WO2015064063A1 - アルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法、扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法、扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置、及びプログラム - Google Patents
アルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法、扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法、扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置、及びプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
- C12Q1/32—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase involving dehydrogenase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y102/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
- C12Y102/01—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2) with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (1.2.1)
- C12Y102/01003—Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) (1.2.1.3)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
- G01N33/57407—Specifically defined cancers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/98—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving alcohol, e.g. ethanol in breath
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/50—Determining the risk of developing a disease
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of a subject, a method for determining the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma by determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype, and determining the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
- the present invention relates to a determination device and a program.
- Reference 1 Japanese Patent No. 3790792 (hereinafter referred to as Reference 1)
- Reference 1 a patient with squamous cell carcinoma developing in both the head and neck and the esophagus may develop multiple atypical epithelium in the esophageal mucosa. Many. This multiple atypical epithelium is only seen in patients who prefer alcohol. This shows that there is a relationship between squamous cell carcinoma and alcohol intake.
- the patient's gene is one of the genotypes that determine the structure of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and one of the genotypes that determines the structure of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).
- ADH alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase
- a patch test for confirming a change in skin color after a cloth containing alcohol is brought into contact with the patient's skin for a certain period of time, and a patient drinking alcohol
- a flushing interrogation method for confirming whether or not the patient's face is flushed after the test is performed.
- patch tests and flushing interrogation methods are less accurate than genetic tests.
- Document 1 proposes a method for determining the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma using the relationship between the aldehyde concentration in the breath after alcohol intake and the combination of genotypes.
- a change in acetaldehyde concentration in the breath is measured over time, and a sudden increase in acetaldehyde concentration is observed, or acetaldehyde over time.
- the degree of decrease in concentration is small, it is determined that the combination of ADH3-2 allyl and ALDH2-2 allyl is present, and it is determined that the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma is high.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above points, and provides a method for determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of a subject with high accuracy, the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. It is an object of the present invention to provide a squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination method, a determination device for determining the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence, and a program that can be determined with high accuracy.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotyping method of the present invention comprises measuring acetaldehyde concentration and ethanol concentration in the breath of a subject who has ingested ethanol, Calculating a ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration; Determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject based on the ratio.
- the exhalation of the subject who has taken the ethanol includes end-expiration.
- the ratio is compared with a threshold value, When the ratio is smaller than the threshold, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is determined to be ALDH2 activity type, If the ratio is greater than the threshold, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is determined to be ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the exhalation of the subject who took the ethanol is exhalation in one breath of the subject.
- the exhalation of the subject who has ingested the ethanol is the total exhalation of the subject within a predetermined time.
- the squamous cell carcinoma development risk determination method of the present invention comprises the steps of measuring the acetaldehyde concentration and the ethanol concentration contained in the breath of the subject who ingested ethanol, Calculating a ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration; Determining the risk of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma based on the ratio.
- the exhalation of the subject who has taken the ethanol includes end-expiration.
- the ratio is compared with a threshold value, When the ratio is smaller than the threshold, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is determined to be ALDH2 activity type, When the ratio is greater than the threshold, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is determined to be ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type, When it is determined that the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type, the subject is determined to have a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, When it is determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type, it is determined that the subject has a low risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
- the ratio is compared with a threshold value, If the ratio is greater than the threshold, determine that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, When the ratio is smaller than the threshold, it is determined that the subject has a low risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
- the exhalation of the subject who took the ethanol is exhalation in one breath of the subject.
- the exhalation of the subject who has ingested the ethanol is the total exhalation of the subject within a predetermined time.
- the squamous cell carcinoma development risk determination device of the present invention is a measuring device configured to measure acetaldehyde concentration and ethanol concentration in the breath of a subject, A controller configured to calculate a ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration measured with the measuring device to the ethanol concentration, and to determine a risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject based on the ratio; An output device configured to output a risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject determined by the controller.
- the information processing apparatus includes a notification device configured to indicate information for sequentially guiding an operation procedure of the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device.
- the controller is Comparing the ratio with a threshold; If the ratio is greater than the threshold, determine that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, When the ratio is smaller than the threshold value, the subject is determined to have a low risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
- the program of the present invention causes the computer to realize the function of the controller provided in the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk generation device.
- the present invention is not limited to a program, and may be a computer-readable recording medium that records the program. Further, the present invention may be a computer program product that loads a program via a computer and executes program instructions for causing the computer to realize the function as the controller.
- 6 is a graph showing the test result of Test 1.
- 6 is a graph showing the test results of Test 2.
- 6 is a graph showing test results of Test 3. It is a graph which shows the test result of a reference test.
- the ease of accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body is affected by an enzyme that decomposes ethanol into acetaldehyde and an enzyme that decomposes acetaldehyde into acetic acid (aldehyde dehydrogenase, hereinafter referred to as ALDH).
- ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase
- the ease of accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body is a kind of ALDH, and correlates with the activity of ALDH2 that degrades low concentrations of aldehyde.
- the activity of ALDH2 correlates with a genotype that determines the structure of ALDH2 (hereinafter referred to as an aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype).
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype includes ALDH2-1 allyl corresponding to highly active ALDH2 (ALDH2 * 1/2 * 1, hereinafter referred to as ALDH2 active type), ALDH2-2 allyl corresponding to low activity ALDH2. (ALDH2 * 1/2 * 2, hereinafter referred to as ALDH2 low activity type), and ALDH2-2 allyl corresponding to inactive ALDH2 (ALDH2 * 2/2 * 2, hereinafter referred to as ALDH2 inactive type) ) There are three types.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type
- squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the head and neck region and esophagus than in the case of ALDH2 active type
- the risk is high. From this, by determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype, it is possible to determine the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the subject.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type
- the aldehyde is difficult to be decomposed, so that the aldehyde concentration in the breath of the subject after ethanol intake tends to increase.
- the ratio of the concentration of acetaldehyde in the breath of the subject who ingested ethanol to the concentration of ethanol correlates with the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject, It was found that the smaller the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration, the easier the acetaldehyde is decomposed. For this reason, the inventor found that the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype can be determined by determining this ratio.
- the inventor ingested a predetermined amount of alcohol to a plurality of subjects whose aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotypes were previously known, then collected the subject's breath, and the acetaldehyde concentration in the breath relative to the ethanol concentration The ratio was calculated. As a result, it was found that the ratio range when the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type and the ratio range when ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type hardly overlap. .
- the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is determined to be ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type be able to.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method includes a step of measuring acetaldehyde concentration and ethanol concentration in the breath of a subject who has ingested ethanol (hereinafter referred to as step (a)), and the acetaldehyde concentration with respect to the ethanol concentration.
- step (b) A step of calculating a ratio
- step (c) a step of determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject based on the ratio
- the subject takes a certain amount of ethanol.
- the ethanol ingested by the subject is decomposed into acetaldehyde in the subject's body.
- a certain amount of time is required for ethanol to be decomposed into acetaldehyde. For this reason, it is preferable to collect the breath of the subject when a certain time has elapsed since the subject ingested ethanol.
- the amount of ethanol ingested by the subject is preferably within the range of 0.2 to 1.0 g.
- the amount of ethanol ingested by the subject is preferably within the range of 0.2 to 1.0 g.
- the amount of ethanol ingested by the subject is 0.2 g or more, good accuracy in determining the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ensured.
- the amount of ethanol taken by the subject is 1.0 g or less, the subject is less likely to get drunk by the taken ethanol.
- the amount of ethanol taken by the subject is particularly preferably 0.5 g.
- the subject takes water orally containing a certain amount of ethanol orally.
- the subject rinses after ingestion of ethanol and before collection of exhaled breath. If there is caries or the like in the oral cavity of the subject, acetaldehyde is generated in the oral cavity, and thus there is a problem that the concentration of acetaldehyde in the breath cannot be measured with high accuracy. However, by performing mouth washing, acetaldehyde generated in the oral cavity due to caries or the like can be reduced.
- exhalation is preferably exhalation in one breath of the subject.
- exhalation in one breath of the subject is collected after a certain time has elapsed since the subject ingested ethanol.
- This exhalation may not be end exhalation, but preferably includes end exhalation, and particularly preferably only end exhalation. End exhalation is exhalation excluding a portion exhaled in the early stage of exhalation in one breath of the subject.
- the portion of exhaled air that exhales at the beginning contains air present in the subject's airway space (dead space). For this reason, the acetaldehyde density
- this exhalation is the total exhalation of the subject for a predetermined time.
- all exhaled breaths for a predetermined time are collected starting from when a certain time has elapsed since the subject ingested ethanol.
- This exhalation preferably includes end exhalation, but it is not limited to end exhalation. This is because, when collecting all exhalations of a subject for a predetermined time, since the ratio of end exhalation to the part exhaled early in this exhalation is large, not only end exhalation will have a large effect on the measurement. It is.
- step (a) the acetaldehyde concentration and the ethanol concentration in the breath of the subject who ingested ethanol are measured.
- step (b) the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration is calculated based on the acetaldehyde concentration and the ethanol concentration measured in step (a) (step (b)).
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject is determined based on the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration calculated in step (b) to the ethanol concentration (step (c)).
- step (c) the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration is compared with a preset threshold value.
- this ratio is smaller than the threshold, it can be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 activity type.
- this ratio is larger than a threshold value, it can be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype may be determined as ALDH2 active type, and may be determined as ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type, but ALDH2 low It is particularly preferable to determine that the active type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- Threshold value is determined as follows, for example. First, conditions for collecting exhalation, such as the amount of ethanol ingested and the time from the ingestion of ethanol until the collection of exhaled air, are determined. Subsequently, a plurality of people with known aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotypes are ingested with ethanol, breath is collected based on the determined conditions, and the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration in the breath to the ethanol concentration is calculated. Based on the calculated ratio, a ratio range when the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type and a ratio range when the ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type is calculated are calculated. The value of the boundary between these two ranges can be used as a threshold value.
- determining the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject from the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration in step (c) determines the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject from the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration. Determining the genotype of the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity by substantially the same method. For example, in step (c), the reciprocal of the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration may be compared with the reciprocal of a preset threshold value.
- the reciprocal of the ratio is smaller than the reciprocal of the threshold, it can be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the reciprocal of the ratio is larger than the reciprocal of the threshold, it can be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active.
- the above-mentioned aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method makes it possible to determine the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of a subject with high accuracy easily and in a short time without conducting a genetic test or the like.
- the squamous cell carcinoma development risk determination method includes a step of measuring acetaldehyde concentration and ethanol concentration in the breath of a subject who has ingested ethanol, a step of calculating a ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration, and this ratio And determining the genotype of the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity (hereinafter referred to as step (d)). That is, in the squamous cell carcinoma development risk determination method of the present embodiment, first, by the same method as step (a) in the above-mentioned aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method, Measure the ethanol concentration.
- the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration is calculated by the same method as in step (b) in the above-described aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method. Next, based on this ratio, the genotype of the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity is determined.
- step (d) the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration is compared with a preset threshold value.
- this ratio is smaller than the threshold, it is determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 activity type.
- this ratio is larger than a threshold value, it determines with a test subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme active genotype being ALDH2 low active type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type, it can be determined that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma.
- the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type
- step (d) the ratio of the aldehyde concentration in the breath of the subject to the ethanol concentration is compared with a preset threshold value, whereby the squamous cell carcinoma of the subject is determined.
- the risk of occurrence can be determined directly. That is, when the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration calculated in step (b) in the above-described aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method to the ethanol concentration is compared with a preset threshold value, It can be determined that the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma is high.
- this ratio when this ratio is smaller than the threshold value, it can be determined that the risk of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma is low.
- this ratio is equal to the threshold value, it may be determined that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma or may be determined to be low, but it is more preferable to determine that the risk is high.
- the above-described method for determining the risk of squamous cell carcinoma can be determined easily and in a short time with high accuracy for the risk of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma.
- the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 includes a measurement device 3, a controller 4, an output device 5, an input device 6, and a notification device 7.
- An exhalation introduction unit 2 is connected to the squamous cell carcinoma determination device 1 of the present embodiment.
- the exhalation introduction unit 2 is configured to introduce the exhalation of the subject into the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1.
- the measuring device 3 is configured to measure the acetaldehyde concentration and the ethanol concentration in the breath of the subject introduced into the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 from the breath introduction unit 2.
- the controller 4 is configured to calculate a ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration measured by the measuring device 3 to the ethanol concentration, and to determine the risk of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma based on this ratio.
- the output device 5 is configured to output the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject determined by the controller 4.
- the input device 6 is configured to send a signal for operating the controller 4 to the controller 4 in response to the operation of the operator.
- the measuring device 3 in the present embodiment is a gas chromatograph including a separation column 31 and a semiconductor gas sensor 32 connected to the separation column 31.
- the gas flow path 22 is connected to the separation column 31 of the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1, and the carrier gas introduction part 21 is connected to the gas flow path 22.
- the carrier gas introduction unit 21 is configured to supply a carrier gas to the gas flow path 22.
- the carrier gas introduction unit 21 may be, for example, a gas cylinder that stores a carrier gas, or a gas pump that sends the carrier gas to the gas flow path 22.
- the exhalation introduction unit 2 is connected to the gas channel 22 between the carrier gas introduction unit 21 and the separation column 31 via the exhalation introduction channel 23.
- the exhalation introduction part 2 is an opening provided in the exhalation introduction flow path 23, for example. Therefore, the exhalation of the subject is supplied from the exhalation introduction unit 2 to the gas channel 22 through the exhalation introduction channel 23.
- the exhaled breath of the subject supplied to the gas flow path 22 is supplied to the separation column 31 together with the carrier gas.
- Acetaldehyde and ethanol contained in exhaled breath and carrier gas are separated by interaction with the packing material provided in the separation column 31.
- the separated acetaldehyde and ethanol are sent to the semiconductor gas sensor 32.
- the semiconductor gas sensor 32 measures the acetaldehyde concentration and the ethanol concentration, and transmits a concentration signal corresponding to these concentrations to the controller 4.
- the measuring device 3 is not limited to a gas chromatograph, and may be configured to measure the concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol contained in exhaled breath.
- the measuring device 3 may be, for example, a gas detector tube, a reagent-coated crystal zoster, or a Breath Gas Analyzer (manufactured by Breath Biochemical Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory Co., Ltd.) modified for acetaldehyde and ethanol.
- the controller 4 is a computer that realizes the functions described below according to a program.
- the computer includes, as main hardware elements, a processor that processes a program and an interface device.
- This type of computer may have any configuration such as a microcomputer including a memory integrally with a processor, or a configuration including a memory separately from the processor.
- the program may be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium connected to the computer.
- the program may be stored in advance in a ROM (Read Only Memory) provided in the computer.
- ROM Read Only Memory
- a computer program product that loads a program via a computer and executes program instructions for causing the computer to realize a function as a controller may be used.
- the program may be installed in the controller 4 by writing the program from the program support apparatus to a recording medium or by downloading the program through an electric communication circuit such as the Internet.
- the threshold value is recorded in, for example, a ROM in a computer or a recording medium.
- the threshold value may be set in the program.
- the program of this embodiment causes the controller 4 to realize the following functions.
- the controller 4 receives the acetaldehyde and ethanol concentration signals transmitted from the measuring device 3, and calculates the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration based on the concentration signals.
- the controller 4 compares the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration with a preset threshold value, and determines that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma when this ratio is greater than the threshold value. Moreover, when this ratio is smaller than a threshold value, it determines with a test subject's risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence being low. When this ratio and the threshold value are the same, it may be determined that the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high or low, but it is more preferable to determine that the risk is high.
- the determination of the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence by the controller 4 is not limited to this.
- the controller 4 may determine that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- this ratio is smaller than a threshold value, it may be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 activity type.
- the controller 4 can determine the risk level of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma.
- the controller 4 can determine that the risk of occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma is high when the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type. Further, when the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type, it can be determined that the subject's risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma is low.
- the controller 4 transmits a signal related to the risk of the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject to the output device 5.
- the output device 5 outputs the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject determined by the controller 4.
- the term “output” as used herein refers to a subject, a person who operates the squamous cell carcinoma risk determination apparatus 1 (hereinafter referred to as an operator), or the like, visually or audibly indicating the risk of the subject's squamous cell cancer occurrence.
- the output device 5 is not particularly limited as long as it can indicate to the operator, the subject, and the like the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the subject.
- the output device 5 is, for example, a monitor that displays the risk of occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the subject determined by the controller 4, a printing device that prints the risk of occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the subject determined by the controller 4, or a combination thereof It may be.
- the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 Since the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 has the above-described configuration, the subject can know the risk of squamous cell cancer occurrence easily and in a short time with high accuracy.
- the squamous cell cancer occurrence risk determination device 1 of the present embodiment is preferably configured so that the notification device 7 indicates information for sequentially guiding the operation procedure of the squamous cell cancer occurrence risk determination device 1.
- the notification device 7 can notify, for example, the timing when the subject introduces exhalation into the exhalation introduction unit 2 and the timing when the subject ends introduction of exhalation into the exhalation introduction unit 2.
- the information referred to here is to convey information to a person in a way that appeals to the human senses.
- the notification device 7 notifies the operator, the subject, and the like.
- the notification method is not limited, but may be notified by, for example, a buzzer sound, sound, or lighting of a lamp, may display characters or video on a monitor, or a combination thereof.
- the notification device 7 When collecting all breaths within a predetermined time of a subject who has taken ethanol, the notification device 7 informs the arrival of this time when the time for collecting the breath of the subject who has taken ethanol has arrived. When a predetermined time has elapsed from the start of collection, it is notified that the time has come to end collection of exhalation.
- the output device 5 may also serve as the notification device 7.
- the output device 5 can also serve as the notification device 7.
- the notification device 7 is not limited to this, and the notification device 7 may be provided separately from the output device 5.
- the notification device 7 is controlled by the controller 4.
- An input device 6 is connected to the controller 4.
- the input device 6 is, for example, a switch, a keyboard, or a mouse. Moreover, the input device 6 may serve as the output device 5 because the output device 5 is a monitor having a touch panel.
- the controller 4 can measure the elapsed time starting from the time when the signal is received from the input device 6.
- the controller 4 can transmit a signal to the output device 5 when the elapsed time reaches a predetermined time set in advance.
- the output device 5 can notify the arrival of the time when the subject's breath should be collected.
- the output device 5 may also notify that the subject's breath should be collected.
- the notification device 7 When the notification device 7 has the above-described configuration, the operator, the subject, and the like can grasp the time when the subject's breath should be collected. Thereby, a test subject, an operator, etc. can understand the operation procedure of the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination apparatus 1. Further, the operation procedure guided by the notification device 7 may include, for example, explanation before inspection and time management at the time of inspection.
- the subject takes a certain amount of ethanol orally.
- the subject removes acetaldehyde in the oral cavity by rinsing after ingesting ethanol.
- the operator When the subject has finished taking ethanol, the operator operates the input device 6. By this operation, the controller 4 starts measuring time. A signal is transmitted from the controller 4 to the output device 5 when a certain time has elapsed from the start of time measurement. Since the output device 5 of this embodiment also serves as the notification device 7, the output device 5 that has received the signal from the controller 4 notifies the arrival of the time when the expiration should be collected.
- the breath of the subject who ingested ethanol is collected.
- the subject blows into the exhalation introduction unit 2.
- the test subject inhales exhalation into the exhalation introduction unit 2 through, for example, a mouthpiece, a small-diameter tube that is contained in the mouth for inhaling exhalation, or a face mask that injects exhalation into the mouth.
- the subject inhales end exhalation.
- the collection of exhalation is not limited to this.
- the exhalation is extracted from the sample bag with a syringe or the like and injected into the exhalation introduction unit 2.
- the sample bag and the breath introduction part 2 may be directly connected via a stopcock or the like. In this case, it is preferable to store the end breath of the subject in the sample bag.
- the exhaled air blown into the exhalation introducing unit 2 is sent to the measuring device 3.
- the measuring device 3 in the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 of the present embodiment is a gas chromatograph. Exhaled air is supplied together with the carrier gas to the separation column 31 in the gas chromatograph. In the separation column 31, acetaldehyde and ethanol contained in exhaled breath are separated. The semiconductor gas sensor 32 measures the concentration of the separated acetaldehyde and ethanol. A concentration signal corresponding to the measured concentration is transmitted from the semiconductor gas sensor 32 to the controller 4.
- the controller 4 calculates the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration based on the concentration signal transmitted from the measuring device 3.
- the controller 4 compares the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration with a preset threshold value. When this ratio is smaller than the threshold, the controller 4 determines that the subject has a low risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. When the ratio is greater than the threshold, the controller 4 determines that the subject has a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. When this ratio and the threshold value are the same, it may be determined that the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in the subject is high or low, but it is more preferable to determine that the risk is high.
- the determination of the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence by the controller 4 is not limited to this.
- the controller 4 may determine that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- this ratio is smaller than a threshold value, it may be determined that the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 activity type.
- the controller 4 can determine the risk level of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma.
- the controller 4 can determine that the risk of occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma is high when the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type. Further, when the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type, it can be determined that the subject's risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma is low.
- the controller 4 transmits the determined risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject to the output device 5.
- the output device 5 outputs the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the subject determined by the controller 4.
- the output device 5 in the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination device 1 of the present embodiment is a monitor.
- the output device 5 displays the risk level of the subject's occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma.
- the operator, the subject, and the like can check the risk of the squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the subject displayed on the output device 5.
- the output device 5 is a printer
- the output device 5 prints the risk level of the subject's squamous cell carcinoma on paper.
- the operator, the subject, etc. can know the risk of the squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the subject from the printed paper.
- the output device 5 includes a printer and a monitor, an operator, a subject, and the like can know the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma by the display on the monitor and the paper surface.
- Test 1 First, 107 subjects fasted for 3 hours or more were orally ingested 100 ml of an aqueous solution having an ethanol concentration of 0.5 wt% obtained by mixing vodka with water. After ingestion, the subject was rinsed with water in the oral cavity. In addition, the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject in this test has been determined by genetic testing.
- the ratio range when the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type and the ratio range when ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type are almost non-overlapping. . Based on this result, the threshold was set to 23.3.
- the genotype of aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity was determined on the assumption that the genotype of the subject was unknown. Specifically, when the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration was less than 23.3, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype was determined to be ALDH2 active type. Further, when the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration was larger than 23.3, it was determined that the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject was ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- “Sensitivity in this test” refers to the proportion of subjects determined to be positive among subjects whose true genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the specificity in this test refers to the proportion of subjects judged to be negative among subjects whose true genotype is ALDH2 active.
- the positive predictive value in this test refers to the proportion of subjects whose true genotype is ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type among subjects determined to be positive.
- the negative predictive value in this test refers to the proportion of subjects whose true genotype is ALDH2 active type among subjects determined to be negative.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype determination method of the present invention determines the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of a subject with sufficiently high accuracy.
- Test 2 A test similar to Test 1 was performed except that the exhalation of the subject was collected by the following method.
- the ratio range when the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type and the ratio range when ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type hardly overlap each other. . Based on this result, the threshold was set to 23.3.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype was determined in the same manner as in Test 1. Furthermore, based on the determination result, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were confirmed.
- Test 3 First, 17 subjects fasted for 3 hours or more were ingested 100 ml of an aqueous solution having an ethanol concentration of 0.5 wt% obtained by mixing vodka with water. After ingestion, the subject was rinsed with water in the oral cavity. In addition, the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject in this test has been determined by genetic testing.
- the ratio range when the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype is ALDH2 active type and the ratio range when ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type are almost non-overlapping. . Based on this result, the threshold was set to 23.3.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype was determined in the same manner as in Test 1. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were confirmed for the determination results. The results are shown in Table 3.
- exhaled breath exhaled in one breath of the subject after 2 minutes from ingestion was collected and injected into a gas chromatograph (SGEA-P2, manufactured by FIS). With this gas chromatograph, only the concentration of acetaldehyde contained in exhaled breath was measured. The result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 5, the unit of the acetaldehyde concentration is ppb.
- the threshold was set to 49.
- the genotype of aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity was determined. Specifically, when the acetaldehyde concentration was less than 49, the subject's aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype was determined to be ALDH2 activity type.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject was ALDH2 low activity type or ALDH2 inactive type.
- the ratio of the acetaldehyde concentration to the ethanol concentration and the threshold value are not compared as in Tests 1 to 3, but the reference test in which only the acetaldehyde concentration is compared with the threshold value is compared with the determination method of Tests 1 to 3.
- the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype cannot be determined with high accuracy.
- the method and apparatus for determining the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of the present invention is based on the aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype of the subject. Furthermore, in the determination of the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the subject, it is more preferable that the proportion of subjects who have a high risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma is determined to be negative.
- the accuracy is high in the determination of aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype.
- the determination methods of Tests 1 to 3 have higher accuracy than the reference test.
- the determination of aldehyde-degrading enzyme activity genotype by the alcohol patch test has a sensitivity of 74.2% and an accuracy of 71.9% (Yokoyama et al. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prev 6: 1105-1107, 1997). Even in comparison with this value, the judgment methods of Tests 1 to 3 have high sensitivity and accuracy.
- the squamous cell carcinoma occurrence risk determination method and determination apparatus can determine the risk of squamous cell carcinoma occurrence of a subject with high accuracy.
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Abstract
Description
前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出するステップと、
前記比に基づいて前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型を判定するステップとを含む。
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定する。
前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出するステップと、
前記比に基づいて前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を判定するステップとを含む。
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定し、
前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定した場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定した場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定する。
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定する。
前記測定装置で測定した前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出し、前記比に基づいて前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を判定するように構成されたコントローラと、
前記コントローラが判定した前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を出力するように構成された出力装置と
を備える。
前記比と閾値とを比較し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定するように構成されている。
以下、本実施形態に係るアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法の一例について説明する。
以下、本実施形態に係る扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法の一例について説明する。
以下、本実施形態の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置1の一例について、詳しく説明する。
以下、本実施形態の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置1を用いた、被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を判定する手順の一例について、説明する。
以下、本発明の効果を検証するために行った試験について説明する。
まず、3時間以上絶食した被験者107人に、水にウォッカを混ぜて得られたエタノール濃度0.5wt%の水溶液を100ml経口摂取させた。摂取後、被験者には口腔内を水で洗口させた。尚、本試験における被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型は、遺伝子検査により判明している。
被験者の呼気を以下の方法で採取した以外は、試験1と同様の試験を行った。
まず、3時間以上絶食した被験者17人に対して、水にウォッカを混ぜて得られたエタノール濃度0.5wt%の水溶液を100ml摂取させた。摂取後、被験者には口腔内を水で洗口させた。尚、本試験における被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型は、遺伝子検査により判明している。
まず、3時間以上絶食した被験者107人に対して、水にウォッカを混ぜて得られたエタノール濃度0.5wt%の水溶液を100ml摂取させた。摂取後、被験者には口腔内を水で洗口させた。尚、本試験における被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型は、遺伝子検査により判明している。
Claims (15)
- エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気中のアセトアルデヒド濃度とエタノール濃度を測定するステップと、
前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出するステップと、
前記比に基づいて前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型を判定するステップとを含む
アルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、終末呼気を含む
請求項1に記載のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法。 - 前記比に基づいて前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型を判定するステップにおいて、前記比と閾値とを比較し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定する
請求項1又は2に記載のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、前記被験者の一回の呼吸における呼気である
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、前記被験者の所定時間内の全呼気である
請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型判定方法。 - エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気に含まれるアセトアルデヒド濃度とエタノール濃度を測定するステップと、
前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出するステップと、
前記比に基づいて前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を判定するステップとを含む
扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、終末呼気を含む
請求項6に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 前記比に基づいて前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型を判定するステップにおいて、前記比と閾値とを比較し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定し、
前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2低活性型又はALDH2不活性型であると判定した場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型がALDH2活性型であると判定した場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定する
請求項6又は7に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 前記比に基づいて前記被験者のアルデヒド分解酵素活性遺伝子型を判定するステップにおいて、前記比と閾値とを比較し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定する
請求項6又は7に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、前記被験者の一回の呼吸における呼気である
請求項6乃至9のいずれか一項に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 前記エタノールを摂取した被験者の呼気は、前記被験者の所定時間内の全呼気である
請求項6乃至9のいずれか一項に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定方法。 - 被験者の呼気中のアセトアルデヒド濃度とエタノール濃度を測定するように構成された測定装置と、
前記測定装置で測定した前記アセトアルデヒド濃度の前記エタノール濃度に対する比を算出し、前記比に基づいて前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を判定するように構成されたコントローラと、
前記コントローラが判定した前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度を出力するように構成された出力装置と
を備える
扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置。 - 前記扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置の操作手順を順次案内する情報を示すように構成された報知装置を備える
請求項12に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置。 - 前記コントローラが、
前記比と閾値とを比較し、
前記比が前記閾値より大きい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が高いと判定し、
前記比が前記閾値より小さい場合に、前記被験者の扁平上皮癌発生の危険度が低いと判定するように構成されている
請求項12又は13に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度判定装置。 - コンピュータに、請求項12乃至14のいずれか一項に記載の扁平上皮癌発生危険度発生装置が備えるコントローラの機能を実現させるためのプログラム。
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JP7087863B2 (ja) | 2018-09-11 | 2022-06-21 | 富士通株式会社 | 推定摂取量演算システム、及び、推定摂取量演算プログラム |
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KR20160068700A (ko) | 2016-06-15 |
JPWO2015064063A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
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TW201530143A (zh) | 2015-08-01 |
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KR101762058B1 (ko) | 2017-07-26 |
TWI539162B (zh) | 2016-06-21 |
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