kPa.
- the gel-like support may be flat, or the cross-section on the side of the gel-like support to be cultured may be U-shaped or V-shaped. Since the cross-section of the gel-like support on the side to be cultured has a U or V shape, the cells gather on the culture surface of the support, and a cell aggregate is formed with a smaller number of cells and / or tissues. This is advantageous.
- the support may be chemically and physically modified. Examples of the modifying substance include matrigel, laminin, entactin, collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin and the like.
- a spatial gradient is set in the hardness of the gel-like culture support
- a gel-like culture support (Example 6 described later, FIGS. 20 and 21) in which the hardness at the center is harder than the hardness at the periphery.
- the center hardness should be 200 kPa or less, and the periphery hardness should be softer than the center.
- the appropriate center and periphery hardness varies depending on the coating and shape. sell.
- Another example in which a spatial gradient is set in the hardness of the gel-like culture support is a gel-like culture support in which the hardness at the periphery is harder than the hardness at the center.
- a patterned gel-like culture support is a gel-type culture support having one or more patterns in which the hardness of the central part is harder than the hardness of the peripheral part (Example 7, described later, FIG. 22 left, positive pattern) It is.
- the center hardness should be 200 kPa or less, and the periphery hardness should be softer than the center. However, the appropriate center and periphery hardness varies depending on the coating and shape. sell.
- Another example of the patterned gel-like culture support is a gel-type culture support having one or more patterns in which the hardness of the peripheral part is harder than the hardness of the central part (Example 7 described later, FIG. 22 right, negative Pattern).
- the hardness of the periphery is appropriate to be 200 kPa or less, and the hardness of the center should be softer than the periphery.
- the appropriate hardness of the center and periphery of the support varies depending on the coating and shape. sell.
- the temperature during the cultivation is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 to 40 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.
- the oxygen supply amount is suitably 4% to 50%, preferably 10% to 30%, more preferably 18% to 25%.
- the culture period is not particularly limited, but is preferably 12 to 144 hours.
- 48 hours are preferable, and in order to form a cell aggregate having a size of 0.4 to 10 mm from cells and / or tissues separated from the pancreas, it is preferably 12 to 144 hours and separated from the intestine.
- it is preferably 12 to 96 hours, and 0.4 to 1 mm from cells and / or tissues separated from the lung.
- it is preferably 12 to 96 hours.
- a cell aggregate having a size of 0.4 to 10 mm from cells and / or tissues separated from the heart It is preferably 2 to 96 hours, and in order to form a cell aggregate having a size of 0.4 to 5 mm from cells and / or tissues separated from the kidney, it is preferably 12 to 144 hours.
- a cell aggregate having a size of 0.4 to 10 mm from the separated cells and / or tissues it is preferably 12 to 144 hours, and 0.4 to 0.4 hours from the cells and / or tissues separated from the cancer.
- a cell aggregate having a size of 10 mm it is preferably 12 to 144 hours.
- a cell aggregate having a size of 0.4 to 10 mm from pluripotent cells such as iPS cells it is preferably 48 to 144 hours.
- the cell assembly produced by the method of the present invention reproduces the biological environment that occurs in the womb because of the close interaction between cells. As a result, induction of early differentiation into organ progenitor cells occurs efficiently, and the existence frequency and number are considered to improve. Moreover, the cell aggregate produced by the method of the present invention has cells strongly adhered to each other and can be recovered nondestructively.
- the cell aggregates described in the present application are organ buds and organoids (organ buds (WO2013 / 047639), liver bud, liver diverticula, liver organic bioids, dancreatic (dorsal or invertentral, budricant, bicreatic, bioreactive). , Intestinal organoid (K. Matsumoto, et al. Science.
- organ buds are comparable to those formed early in organ development, In principle, there are three types of cells: functional cells that make up organs and tissues (or undifferentiated cells that differentiate into functional cells), vascular cells, and mesenchymal cells. It consists only of the constituent cells, and is basically small (1 mm or less).
- the cell aggregate forms a three-dimensional tissue structure to which a higher-order structure is added by self-organization, and thus it is possible to realize terminal differentiation induction of progenitor cells.
- Self-organization may be performed either in vivo or in vitro. For example, by transplanting a cell aggregate prepared by the method of the present invention into a living body, a vascular network is formed, blood perfusion is induced, and self-organization into a higher-order tissue having a complicated structure occurs. It becomes possible to produce a tissue or an organ having a highly ordered tissue structure equivalent to that of an adult tissue.
- the present invention also provides a cell aggregate produced by the above method.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a three-dimensional tissue structure, comprising self-organizing the cell aggregate produced by the above method to form a three-dimensional tissue structure to which a higher order structure is added. .
- the present invention provides a gel-like culture support having a U-shaped or V-shaped cross section on the side to be cultured.
- the culture support of the present invention has a U-shaped or V-shaped cross-section on the side of the gel-like support to be cultured, so that cells gather on the culture surface of the support, and a smaller number of cells and / or Alternatively, it is advantageous because cell aggregates are formed in the tissue.
- the gel-like culture support having a U-shaped or V-shaped cross section on the side to be cultured is as described above.
- the present invention also provides a gel-like culture support in which the hardness at the center is harder than the hardness at the periphery. One embodiment is shown in Example 6 (FIGS. 20 and 21) described later.
- the center hardness should be 200 kPa or less, and the periphery hardness should be softer than the center.
- the appropriate center and periphery hardness varies depending on the coating and shape. sell.
- the present invention also provides a gel-like culture support in which the hardness of the peripheral part is harder than the hardness of the central part.
- the present invention also provides a gel-like culture support having one or more patterns in which the hardness of the central part is harder than the hardness of the peripheral part.
- One embodiment is shown in Example 7 (left side of FIG. 22, positive pattern).
- the center hardness should be 200 kPa or less, and the periphery hardness should be softer than the center.
- the present invention also provides a gel culture support having one or more patterns in which the hardness of the peripheral part is harder than the hardness of the central part.
- One embodiment is shown in Example 7 (right side of FIG. 22, negative pattern) described later.
- the hardness of the periphery is appropriate to be 200 kPa or less, and the hardness of the center should be softer than the periphery.
- the appropriate hardness of the center and periphery of the support varies depending on the coating and shape. sell.
- the present invention provides a cell assembly comprising culturing a mixture of any kind of cells and / or tissue and mesenchymal cells on the gel culture support to form a cell assembly. Also provided is a method of making a body in vitro. The culture of a mixture of any kind of cells and / or tissue and mesenchymal cells is as described above.
- liver is formed from a collection of tissue masses called liver buds at 5-8 weeks of human pregnancy.
- mesenchymal stem cells, undifferentiated vascular endothelial cells and anterior visceral endoderm cells is required for initiation of liver regeneration called basic liver budding (also called hepatoblasts) in the foregut (1).
- basic liver budding also called hepatoblasts
- PSCs pluripotent stem cells
- single PSC-derived hepatocytes autonomously form a three-dimensional aggregate by co-culture with endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells (2).
- endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells (2).
- self-organization into hepatic bud tissue that has a structure resembling an organ present in the womb proceeds under complete in vitro conditions after a few days (3).
- Transplantation of buds of organs grown in vitro further self-organizes (matures) in the body, resulting in a vascularized and functional liver. This method opens up new avenues for the artificial reconstruction of vascularized organ systems (4).
- iPSC Human-derived pluripotent stem cells
- HAVEC umbilical cord-derived endothelial cells
- MSC mesenchymal stem cells
- MII myosin II
- a hydrogel having characteristics capable of freely adjusting biochemical / mechanical conditions was prepared for evaluation of the external environment on the cellular response (FIG. 2) (13).
- FIG. 2 a hydrogel having characteristics capable of freely adjusting biochemical / mechanical conditions was prepared for evaluation of the external environment on the cellular response (FIG. 2) (13).
- pancreas follows a developmental program that is relatively close to the liver, in order to test this hypothesis, we first selected pancreatic cells for co-culture.
- pancreatic ⁇ cells MIN6
- HUVEC and MSC formation of cell aggregates was also observed (FIG. 3).
- confocal microscopy analysis was performed using fluorescently labeled cells.
- Three-dimensional z-stack projection images revealed that kusterrorism orange (KO) -labeled MIN6 is self-assembled to form islet-like tissue 72 hours after transplantation.
- HUVEC labeled with green fluorescent protein (EGFP) formed a network structure covering the MIN6-derived islets within the organoid. From the above, it was shown that the operating principle found in the liver could be extended in the pancreas.
- pancreatic cells Transplantation of 3D pancreatic organoids resulted in rapid ( ⁇ 48 hours) reperfusion and ⁇ -cell engraftment, which was confirmed by in vivo imaging analysis.
- the graft formed an islet-like structure (Figure 4, E) with a functional microvascular network connected to the recipient's circulatory system ( Figure 4, C).
- Figure 4, E Such blood perfusion was not observed when an assembly without vascular endothelial cells was transplanted
- the reconstructed islets were directly connected to the surrounding mouse blood vessels and highly vascularized by a dense network of capillaries (FIG. 10).
- the islet capillary network in the living body is about 5 times higher in density than the blood vessel network surrounding the exocrine tissue, and is consistently reconstructed by quantifying the functional blood vessel density in the living body.
- the capillary network was shown to be much denser (4.2 times) compared to the periphery of the normal tissue (FIGS. 4 and 9). From the histological analysis, it has a structure similar to that of an adult islet, and it was considered that the mature tissue was reconstructed by self-organization (FIG. 11).
- in vitro-derived ⁇ -cell organoids were transplanted under the kidney capsule of type I fulminant diabetic model mice.
- mice in the non-transplanted group died on day 6 after induction of diabetes through diphtheria toxin (DT) administration, whereas mice transplanted with ⁇ -cell organoids maintained normal blood glucose levels and survived (FIG. 4, G). ). From the above, we have demonstrated that this principle can be applied to other organ systems by experimentally reconstructing angiogenesis and functional three-dimensional tissue in vivo.
- MC mesenchymal cells
- C57BL / 6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mouse Japan SLC
- diethyl ether Wako
- the abdomen of gestation day 12-17 was sterilized with 70% ethanol and then opened.
- the fetus was removed.
- the brain, heart, lungs, liver, metanephros, or intestine was removed from the fetus.
- the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, or intestine of C57BL / 6-BALB / c RFP hair mouse purchased from Anticancer Inc. 6 weeks of age or older was removed.
- the medium was added, and the mixture was centrifuged through a 100 ⁇ m cell strainer. After centrifugation, a medium was added and used for cell culture.
- the brain, heart, lung, and liver of an adult mouse are minced with scissors, filtered using a 100 ⁇ m cell strainer, and the flow-through is filtered using a 40 ⁇ m cell strainer, and the cell mass remaining on the 40 ⁇ m cell strainer.
- the washed small intestine was cut longitudinally and cut at 4 cm intervals into 2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DTT in PBS and shaken at 37 ° C. for 20 minutes. Then, it filtered using a 100 micrometer cell strainer, and added PBS. After centrifuging and sucking the supernatant, PBS was added for washing. Thereafter, centrifugation was performed, and a medium was added for cell culture.
- VEC Normal Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- EGM® Bullet Kit Using (Lonza CC-4133), the cells were cultured for 5 passages. All cells were fluorescently labeled with a retroviral vector as necessary.
- HepG2 was cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS added. Each cell was cultured in an incubator at 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2.
- ⁇ Preparation of cell assembly for self-assembly A PA gel flat substrate was left standing, or a Matrigel coating (Matrigel (BD) stock solution or a solution in which Matrigel and medium were mixed at a ratio of 1: 1) per well.
- Matrigel coating Matrigel (BD) stock solution or a solution in which Matrigel and medium were mixed at a ratio of 1: 1:
- reaction solution was bumped using a vacuum chamber, and then 100 ⁇ L of APS (5 g / DW50 mL, 01307-00, KANTO, 0.20 mm filtered) and 10 ⁇ L TEMED (T9281, Sigma) were added in order. . Thereafter, 25 ⁇ L of this reaction solution was dropped on a slide glass (S2112, MATSUNAMI) surface-hydrophobized with dimethyldichlorosilane (DCDMS, D0358, TCI), and then allyltrichlorosilane (ATCS, 107778-5 g, Sigma) was treated from above.
- APS 5 g / DW50 mL, 01307-00, KANTO, 0.20 mm filtered
- TEMED 10 ⁇ L TEMED
- 25 ⁇ L of this reaction solution was dropped on a slide glass (S2112, MATSUNAMI) surface-hydrophobized with dimethyldichlorosilane (DCDMS, D03
- Table 1 shows the mixing ratio of typical reaction solutions and the Young's modulus of the gel. The Young's modulus of the gel was determined by nanoindentation measurement with an atomic force microscope (Nanowizard 3, JPK Instruments, Germany). Coating of adhesion molecules (Matrigel or laminin) on the surface of the PA gel was performed by the following procedure.
- Example 2 Matrigel coating (Matrigel (BD) stock solution or Matrigel-medium mixed solution at a ratio of 1: 1 is added 300 ⁇ l per well and left in an incubator at 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 for 10 minutes or more to harden. 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells of iPS cell-derived hepatic endoderm cells or human adult hepatocytes and 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells of human or mouse MSC in one well of a 24-well plate And sowing. Thereafter, the cells were cultured in an incubator at 37 ° C. for 1 day. After seeding, cell co-culture with a stereomicroscope or a confocal microscope was observed over time. As shown in FIG. 13, even if there are no vascular endothelial cells, if there are mesenchymal cells, a cell aggregate is formed.
- Example 3 Preparation of U-bottom PA gel Prepared by mixing acrylamide solution (40% w / v, A4058, Sigma), bisacrylamide solution (2% w / v, M1533, Sigma), and distilled water as a reaction solution for gel 10 mL of the solution was prepared. At this time, the Young's modulus of the gel was adjusted by changing the mixing ratio of each solution. After adding 500 ⁇ L of the reaction solution to 24-well tissue culture plate (353047, BD), 0.5 ⁇ L TEMED (T9281, Sigma) and 5 ⁇ L of APS (5 g / DW50 mL, 01307-00, KANTO, 0 .20 mm filtered) were added in this order and immediately mixed well.
- FIG. 14 A cross-sectional view of the U bottom gel is shown in FIG.
- the iPS cell-derived hepatic endoderm cells were mixed with 7 ⁇ 10 5 cells of HUVEC and 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells of human MSC and seeded. Thereafter, the cells were cultured in an incubator at 37 ° C. for 1 day. After seeding, cell co-culture with a stereomicroscope or a confocal microscope was observed over time, and it was shown that cell aggregates were formed (FIG. 14).
- Example 4 C57BL / 6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mice (Japan SLC) anesthetized with diethyl ether (Wako), sterilized the abdomen of gestation day 12.5 and 13.5 with 70% ethanol, opened, and fetus was extracted. After removing the metanephros from the fetus, it was placed in 200 ⁇ L of 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (GIBCO) and incubated at 37 ° C. for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the tissue was disrupted with a pipette and added to 4.8 mL of medium.
- the medium was added and the number of cells was counted, and then the cells treated with the enzyme to single cells were used for co-culture. Thereafter, it was mixed with mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) isolated from human bone marrow and normal umbilical vein endothelial cells (Normal Universal Cells: HUVEC), and a stock solution of matrigel (BD) of Example 2 ) And a medium for vascular endothelial cells (EGM BulletKit (registered trademark), Lonza CC-4133) in a ratio of 1: 1 was seeded on wells that had been hardened.
- hMSCs mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human bone marrow and normal umbilical vein endothelial cells isolated from human bone marrow and normal umbilical vein endothelial cells (Normal Universal Cells: HUVEC), and a stock solution of matrigel (BD) of Example 2 )
- BD matrigel
- EMM BulletKit registered trademark
- kidney primordia were transplanted into the immunodeficient mouse womb, a macroscopic observation was performed. As a result, blood inflow was confirmed on the 2nd to 3rd days of transplantation (upper part of FIG. 15). A white dotted line in FIG. 15 indicates a transplant area. The dispersed cells formed a spherical glomerular tissue on the 8th day of transplantation (lower part of FIG. 15). As a result of fluorescence observation shown on the left of FIG. 16, many glomerular structures were formed by culturing on the support, but not by the conventional method (pellet transplant group). As a result of the comprehensive gene expression analysis shown on the right side of FIG.
- the graft in the first month of transplantation had a maturity level such as the 0 to 8 week phase.
- the result of electron microscopic observation of the tissue at 4 weeks after transplantation is that the formed tissues are podocytes, slit membranes, endothelial cells, proximal tubules, mesangial cells, etc.
- a normal nephron structure was formed.
- the presence of podocytes and slit membranes was shown as a result of immunostaining.
- the results of live fluorescence observation after administration of low molecular weight fluorescent dextran at 3 weeks after transplantation are shown (FIG. 18).
- the formed tissue first flowed into the blood vessel, was filtered inside the glomerulus, and collected in the proximal tubule, indicating that it has a function of generating the original urine of the kidney (FIG. 18). ). From the above, we succeeded in inducing autonomous maturation and creating functional kidney tissue by transplanting the artificially produced kidney primordium according to the present invention into the living body.
- Example 5 Changes in Young's modulus before (triangled) and after (black solid) Matrigel coating of supports (preparation of PA gel flat substrate) under different hardness conditions (Sample A, B, C). It shows that the hardness condition can be strictly controlled regardless of the presence or absence of coating (FIG. 19).
- the gel substrate was produced using the method described in Example 1.
- Example 6 We succeeded in producing a multi-pattern gel with hardness in which different hardness conditions coexist on one substrate (FIG. 20).
- a gel having a hard center part was produced, and in the pattern 2, a gel having a slightly hard center part was produced (the left figure in FIG. 20).
- the right figure of FIG. 20 shows the result of measuring the hardness condition in the major axis direction, and shows that the intended hardness condition is produced.
- the method for producing a gel substrate having a hardness spatial pattern is as follows.
- aqueous acrylamide solution 50% w / v, A4058, Sigma
- an aqueous bisacrylamide solution 2% w / v, M1533, Sigma
- 50 mg of Irgacure 2959 (0.5% w / v, DY15444, Ciba) was added while being shielded from light, and then dissolved in a 37 ° C. hot water bath and bumped using a vacuum chamber.
- the mask pattern was designed using Adobe Photoshop to produce a circular mask having an outer diameter of 12 mm and an inner diameter of 2 to 4 mm.
- a mercury lamp C-HGFI, Nikon
- an optical fiber and a floodlight were used to uniformly irradiate the reaction solution.
- the ultraviolet irradiation time was adjusted in increments according to the target hardness. After that, distilled water was added, and the glass was peeled from the slide glass substrate to obtain a cover glass substrate coated with gel. Thereafter, a phosphate buffer was added and allowed to stand for one day to remove unreacted monomers.
- the Young's modulus of the gel was determined by nanoindentation measurement with an atomic force microscope (Nanowizard 3, JPK Instruments, Germany). Coating of adhesion molecules (Matrigel or laminin) on the surface of the PA gel was performed by the following procedure. First, a 20 mg HEPES (pH 8.5) solution of 0.2 mg / mL of N-Sulfosuccinimidyl-6- (4′-azido-2′-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (Sulfo-SANPAH, 22589, Pierce) was added to a PA gel substrate. The solution was dropped on the top and irradiated with a UV lamp (Z169633-1EA, Sigma) for 20 minutes.
- a UV lamp Z169633-1EA, Sigma
- iPS-derived liver endoderm cells, HUVEC, and MSC are mixed at a ratio of 10: 7: 2, and about 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells are seeded as the total number of cells (FIG. 21).
- FIG. 21 the total number of cells
- Example 7 In the positive pattern, each circular portion was designed to be hard and its periphery soft (FIG. 22 left). The negative pattern was designed so that each circular portion was soft and the periphery thereof was hard (right in FIG. 22).
- Such a gel substrate having a large number of hardness patterns is based on the method described in Example 6 and has a 4 ⁇ 4 circular pattern (circle diameter of about 2 mm, circle center distance of about 2.7 mm). A gel substrate having a diameter of 25 mm was exposed to light using a photomask. It is considered that an aggregate having an arbitrary size can be formed at an arbitrary place by using these patterned supports. All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- the present invention can be used for searching for new drugs and determining their efficacy, regenerative medicine, disease, pathological diagnosis, production of useful substances, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
1.必要な細胞・組織の調製
A)複雑な構造を有する組織への自己組織化に必要な任意の種類の細胞や組織を調製する。種類や組み合わせる数は、問わない。
B)総細胞数として200万個程度の、任意の種類の細胞や組織よりなる混合液に対し、単離した間葉系細胞を10~40万個程度混合する。
2.支持体の作製
A)細胞培養用の培養皿に、適正な硬さの支持体を形成し、固層化する。この際、支持体の材料としては、ハイドロゲル(ポリアクリルアミドゲルなど)を用いることが好ましいが、その限りではない。
B)作製した支持体上に、化学的・物理的に修飾を施す。この際、支持体への修飾の付与は必須要件ではない。化学因子としては、マトリゲルやラミニンを用いることが好ましいがこの限りではない。
C)なお、目的とする集合体の形・サイズ・量に応じて、支持体の硬さは均一である必然性はなく、硬さに空間的・時間的な勾配を設定することやパターン化することによって、以後の実験に用いることが可能である。
3.細胞集合体の作製・培養
1.で作製した細胞・組織の混合液を、2.で作製した支持体上に播種し、集合体を形成する。形成された集合体は、培養期間を延長することにより、試験管内において目的とする臓器の自己組織化に用いることが可能である。
4.細胞集合体の移植
3.で作製した集合体を長期培養や生体内へ移植することにより、血液灌流を誘導し、複雑な構造を有する高次組織への自己組織化させることにより、成体組織と同等な高度に秩序だった組織構造を有する組織・臓器を作製することが可能となる。
(1)任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養し、細胞集合体を形成させることを含む、細胞集合体をin vitroで作製する方法。
(2)細胞集合体が、自己組織化により、高次構造が付加された三次元組織構造を形成できるものである(1)記載の方法。
(3)任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を間葉系細胞が収縮可能なゲル状支持体の上で培養する(1)又は(2)記載の方法。
(4)培養が二次元培養である(3)記載の方法。
(5)ゲル状支持体が平面であるか、あるいは、ゲル状支持体の培養する側の断面がU又はV字の形状である(3)又は(4)記載の方法。
(6)ゲル状支持体の中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固い(3)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(7)ゲル状支持体の周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固い(3)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(8)ゲル状支持体がパターン化されており、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有する(3)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(9)ゲル状支持体がパターン化されており、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有する(3)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(10)任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織が総細胞数として40万個以上であり、間葉系細胞が10万~40万個である(1)~(9)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(11)細胞集合体の大きさが1mm以上である(1)~(10)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(12)細胞集合体の形成が自律的なものである(1)~(11)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(13)足場材料を用いることなく、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養する(1)~(12)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(14)間葉系細胞と混合する細胞及び/又は組織が、肝臓、膵臓、腸、肺、腎臓、心臓、脳又は癌に由来する(1)~(13)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(15)間葉系細胞と混合する細胞が、多能性細胞である(1)~(13)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(16)間葉系細胞と混合する組織が、多能性細胞より誘導された組織である(1)~(13)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(17)多能性細胞が、生体より得られた多能性細胞、再プログラムから誘導して得られた多能性細胞、又はそれらの組み合わせである(15)又は(16)記載の方法。
(18)(1)~(17)のいずれかに記載の方法で作製された細胞集合体。
(19)(1)~(17)のいずれかに記載の方法で作製された細胞集合体を自己組織化させ、高次構造が付加された三次元組織構造を形成させることを含む、三次元組織構造の作製方法。
(20)培養する側の断面がU又はV字の形状であるゲル状培養支持体。
(21)中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体。
(22)周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体。
(23)中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体。
(24)周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体。
(25)(20)~(24)のいずれかに記載のゲル状培養支持体の上で、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養し、細胞集合体を形成させることを含む、細胞集合体をin vitroで作製する方法。
本明細書は、本願の優先権の基礎である日本国特許出願、特願2014‐037341の明細書および/または図面に記載される内容を包含する。
血管細胞を添加する場合は、総細胞数として40万個以上(好ましくは、40万個~440万個、より好ましくは、200万個程度)の任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と4万個以上(好ましくは、5万~100万個、より好ましくは、10万~40万個)の間葉系細胞に、4000個以上(好ましくは、2万~40万個、より好ましくは、4万~28万個)の血管細胞を添加するとよい。任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞と血管細胞との比は、所望の大きさの細胞集合体が形成できる範囲であれば、特に限定されないが、好適な細胞の数比は、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織:間葉系細胞:血管細胞=10:1~3:0.1~7である。
任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物は、間葉系細胞が収縮可能なゲル状支持体上で培養するとよい。
ゲル状培養支持体の硬さに空間的な勾配を設定した一例は、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体(後述の実施例6、図20及び21)である。中心部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、周辺部の硬さは、中心部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。ゲル状培養支持体の硬さに空間的な勾配を設定した別の一例は、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体である。
パターン化したゲル状培養支持体の一例は、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体(後述の実施例7、図22左、ポジティブパターン)である。中心部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、周辺部の硬さは、中心部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。パターン化したゲル状培養支持体の別の一例は、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体(後述の実施例7、図22右、ネガティブパターン)である。周辺部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、中心部の硬さは、周辺部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。
本願に記載の細胞集合体は、器官芽やオルガノイド(器官芽(WO2013/047639)、liver bud、liver diverticula、liver organoid、pancreatic (dorsal or ventral) buds、pancreatic diverticula、pancreatic organoid、intestinal bud、intestinal diverticula、intestinal organoid(K. Matsumoto, et al. Science.19;294(5542):559-63.(2001))などを包含する概念であり、細胞集合体は、構成する細胞の種類や種類の数を問わないが、器官芽は、器官発生初期に形成されるものに相等し、構成する細胞の種類は、原則、臓器や組織を構成する機能細胞(又は機能細胞へと分化する未分化細胞)、血管細胞及び間葉系細胞の三種類であり、オルガノイドは、上皮性組織を構成する細胞のみから成り立ち、基本的には小型(1mm以下)である。
本発明は、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体も提供する。その一実施態様を後述の実施例6(図20及び21)に示す。中心部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、周辺部の硬さは、中心部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。
また、本発明は、逆に、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体も提供する。
本発明は、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体も提供する。その一実施態様を後述の実施例7(図22左、ポジティブパターン)に示す。中心部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、周辺部の硬さは、中心部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。
本発明は、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体も提供する。その一実施態様を後述の実施例7(図22右、ネガティブパターン)に示す。周辺部の硬さは、200kPa以下が適正であり、中心部の硬さは、周辺部より柔らかければよいが、支持体の中心部と周辺部の適正な硬さはコーティングと形状によって変化しうる。
さらに、本発明は、上記のゲル状培養支持体の上で、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養し、細胞集合体を形成させることを含む、細胞集合体をin vitroで作製する方法も提供する。任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物の培養については、上述の通りである。
〔実施例1〕
1. K. Matsumoto, H. Yoshitomi, J. Rossant, K. S. Zaret, Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function. Science 294, 559 (Oct 19, 2001).
2. T. Takebe et al., Self-organization of human hepatic organoid by recapitulating organogenesis in vitro. Transplant Proc 44, 1018 (May, 2012).
3. T. Takebe et al., Generation of a vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature protocols 9, 396 (Feb, 2014).
4. T. Takebe et al., Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature 499, 481 (Jul 25, 2013).
5. M. Eiraku et al., Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 472, 51 (Apr 7, 2011).
6. T. Nakano et al., Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs. Cell stem cell 10, 771 (Jun 14, 2012).
7. N. G. Dulyaninova, R. P. House, V. Betapudi, A. R. Bresnick, Myosin-IIA heavy-chain phosphorylation regulates the motility of MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells. Molecular biology of the cell 18, 3144 (Aug, 2007).
8. J. W. Shin et al., Contractile forces sustain and polarize hematopoiesis from stem and progenitor cells. Cell stem cell 14, 81 (Jan 2, 2014).
9. A. F. Straight et al., Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II Inhibitor. Science 299, 1743 (Mar 14, 2003).
10. E. Dona et al., Directional tissue migration through a self-generated chemokine gradient. Nature 503, 285 (Nov 14, 2013).
11. D. E. Discher, P. Janmey, Y. L. Wang, Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate. Science 310, 1139 (Nov 18, 2005).
12. Z. Liu et al., Mechanical tugging force regulates the size of cell-cell junctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 9944 (Jun 1, 2010).
13. H. Y. Yoshikawa et al., Quantitative evaluation of mechanosensing of cells on dynamically tunable hydrogels. Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, 1367 (Feb 9, 2011).
14. M. Takeichi, Self-organization of animal tissues: cadherin-mediated processes. Developmental cell 21, 24 (Jul 19, 2011).
15. Y. Sasai, Cytosystems dynamics in self-organization of tissue architecture. Nature 493, 318 (Jan 17, 2013).
・間葉系細胞(MC)の調製
MCについては、ヒト骨髄より分離した細胞、ヒト臍帯間質(ワルトン鞘)より分離した細胞、ヒト耳介より分離した細胞、マウス骨髄より分離した細胞、ヒト線維芽細胞などのいずれかを用いた。本実験で主として用いた、ヒト骨髄より分離した間葉系幹細胞(Mesenchymal Stem Cell: hMSC) は、hMSC培養に調製された専用の培地(MSCGMTM BulletKit(登録商標))(Lonza PT-3001)を用いて培養した。
・各種細胞の調製
ジエチルエーテル(Wako)を用いて麻酔したC57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP)マウス(日本SLC)妊娠12-17日目の腹部を70%エタノールで消毒した後、開腹し、胎児を摘出した。胎児から脳、心臓、肺、肝臓、後腎、または腸管を摘出した。また、6週齢以上のC57BL/6-BALB/c RFP hairy mouse (Anticancer Inc.より購入)の脳、心臓、肺、肝臓、腎臓、または腸管を摘出した。摘出した組織より単離した細胞を用いる場合には、0.05%Trypsin-EDTA (GIBCO)200μL中に入れ、37℃で20分間インキュベートした。その後、ピペットで組織を崩し、4.8mLの培地に加えた。遠心し、培地を加え細胞数を数えた後、単一細胞まで酵素処理した細胞を共培養に用いた。また摘出した組織を小組織の状態で用いる場合には、摘出した胎児組織をハサミでミンスし、0.05%Trypsin-EDTA 10mL中に入れ、37℃で20分間振盪した。その後、培地を加え100μmのセルストレーナーを通し、遠心を行った。遠心後、培地を加え、細胞培養に用いた。また、成体マウスの脳、心臓、肺、肝臓をハサミでミンスし、100μmのセルストレーナーを用いて濾過し、フロースルーを40μmのセルストレーナーを用いて濾過し、40μmのセルストレーナーに残った細胞塊を培地で回収し細胞の共培養に用いた。また、成体マウスの小腸においては、中身を生理食塩水で洗浄した。洗浄した小腸を縦に切り、4cm間隔に切ったものを、2mM EDTA, 0.5mM DTT in PBSに入れ37℃で20分間振盪した。その後、100μmのセルストレーナーを用いて濾過し、PBSを加えた。遠心を行い、上清を吸ったあとPBSを加え洗浄した。その後、遠心を行い、培地を加え細胞培養に用いた。
・自己組織化用細胞集合体の作製
PAゲル平面基板を静置した、または、マトリゲルコーティング(マトリゲル(BD)の原液、ないしマトリゲルと培地を1:1の割合で混合した溶液を1ウェル毎に300μLずつ入れ、37℃、5%CO2のインキュベーター内に10分以上静置し固めた)を行った、24ウェルプレートの1ウェルに細胞数として2×106 cells以上相当の任意の組み合わせの種類の細胞(胎児・成体より分離した組織または、KO-HepG2、HUVECなど)と、2×105 cellsのMSCと混合し、細胞を播種した。また小型の細胞集合体を形成するためには、4×103 cells以上相当の任意の組み合わせの種類の細胞(胎児・成体より分離した組織または、KO-HepG2、HUVEC)へ、5×103 cells以上のMSCと混合し、播種した。その後、37℃のインキュベーターで1日間培養した。播種後、実体顕微鏡または共焦点顕微鏡を用いた細胞共培養の経時観察を実施した。任意の組み合わせには種類の限定はなく、例えば、膵臓・肝臓・腸管・神経などの異なる組織に由来する細胞を混合したものを用いても良く、その後に目的とする臓器の自己組織化に最適な組成を用いることができた。
・PAゲル平面基板の作製(面内の硬さ均一)
ゲルの反応溶液として、アクリルアミド水溶液(40% w/v,A4058,Sigma)、ビスアクリルアミド水溶液(2% w/v, M1533, Sigma)、蒸留水を混合して作製した溶液10 mLを作製した。この時それぞれの溶液の混合比率を変えることで、ゲルのヤング率を調節した。この反応溶液を真空チャンバーを用いて突沸させた後、100 μL のAPS(5 g / DW50 mL, 01307-00, KANTO, 0.20 mm filtered)と10 μL TEMED(T9281,Sigma)を順に加えた。その後、本反応液25 μL をDimethyldichlorosilane(DCDMS,D0358,TCI)で表面疎水化されたスライドガラス(S2112,MATSUNAMI)上に滴下した後、上からAllytricholorosilane(ATCS,107778-5g,Sigma)処理した丸型カバーガラス(φ=12 ~ 25 mm,MATSUNAMI)を重ねてサンドイッチ構造とし、30分間静置した。その後蒸留水を加え、一晩静置した後、スライドガラス基板から剥離し、ゲルがコートされたカバーガラス基板を得た。その後リン酸緩衝液を加えて一日静置し、未反応のモノマーを除去した。表1に代表的な反応溶液の配合比とゲルのヤング率を示す。ゲルのヤング率は原子間力顕微鏡(Nanowizard 3, JPK Instruments, Germany)のナノインデンテーション測定により決定した。
PAゲル表面への接着分子(マトリゲルまたはラミニン)のコーティングは以下の手順で行った。まず、0.2 mg/mLのN-Sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (Sulfo-SANPAH,22589,Pierce)の20 mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液をPAゲル基板上に滴下し、UVランプ(Z169633-1EA, Sigma)を20分間照射した。その後、4.4 mg/mLのマトリゲル溶液(原液を20mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液で227倍に希釈, 354234, BD)、または10.0 mg/mLのラミニン溶液(原液を20mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液で227倍に希釈, 354232, BD)を数mL滴下し、16時間37℃インキュベーターに静置した.その後 PAゲルをリン酸緩衝液でよくリンスし、未架橋のマトリゲルやラミニンを除去した.
マトリゲルコーティング(マトリゲル(BD)の原液、ないしマトリゲルと培地を1:1の割合で混合した溶液を1ウェル毎に300μlずつ入れ、37℃、5%CO2のインキュベーター内に10分以上静置し固めた)を行った、24ウェルプレートの1ウェルに細胞数として2×106 cellsのiPS細胞由来肝内胚葉細胞、ないしヒト成体肝細胞と、5×105 cellsのヒトまたは、マウスMSCと混合し、播種した。その後、37℃のインキュベーターで1日間培養した。播種後、実体顕微鏡または共焦点顕微鏡を用いた細胞共培養の経時観察を実施した。図13に示すように血管内皮細胞がなくても、間葉系細胞があれば、細胞集合体が形成されることが示される。
・UボトムPAゲルの調製
ゲルの反応溶液として,アクリルアミド溶液(40% w/v,A4058,Sigma),ビスアクリルアミド溶液(2% w/v,M1533,Sigma),蒸留水を混合して作製した溶液10 mLを作製した。この時それぞれの溶液の混合比率を変えることで、ゲルのヤング率を調節した。24-well tissue culture plate (353047, BD) に反応溶液を500 μL加えた後、0.5 μL TEMED(T9281,Sigma)と5 μL のAPS(5 g / DW50 mL, 01307-00, KANTO, 0.20 mm filtered)をこの順で加え、すぐによく混合した。その後50 ℃のホットプレートの上で15分静置した。その後リン酸緩衝液を加えて一日静置し、未反応のモノマーを除去した。Uボトムゲルの断面図を図12に示す。
本ゲル(深さ3ミクロン以降の硬さは、約30 kPaで一定であった。)を用いた細胞集合体の形成実験には、24ウェルプレートの1ウェルに細胞数として2×106 cellsのiPS細胞由来肝内胚葉細胞と、7×105 cellsのHUVEC、2×105 cellsのヒトMSCと混合し、播種した。その後、37℃のインキュベーターで1日間培養した。播種後、実体顕微鏡または共焦点顕微鏡を用いた細胞共培養の経時観察を実施した結果、細胞集合体が形成されることが示された(図14)。
(方法と結果)
ジエチルエーテル(Wako)を用いて麻酔したC57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP)マウス(日本SLC)妊娠12.5および13.5日目の腹部を70%エタノールで消毒した後、開腹し、胎児を摘出した。胎児から後腎を摘出したのち、0.05%Trypsin-EDTA (GIBCO)200μL中に入れ、37℃で20分間インキュベートした。その後、ピペットで組織を崩し、4.8mLの培地に加えた。遠心し、培地を加え細胞数を数えた後、単一細胞まで酵素処理した細胞を共培養に用いた。その後、ヒト骨髄より分離した間葉系幹細胞(Mesenchymal Stem Cell: hMSC)および、 正常臍帯静脈内皮細胞(Normal Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: HUVEC)と混合し、マトリゲル(実施例2のマトリゲル(BD)の原液)と血管内皮細胞用培地(EGM BulletKit(登録商標)、Lonza CC-4133)を1:1の割合で混合した溶液を固めたウェル上に播種を行った。24ウェルプレートの1ウェル相等の場合は、総細胞数として約2×106 cellsの任意の組み合わせの種類の細胞を播種した。なお、胎児腎臓細胞、MSCとHUVECの比率は、順番に、10:2:0.1~1としたがその限りではない。その後、37℃のインキュベーターで1日間培養し、3次元組織を自律的に形成した。図16下段に記載の結果については、ペレット培養を行った組織を用いた。ペレット組織の作製法については、Christodoulos Xinaris, et al.(In Vivo Maturation of Functional Renal Organoids Formed from Embryonic Cell Suspensions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Nov; 23(11): 1857-1868.)に記載の方法に準じており、一斉回収した単離された細胞を遠心力によりチューブ底面に集合させ移植用組織を形成する手法をとった。
(方法と結果)
異なる硬さ条件(Sample A, B, C)の支持体(PAゲル平面基板の作製)のマトリゲルコーティング前(斜線)・後(黒ベタ)におけるヤング率の変化。コーティングの有無に関わらず、硬さ条件が厳密に制御できることを示す(図19)。本ゲル基板の作製は実施例1に記載の方法を用いて行った。
(方法と結果)
一つの基板上に、異なる硬さ条件が混在する硬さのマルチパターンゲルを作製することに成功した(図20)。パターン1では中心部が固いゲルを、パターン2では中心部がやや硬いゲルを作製した(図20左図)。図20右図は、硬さ条件を長軸方向に測定した結果を示し、目的とする硬さ条件が作製されていることを示す。
硬さの空間パターンを有するゲル基板の作製方法は以下のとおりである.ゲルの反応溶液として、アクリルアミド水溶液(40% w/v,A4058,Sigma)、ビスアクリルアミド水溶液(2% w/v, M1533, Sigma)、蒸留水を混合して作製した溶液10 mLを作製した。その後、遮光しながらIrgacure2959(0.5 % w/v, DY15444, Ciba)を50 mg加えた後に37 ℃の湯浴で溶解し、真空チャンバーを用いて突沸させた。その後、本反応液10 μL をDimethyldichlorosilane(DCDMS,D0358,TCI)で表面疎水化されたスライドガラス(S2112,MATSUNAMI)上に滴下した後、上からAllytricholorosilane(ATCS,107778-5g,Sigma)処理した丸型カバーガラス(φ=12 mm,MATSUNAMI)を重ねてサンドイッチ構造とした。その上に、フォトマスクを置き、254 nmの紫外光を照射した。フォトマスクはアセチルセルロース(G254B, Agar)にレーザープリンタ(MC860, OKI)を用いて印刷したものを用いた.マスクパターンのデザインはAdobe Photoshopを利用し、外径12 mm、内径2~4mmの円形マスクを作製した。光照射には、光源を水銀ランプ(C‐HGFI, Nikon)とし、反応溶液に均一に照射するため光ファイバーと投光管を使用した。紫外線照射時間は、目的の硬さに応じて分刻みで調整した。その後蒸留水を加え、スライドガラス基板から剥離し、ゲルがコートされたカバーガラス基板を得た。その後リン酸緩衝液を加えて一日静置し、未反応のモノマーを除去した。ゲルのヤング率は原子間力顕微鏡(Nanowizard 3, JPK Instruments, Germany)のナノインデンテーション測定により決定した。PAゲル表面への接着分子(マトリゲルまたはラミニン)のコーティングは以下の手順で行った。まず、0.2 mg/mLのN-Sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (Sulfo-SANPAH,22589,Pierce)の20 mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液をPAゲル基板上に滴下し、UVランプ(Z169633-1EA, Sigma)を20分間照射した。その後、4.4 mg/mLのマトリゲル溶液(原液を20mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液で227倍に希釈, 354234, BD)、または10.0 mg/mLのラミニン溶液(原液を20mM HEPES(pH8.5)溶液で227倍に希釈, 354232, BD)を1mL滴下し、16時間37℃インキュベーターに静置した.その後 PAゲルをリン酸緩衝液でよくリンスし、未架橋のマトリゲルやラミニンを除去した.
次に作製したパターンゲルを用いて、iPS由来肝臓内胚葉細胞、HUVEC、MSCを、10:7:2の割合で混合し、総細胞数として約2×106 cellsを播種したい(図21)。その結果、パターン1では、細胞播種後30時間の間に中心の硬い領域に細胞が集まり、速やかに集合体を形成した。パターン2では、細胞集合体の形成を認めたが中心への集合速度はやや遅延する傾向にあった。中心部が100kPaの条件が最適と示唆された。
(方法と結果)
ポジティブパターンでは、各円形部分が固く、その周辺が柔らかくなるように設計した(図22左)。ネガティブパターンでは、各円形部分が柔らかく、その周辺が硬くなるように設計した(図22右)。このような多数の硬さパターンを有するゲル基板は,実施例6に記載の手法をベースとし、4×4の円形パターン(円の直径約2mm、円の中心間距離約2.7mm)を有するフォトマスクにより、直径25mmのゲル基板に露光して作製した。これらのパターン化支持体を用いることで任意の場所に、任意の大きさの集合体を形成できるものと考えられる。
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願をそのまま参考として本明細書にとり入れるものとする。
Claims (25)
- 任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養し、細胞集合体を形成させることを含む、細胞集合体をin vitroで作製する方法。
- 細胞集合体が、自己組織化により、高次構造が付加された三次元組織構造を形成できるものである請求項1記載の方法。
- 任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を間葉系細胞が収縮可能なゲル状支持体の上で培養する請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 培養が二次元培養である請求項3記載の方法。
- ゲル状支持体が平面であるか、あるいは、ゲル状支持体の培養する側の断面がU又はV字の形状である請求項3又は4記載の方法。
- ゲル状支持体の中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固い請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- ゲル状支持体の周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固い請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- ゲル状支持体がパターン化されており、中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有する請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- ゲル状支持体がパターン化されており、周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有する請求項3~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織が総細胞数として40万個以上であり、間葉系細胞が10万~40万個である請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 細胞集合体の大きさが1mm以上である請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 細胞集合体の形成が自律的なものである請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 足場材料を用いることなく、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養する請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 間葉系細胞と混合する細胞及び/又は組織が、肝臓、膵臓、腸、肺、腎臓、心臓、脳又は癌に由来する請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 間葉系細胞と混合する細胞が、多能性細胞である請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 間葉系細胞と混合する組織が、多能性細胞より誘導された組織である請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 多能性細胞が、生体より得られた多能性細胞、再プログラムから誘導して得られた多能性細胞、又はそれらの組み合わせである請求項15又は16記載の方法。
- 請求項1~17のいずれかに記載の方法で作製された細胞集合体。
- 請求項1~17のいずれかに記載の方法で作製された細胞集合体を自己組織化させ、高次構造が付加された三次元組織構造を形成させることを含む、三次元組織構造の作製方法。
- 培養する側の断面がU又はV字の形状であるゲル状培養支持体。
- 中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体。
- 周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いゲル状培養支持体。
- 中心部の硬さが周辺部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体。
- 周辺部の硬さが中心部の硬さより固いというパターンを1個以上有するゲル状培養支持体。
- 請求項20~24のいずれかに記載のゲル状培養支持体の上で、任意の種類の細胞及び/又は組織と間葉系細胞との混合物を培養し、細胞集合体を形成させることを含む、細胞集合体をin vitroで作製する方法。
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