WO2015125907A1 - セラミックス回路基板 - Google Patents

セラミックス回路基板 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015125907A1
WO2015125907A1 PCT/JP2015/054740 JP2015054740W WO2015125907A1 WO 2015125907 A1 WO2015125907 A1 WO 2015125907A1 JP 2015054740 W JP2015054740 W JP 2015054740W WO 2015125907 A1 WO2015125907 A1 WO 2015125907A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mass
parts
copper
circuit board
silver
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PCT/JP2015/054740
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
良太 青野
光祐 和田
築地原 雅夫
宮川 健志
Original Assignee
電気化学工業株式会社
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Application filed by 電気化学工業株式会社 filed Critical 電気化学工業株式会社
Priority to JP2016504183A priority Critical patent/JP6487901B2/ja
Priority to CN201580009679.3A priority patent/CN106061923B/zh
Priority to KR1020167022990A priority patent/KR102339805B1/ko
Priority to US15/119,052 priority patent/US10424529B2/en
Priority to EP15752710.2A priority patent/EP3109222B1/en
Publication of WO2015125907A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015125907A1/ja

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/36Selection of materials, or shaping, to facilitate cooling or heating, e.g. heatsinks
    • H01L23/373Cooling facilitated by selection of materials for the device or materials for thermal expansion adaptation, e.g. carbon
    • H01L23/3735Laminates or multilayers, e.g. direct bond copper ceramic substrates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0233Sheets, foils
    • B23K35/0238Sheets, foils layered
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3006Ag as the principal constituent
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C04B37/00Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/02Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
    • C04B37/023Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
    • C04B37/026Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used consisting of metals or metal salts
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/48Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
    • H01L23/488Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
    • H01L23/498Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
    • H01L23/49866Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers characterised by the materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/48Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
    • H01L23/488Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
    • H01L23/498Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
    • H01L23/49866Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers characterised by the materials
    • H01L23/49877Carbon, e.g. fullerenes
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
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    • C04B2237/124Metallic interlayers based on copper
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
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    • C04B2237/125Metallic interlayers based on noble metals, e.g. silver
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/126Metallic interlayers wherein the active component for bonding is not the largest fraction of the interlayer
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/02Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/12Metallic interlayers
    • C04B2237/126Metallic interlayers wherein the active component for bonding is not the largest fraction of the interlayer
    • C04B2237/127The active component for bonding being a refractory metal
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32Ceramic
    • C04B2237/36Non-oxidic
    • C04B2237/368Silicon nitride
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/40Metallic
    • C04B2237/407Copper
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/60Forming at the joining interface or in the joining layer specific reaction phases or zones, e.g. diffusion of reactive species from the interlayer to the substrate or from a substrate to the joining interface, carbide forming at the joining interface
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    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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    • C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/74Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two different interlayers separated by a substrate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C49/00Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C49/02Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the matrix material
    • C22C49/12Intermetallic matrix material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C49/00Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments
    • C22C49/14Alloys containing metallic or non-metallic fibres or filaments characterised by the fibres or filaments
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C5/00Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/06Alloys based on silver
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C5/00Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/06Alloys based on silver
    • C22C5/08Alloys based on silver with copper as the next major constituent
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2224/00Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2224/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/26Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L2224/31Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process
    • H01L2224/32Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process of an individual layer connector
    • H01L2224/321Disposition
    • H01L2224/32151Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
    • H01L2224/32221Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
    • H01L2224/32225Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/12Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates
    • H01L23/14Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates characterised by the material or its electrical properties
    • H01L23/15Ceramic or glass substrates
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/0002Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02Details
    • H05K1/03Use of materials for the substrate
    • H05K1/0306Inorganic insulating substrates, e.g. ceramic, glass
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/38Improvement of the adhesion between the insulating substrate and the metal
    • H05K3/388Improvement of the adhesion between the insulating substrate and the metal by the use of a metallic or inorganic thin film adhesion layer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a ceramic circuit board having both high bonding strength and excellent heat cycle characteristics.
  • Ceramic substrates such as alumina, beryllia, silicon nitride, and aluminum nitride are used as circuit substrates used for power modules and the like from the viewpoint of thermal conductivity, cost, safety, and the like. These ceramic substrates are used as a circuit board by joining a metal circuit board such as copper or aluminum or a heat sink. Since these have excellent insulating properties and heat dissipation properties with respect to a resin substrate and a metal substrate having a resin layer as an insulating material, they are used as substrates for mounting high heat dissipation electronic components.
  • a ceramic circuit board is used in which a metal circuit board is bonded to the surface of a ceramic board with a brazing material and a semiconductor element is mounted at a predetermined position of the metal circuit board.
  • ceramic substrates of aluminum nitride sintered bodies and silicon nitride sintered bodies having high thermal conductivity in response to an increase in heat generation from semiconductor elements due to higher integration, higher frequency, higher output, etc. of semiconductor elements Is used.
  • the aluminum nitride substrate has a higher thermal conductivity than the silicon nitride substrate, it is suitable as a ceramic circuit substrate for mounting a high heat dissipation electronic component.
  • the aluminum nitride substrate has high thermal conductivity, but its mechanical strength and toughness are low, so cracking occurs when tightened in the assembly process, or when a thermal cycle is applied. It is difficult to do. In particular, when used in power modules that are applied under severe loads and thermal conditions such as automobiles, electric railways, machine tools, and robots, this difficulty has become prominent.
  • a ceramic circuit board using a silicon nitride substrate is produced, for example, by the active metal method shown below.
  • the active metal method is a method in which a metal plate is joined to a ceramic substrate through a brazing material layer containing an active metal such as a group 4A element or a group 5A element.
  • a silver-copper-titanium brazing material is used. Is printed on both main surfaces of the silicon nitride substrate, a metal circuit board and a metal heat dissipating plate are arranged on the printed surface, and the ceramic substrate and the metal plate are joined by heat treatment at an appropriate temperature.
  • Ti which is an active metal
  • N of the nitride-based ceramic substrate are covalently bonded to form TiN (titanium nitride), and this TiN forms a bonding layer. High bonding strength can be obtained.
  • Patent Document 1 describes that it is effective to contain carbon powder in a brazing material for joining a ceramic substrate and a metal plate for the purpose of improving the heat resistance cycle characteristics of the ceramic circuit substrate.
  • the heat cycle evaluation for evaluating the heat cycle characteristics generally has a temperature range of ⁇ 40 ° C. to 125 ° C., but it is equipped with wide band gap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN, which are expected as next-generation power devices in the future. In devices, the operating temperature increases, so the thermal stress is increasing.
  • the non-fibrous carbon powder contained in the brazing filler metal has a low thermal conductivity among graphite powder and diamond powder, which are carbon components composed of the same carbon atoms, so that the heat dissipation of the ceramic circuit board is achieved. May be inhibited.
  • an object of the present invention is to obtain a ceramic circuit board having high bonding strength and excellent heat cycle performance, improving operational reliability as an electronic device, and excellent heat dissipation.
  • the present inventor can improve the thermal cycle characteristics of the circuit board by bringing the thermal expansion coefficient of the brazing material joining the ceramic substrate and the metal plate closer to the ceramic substrate. And obtained knowledge. Furthermore, the present invention has been completed with the knowledge that a ceramic circuit board having excellent heat dissipation can be obtained by using carbon fiber (carbon fiber) as the carbon component contained in the brazing material.
  • the present invention is a ceramic circuit board in which both main surfaces of a ceramic substrate and a metal plate are joined via a silver-copper brazing filler metal layer, and the silver-copper brazing filler metal layer is silver powder 75-98.
  • Carbon fiber (carbon fiber) 0.3 to 7.5 parts by mass, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and tin with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of 2 parts by mass and 2 to 25 parts by mass of copper powder
  • “The two main surfaces of the ceramic substrate and the metal plate are joined via the silver-copper brazing material layer” means that the metal plate is bonded to the two main surfaces of the ceramic substrate
  • the ceramic substrate used for the ceramic circuit board of the present invention is not particularly limited, and nitride ceramics such as silicon nitride and aluminum nitride, oxide ceramics such as aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, silicon carbide, etc. It can be used for carbide ceramics, boride ceramics such as lanthanum boride. However, since the metal plate is bonded to the ceramic substrate by the active metal method, non-oxide ceramics such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride are suitable. Further, from the viewpoint of excellent mechanical strength and fracture toughness, the silicon nitride substrate is preferable.
  • the thickness of the ceramic substrate of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is generally about 0.1 to 3.0 mm. In particular, considering the reduction of the thermal resistivity of the entire circuit board, 1.0 mm or less is preferable, More preferably, it is 0.4 mm or less.
  • the metal used for the metal plate of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a metal to which the active metal method can be applied, such as copper, aluminum, iron, nickel, chromium, silver, molybdenum, cobalt, or an alloy thereof, but in particular, A copper plate is preferable from the viewpoints of conductivity and heat dissipation.
  • the purity of the copper plate of the present invention is preferably 90% or more.
  • the purity is lower than 90%, when the ceramic substrate and the copper plate are joined, the reaction between the copper plate and the brazing material becomes insufficient, or the copper plate is hard. Therefore, the reliability of the circuit board may be reduced.
  • the thickness of the copper plate of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is generally 0.1 to 1.5 mm, and is particularly preferably 0.3 mm or more, more preferably 0.5 mm or more from the viewpoint of heat dissipation. .
  • the brazing filler metal layer of the present invention is composed of a silver-copper brazing filler metal containing carbon fiber (carbon fiber) and at least one active metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and tin. Is done.
  • the composition ratio of the silver-copper brazing material is preferably set to a composition ratio at which a eutectic composition is likely to be generated, and in particular, a composition considering the penetration of copper from the circuit copper plate and the heat dissipation copper plate is preferable. In total 100 parts by mass of silver powder and copper powder, 75 to 98 parts by mass of silver powder and 2 to 25 parts by mass of copper powder are preferable.
  • the amount of the silver powder is other than 75 to 98 parts by mass, the melting temperature of the brazing material is increased, so that the thermal stress resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient at the time of bonding is increased and the heat cycle resistance is liable to be lowered.
  • the amount of carbon fiber (carbon fiber) contained in the brazing filler metal constituting the brazing filler metal layer of the present invention is 100 parts by mass in total of 75 to 98 parts by mass of silver powder and 2 to 25 parts by mass of copper powder. 0.3 to 7.5 parts by mass is preferable, and 0.5 to 3.5 is more preferable.
  • the blending amount of the carbon fiber (carbon fiber) is less than 0.3 part by mass, the decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient of the brazing material is small, and the contribution to the improvement of the thermal cycle characteristics of the circuit board is small.
  • it is larger than 7.5 parts by mass the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the metal plate is lowered, which is not preferable.
  • the carbon fiber preferably has an average length of 15 to 400 ⁇ m, an average diameter of 5 to 25 ⁇ m, and an average aspect ratio of 3 to 28, more preferably an average length of 22 to 160 ⁇ m.
  • the average diameter is 5 to 10 ⁇ m, and the average aspect ratio is 4 to 10.
  • the average length is greater than 400 ⁇ m, the average diameter is greater than 25 ⁇ m, and the average aspect ratio is greater than 28, it is difficult to uniformly disperse in the brazing paste.
  • the average length is less than 15 ⁇ m, when the average diameter is less than 5 ⁇ m, and when the average aspect ratio is less than 4, the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the metal plate decreases, which is not preferable.
  • the “average length” means an average value of values obtained by observing 20 or more carbon fibers using a scanning electron microscope and measuring the length of each fiber by image analysis.
  • Average diameter means an average value of values obtained by observing 20 or more carbon fibers using a scanning electron microscope and measuring the diameter of each fiber by image analysis.
  • the “average aspect ratio” means a value obtained by dividing the “average length” by the “average diameter”.
  • the type of carbon fiber may be pitch-based carbon fiber or polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber.
  • carbon fibers carbon fibers
  • carbon components contained in organic binders and organic solvents carbon powder
  • carbon components composed of the same carbon atoms such as diamond are completely different. It is a well-known fact that it is different.
  • non-fibrous carbon powder is not preferable because it has a low thermal conductivity and may impede heat dissipation of the ceramic circuit board.
  • the heat cycle characteristics may be deteriorated, which is not preferable.
  • the diamond powder is not preferable because of its high thermal conductivity but high cost.
  • the amount of the active metal contained in the brazing filler metal constituting the brazing filler metal layer is 1.0 to 9.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of 72 parts by mass or more of silver powder and 28 parts by mass or less of copper powder. Parts, more preferably 3.0 to 5.5 parts by weight.
  • the compounding amount of the active metal is less than 1.0 part by mass, the wettability between the ceramic substrate and the brazing material is not good, and poor bonding is likely to occur.
  • the compounding amount of the active metal exceeds 9 parts by mass, the brittle active metal nitride layer formed at the bonding interface becomes excessive, and heat cycle resistance is deteriorated.
  • the active metal can be selected from metals such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and tin. Of these, titanium is preferred.
  • the thickness of the brazing material applied to constitute the brazing material layer is preferably 5 to 40 ⁇ m on a dry basis. If the thickness of the brazing material is less than 5 ⁇ m, an unreacted portion may occur. On the other hand, if the thickness exceeds 40 ⁇ m, the time for removing the bonding layer may become long and productivity may be lowered.
  • the coating method is not particularly limited, and a known coating method such as a screen printing method or a roll coater method that can be uniformly coated on the substrate surface can be employed.
  • the ceramic substrate and the metal plate are preferably bonded in a vacuum at a temperature of 780 ° C. to 875 ° C. for a time of 10 to 60 minutes.
  • the bonding temperature is lower than 780 ° C. or when the bonding time is shorter than 10 minutes, the bondability between the ceramic substrate and the brazing material is lowered.
  • the bonding temperature is higher than 875 ° C. or when the bonding time is longer than 60 minutes, thermal stress derived from the difference in thermal expansion coefficient at the time of bonding increases, and the heat cycle resistance tends to decrease.
  • an etching resist is applied to the metal plate and etched.
  • an etching resist For example, the ultraviolet curing type and thermosetting type generally used can be used.
  • the coating method of an etching resist For example, well-known coating methods, such as a screen printing method, are employable.
  • Etching of copper plate is performed to form a circuit pattern.
  • the etching solution there is no particular restriction on the etching solution, and generally used ferric chloride solution, cupric chloride solution, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, etc. can be used. A dicopper solution is mentioned.
  • the nitride ceramic circuit board from which unnecessary metal parts have been removed by etching has the applied brazing material, its alloy layer, nitride layer, etc. remaining, inorganic acid such as aqueous solution of ammonium halide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, peroxide It is common to remove them using a solution containing hydrogen water.
  • the etching resist is stripped after the circuit is formed, but the stripping method is not particularly limited, and a method of immersing in an alkaline aqueous solution is common.
  • Example 1 On both main surfaces of a silicon nitride substrate having a thickness of 0.25 mm, 90 parts by mass of silver powder (Fukuda Metal Foil Powder Co., Ltd .: AgC-BO) and copper powder (Fukuda Metal Foil Powder Co., Ltd .: SRC-) (Cu-20) Carbon fiber (carbon fiber) having an average length of 120 ⁇ m, an average diameter of 15 ⁇ m, and an average aspect ratio of 8 with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of 10 parts by mass (manufactured by Nippon Graphite Fiber Co., Ltd .: XN- 100-15M) is applied to an active metal brazing material containing 1.5 parts by mass and 3.5 parts by mass of titanium (manufactured by Osaka Titanium Technologies: TSH-350). A 1.0 mm oxygen-free copper plate was bonded under vacuum conditions at 830 ° C. for 20 minutes.
  • the joined circuit board was etched with an etchant containing copper chloride to form a circuit. Further, the brazing material layer was etched with an ammonium fluoride / hydrogen peroxide etchant to produce a silicon nitride circuit board.
  • the bondability between the copper plate and the silicon nitride substrate and the heat cycle resistance evaluation of the circuit board were evaluated by the following methods. ⁇ Jointness between copper plate and silicon nitride substrate> The bondability between the copper plate and the silicon nitride substrate was evaluated by peel strength measurement.
  • the measuring method is as follows. The end of the 5 mm wide pattern, which is a part of the copper circuit pattern bonded to the silicon nitride substrate, is peeled off with pliers, and the bonded substrate is fixed to the base of the tensile tester, and the end of the pattern is chucked on the pull tester. Attached to.
  • the copper circuit pattern is peeled off from the surface of the silicon nitride substrate so that the angle of the copper circuit pattern is 90 ° (vertical direction). Thereafter, the tensile tester was operated, the pattern peeled off through the chuck was pulled upward and moved, and the maximum peeling load at that time was measured. The maximum peel load was divided by the width (0.5 cm) to calculate the bonding strength. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • Examples 2 to 24, Comparative Examples 1 to 13 The same procedure as in Example 1 was performed except that the conditions shown in Tables 1 and 2 were changed. In Comparative Example 13, non-fibrous carbon particles were used instead of carbon fibers. Evaluation of the bondability between the copper plate and the silicon nitride substrate and the heat cycle resistance was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
  • the average length of the carbon fiber is 15 to 400 ⁇ m with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of 75 to 98 parts by mass of silver powder and 2 to 25 parts by mass of copper powder.

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Abstract

【課題】高い接合強度と優れた耐熱サイクル性を有し、電子機器としての動作信頼性を向上させるとともに、放熱性に優れたセラミックス回路基板を得ること。 【解決手段】セラミックス基板の両主面と金属板が、銀-銅系ろう材層を介して接合されたセラミックス回路基板であって、銀-銅系ろう材層が銀粉末75~98質量部及び銅粉末2~25質量部の合計100質量部に対して、カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)0.3~7.5質量部と、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、錫から選択される少なくとも一種の活性金属1.0~9.0質量部とを含む銀-銅系ろう材で構成され、上記カーボンファイバーが平均長さ15~400μm、平均直径5~25μm、平均アスペクト比3~28であることを特徴とするセラミックス回路基板。

Description

セラミックス回路基板
 本発明は、高い接合強度および優れた耐熱サイクル特性を兼ね備えたセラミックス回路基板に関する。
 パワーモジュール等に利用される回路用基板として、熱伝導率やコスト、安全性等の点から、アルミナ、ベリリア、窒化ケイ素、窒化アルミニウム等のセラミックス基板が利用されている。これらのセラミックス基板は、銅やアルミニウム等の金属回路板や放熱板を接合し回路基板として用いられる。これらは、樹脂基板や樹脂層を絶縁材とする金属基板に対し、優れた絶縁性および放熱性等を有することから、高放熱性電子部品を搭載するための基板として使用されている。
 エレベーター、車両、ハイブリッドカー等といったパワーモジュール用途には、セラミックス基板の表面に、金属回路板をろう材で接合し、更に金属回路板の所定の位置に半導体素子を搭載したセラミック回路基板が用いられている。近年では、半導体素子の高集積化、高周波化、高出力化等に伴う半導体素子からの発熱量の増加に対し、高い熱伝導率を有する窒化アルミニウム焼結体や窒化ケイ素焼結体のセラミックス基板が使用されている。特に、窒化アルミニウム基板は、窒化ケイ素基板と比較して熱伝導率が高いため、高放熱性電子部品を搭載するためのセラミックス回路基板として好適である。
 しかし、窒化アルミニウム基板は、高い熱伝導率を有する反面、機械的強度や靭性等が低いことから、アセンブリ工程での締付により割れが発生したり、熱サイクルが付加された際にクラックが発生し易い等の難点を有している。特に、自動車や電気鉄道、工作機械やロボット等の苛酷な荷重、熱的条件下で適用されるパワーモジュールに使用する場合には、この難点が顕著となってきている。
 このため、電子部品搭載用のセラミックス基板としては、機械的な信頼性の向上が求められ、窒化アルミニウム基板より熱伝導率は劣るものの、機械的強度や靭性に優れる窒化ケイ素基板が注目されている。
 窒化ケイ素基板を使用したセラミックス回路基板は、例えば、以下に示す活性金属法により作製される。
 活性金属法は、4A族元素や5A族元素の様な活性金属を含むろう材層を介してセラミックス基板上に金属板を接合する方法であり、一般的に、銀-銅-チタン系ろう材を窒化ケイ素基板の両主面にスクリーン印刷し、この印刷面上に金属回路板および金属放熱板を配置し、適当な温度で加熱処理することでセラミックス基板と金属板とを接合する。
 このようにして得られたセラミックス回路基板は、活性金属であるTiと窒化物系セラミックス基板のNとが共有結合してTiN(窒化チタン)となり、このTiNにより接合層を形成するため、ある程度の高い接合強度を得ることができる。
 一方、車載用半導体モジュール等においては、高出力化、高集積化が進行し、セラミックス回路基板に繰り返し掛かる熱ストレスが、より増大する傾向にある。この熱ストレスに耐え切れなくなるとセラミックス基板に微小クラックが発生する。この微小クラックが発生したまま熱負荷サイクルがかかり続けた場合、金属板がセラミックス基板から剥がれてしまい、接合強度不良または熱抵抗不良を招く。その結果、電子機器としての動作信頼性が低下してしまう等の問題を有する。このようなことから、熱ストレスに耐えられるセラミックス回路基板のろう材構成に関して、以下のような提案がなされている。
 特許文献1には、セラミックス回路基板の耐熱サイクル特性向上を目的とし、セラミックス基板と金属板とを接合するろう材にカーボン粉末を含有させることが効果的であると記載されている。
特開平9-283656
 しかしながら、近年の車載用半導体モジュール等においては、更なる高出力化、高集積化が急速に進み、セラミックス回路基板には、放熱性向上を目的とした厚い金属板と熱抵抗低減を目的とした薄いセラミックス基板から成る構成が求められている。金属板が厚い場合、セラミックス基板と金属板の接合界面に発生する熱膨張率差起因の熱ストレスが一層厳しくなるため、熱サイクルが付加された際に、セラミックス基板に微小クラックが発生し易くなる。
 更に、熱サイクル特性を評価するヒートサイクル評価は、一般的に-40℃から125℃の温度幅であるが、今後、次世代パワーデバイスとして期待されるSiCやGaNといったワイドバンドギャップ半導体を搭載したデバイスでは、動作温度が高くなるため、熱ストレスは高くなる一方である。
 このような問題は、セラミックス基板を窒化ケイ素基板とした場合や、特許文献1に開示されたろう材層中にカーボン粉末を含有させたセラミックス回路基板においても、満足といえない状態である。
 更に、ろう材中に含有する非繊維状カーボン粉末は、同じ炭素原子から成る炭素成分間である黒鉛(グラファイト)粉末やダイヤモンド粉末など中でも低い熱伝導率を有することから、セラミックス回路基板の放熱性を阻害する可能性があり好ましくない。
 本発明は、上記課題に鑑み、高い接合強度と優れた耐熱サイクル性を有し、電子機器としての動作信頼性を向上させるとともに、放熱性に優れたセラミックス回路基板を得ることを目的とする。
 本発明者は、上記の目的を達成するために鋭意検討した結果、セラミックス基板と金属板とを接合するろう材の熱膨張率をセラミックス基板に近づけることで、回路基板の熱サイクル特性が向上できるとの知見を得たものである。更に、ろう材中に含有する炭素成分をカーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)とすることで放熱性に優れるセラミックス回路基板を得るとの知見を得て本発明を完成した。
 即ち、本発明は、セラミックス基板の両主面と金属板が、銀-銅系ろう材層を介して接合されたセラミックス回路基板であって、銀-銅系ろう材層が銀粉末75~98質量部及び銅粉末2~25質量部の合計100質量部に対して、カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)0.3~7.5質量部と、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、及び錫から選択される少なくとも一種の活性金属1.0~9.0質量部とを含む銀-銅系ろう材で構成され、上記カーボンファイバーが平均長さ15~400μm、平均直径5~25μm以下、平均アスペクト比3~28であることを特徴とするセラミックス回路基板である。
 「セラミックス基板の両主面と金属板が銀-銅系ろう材層を介して接合された」とは、セラミックス基板の両主面に、それぞれ、金属板が銀-銅系ろう材層を介して接合されていることを意味している。
 本発明によれば、高い接合性を有し、更に、-40℃から150℃のヒートサイクル試験2000サイクルにおいてクラック率1%未満の窒化ケイ素回路基板を製造することが可能である。
 本発明のセラミックス回路基板に使用されるセラミックス基板としては、特に限定されるものではなく、窒化ケイ素、窒化アルミニウムなどの窒化物系セラミックス、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ジルコニウムなどの酸化物系セラミックス、炭化ケイ素等の炭化物系セラミックス、ほう化ランタン等のほう化物系セラミックス等で使用できる。但し、金属板を活性金属法でセラミックス基板に接合するため、窒化アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素等の非酸化物系セラミックスが好適であり、更に、優れた機械強度、破壊靱性の観点より、窒化ケイ素基板が好ましい。
本発明のセラミックス基板の厚みは特に限定されないが、0.1~3.0mm程度のものが一般的であり、特に、回路基板全体の熱抵抗率低減を考慮すると、1.0mm以下が好ましく、より好ましくは0.4mm以下である。
 本発明の金属板に使用する金属は、銅、アルミニウム、鉄、ニッケル、クロム、銀、モリブテン、コバルトの単体またはその合金など、活性金属法を適用できる金属であれば特に限定は無いが、特に導電性、放熱性の観点から銅板が好ましい。
 本発明の銅板の純度は、90%以上であることが好ましく、純度が90%より低い場合、セラミックス基板と銅板を接合する際、銅板とろう材の反応が不十分となったり、銅板が硬くなり回路基板の信頼性が低下する場合がある。
 本発明の銅板の厚みは特に限定されないが、0.1~1.5mmのもの一般的であり、特に、放熱性の観点から、0.3mm以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.5mm以上である。
 本発明のろう材層は、カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)と、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、錫から選択される少なくとも一種の活性金属とを含有する銀-銅系ろう材で構成される。銀-銅系ろう材の組成比は、共晶組成を生成し易い組成比に設定することが好ましく、特に、回路銅板および放熱銅板からの銅の溶け込みを考慮した組成が好ましい。銀粉末と銅粉末の合計100質量部において、銀粉末が75~98質量部、銅粉末が2~25質量部が好適である。銀粉末の量が75~98質量部以外の場合、ろう材の融解温度が上昇するため、接合時の熱膨張率差に由来する熱ストレスが増加し、耐熱サイクル性が低下し易い。
 本発明のろう材層を構成するろう材中に含有するカーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)の量は、銀粉末が75~98質量部及び銅粉末が2~25質量部の合計100質量部に対して、0.3~7.5質量部が好ましく、0.5~3.5がより好ましい。カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)の配合量が0.3質量部未満の場合は、ろう材の熱膨張率の低下が小さく、回路基板の熱サイクル特性改善への寄与が小さい。一方、7.5質量部より大きい場合は、セラミックス基板と金属板の接合強度が低下し好ましくない。
 カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)が15~400μmの平均長さ、且つ5~25μmの平均直径、且つ3~28の平均アスペクト比であることが好ましく、より好ましくは22~160μmの平均長さ、7.5~10μmの平均直径、平均アスペクト比4~10である。平均長さが400μmより大きい場合、且つ平均直径が25μmより大きい場合、且つ平均アスペクト比が28より大きい場合、ろう材ペースト中に均一に分散させることが困難となる。また、平均長さが15μmより小さい場合、且つ平均直径が5μmより小さい場合、且つ平均アスペクト比が4より小さい場合、セラミックス基板と金属板の接合強度が低下し好ましくない。
 本発明において、「平均長さ」とは、走査型電子顕微鏡を利用して20本以上のカーボンファイバーを観測し、各繊維の長さを画像解析にて計測して得られる値の平均値を意味する。「平均直径」とは、走査型電子顕微鏡を利用して20本以上のカーボンファイバーを観測し、各繊維の直径を画像解析にて計測して得られる値の平均値を意味する。「平均アスペクト比」とは、上記「平均長さ」を上記「平均直径」で除した値を意味する。
 カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)の種類は、ピッチ系カーボンファイバーまたはポリアクリロニトリル系カーボンファイバーであれば良い。また、カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)、有機結合剤や有機溶媒中に含有される炭素成分、カーボン粉末、ダイヤモンドなど同じ炭素原子から成る炭素成分間においても、その物理化学的挙動や機械的性質は全く異なることは周知の事実である。しかし、例えば、非繊維状カーボン粉末は熱伝導率が低いため、セラミックス回路基板の放熱性を阻害する可能性があり好ましくない。更には耐熱サイクル特性が低下することがあり好ましくない。また、ダイヤモンド粉末においては、熱伝導率は優れるもののコスト高となり好ましくない。
 ろう材層を構成するろう材中に含有する活性金属の量は、銀粉末が72質量部以上及び銅粉末が28質量部以下の合計100質量部に対して、1.0~9.0質量部が好ましく、より好ましくは3.0~5.5質量部である。活性金属の配合量が1.0質量部未満の場合は、セラミックス基板とろう材の濡れ性が良好でなく、接合不良が発生し易い。一方、活性金属の配合量が9質量部を超えると、接合界面に形成される脆弱な活性金属の窒化物層が過剰となり、耐熱サイクル性が低下する。なお、活性金属は、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、及び錫などの金属から選択できるが、これらの中でもチタンが好適である。
 ろう材層を構成するために塗布するろう材の厚みは、乾燥基準で5~40μmが好ましい。ろう材の厚みが5μm未満では未反応の部分が生じる場合があり、一方、40μmを超えると、接合層を除去する時間が長くなり生産性が低下する場合がある。塗布方法は特に限定されず、基板表面に均一に塗布できるスクリーン印刷法、ロールコーター法等の公知の塗布方法を採用することができる。
 セラミックス基板と金属板の接合は、真空中にて780℃~875℃の温度且つ10~60分の時間で接合することが好ましい。接合温度が780℃より小さい場合、または、接合時間が10分より短い場合、セラミックス基板とろう材の接合性が低下する。一方、接合温度が875℃より高い場合、または、接合時間が60分より長い場合、接合時の熱膨張率差に由来する熱ストレスが増加し、耐熱サイクル性が低下し易い。
 回路基板に回路パターンを形成するため、金属板にエッチングレジストを塗布してエッチングする。エッチングレジストに関して特に制限はなく、例えば、一般に使用されている紫外線硬化型や熱硬化型のものが使用できる。エッチングレジストの塗布方法に関しては特に制限はなく、例えばスクリーン印刷法等の公知の塗布方法が採用できる。
 回路パターンを形成するために銅板のエッチング処理を行う。エッチング液に関しても特に制限はなく、一般に使用されている塩化第二鉄溶液や塩化第二銅溶液、硫酸、過酸化水素水等が使用できるが、好ましいものとして、塩化第二鉄溶液や塩化第二銅溶液が挙げられる。エッチングによって不要な金属部分を除去した窒化物セラミックス回路基板には、塗布したろう材、その合金層、窒化物層等が残っており、ハロゲン化アンモニウム水溶液、硫酸、硝酸等の無機酸、過酸化水素水を含む溶液を用いて、それらを除去するのが一般的である。回路形成後エッチングレジストの剥離を行うが、剥離方法は特に限定されずアルカリ水溶液に浸漬させる方法などが一般的である。
[実施例1]
 厚み0.25mmの窒化ケイ素基板の両主面に、銀粉末(福田金属箔粉工業(株)製:AgC-BO)90質量部および銅粉末(福田金属箔粉工業(株)製:SRC-Cu-20)10質量部の合計100質量部に対して、平均長さが120μm、平均直径が15μm、平均アスペクト比が8のカーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)(日本グラファイトファイバー(株)製:XN‐100‐15M)を1.5質量部、チタン((株)大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ製:TSH-350)を3.5質量部含む活性金属ろう材を塗布し、回路面に厚み1.0mm、裏面に1.0mmの無酸素銅板を真空条件にて830℃且つ20分の条件で接合した。
 接合した回路基板を塩化銅を含むエッチング液でエッチングして回路を形成した。さらに、ろう材層をフッ化アンモニウム/過酸化水素エッチング液でエッチングし、窒化ケイ素回路基板を作製した。
 銅板と窒化ケイ素基板の接合性および回路基板の耐ヒートサイクル評価は下記の方法にて評価した。
<銅板と窒化ケイ素基板の接合性>
 銅板と窒化ケイ素基板の接合性は、ピール強度測定により評価した。測定法は次の通りである。窒化ケイ素基板に接合された銅回路パターンの一部である幅5mmのパターンの端をペンチで引き剥がし、この接合基板を引張試験機の台に固定し、前記パターンの端をプル試験機のチャックに取り付けた。この時、窒化ケイ素基板の表面と引き剥がされた前記銅回路パターンの角度が90°(鉛直方向)になるように設置する。その後、引張試験機を作動させ、チャックを介して引き剥がされた前記パターンを上方に引っ張って移動させ、その時の最大引き剥がし荷重を測定した。その最大引き剥がし荷重を幅(0.5cm)で除して接合強度を算出した。結果を表3に示す。
<耐ヒートサイクル性の評価>
 作製した窒化ケイ素回路基板を、-40℃にて30分、25℃にて10分、150℃にて30分、25℃にて10分を1サイクルとする耐ヒートサイクル試験を、2000サイクル繰り返し試験を行った。その後、塩化銅液、および、フッ化アンモニウム/過酸化水素エッチング液を用いて窒化ケイ素回路基板から銅板およびろう材層を剥離し、窒化ケイ素基板表面の水平クラック面積を画像解析ソフトGIMP2(閾値140)にて二値化し算出した後、水平クラック面積/回路パターンの面積(つまり、水平クラック面積の、回路パターン面積に対する割合)よりクラック率(%)を算出した。結果を表3に示す。
 表3に示すように、窒化ケイ素板に銅板を接合する際に、実施例1のように、銀粉末90質量部および銅粉末10質量部の合計100質量部に対して、カーボンファイバーの平均長さ120μm、平均直径15μm以下、平均アスペクト比8のカーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)を1.5質量部、チタンを3.5質量部含む配合にて、780℃~875℃の温度且つ10~60分の時間で接合することで、接合性を低下させることなく耐ヒートサイクルの評価がクラック率0.01%の回路基板が得られ、クラック率1%以の回路基板が得られることが実証された。
[実施例2~24、比較例1~13]
 表1,2に示す条件を変えたこと以外は、実施例1と同様に行った。なお、比較例13では、カーボンファイバーに替えて非繊維状カーボン粒子を用いた。銅板と窒化ケイ素基板の接合性、及び耐ヒートサイクル性の評価を、実施例1と同様に行った。結果を表3,4に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000003
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000004
 表3,4より、窒化ケイ素板に銅板を接合する際に、銀粉末75~98質量部および銅粉末2~25質量部の合計100質量部に対して、カーボンファイバーの平均長さ15~400μm、平均直径5~25μm、平均アスペクト比3~28のカーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)を0.3~7.5質量部、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、及び錫から選択される少なくとも一種の活性金属を1.0~9.0質量部含む配合にて、780℃~875℃の温度且つ10~60分の時間で接合することで、接合性を低下させることなく耐ヒートサイクルの評価でクラック率1%以下の回路基板が得られた。

Claims (1)

  1.  セラミックス基板の両主面と金属板が、銀-銅系ろう材層を介して接合されたセラミックス回路基板であって、前記銀-銅系ろう材層が、銀粉末75~98質量部及び銅粉末2~25質量部の合計100質量部に対して、カーボンファイバー(炭素繊維)0.3~7.5質量部と、チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウム、及び錫から選択される少なくとも一種の活性金属1.0~9.0質量部とを含む銀-銅系ろう材で構成され、前記カーボンファイバーが平均長さ15~400μm、平均直径5~25μm、平均アスペクト比3~28であることを特徴とするセラミックス回路基板。
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