WO2015118624A1 - 荷電粒子線装置、光学装置、照射方法、回折格子システム、及び回折格子 - Google Patents
荷電粒子線装置、光学装置、照射方法、回折格子システム、及び回折格子 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1842—Gratings for image generation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1866—Transmission gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement, ion-optical arrangement
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement, ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/09—Diaphragms; Shields associated with electron or ion-optical arrangements; Compensation of disturbing fields
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B2005/1804—Transmission gratings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
- G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
- G21K2201/064—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements having a curved surface
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
- G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
- G21K2201/067—Construction details
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light beam including X-rays, and a charged particle beam or an uncharged particle beam such as an electron beam, a neutron beam, or an ion beam.
- a fork-type diffraction grating that generates a helical wave having an equiphase surface in a spiral shape, a diffraction grating including an aperture that defines the outer shape of the grating, a diffraction grating system, and an optical apparatus or particle beam including the diffraction grating system
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and a diffraction method using them.
- Spiral wave> The helical wave that is the premise of the present application will be described by taking an optical wave as an example.
- the phase of a propagating light wave is uniquely determined.
- Surfaces having the same phase are called wavefronts, and wave types such as plane waves (see FIG. 1A) and spherical waves are classified based on the shape of the wavefront.
- phase there is a case where there is a singular point where the phase is not uniquely determined.
- a spiral wave having a helical shape centered on an axis having an equiphase surface (generally parallel to the optical axis).
- This is a phase state where the phase changes by an integral multiple of 2 ⁇ when the azimuth is rotated once around the singular point (helical axis) when viewed along a plane perpendicular to the wave propagation direction.
- It is a wave with The amount of change in phase that is an integral multiple of 2 ⁇ corresponds to a change in integral multiple of the wavelength in a propagating light wave.
- FIG. 1 shows a spiral wave 21 whose phase changes by 2 ⁇ when the azimuth is rotated one revolution.
- this 2 ⁇ -changing wave is referred to as a “helical wave of 1”.
- the axis of the helical axis 22 is a singular point of the phase, and the phase cannot be determined.
- FIG. 1 is a spiral wave 24 with a “helicalness of 2” whose phase changes by 4 ⁇ when the azimuth is rotated once.
- the wavefront changes by two wavelengths when the azimuth is rotated once. Since the wavelength does not extend, as shown in Fig. 1 (d), consider a wavefront that is shifted by a half rotation, and the phase distribution shown in Fig. It is considered a model of a spiral wave. Having a singular point (helix axis 22) whose phase is not uniquely determined is the same as when the degree of helix is 1.
- Other spirals can be considered by combining a plurality of wave fronts in accordance with the spiral degree as in FIG.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram of a particle model in which a converging spiral wave is drawn with streamlines 27.
- a streamline is drawn as a particle trajectory and a trajectory (streamline) is drawn in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront.
- FIG. 2B depicts the intensity distribution of the wave on the convergence surface (diffractive surface 94), and the spiral wave is characterized by being a ring-shaped spot 97 at the convergence point. This ring shape is expressed by a Bessel function (cylindrical function). As shown in FIG. 2A, since the converging spiral wave (particle) propagates while twisting, the momentum can be transmitted in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction.
- the momentum can be transmitted to the sample in the direction in the plane.
- it is a feature of the spiral wave that it is a wave capable of transmitting momentum.
- a momentum that rotates counterclockwise is transmitted.
- the total sum of momentum in all directions is zero.
- This spiral wave is called a Laguerre-Gaussian beam or optical vortex (Hikari Uzu) in optics, and is a light wave that propagates while maintaining its orbital angular momentum, and can exert a force in an equiphase surface (wavefront). . Therefore, it becomes possible to give momentum to the irradiation target, and it has been put to practical use as a manipulation technique such as optical tweezers for manipulating particles about the size of a cell, laser processing or super-resolution microspectroscopy. Furthermore, since a plurality of orbital angular momentums can be inherent in the portion of the helical axis that is a phase singular point, it is attracting attention in the field of quantum information communication. In addition, X-rays are expected to develop new technical developments in physical properties analysis and structural analysis, such as analysis of magnetization state and 3D image of atomic arrangement.
- topological charge inherent orbital angular momentum
- helicalness including the meaning of topological charge
- the spiral wave (electron spiral wave) in the electron beam propagates while maintaining the orbital angular momentum, so that it can create an application field as an unprecedented electron beam probe (incident beam).
- an unprecedented electron beam probe incident beam.
- the electron beam has the fundamental drawback that it is not sensitive to the magnetization parallel to the propagation direction, but the possibility of observing the magnetization in the electron beam propagation direction is possible with the electron spiral wave. There is.
- Spiral wave generation> There are two ways to create a spiral wave. One is a method utilizing a fact that a thin film having a spiral shape (thickness distribution) is irradiated with a plane wave and the phase distribution of the transmitted wave becomes a spiral shape reflecting the thickness of the film. The other is a method using a diffracted wave by a diffraction grating (edge dislocation diffraction grating) including edge dislocations called a fork-type grating (FIG. 3 and Non-Patent Document 1).
- the first method of irradiating a thin film with a plane wave is difficult to produce a spiral-shaped thin film when the wavelength is extremely short like an electron wave, and the second method using an edge dislocation diffraction grating is currently the mainstream. It has become.
- a spiral wave 21 (a wave having an equiphase surface having a spiral shape) generated as a diffracted wave from the edge-shaped dislocation diffraction grating 91 is replaced by a ring-like diffraction spot 99 in the diffraction image 9.
- a diffraction spot 97 is formed. If one of the ring-shaped diffraction spots can be spatially separated by the diffraction surface 94, the desired spiral wave 21 can be extracted.
- the generation of the helical wave can control the degree of helical degree by the order of the edge dislocation. Further, the positive / negative of the degree of helix (helix right-handed or left-handed) can be controlled by positive / negative of Burgers vector of edge dislocation.
- FIG. 4A is an electron microscope image of a third-order edge dislocation lattice 91 actually produced. Fabricated by processing into a silicon nitride membrane (thickness 200 nm) with a focused ion beam device. Three lattices are inserted from the upper side of FIG. 4A and concentrated in the center. That is, this concentrated portion is the position of the core of the edge dislocation, and the order in FIG. 4A is the third order. The order of the edge dislocations and the frequency of the generated spiral wave are basically the same.
- FIG. 4B is a small-angle electron diffraction image 9 (recorded with a camera length of 150 m) obtained when the diffraction grating of FIG. 4A is irradiated with an electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 300 kV.
- the first, second, and third order ring-shaped diffraction spots 97 are observed on the left and right of the 0th order spot 99 in the center, and the ring diameter increases as the diffraction order increases. From this, it can be seen that spiral waves having a spiral degree of ⁇ 3rd order, ⁇ 6th order, and ⁇ 9th order are generated. That is, the ring diameter of the diffraction spot directly represents the helical degree of the helical wave. As described above, it is possible to generate a plurality of types of helical waves 21 from the diffraction grating 91 including one edge dislocation.
- the spiral wave can transmit the momentum in the rotational direction to a probe effective for high-contrast observation of an annular polymer material or magnetic material, or to the ring-shaped irradiation region of the spiral wave. Utilizing this, it has been considered as a probe for powering the gear of an object to be irradiated, such as a micromachine (MEMS), but only a circular irradiation probe has been generated. Therefore, the inventor of the present application has found a problem that transmission efficiency is low for general materials and irradiated samples.
- MEMS micromachine
- a charged particle beam device including a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a grating surface and a control unit that irradiates the diffraction grating with a charged particle beam.
- the control unit irradiates only a part of an irradiation region in the charged particle beam to the grating surface, and a part of the irradiation region in the charged particle beam includes an edge dislocation of the diffraction grating, It is characterized by that.
- the irradiation method includes an irradiation step of irradiating a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a grating surface with a charged particle beam, and a detection step of detecting the charged particle beam that has passed through the diffraction grating.
- the irradiation step is a step of irradiating only a part of the irradiation region of the charged particle beam to the grating surface, and a part of the irradiation region of the charged particle beam is a blade shape of the diffraction grating. It includes dislocations.
- the diffraction grating system includes a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a grating surface, an outer shape of an opening surrounded by a closed curve, and an arbitrary position of the closed curve from a centroid point in the shape of the closed curve. And an aperture having a plurality of distances.
- the irradiation method includes an irradiation step of irradiating a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a lattice plane with a charged particle beam, an outer shape of the opening surrounded by a closed curve, and the shape of the closed curve
- the diffraction grating according to the present application is a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a grating surface, and the diffraction grating is surrounded by a closed curve on the outer surface of the grating surface, and a barycentric point in the shape of the closed curve There are a plurality of distances from a point to an arbitrary point of the closed curve, and the outer shape of the lattice plane is a triangle or N-gon (N is 5 or more).
- the diffraction grating according to the present application is a diffraction grating having edge dislocations on a grating surface, and the diffraction grating is surrounded by a closed curve on the outer surface of the grating surface, and a barycentric point in the shape of the closed curve There are a plurality of distances from a point to an arbitrary point of the closed curve, and the outer shape of the lattice plane is a shape having a curve.
- (a) It is a schematic diagram explaining how an opening device is comprised from two structures and an opening shape and a magnitude
- (b) It is the schematic diagram which showed a mode that the opening device which consists of two structures, and an edge dislocation grating were installed adjacently. It is a schematic diagram which shows that an opening device with a plurality of openings is adjacent to the edge-shaped dislocation lattice and its position moves. It is a schematic diagram which shows an example in case an opening device and a blade-shaped dislocation lattice comprise an integral structure. It is a schematic diagram which shows the 1st example of the transmission electron microscope provided with the diffraction grating system.
- the present invention controls an irradiation region such as a light wave or an electron wave by changing the outer shape (opening) of the diffraction grating including the edge dislocation to an arbitrary shape. Further, the outer shape and size of the diffraction grating including the edge dislocation is made smaller than the irradiation region of the light wave or the electron wave by using an aperture different from the diffraction grating. Can be realized by superimposing the shape and size of the opening on the shape of the spiral wave generated by reflecting the shape and size of the spiral wave on the diffraction surface. Specifically, the aperture device is realized by an optical system such as an aperture or an aperture.
- the above-described aperture device is not limited to a single one, but can be a diffraction grating system in which a plurality of the aperture devices and a plurality of the edge dislocation diffraction gratings are combined.
- a plurality of spiral waves can be generated on the diffraction surface with a higher degree of freedom.
- an optical element such as a diaphragm hole
- a spiral wave having a momentum of a predetermined direction, direction, and intensity is applied to the irradiated sample. Irradiate a predetermined part.
- the diffraction grating system described above can control the diffraction spot of the spiral wave generated on the diffraction surface to an arbitrary shape and size. Furthermore, by using a diffraction grating system in which a plurality of the above-mentioned edge dislocation diffraction gratings are combined, various patterns can be drawn using a spiral wave on the diffraction surface. Then, by selecting a predetermined portion of the spiral wave constituting the pattern and irradiating the sample, a momentum of an arbitrary direction or an arbitrary intensity can be transmitted to the irradiated sample.
- FIG. 5 shows variously shaped apertures 81 (left diagram) and the calculation results (right diagram) of their Fraunhofer diffraction images. From above, (a) a circular opening, (b) a triangular (regular triangle) opening, (c) a square (square) opening, and (d) a pentagonal (regular pentagon) opening.
- the Fraunhofer diffraction image is obtained as a Fourier transform of the aperture shape as in the case of the diffraction grating.
- the opening shape is reflected in the shape of the Fraunhofer diffraction image on the right side, but the diffraction image center 99 (referred to as the main maximum) is converged, and the opening shape is changed to the shape of the main maximum. It is difficult to find directly.
- the opening shape can be known from the sub-maximum around the main maximum and the streak direction created by the sub-maximum.
- the shape of the aperture converges to the central portion 99 of the Fraunhofer diffraction image, and in order to directly observe the shape, a small-angle diffractive optical system with a large observation magnification of the diffraction image, that is, a large camera length is used.
- a corresponding optical system must be realized.
- particle instruments such as optical instruments and electron microscopes, it is necessary to construct an optical system specially for this purpose.
- FIG. 6 is shown.
- the left figure of FIG. 6 is a simple grating (a set of the opening part 81 and the grating part 91) having the same shape as that of FIG. 5, and the right figure of FIG. 6 is a calculation of its Fraunhofer diffraction image (Fourier transform image). It is a result. They are (a) a circular opening, (b) a triangular (regular triangle) opening, (c) a square (square) opening, (d) a pentagon (regular pentagon) opening, and (e) a star opening.
- Each diffraction pattern on the right side shows a diffraction spot (a zero-order diffraction spot 99 corresponding to the transmitted wave in the center, ⁇ 1st-order and ⁇ 2nd-order diffraction spots 97 on the left and right sides) corresponding to the grating interval.
- a diffraction spot (a zero-order diffraction spot 99 corresponding to the transmitted wave in the center, ⁇ 1st-order and ⁇ 2nd-order diffraction spots 97 on the left and right sides) corresponding to the grating interval.
- the above result can be considered as a result of convolution in the Fourier space between the diffraction grating and the aperture shape. That is, since convolution in the real space is a product in the inverse space, the diffracted wave from the diffraction grating is localized in a spatial frequency portion (diffraction point) corresponding to the grating interval of the diffraction grating. Further, since the product of the delta function localization and the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern reflecting the aperture shape is a delta function localization, a distribution as shown on the right side of FIG. 6 is obtained.
- FIG. 7 is shown.
- the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the opening shape (81) and the diffraction grating (91) is completely changed when edge dislocations are included in the diffraction grating.
- the left diagram of FIG. 7 shows each lattice image in the case of a dislocation lattice including a third-order edge dislocation.
- the right diagram of FIG. 7 shows the calculation result (right diagram) of the Fraunhofer diffraction image (Fourier transform image).
- the lattice spacing of the basic lattice in the left diagram of FIG. 7 is the same as the lattice spacing of the simple lattice of FIG. 6, and the aperture shape and size are the same as in FIG.
- (a) circular opening, (b) triangle (regular triangle) opening, (c) quadrangle (square) opening, (d) pentagon (regular pentagon) opening, and (e) star opening. is there.
- the edge dislocation contained in the diffraction grating is the third order, the ⁇ 1st order diffraction spot of the diffraction image becomes a ring shape corresponding to the spiral wave of ⁇ 3 degrees. That is, as shown in FIG. 7A, it is understood that a ring-shaped diffraction spot is obtained when the grating outer shape is circular. This is as shown in FIG.
- the outer shape of the diffraction grating is shown by (b) triangle (regular triangle) opening, (c) square (square) opening, (d) pentagon (regular pentagon) opening, and (e) star opening in FIG.
- the diffraction pattern has a diffraction spot shape (99, 97) as shown on the right side of FIG. That is, as can be seen from this figure, the annular diffraction spot 97 has a shape reflecting the aperture shape. Also, the size of each annular diffraction spot increases as the diffraction order increases, reflecting the degree of spiral.
- Each annular diffraction spot is rotated 90 degrees clockwise on the right side (plus side) of the diffraction image and 90 degrees counterclockwise on the left side (minus side) of the diffraction image.
- This 90-degree rotation is an effect of Fourier transform, and the focus of the diffraction image can be measured from a characteristic shape using the degree of deviation of the rotation angle. This will be described later in Example 9.
- the unique result when the diffraction grating is an edge dislocation grating as shown in FIG. 7 can also be considered as a result of convolution of the diffraction grating and the aperture shape. That is, when edge dislocations are included in the lattice plane, the diffracted wave from the diffraction grating is not localized in a delta function, but is a Bessel function (cylindrical function) in the spatial frequency portion corresponding to the lattice spacing of the diffraction grating. It is distributed in a ring shape depending on.
- an annular diffraction spot having a distribution reflecting the aperture shape is obtained as a result of the product of the distribution having the Bessel function spread and the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern reflecting the aperture shape. That is, by using an edge dislocation diffraction grating, a diffraction spot having an aperture shape that could not be obtained unless an optical system was specially configured can be easily obtained even with conventional optical equipment or particle beam equipment. become.
- the present application uses an edge-shaped dislocation diffraction grating, and the outer shape of the diffraction grating, that is, the opening shape of the diffraction grating is set to an arbitrary shape, and a new shape diffraction pattern can be observed and processed by a light beam or particle beam using the shape.
- the present invention proposes a possible optical instrument or particle beam apparatus and a new diffraction method thereof.
- FIG. 8 shows a first example for carrying out the present invention.
- the plane wave 23 irradiated with the diffraction grating 91 including edge dislocations is configured differently from the prior art shown in FIG.
- the opening shape 81 of the diffraction grating 91 including edge dislocations has a shape like the tip of an arrow (hereinafter referred to as an arrowhead shape), and as shown in FIG. The shape is reflected. Further, this shape is a diffraction pattern that is rotated clockwise / counterclockwise (in this case, rotated 90 degrees) in the left and right directions in the direction indicating the diffraction spot 99 of the transmitted wave.
- One of the annular (arrowhead shape) diffraction spots can be spatially separated at the diffraction surface to form a predetermined spiral wave 21.
- the outer shape of the edge dislocation lattice can be designed in accordance with the shape of a desired helical wave.
- the degree of helical degree can be controlled by the order of the edge dislocation, and the positive / negative of the degree of spiraling (right-handed or left-handed of the spiral) can be controlled by positive / negative of Burgers vector of the edge dislocation.
- FIG. 9A shows a third-order edge dislocation diffraction grating having a regular pentagonal shape with different opening sizes, and each Fourier transform image is shown in the right figure.
- 9B shows an electron microscope image of an edge dislocation diffraction grating processed into a silicon nitride membrane (for example, a thickness of 200 nm by a focused ion beam apparatus) with reference to FIG. 9A.
- the figure on the right shows a small-angle electron diffraction image obtained by irradiating the dislocation diffraction grating with an electron beam with an acceleration voltage of 300 kV.
- the camera length in the right figure was recorded at 300m.
- FIG. 10 shows an edge dislocation diffraction grating manufactured by rotating the orientation of the opening shape of a third-order edge dislocation grating having a square opening shape by 22.5 degrees. Each electron diffraction image is also shown in the right figure. All experimental conditions were the same as in FIG. From this figure, it can be seen that both the left and right diffraction spots rotate in the same direction with the azimuth rotation of the aperture shape. This property can be used for a focus measurement method for a diffraction image, which will be described later in Example 9. ⁇ Example 2> A second example for carrying out the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 11A and 11B. FIG.
- FIG. 11A shows an example of a diffraction grating system in which the diffraction grating 91 and the aperture 83 are formed of separate structures.
- the opening shape 81 is a part of the opening device 83.
- the aperture 83 is shown adjacent to the upper side of the diffraction grating 91 having a third-order edge dislocation (grating is rectangular), the upper and lower relationship between the diffraction grating and the aperture, and the mutual relationship The distance is not limited to the configuration of FIG.
- the relative position between the diffraction grating and the aperture may be changeable in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. That is, the positions of the diffraction grating 91 and the aperture device 83 may be changed.
- FIG. 11B shows a shape when there is no rotational symmetry (in other words, when there is one rotational symmetry) when the center of gravity G of the opening shape formed of a closed curve is a symmetry axis.
- FIG. 11B depicts the case where the center of the arc where the center of gravity G and the point H and the point I on the left side of the aperture shape are coincident with each other.
- the distance from an arbitrary point on the closed curve to the center of gravity is determined only when the closed curve is an arc centered on the center of gravity.
- point M and point N on the closed curve are two points on the same arc, but the center point G of the center of gravity and point M and point N do not coincide with each other.
- the length of minute NG has a relationship of MG> NG. Since the straight line is considered to be an arc with an infinite distance to the center, the relationship between point K and point L is the same as point M and point N, and the relationship between the length of line segment KG and line segment LG is clear KG ⁇ LG.
- FIG. 7 shows a circular opening ⁇ rotation symmetry.
- FIG. 12 shows a third example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 12 shows a case where a part of the closed curve that defines the opening shape 81 of the opening device 83 shown in FIG. 11 is irradiated with a light beam or particle beam that irradiates a circular region.
- the opening shape 81 of the light beam or particle beam that passes through the diffraction grating system as a result is the irradiated region of the opening of the opening device 83.
- FIG. 13 shows a fourth example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 13 shows a structure in which a diffraction grating 91 including an edge dislocation and an aperture 83 are separated from each other, and the aperture 83 is disposed on the object plane and the diffraction grating 91 is disposed on the image plane via the lens 4. This is an example of a diffraction grating system.
- the object plane and the image plane are described separately, but are optically equivalent planes and are not limited to the arrangement in this example. That is, the arrangement of the diffraction grating 91 and the aperture device 83 may be interchanged.
- the optical system including the lens 4 may be an imaging optical system, and the number of lenses existing between the diffraction grating 91 and the aperture 83 is not particularly limited.
- an optical system is inserted between the diffraction grating and the aperture as shown in FIG. 13, it can be effectively adjacent even if spatially separated, and the aperture or the diffraction grating has a moving mechanism, etc.
- This is advantageous when installing mechanical additional devices. That is, the degree of freedom in design can be improved.
- the enlargement or reduction action of the optical system can be used.
- it is possible to improve the mechanical accuracy by making a large diffraction grating and then performing reduction projection in the optical system.
- the magnification can be changed relatively with the object surface and the image surface fixed, so the aperture size is adjusted at the stage of use. -It can also be changed.
- FIG. 13 shows an example in which the irradiation optical system is adjusted so that the light beam or the particle beam irradiates the entire opening of the aperture device, unlike FIG. 12, but the fourth and third embodiments contradict each other.
- the third embodiment can be applied to the present embodiment instead of the embodiment. Incidentally, it should be noted that other embodiments can be compatible with each other unless otherwise noted.
- FIG. 14A shows an example of a diffraction grating system in which the diffraction grating 91, the aperture 1 (831), and the aperture 2 (832) are arranged on the object plane and the image plane via the lens 4.
- the aperturer 1 (831) and the aperturer 2 (832) are composed of two or more structures, and at least one of the structures is a diffraction plane including an edge dislocation on the object surface of the optical system. It is arranged on the image plane of the optical system adjacent to the grating.
- the positional relationship of the structures constituting the aperture device is determined in consideration of the inversion of the image caused by the image formation.
- FIG. 14A a single imaging optical system with one lens is assumed (the image is inverted before and after the lens with respect to the optical axis), so the first of the aperture device placed on the object surface of the lens.
- Both the structure 2 and the second structure placed on the image plane of the lens are located on the left side in the figure, but are not limited to this arrangement.
- the advantage obtained by arranging the diffraction grating and the aperture device separately in space is also described in the fourth embodiment.
- an opening device is comprised from a some structure body, not only the magnitude
- FIG. 15 (a) and Fig. 15 (c) depict the structures constituting the aperture device in the same plane. 14 may be considered as a configuration on the image plane, or may be considered as an opening device including two adjacent structures (831) and (832) as shown in FIG. 15 (e). Good.
- FIG. 15B and FIG. 15D illustrate how the shape changes with the size of the opening by changing the relative positions of the two structures constituting the opening device.
- FIG. 16A shows a sixth example for carrying out the present invention.
- the aperture 83 is provided with apertures 81 having a plurality of shapes and sizes, and the aperture 83 can move on a plane substantially perpendicular to the optical axis.
- FIG. 16B shows a seventh example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 16B is an example of the edge dislocation diffraction gratings (81) and (91) manufactured by integrating the diffraction grating 91 including the edge dislocation and the opening 81 as an integral structure.
- the effects of the present embodiment include that it is stable because it is an integral structure as a whole, and that it is simple in operation such as alignment on the optical system.
- FIG. 17 shows an eighth example for carrying out the present invention.
- an electron beam will be described as an example unless otherwise specified.
- the present invention is not limited to the electron beam.
- FIG. 17 shows a system configuration assuming a general-purpose electron microscope having an acceleration voltage of about 300 kV, but is not limited to an electron microscope under these conditions.
- a diffraction grating 91 including edge dislocations is installed in an irradiation optical system below the accelerating tube 40 together with the aperture 83, and the condenser lens 41 above the edge dislocation grating is disposed on the condenser lens 41.
- the intensity of the electron beam 27 that irradiates the edge dislocation lattice 91, the size of the irradiation region, and the like are adjusted.
- the relationship between the diffraction grating 91 and the aperture 83 shown in FIG. 17 is similar to that described in the second embodiment (FIG. 11A, etc.), but is not limited to this. It can respond to the forms in all the embodiments described in the above.
- the aperture 83 may be positioned directly below the diffraction grating 91 or may be positioned below the second condenser lens 42.
- the generation of a spiral wave is confirmed by observing a ring-shaped or annular diffraction spot in a small-angle diffraction image with an electron beam transmitted through an edge dislocation lattice. Further, the helical degree of the helical wave given by the product of the order of the edge dislocation of the edge dislocation grating used and the order of the diffraction spot can be evaluated from the size of the ring-shaped or annular diffraction spot.
- the helical wave irradiated to the sample 3 is a convergent helical wave (annular diffraction spot) or a plane wave helical wave is determined by the second condenser lens 42 positioned between the edge dislocation diffraction grating 91 and the sample 3. Selectable. Then, a predetermined electron spiral wave is selected by the aperture element 15 above the sample 3 among the electron beams transmitted through the edge dislocation lattice 91, and the sample 3 is irradiated.
- FIG. 17 illustrates a case where the sample 3 is irradiated with a first-order diffracted wave by the edge dislocation grating 91 as a convergent spiral wave. Observation of a sample by a convergent spiral wave or processing of the sample may be performed by an apparatus having this optical system.
- the electron beam transmitted through the sample 3 is enlarged by the objective lens 5 and the imaging lens system (61, 62, 63, 64) downstream from the sample and formed on the image detection surface 89.
- a scanning observation method is reasonable, but not limited to this.
- a spiral wave that can irradiate a wide area where conventional transmission observation can be performed may be created.
- an observation method that does not require wide area irradiation, such as high-resolution observation is also possible.
- the imaged sample image 35 is observed on, for example, an image data monitor 76 screen through a detector 79 and a controller 78 or stored as image data in a recording device 77.
- FIG. 18 shows a ninth example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 18 illustrates an optical system when the diffraction image 9 is observed.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a general-purpose electron microscope basically having the same configuration as FIG. The present invention is not limited to the electron microscope having the configuration depicted in FIG.
- a system for measuring and adjusting the focus of a diffraction image using the present invention will be described.
- the diffraction image is directly observed behind a sufficient propagation distance so as to satisfy the Fraunhofer diffraction condition shown in Expression (1) from an electron beam transmitted or reflected from the sample.
- an electron microscope or the like is observed by forming an image of the focal position of the objective lens on the rear side of the sample on the observation surface with a lens system at a later stage.
- the sample 3 is placed outside the electron beam path 27, and instead the edge dislocation lattice 91 is arranged in the path.
- the outer shape of the edge dislocation grid 91 is adjusted to have a predetermined shape by the opening device 83, or as shown in FIG. 16B, the edge dislocation grid (81 and 91) having a predetermined opening shape is used. .
- a diffraction image 9 reflecting the outer shape of the edge dislocation grating is formed on the image detection surface 89 adjusted to the diffraction image observation state.
- the diffraction spot is not only the shape 97 of the annular diffraction spot reflecting the outer shape of the edge dislocation grating, but also depending on the focus position as the diffraction image 9,
- the shape rotates azimuthally around the propagation direction of each diffracted wave in the diffraction plane. This rotation depends on the amount of defocus, and the rotation direction is reversed depending on whether the diffracted wave is positive or negative. Further, the higher the spiral wave, the smaller the rotation angle.
- Fig. 19 shows the experimental results.
- This figure is a diffraction image observed by changing the focus using the edge-shaped dislocation grating having the outermost diamond shape in FIG.
- the annular diffraction spot showing a rhombic helical wave depending on the focus rotates in the diffraction plane.
- the diffraction spot of the transmitted wave in the center changes in size in accordance with the amount of defocusing, whereas the annular diffraction spot reflecting the outer shape rotates in the diffraction plane but its size is large. There has been little change.
- the object to be observed is an annular diffraction spot, and the receiver is hardly saturated in intensity.
- the focus dependency on the shape and size of the annular diffraction spot is small, it is possible to determine the focus with high accuracy by paying attention to the shape of the annular diffraction spot.
- FIG. 19 shows an annular diffraction spot having four rotational symmetry due to the rhombus shape. However, as shown in the arrowhead shape of FIG. If no shape is selected, misjudgment due to overlapping symmetry can be avoided even in the case of large focus modulation.
- the diffraction image formed on the image detection surface 89 is observed on the screen of the image data monitor 76, for example, through the detector 79 and the controller 78 and stored as image data in the recording device 77, and is observed under different focus conditions.
- the focus condition can be determined by comparing the recorded diffraction image with, for example, the image data monitor 76 screen.
- the amount of defocus may be determined by image processing such as obtaining a correlation coefficient with a Fourier transform image of an edge dislocation lattice stored in advance in the system control computer 51. Then, the system control computer 51 can be used to perform feedback control on the second condenser lens 42 or the objective lens 5 to adjust the diffraction image 9 to the in-focus state.
- the system control computer 51 may have the function as described above, or a separate image processing system (not shown) may be provided. It may be used.
- the series of operations of the present invention can also be automated.
- the edge dislocation gratings (81 and 91) and the sample 3 are exchanged, and an in-focus diffraction image of the sample is obtained.
- the aperture element is arranged directly under the sample, a diffraction image only from a predetermined region of the sample can be obtained without changing the optical system.
- Various methods can be used to create the diffraction image of the sample as described above, but it can be compatible with the method of measuring and adjusting the focus of the diffraction image of the present invention.
- Example 10> A method for selecting the momentum of a spiral wave, particularly a device / method for determining and selecting a predetermined one direction will be described.
- FIG. 2B is an example of a ring-shaped diffraction spot with the most common circular aperture.
- FIG. 2A taking FIG. 2A as an example, assuming a spiral wave that rotates counterclockwise as it propagates from top to bottom, the momentum transmitted to the irradiated sample is also counterclockwise as shown by the arrows in the figure. Rotate. At this time, the sum of momentum in all directions in the diffraction plane 94 is zero.
- the diffraction spot 97 enlarged and displayed in the right-hand drawing part in FIG. 20 is an example of a rectangular annular diffraction spot 97 obtained when the edge dislocation diffraction grating (83 and 91) having a rectangular opening is used. Since the momentum is transmitted along the diffraction spot shape, the momentum transmitted to the irradiated sample 3 also rotates in the counterclockwise direction along the rectangular side as indicated by an arrow in the figure. Even in this case, the combined sum of momentums in all directions of the diffraction plane 94 is zero.
- the shape of the aperture can be reflected in the shape of the diffraction spot if it is an edge dislocation grating.
- the Fourier transform image (simulation result) on the right side of FIG. 7 is an example of an annular diffraction spot reflecting various aperture shapes.
- only a momentum in a predetermined direction is irradiated to a predetermined position of the sample by selecting a light beam or a particle beam that constitutes a part of the annular diffraction spot reflecting the aperture shape. It is a device / method.
- FIG. 20 shows an aperture element 15 having a hole 16 having a predetermined shape for selectively transmitting part of a rectangular annular diffraction spot between the edge-shaped dislocation grating (83 and 91) having a rectangular opening and the irradiated sample 3.
- FIG. 20 shows an aperture element 15 having a hole 16 having a predetermined shape for selectively transmitting part of a rectangular annular diffraction spot between the edge-shaped dislocation grating (83 and 91) having a rectangular opening and the irradiated sample 3.
- FIG. 20 shows an aperture element 15 having a hole 16 having a predetermined shape for selectively transmitting part of a rectangular annular diffraction spot between the edge-shaped dislocation grating (83 and 91) having a rectangular opening and the irradiated sample 3.
- the spatial distance between the sample and the aperture element corresponds to the amount of defocus in the diffraction image described in the ninth embodiment. Therefore, it is sufficient to make the aperture shape in advance considering the azimuth angle rotation of the annular diffraction spot, or the aperture size and shape so that the azimuth angle rotation of the annular diffraction spot does not become a problem.
- the electron beam 27 that forms the diffraction spot of the outer straight line portion of the annular diffraction spot 97 can be irradiated to the sample, the above-described effect can be obtained. Therefore, the hole 16 having a predetermined shape for selectively transmitting a part of the rectangular annular diffraction spot is not necessarily required.
- FIG. 21 shows an eleventh example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 21 shows a hole having a predetermined shape that selectively transmits a part of the rectangular annular diffraction spot 97 between the edge-shaped dislocation grating (not shown) having a rectangular opening and the irradiated sample 3.
- 1 is a schematic diagram of an optical system in which an aperture element 15 having 16 is inserted.
- the annular diffraction spot 97 that transmits the momentum to the rectangular counterclockwise rotation generated by the first-order diffracted wave and the first-order diffracted wave is selected, and the propagation direction is drawn downward in the drawing.
- FIG. 15 indicates that different portions of the annular diffraction spot 97 are selected by moving, and as a result, the sample 3 is irradiated with a diffracted wave (spiral wave 21) having a momentum in different directions.
- a diffracted wave spiral wave 21
- FIG. 21 when the aperture element 15 is alternately moved left and right in the figure, an electron beam having a momentum of linear downward (on the left side of the annular diffraction spot) and linear upward (on the right side of the annular diffraction spot) with respect to the sample 3 is obtained. Can be irradiated alternately.
- FIG. 21 shows an example in which momentum is transmitted alternately in two directions, but if the moving direction and order of the aperture elements are changed, the corresponding portions of the electron beam that forms the annular diffraction spot propagate in that order, The momentum in the corresponding direction is transmitted to the irradiated sample in the corresponding order. If the aperture shape of the edge dislocation lattice is changed, selective irradiation corresponding to the aperture shape can be performed, and a complicated momentum can be transmitted.
- FIG. 22 shows a twelfth example for carrying out the present invention.
- FIG. 22 shows a part of the space from the edge-shaped dislocation lattice (not shown) having a rectangular opening to the sample 3 as in FIG.
- a deflector 85 is provided above the aperture element 15. ing.
- FIG. 22 for the convenience of drawing, a parallel plate electrode type deflector 85 that can be deflected only in the left-right direction is illustrated.
- the present application relates to the deflection direction, the deflection method, and the shape of the deflector as shown in FIG. It is not limited to.
- the diaphragm element 15 is not moved, but the deflected diffracted wave 27 is deflected using the deflector 85, and a predetermined portion of the annular diffraction spot 97 is taken into the diaphragm hole 16. Further, by irradiating the sample 3 arranged below, a linear momentum is transmitted to the sample 3. When the spatial distance between the aperture element 15 and the sample 3 to be irradiated is short, the spiral wave 21 having different momentum can be irradiated to the same region on the sample 3 regardless of the deflection angle and direction. For example, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 23A illustrates a pattern of a plurality of spiral waves generated using a diffraction grating system including a plurality of edge dislocation diffraction gratings. Both are Fourier transform images by simulation.
- the left side of FIG. 23A shows the edge dislocation diffraction gratings (81 and 91) having square, circular, and equilateral triangular openings in order of size, and the right side shows the simulation result of the Fourier transform image.
- this is an example of a diffraction grating system in which both the opening shape 81 and the size of the plurality of edge dislocation diffraction gratings 91 are changed.
- the basic grating interval and orientation that characterize the diffraction grating, and the orders of the edge dislocations included in the diffraction grating are all the same in the third order. Since the plurality of spiral waves generated by diffraction have the same basic lattice spacing and orientation, they are superimposed with their diffraction points coincident. Therefore, the diffraction surface is not a thin ring or ring, but is a diffraction spot 97 that overlaps and spreads. If the number of types of diffraction gratings constituting the diffraction grating system is increased, a spiral wave suitable for an irradiation probe of a normal transmission type device that is not a scanning type can be obtained. This can be said to be a spiral wave suitable for a probe that can irradiate a region having a certain spread on the sample at a time.
- FIG. 23B The left side of FIG. 23B is an example of a diffraction grating system (81 and 91) in which the opening shape, size, and order of edge dislocations of the edge dislocation diffraction grating are the same, but the interval and orientation of the basic diffraction grating are changed. It is.
- On the right is the simulation result of the Fourier transform image.
- each edge-shaped dislocation diffraction grating 91 having a circular opening generates a ring-shaped diffraction spot 97 centered at a diffraction point corresponding to each grating interval and orientation in the diffraction surface.
- a pattern can be drawn on the diffraction surface.
- FIG. 23B is an example in which a pattern of five rings is drawn.
- the edge dislocation diffraction grating 91 on the left side of the figure is also located at a position similar to the pattern on the diffraction plane to be generated.
- the left and right sides of the figure are in a relationship between real space and inverse space, and the pattern on the diffraction surface does not depend on the position of each diffraction grating.
- a spiral wave that irradiates the sample is selected using a diffraction grating system composed of a plurality of edge dislocation diffraction gratings. -Show the method of extraction.
- the left side (a) of FIG. 24 shows a portion where the momentum of the annular diffraction spot 97 coincides with the diffraction surface by adjusting the orientation of the basic grating of the diffraction grating having a rectangular aperture shape including edge dislocations having different orders of magnitude.
- 2 is an example of a diffraction grating system (81 and 91) designed to overlap within.
- the right side (a) of FIG. 24 shows a Fourier transform image by simulation. Further, as can be seen from FIG. 24B, since the upper and lower annular diffraction spots 97 are partially overlapped, a diffraction pattern that draws the number “8” is obtained.
- the central portion of the “8” pattern is obtained by doubling the intensity of the spiral wave because the annular diffraction spots 97 overlap so that the directions of the momentum of the corresponding spiral waves coincide with each other.
- the intensity can also be controlled by superimposing diffraction spots.
- FIG. 24 Two types of Fourier transform images are shown on the right side of FIG. 24 (a).
- the upper stage is irradiated with two coherent waves (for example, a laser beam and a field emission electron beam).
- the diffraction pattern from the upper and lower edge dislocation diffraction gratings is superimposed incoherently, although each diffraction image can be obtained by irradiation with coherent waves in each grating plane. Corresponds to the diffraction pattern of the case.
- This incoherent superposition corresponds to, for example, a case where the distance between the two edge dislocation gratings is larger than the coherent distance of the wave to be irradiated. Comparing the upper and lower Fourier transform images, in the case of coherent superimposition (upper stage), it can be seen that the central portion where the upper and lower annular diffraction spots overlap has a fine and good linear intensity distribution as a result of interference. On the other hand, in the case of incoherent superimposition (lower stage), there is only an overlap of two upper and lower annular spots.
- the interference of diffraction waves generated by each diffraction grating must be considered.
- the upper and lower diffracted waves interfere and strengthen each other because the phases of the basic gratings of the respective diffraction gratings are in agreement.
- the phase of the grating is shifted, conversely to this example, it may be possible to weaken as a result of interference. Thorough consideration is necessary when designing a diffraction grating system.
- the left side (c) of Fig. 24 is a diffraction grating system (81 and 91) having a diffraction case having three rectangular openings in which the order of edge dislocations and the lattice spacing of the basic grating are different. This is also designed so that the portion of the annular diffraction spot 97 having the same momentum overlaps in the diffraction plane.
- a Fourier transform image by simulation is shown on the right side of FIG. 24 (a), and a diffraction pattern is obtained in which the rectangular annular diffraction spots 97 are partially inscribed.
- the portions where the annular diffraction spots are in contact with each other are overlapped so that the directions of the momentum of the corresponding spiral waves coincide with each other, so that the intensity of the spiral wave is increased ((d) in FIG. 24). reference).
- the matching area depends on the inner figure, there is an effect of making the irradiation area compact as compared with FIG.
- the diffraction grating including edge dislocations (1) Positive / negative and order of edge dislocations (2) Grating interval and orientation of basic diffraction grating (3) Opening shape and size of edge dislocation diffraction grating (4) Number of edge dislocation diffraction gratings
- Electron source 15 ... Diaphragm element, 16 ... Diaphragm hole, 17 ... Control system of aperture, 18 ... Vacuum container, 19 ... Control system of electron source, 2 ... Optical axis, 21 ... Spiral wave, 22 ... Spiral wave , 23 ... plane wave, 27 ... particle stream stream and electron beam trajectory, 3 ... sample, 35 ... sample image, 39 ... sample holder control system, 4 ... lens, 40 ... acceleration tube, 41 ... First condenser lens 42 ... second condenser lens 47 ... second condenser lens control system 48 ... first condenser lens control system 49 ... accelerator tube control system 5 ... objective lens 51 ...
- system control computer 52 ... System control computer monitor, 53 ... System control computer interface, 59 ... Objective lens control system, 61 ... First intermediate lens, 62 ... Second intermediate lens, 63 ... First projection lens, 64 ... 2 projection lens, 66 ... control system of second projection lens, 67 ... control system of first projection lens, 68 ... control system of second intermediate lens, 69 ... control system of first intermediate lens, 76 ... image data monitor, 77 ... Image data recording device, 78 ... Image data controller, 79 ... Image detector, 81 ... Opening, 83 ... Opening device, 831 ... Opening component, 832 ... Opening component remaining, 85 ... Deflector, 88 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS ...
- Control system of aperture device 89 ... Image detection surface, 9 ... Diffraction image, 91 ... Diffraction grating or edge dislocation diffraction grating, 93 ... Aperture device, 94 ... Diffraction surface, 96 ... Control system of diffraction grating, 97 ... Diffraction Wave spot, 99 ... Diffraction spot of transmitted wave
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Abstract
Description
本願の前提となるらせん波について、光波を例に説明する。コヒーレントな光学系においては、伝播する光波の位相は一意に定まる。その位相が等しい面を波面と呼び、その波面の形状から平面波(図1の(a)参照)、球面波など波動の分類が成されている。
らせん波を作り出すには、2通りの方法が実現されている。1つはらせん形状(厚さ分布)をした薄膜に平面波を照射し、透過した波の位相分布が膜の厚さを反映してらせん形状となることを利用する方法である。もう1つが、フォーク型格子と呼ばれる刃状転位を含む回折格子(刃状転位回折格子)による回折波を利用する方法である(図3、及び非特許文献1)。薄膜に平面波を照射する第1の方法は、電子波のごとく波長が極端に短い場合に、らせん形状をした薄膜の作製が難しいため、現在は刃状転位回折格子を用いる第2の方法が主流となっている。
ことを特徴とする。
<実施例1>
図8に本発明を実施するための第1の例を示す。図3に示した従来の技術と異なる構成であり、刃状転位を含む回折格子91を照射した平面波23は回折格子を透過後、回折波としてらせん波21を形成する。しかし、刃状転位を含む回折格子91の開口形状81が矢印の先端部(以下、矢頭形状)のような形状をしており、図7に示したように、環状回折スポット97の形状に矢頭形状が反映される。また、本形状は透過波の回折スポット99を指す方位に左右それぞれ時計/反時計方向に回転(ここでは90度回転)した回折パターンとなる。
<実施例2>
図11Aおよび図11Bを用いて、本発明を実施するための第2の例を示す。図11Aは回折格子91と開口器83とが別なる構造体から構成された回折格子システムの例である。開口形状81は開口器83の一部である。3次の刃状転位を持つ回折格子91(格子外形は矩形)の上側に隣接して開口器83が設置されている様子を示しているが、回折格子と開口器の上下の関係、および相互の距離は、図11の構成に限定するものではない。また、回折格子と開口器との相対位置は、水平方向・垂直方向ともに、変更可能であってもかまわない。すなわち、回折格子91と開口器83との位置が変わってもよい。
<実施例3>
図12に本発明を実施するための第3の例を示す。図12は、図11にて示した開口器83の開口形状81を定める閉曲線の一部が、円形領域を照射する光線あるいは粒子線によって照射される場合を示している。図12の例では、結果として回折格子システムを透過する光線あるいは粒子線の開口形状81は、開口器83の開口部の被照射領域となっている。
<実施例4>
図13に本発明を実施するための第4の例を示す。図13は、刃状転位を含む回折格子91と開口器83とが別なる構造体から構成され、かつ、レンズ4を介して開口器83が物面に、回折格子91が像面に配置された回折格子システムの例である。ここで、物面と像面は区別して記載したが、光学上では等価な面であり、この例の配置に限定するものではない。すなわち、回折格子91と開口器83とは配置を入れ替えてもかまわない。また、レンズ4を含む光学系は結像光学系であればよく、回折格子91と開口器83との間に存在するレンズの数は特に限定しない。
<実施例5>
図14A及び図14Bに本発明を実施するための第5の例を示す。図14Aは回折格子91と開口器1(831),開口器2(832)とが、レンズ4を介して物面と像面に配置される回折格子システムの例である。ただし、開口器1(831),開口器2(832)が2つ以上の構造体から構成されるとともに、その構造体の少なくとも一方が光学系の物面に、他方が刃状転位を含む回折格子と隣接して光学系の像面に配置されている。また、結像によって像の反転が生じることを考慮して、開口器を構成する構造体の位置関係を定めている。
<実施例6>
図16Aに、本発明を実施するための第6の例を示す。図16Aでは、開口器83に複数の形状・大きさの開口81が設けられており、その開口器83が光軸に対して略垂直な平面上を移動可能であることが示されている。
<実施例7>
図16Bに本発明を実施するための第7の例を示す。図16Bは、刃状転位を含む回折格子91と開口81とを一体構造として製作した刃状転位回折格子(81)、(91)の例である。本実施例における効果は、全体が一体構造であるため安定であること、光学系上での位置合わせなど、操作においても簡便であること、が挙げられる。図4A、図4B、図9A、図9Bに例示した実験では、この構成を使用した。
<実施例8>
図17に本発明を実施するための第8の例を示す。本実施例においては説明の便宜上、これ以後特に断らない限り、電子線を例示して説明を行うが、本発明が電子線に限定されるわけではない。そして図17は、300kV程度の加速電圧を持つ汎用型の電子顕微鏡を想定したシステム構成で描いているが、この条件の電子顕微鏡に限定するものではない。
<実施例9>
図18に本発明を実施するための第9の例を示す。図18は、回折像9を観察する際の光学系を例示している。基本的には図17と同様の構成を持つ汎用型の電子顕微鏡の模式図である。図18で描いている構成を持つ電子顕微鏡に限定するものではないことも、図17と同様である。
<実施例10>
らせん波の持つ運動量を選択する方法、とりわけ所定の1方向に定めて選択する装置・手法について説明する。図2Bは最も一般的な円形開口によるリング状回折スポットの例である。また、図2Aを例として、上から下への伝播に伴い反時計方向に回転するらせん波を想定すると、被照射試料に伝達される運動量も、図中に矢印で示したごとく反時計方向に回転する。このとき、回折面内94の全方位での運動量の合成和はゼロとなる。
<実施例11>
図21に本発明を実施するための第11の例を示す。図21は図20と同様に、矩形開口の刃状転位格子(図示は省略)と被照射試料3との間に、矩形形状の環状回折スポット97の一部を選択透過させる所定の形状の孔16を持つ絞り孔素子15を挿入した光学系の模式図である。作図の煩雑を避けるため、1次の回折波と1次の回折波が作る長方形状の反時計回転に運動量を伝達する環状回折スポット97のみを選び、伝播方向を紙面下向きに作図している。
<実施例12>
図22に本発明を実施するための第12の例を示す。図22は図21と同様に、矩形開口の刃状転位格子(図示は省略)から試料3までの空間の一部について作図しているが、絞り孔素子15の上方に偏向器85が備えられている。図22では作図の都合上、図中左右方向のみに偏向可能な平行平板電極型偏向器85が描かれているが、本願は偏向方向や偏向方法、および偏向器の形状に関して、図22の形態に限定するものではない。
<実施例13>
図23Aに、複数の刃状転位回折格子からなる回折格子システムを用いて生成した複数のらせん波によるパターンを例示する。いずれも、シミュレーションによるフーリエ変換像である。図23Aの左側は、大きさの順に正方形、円形、正三角形の開口形状を持つ刃状転位回折格子(81および91)と、右側はそのフーリエ変換像のシミュレーション結果である。言い換えるならば、複数の刃状転位回折格子91の開口形状81と大きさの両方を変化させた回折格子システムの例である。
<実施例14>
図24に、試料にらせん波を介して所定の方向、強度を持った運動量を伝達するために、複数の刃状転位回折格子からなる回折格子システムを用いて、試料を照射するらせん波を選択・抽出する方法を示す。
(1)刃状転位の正負と次数
(2)基本回折格子の格子間隔と方位
(3)刃状転位回折格子の開口形状と大きさ
(4)刃状転位回折格子の数
の各々の条件をコントロールすることにより、回折面にらせん波を用いて様々なパターンを描くことが可能となる。該パターンを構成するらせん波の所定の部分を選択して試料に照射することによって、任意の方向、強度の運動量を被照射試料に伝達することが可能となる。
Claims (35)
- 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子と、
前記回折格子に荷電粒子線を照射させる制御部と、
を有する荷電粒子線装置において、
前記制御部は、前記荷電粒子線における照射領域の一部のみを前記格子面に照射させ、
前記荷電粒子線における照射領域の一部は前記回折格子の刃状転位を含む、
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記制御部は、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与える制御を行う
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項2において、
前記制御部は、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記制御部は、検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする光学装置。 - 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子に荷電粒子線を照射させる照射ステップと、
前記回折格子を通過した前記荷電粒子線を検出する検出ステップと、を有し、
前記照射ステップは、前記荷電粒子線における照射領域の一部のみを前記格子面に照射させるステップであり、
前記荷電粒子線における照射領域の一部は前記回折格子の刃状転位を含む、
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項6において、
前記照射ステップは、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与えるステップである
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項7において、
前記照射ステップは、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行するステップである
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項6において、
検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する計測ステップを有する
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項6において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする照射方法。 - 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子と、
開口部の外形が閉曲線に囲まれ、かつ前記閉曲線の形状における重心点から前記閉曲線の任意の点までは距離が複数ある開口器と、
を有することを特徴とする回折格子システム。 - 請求項11において、
前記回折格子と前記開口部とに荷電粒子線を照射させる制御部
を有することを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項12において、
前記制御部は、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与える制御を行う
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項13において、
前記制御部は、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項12において、
前記制御部は、検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項12において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする光学装置。 - 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子に荷電粒子線を照射させる照射ステップと、
開口部の外形が閉曲線に囲まれ、かつ前記閉曲線の形状における重心点から前記閉曲線の任意の点までは距離が複数ある開口器に前記荷電粒子線を照射させる照射ステップと、
前記開口部と前記回折格子とを通過した前記荷電粒子線を検出する検出ステップと、
を有することを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項17において、
前記照射ステップは、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与えるステップである
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項18において、
前記照射ステップは、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行するステップである
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項17において、
検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する計測ステップを有する
ことを特徴とする照射方法。 - 請求項17において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする照射方法。 - 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子であり、
前記回折格子は前記格子面の外形が閉曲線に囲まれ、かつ前記閉曲線の形状における重心点から前記閉曲線の任意の点までは距離が複数あり、
前記格子面の外形は3角形もしくはN角形(Nは5以上)の形状であることを特徴とする回折格子。 - 請求項22において、
前記回折格子と前記開口部とに荷電粒子線を照射させる制御部
を有することを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項23において、
前記制御部は、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与える制御を行う
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項24において、
前記制御部は、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項23において、
前記制御部は、検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項23において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする光学装置。 - 格子面に刃状転位を有する回折格子であり、
前記回折格子は前記格子面の外形が閉曲線に囲まれ、かつ前記閉曲線の形状における重心点から前記閉曲線の任意の点までは距離が複数あり、
前記格子面の外形は曲線を有する形状であることを特徴とする回折格子。 - 請求項28において、
前記回折格子と前記開口部とに荷電粒子線を照射させる制御部
を有することを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項29において、
前記制御部は、前記荷電粒子線の照射箇所を制御し被照射物に対し所定の方向の運動量を与える、または前記荷電粒子線の照射強度を制御し前記被照射物に対し所定の大きさの運動量を与える制御を行う
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項30において、
前記制御部は、前記照射箇所または前記照射強度の制御を所定の順序で実行する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項29において、
前記制御部は、検出された回折像の形状に基づき、フォーカスの状態を計測する
ことを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。 - 請求項29において、
前記荷電粒子線ではなく、光線もしくは粒子線を用いることを特徴とする光学装置。 - 請求項28において、
前記格子面の外形は前記曲線と直線とで構成された形状であることを特徴とする回折格子。 - 請求項34において、
前記回折格子と前記開口部とに荷電粒子線を照射させる制御部
を有することを特徴とする荷電粒子線装置。
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