WO2015092841A1 - モデル作成方法及び装置、それを用いた検査装置 - Google Patents
モデル作成方法及び装置、それを用いた検査装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015092841A1 WO2015092841A1 PCT/JP2013/083545 JP2013083545W WO2015092841A1 WO 2015092841 A1 WO2015092841 A1 WO 2015092841A1 JP 2013083545 W JP2013083545 W JP 2013083545W WO 2015092841 A1 WO2015092841 A1 WO 2015092841A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4472—Mathematical theories or simulation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
- G01N23/203—Measuring back scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
- G01N2223/602—Specific applications or type of materials crystal growth
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
- G06F2111/10—Numerical modelling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to elastic wave propagation analysis technology, and relates to a model creation method and apparatus, and an inspection apparatus using the model creation method and apparatus.
- acoustic anisotropy occurs when the molten metal crystallizes and contains a large amount of material with a coarse crystal grain size, or when metal crystal grains grow in a specific direction. It is known that the physical properties of the material greatly affect the inspection or measurement result when the material having the above is targeted. A material having coarse crystal grains is strongly affected by scattering depending on the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave, and the transmission of the ultrasonic wave is deteriorated. For this reason, it is necessary to use ultrasonic waves having a wavelength that is sufficiently longer than the average grain size and difficult to be scattered by crystal grains.
- a unidirectional solidified material As a member having such crystallinity and having a great influence on material properties, a unidirectional solidified material, a metal welded portion, and the like can be given.
- the unidirectionally solidified material is structured by elongated crystal grains (columnar crystals), and the crystal structure of each columnar crystal is the same.
- each columnar crystal at the time of solidification is generally aligned in one direction, but the crystal orientation of each columnar crystal in the one direction is random.
- the crystal orientation of the entire columnar crystal is averaged, it is a material in which only the crystal axes in the longitudinal direction of the crystal grains are aligned.
- the metal welded portion crystallizes in the process of melting and solidifying the metal, has a relatively large crystal grain size, and tends to grow in the vertical direction as it approaches the center of the welded portion. Therefore, although it can be regarded locally as a unidirectional solidified material, the solidified structure has a different crystal growth direction as a whole. Furthermore, a structure having a welded portion is divided into a region having acoustic anisotropy and a region having acoustic isotropy, considering that an acoustically isotropic general metal whose sound speed does not depend on the propagation direction is joined. It is a structure. Therefore, it is important to improve the reliability of the output result by performing inspection or measurement in consideration of the crystal state of the acoustic anisotropic region, the acoustic isotropic region, and the anisotropic region.
- Patent Document 1 describes that a welded part is divided into a plurality of large regions, and a model having information on the crystal structure and crystal growth direction is created for each region. Using this created model, a high-accuracy model can be obtained by modifying the weld model so that the difference between the calculated flaw detection signal, which is an ultrasonic flaw detection signal calculated by simulation, and the actually measured flaw detection signal is reduced. A method of generating is described.
- Patent Document 1 a region of a welded portion is largely divided, and a model is created using an average crystal growth direction of columnar crystals existing in each divided region.
- a model is created using an average crystal growth direction of columnar crystals existing in each divided region.
- crystal growth is not possible in a macroscopic structure as an aggregate of columnar crystals. It is approximated by a hexagonal single crystal having the highest rotational symmetry with the direction as the axis.
- hexagonal approximation there are many cases where the sound speed of the ultrasonic wave transmitted through the subject cannot be accurately reproduced.
- the defect position cannot be accurately imaged. Therefore, in order to predict ultrasonic propagation phenomena and scattering phenomena in welds with high accuracy, or to output inspection results with high accuracy based on the predicted data, the crystalline state is higher than with the conventional hexagonal approximate model. Need to be modeled closely.
- the present invention is to provide an analysis model creation method capable of easily and quickly creating an accurate analysis model for a structure having a crystalline material.
- the present invention is a method of creating a model of an analysis region used for numerical analysis, and the crystal growth direction is determined if the analysis region is a region having crystallinity having acoustic anisotropy. Selecting, partial image data reflecting the crystallinity of the region, rotating the partial image data in accordance with the crystal growth direction, and rotating the partial image It is characterized by having a step of creating image data by laying out in an area designated using image data.
- an accurate analysis model can be easily and quickly created for a structure having a crystalline material.
- Flow diagram showing how to create a model Flow chart showing crystallinity imparting part in model creation flow Functional block diagram showing the overall configuration of the device
- Auxiliary diagram showing inspection system for unidirectionally solidified material Auxiliary diagram showing approximate model of unidirectional solidified material
- Auxiliary diagram showing a cross section of ultrasonic inspection of unidirectional solidified material Auxiliary diagram showing an example of measurement results of unidirectionally solidified material by EBSD measurement
- sample space created from EBSD measurement results Auxiliary diagram showing an example of model creation when the crystal growth direction matches the Z-axis direction
- Auxiliary diagram showing how to create a model of unidirectional solidified material Auxiliary diagram showing areas of weld model
- FIG. 1 shows a flow for creating a model shape and assigning characteristics to the created model.
- S000 to S005 are indispensable flows when creating a model shape.
- S006 to S013 are flows for assigning characteristics to the entire model using local image data.
- S014 is a step assuming ultrasonic propagation simulation, inspection image reconstruction, and ultrasonic measurement support using the model created in the present invention. Details are described below.
- model creation starts.
- the object (shape) creation area is initialized, and in S002, a command is selected.
- command selection a file input command 1 for reading, for example, CAD data as existing shape data from the shape DB 31, a basic object creation command 2 for generating a basic object for generating a shape, and a portion for transforming or moving the generated object portion
- transformation / movement operation command 3 an overall transformation / movement operation command 4 for transforming / moving the entire generated object, a reset command 5 for resetting the created object, and a save / termination command 6 for performing saving or termination.
- a save / termination command 6 for performing saving or termination.
- the display is updated in S003, and it is determined whether the object updated in S004 is a desired one. If it is correct, the result is output and stored in S005. If incomplete or incorrect, the process returns to S002 command selection.
- step S007 the object area information is initialized.
- step S008 as a property check of the created object, whether or not a member having acoustic anisotropy (a crystalline material member) or a high attenuation material is included is checked.
- S008 may be used for command activation / deactivation in the command selection of S009.
- the command is generally surrounded by the boundary condition setting command 7 that creates the boundary of different materials and properties and specifies the boundary characteristics (absorption boundary, reflection boundary, etc.).
- An area setting command 8 for designating and inputting basic material data in the selected area a reset command 9 for resetting information, an ending / saving command 10 for ending and saving, and a command 11 for returning to editing an object that can return to S002 and edit an object It would be nice to have
- the basic material data in the area surrounded by the boundary, it is preferable to read the basic material data from the storage area or to enable manual input using a keyboard or the like.
- basic material data in the case of an isotropic material, for example, in the case of a material name / density / longitudinal sound velocity and shear wave velocity / anisotropy region, for example, there is a material name / density / stiffness constant. Good.
- material stiffness constants an existing database may be consulted for known materials. In the case of a polycrystal such as a unidirectional solidified material, it is often a material that does not exist in the existing database.
- a resonance spectrum is obtained by an electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance method using a test piece of the same material in advance.
- the stiffness spectrum may be obtained by inverse analysis of the resonance spectrum. Alternatively, the stiffness constant may be calculated theoretically by first-principles calculation.
- there is a global crystal growth direction designation command 12 that allows a global crystal growth direction to be input to a region having crystallinity in the region.
- a destructive means cross-sectional observation in which a structure is cut and a cross-section is observed is mainly performed.
- Non-patent Document 1 a method for theoretically obtaining a crystal growth direction based on Ogilvy's equation
- Non-Patent Document 2 a technique for obtaining a solidification phenomenon by simulation using a phase field method is known, and these may be used for image data.
- an image data use region setting command 13 for designating a region for using image data such as EBSP data (Electron Backscatter Diffraction Pattern) or etching data (photograph) is newly saved from the image DB 38 of the storage region in the image DB 38.
- image selection command 14 for selecting an image suitable for a region from various images
- image operation command 15 for enabling the selected image to be operated based on global crystal growth direction data.
- the stiffness constant in each mesh was obtained by obtaining the Euler angle based on the crystal plane index indicated by the color of the corresponding image data.
- the rotation matrix corresponding to the Euler angle may be calculated by multiplying the stiffness constant of the basic material data described above.
- the model in FIG. 9 may be created after reading the color information of the pixel by reversing the order of image data generation and pixel processing and calculating the stiffness constant corresponding to each pixel. This means that FEM, ray tracing, etc. are executed on the created model.
- FEM, ray tracing, etc. are executed on the created model.
- S100 use of image data is started.
- S101 a divided area is selected.
- S102 it is determined whether image data is used for the selected area. If image data is to be used, image data that closely matches the area in the storage area of FIG. 1 is selected in S103.
- the optimal image is an image in which the crystal grain size and the crystal plane index of each crystal grain are known from the EBSD measurement result.
- S104 the global (average) crystal growth direction of the selected region is set.
- operations such as enlargement / reduction, translation, rotation, deformation, copying, and laying are performed on the selected image.
- step S106 it is determined whether or not the image data has been used for all the areas in which the image data is used.
- step S107 the use of the image data is ended. Even when the image data is not used in S102, the use of the image data is ended in S107.
- FIG. 3 shows an inspection apparatus equipped with a model creation apparatus that can implement the model generation method described above.
- the basic device components include an image data capturing device 32 that captures crystal state image data, a processing device 33 that creates detailed models used in various analyzes, various analysis devices 34 that use the created models, and various types of information. It is composed of six devices: a storage device 35, a display 36 (display) for displaying the created data, and an input device 37 for inputting various information.
- the image data capturing device 32 has a function of, for example, reading an image file obtained by EBSD measurement of a metal surface and storing it in the image DB 38 of the storage device.
- the processing device 33 has a function of defining an analysis area necessary for numerical analysis.
- the sensor structure in order to define the analysis region, the sensor structure, the contact medium such as the wedge, the shape and properties of the subject etc. are used as input information to create boundary conditions, and the analysis region is divided into meshes.
- it mainly has a shape editing function 39, a material constant assigning function 40 to an area, an image data editing function 41, an image data analysis / processing function 42, and a mesh generation function 43.
- the shape editing function 39 is a processing unit that performs the processing of S000 to S005 in this embodiment.
- the image data editing function 41 is a processing unit that performs the processes of S006 to S014 in this embodiment.
- the mesh generation function 43 divides the image data spread with the image data created above into a plurality of small pieces of mesh, and generates a mesh so that the image data can be handled in units of small pieces. It is.
- the image data analysis / processing function 42 is a processing unit that reads the color information of the corresponding pixel of each mesh and obtains the crystal plane index and Euler angle from the color and shading of the pixel.
- the material constant assigning function 40 to the region calculates the material constant by applying the rotation matrix corresponding to the obtained Euler angle to the stiffness constant of the basic material data, and calculates the material characteristics for each mesh corresponding to the image data utilization region.
- a processing unit that assigns and creates an object model used for various analyses. Note that when the image data analysis / processing function 42 reads pixel color information, a plurality of pieces of color information may be included depending on the size of the mesh to be generated. In this case, a processing method such as adopting color information having the highest ratio among the color information included in the mesh, or replacing the color information with the mesh around the mesh is conceivable.
- the various analysis devices 34 have a function of performing an ultrasonic propagation simulation using, for example, a finite element method or a ray trace analysis method using a model generated by utilizing image data.
- the various analysis devices 34 have a finite element method processing function 44 and a ray trace analysis function 45.
- the storage device 35 stores a shape DB 31 that stores the basic shape of the subject, and a material DB 46 that stores material data (density, stiffness coefficient, particle size distribution, metal crystal type) that constitutes the subject.
- an image DB 38 for storing image data such as EBSD measurement and optical photographing. Further, it also has a creation data storage DB 47 that stores the created data.
- the display unit 36 is used to display the result of analysis by the finite element method, the ray tracing method, or the like, using the created model in order to visualize the edited and created model.
- FIG. 4 shows an ultrasonic inspection system suitable for using the model generation method and apparatus described above.
- the unidirectional solidified material 51 of the nickel-based alloy is inspected using the array sensor 50.
- a surface surrounded by a dotted line is an ultrasonic wave propagation surface.
- the conventional modeling method for the unidirectionally solidified material 51 of the nickel base alloy is such that the crystal axes of the columnar crystals belonging to the cubic crystal are randomly distributed except in the Z-axis direction.
- the global crystal growth direction of the specimen in FIG. 4 is the Z-axis direction and that an ultrasonic inspection is performed using the array sensor 50 in the YZ plane, as shown in FIG.
- the longitudinal directions of the columnar crystals are arranged substantially in the Z-axis direction.
- the entire cross section parallel to the YZ plane is not measured by EBSD, but for example, a nickel base corresponding to a range including a certain degree of crystal grain and crystal plane orientation distribution is used.
- a unidirectional solidified alloy sample is prepared in advance, and EBSD measurement is performed on a region corresponding to the propagation surface.
- FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of the result of EBSD measurement is shown in FIG.
- the image color of the EBSD measurement result corresponds to the crystal plane index.
- a region that well represents the characteristics of the unidirectional solidified material is defined as a sample space A53. It is preferable to specify the sample space using the input device 37 and store the specified image data as shown in FIG. 8 in the image DB 38. If it is known that the crystal growth direction of the unidirectionally solidified material is the Z-axis direction as in this case, the sample space A53 is repeatedly translated and copied in accordance with the global crystal growth direction as shown in FIG. By laying down in the sample space A53, a cross-sectional model of the unidirectional solidified material can be created.
- a model creation method in the case where the crystal growth direction of the unidirectionally solidified material in FIG. 4 is unknown will be described with reference to FIG.
- the image data of the EBSD measurement result may be rotated and spread according to the global crystal growth direction to create a model.
- the macroscopic crystal growth direction of the unidirectional solidified material is obtained non-destructively by ultrasonic measurement described in (PCT / JP2013 / 076180), and the model creation method of the present invention is applied to thereby obtain the unidirectional solidified material. Can be accurately modeled.
- ⁇ Set a calculation area, generate a mesh, define lattice points and surfaces, and assign characteristics to the model created in this way.
- a mesh is generated by setting a calculation area for an image laid out with image data as the EBSD measurement result shown in FIG.
- color information is read from the image data, the Euler angle is calculated based on the crystal plane index indicated by the color of the corresponding image data, and the rotation matrix corresponding to the obtained Euler angle is used as the stiffness constant of the basic material data described above. Calculate by multiplying. This makes it possible to create an object model to which the material properties of the weld used for various analyzes are given.
- each crystal orientation of each columnar crystal is highly accurate, simple, and quickly.
- a reflected model can be created.
- the welded portion is assumed to be composed of regions A, B, and C.
- the region A is a weld portion of the above-described nickel-based alloy
- the region B is SUS containing large crystalline impurities
- the region C is SUS (isotropic material) having a known material constant.
- the sample space B in the region B is as shown in FIG. 12, and the density / stiffness constant in the sample space can be calculated.
- the global change in the crystal growth direction in the weld can be determined using the method described in Non-Patent Document 1.
- the change in the crystal growth direction in the region A is approximated by a curve using a tangent function, but by dividing into a large number of regions, the global crystal growth direction in each region can be linearly approximated.
- the model shown in FIG. 13 can be created by using the flows shown in FIGS.
- the sample spaces A are spread after being rotated according to the crystal growth directions.
- the region B a sample space B reflecting a material containing large crystalline impurities is spread.
- the region C since it is an isotropic material, the same material constant is given.
- images can be arbitrarily transformed and spread into a distorted space by general coordinate transformation or the like as shown in FIG. It is also possible to create a mesh after building a model with.
- ⁇ Set a calculation area, generate a mesh, define lattice points and surfaces, and assign characteristics to the model created in this way.
- a mesh is generated by setting a calculation area for an image laid out with image data that is the EBSD measurement result shown in FIG.
- color information is read from the image data, the Euler angle is calculated based on the crystal plane index indicated by the color of the corresponding image data, and the rotation matrix corresponding to the obtained Euler angle is used as the stiffness constant of the basic material data described above. Calculate by multiplying. This makes it possible to create an object model to which the material properties of the weld used for various analyzes are given.
- a model can be created by a simpler method for a structure constituted by a plurality of members.
- the procedure for creating EBSP data of other materials using one EBSP data will be described with reference to FIG.
- the particle size distribution of the unidirectional solidified material X and the unidirectional solidified material Y is known. If only the particle size distribution in the crystal growth direction is Y1 / X1 times longer than X, and the particle size distribution in the direction perpendicular to the crystal growth direction is the same, the EBSD measurement result for the unidirectional solidified material X
- the image data obtained by enlarging the image data Y1 in the crystal growth direction by Y1 / X1 times is used as the Y EBSD measurement result.
- the Euler angle data may be obtained by multiplying the Y stiffness constant by a rotation matrix using the Euler angle in X.
- this invention is not limited to the above-mentioned Example, Various modifications are included.
- the above-described embodiments have been described in detail for easy understanding of the present invention, and are not necessarily limited to those having all the configurations described.
- a part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment, and the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment.
- Shape DB 32 Image data capture device 33: Processing device 34: Various analysis devices 35: Storage device 36: Display device 37: Input device 38: Image DB 39: Shape editing function 40: Material constant assignment function 41: Image data editing function 42: Image data analysis / processing function 43: Mesh generation function 44: Finite element method processing function 45: Ray trace analysis function 46: Material DB 47: Creation data storage DB 50: Array sensor 51: Nickel-based alloy unidirectional solidified material 52: EBSD measurement region 53: Sample space A 101: Crystal growth direction
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Description
32:イメージデータ取り込み装置
33:処理装置
34:各種解析装置
35:記憶装置
36:表示器
37:入力装置
38:イメージDB
39:形状編集機能
40:材料定数付与機能
41:イメージデータ編集機能
42:イメージデータの解析・処理機能
43:メッシュ生成機能
44:有限要素法処理機能
45:レイトレース解析機能
46:材料DB
47:作成データ保存DB
50:アレイセンサ
51:ニッケル基合金の一方向凝固材
52:EBSD測定領域
53:サンプル空間A
101:結晶成長方向
Claims (10)
- 数値解析に用いる解析領域のモデル作成方法であって、
解析領域のうち、音響異方性を有する結晶性を有する領域であれば結晶成長方向を指定するステップと、
前記領域の結晶性を反映した部分的なイメージデータを選択するステップと、
前記結晶成長方向に合わせて前記部分的なイメージデータを回転操作するステップと、
前記回転した部分的なイメージデータを用いて指定した領域中に敷き詰めてイメージデータを作成するステップを有することを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1に記載のモデル作成方法において、
前記イメージデータとして、電子線後方散乱回折装置により取得した金属表面のイメージデータであることを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1に記載のモデル作成方法において、
前記イメージデータとして、金属表面をエッチング後、光学的撮像手段により取得した金属表面のイメージデータであることを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1に記載のモデル作成方法において、
前記イメージデータとして、フェーズフィールド法によるシミュレーションより生成したイメージデータであることを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項におけるモデル作成方法において、
前記作成したイメージデータを構成する画素のカラー及び濃淡を解析してオイラー角を算出するステップと、
算出されたオイラー角を用いて予め記憶させておいたスティフスネス定数に回転行列を演算するステップと、
イメージデータ利用領域に相当する解析モデルの各メッシュに対して前記画素のカラーや濃淡と対応するスティフネス定数を付与するステップを有することを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1に記載のモデル作成方法において、
前記部分的なイメージデータを用いて指定した領域中に敷き詰めるステップにおいて、粒径分布データにもとづき拡大又は縮小を実施したイメージデータを用いることを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 請求項1に記載のモデル作成方法において、
前記解析領域は、複数の領域から構成されていることを特徴とするモデル作成方法。 - 数値解析に用いる解析領域のモデル作成装置であって、
モデル形状、モデルを構成する材料データ、各結晶の結晶方位を表したイメージデータ、作成したデータを保存する記憶装置と、
取り込んだイメージデータを利用して指定した領域内を埋め尽くすイメージデータ編集機能と、取り込んだイメージデータのカラーや濃淡を解析してオイラー角を算出するイメージデータ解析及び処理機能と、イメージデータから算出されたオイラー角を用いて算出されるスティフスネス定数をイメージデータ利用領域に相当する各メッシュに対して付与する材料定数付与機能を有する処理装置を有することを特徴とするモデル作成装置。 - 請求項8におけるモデル作成装置で作成したモデルから有限要素法を実施する有限要素法処理機能を有することを特徴とする検査装置。
- 請求項8におけるモデル作成装置で作成したモデルからレイトレース解析を実施するレイトレース解析機能を有することを特徴とする検査装置。
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DE102016008296A1 (de) * | 2016-07-05 | 2018-01-11 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Verfahren zur Sonifikation der Symmetrieeigenschaften von Raumgittern in Kristallen sowie Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Sonokristallisation |
DE102016008296B4 (de) * | 2016-07-05 | 2020-02-20 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Sonokristallisation |
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