WO2015049986A1 - 非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物 - Google Patents
非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or amorphous (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide, a method for producing the sulfide, and a lithium battery using the sulfide.
- batteries particularly lithium primary batteries, lithium secondary batteries, lithium ion secondary batteries, etc.
- the capacity of the positive electrode is insufficient compared to the negative electrode, and the capacity of a lithium nickelate material, which is said to be relatively high, is 190 to 220 mAh / g. It is only a degree.
- sulfur has a theoretical capacity as high as about 1670 mAh / g and is expected to be used as a positive electrode material.
- Technology that suppresses elution into organic electrolyte is essential.
- Metal sulfides have electronic conductivity and little elution into organic electrolytes, but have a lower theoretical capacity than sulfur and are reversible due to large structural changes associated with Li insertion / extraction during charge / discharge. There is a problem that is low. In order to increase the capacity of metal sulfides, it is necessary to increase the sulfur content. However, in crystalline metal sulfides, the site where Li is inserted during discharge is defined by the crystal space group, and the maximum capacity is Since this is determined, it is difficult to exceed this maximum capacity value.
- titanium sulfide compounds among metal sulfides titanium disulfide (TiS 2 ), trifluidized titanium (TiS 3 ), and the like have been studied as crystalline titanium sulfide, and 240 mAh / g and 350 mAh, respectively.
- Non-patent documents 1 and 2 have been reported to show a discharge capacity of about / g, but further higher capacity is desired.
- Non-Patent Document 3 a pulsed laser deposition method (PLD method), and charge and discharge were performed in an all-solid-state cell.
- PLD method pulsed laser deposition method
- Non-Patent Document 3 it has been reported that when an amorphous body of TiS 3 or TiS 4 is prepared and used as an electrode in an all-solid-state cell, a high capacity (about 400 to 690 mAh / g) is obtained ( Non-patent documents 4, 5).
- the electrical conductivity is desired to be about 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more at room temperature, but when the sulfur content is increased for the purpose of increasing the capacity of the titanium sulfide compound, the electrical conductivity is significantly reduced. There is a problem of doing. In this case, since the high-speed charge / discharge characteristics are lacking, it is desirable to make the particles fine or thin. However, as described above, it is difficult to increase the size of the thin-film electrode, and there is a problem that the application is limited. Furthermore, when the capacity was actually measured, the value as reported was not obtained and it was not sufficient.
- the present invention has been made in view of the current state of the prior art described above, and its main purpose is useful as a positive electrode active material for lithium batteries such as lithium primary batteries, lithium secondary batteries, and lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a material having high charge / discharge capacity, high conductivity, and excellent charge / discharge performance.
- the present inventor has intensively studied to achieve the above-mentioned purpose.
- a niobium source that is, a niobium source (crystalline niobium sulfide, etc.), a sulfur source (sulfur, etc.)
- a niobium source crystalline niobium sulfide, etc.
- a sulfur source sulfur, etc.
- titanium source titanium sulfide, etc.
- lithium source lithium sulfide, etc.
- carbon source carbonaceous material, etc.
- the present inventors have found that a sulfide having a high sulfur content ratio can be obtained.
- crystalline metal sulfides and carbon-containing materials may be present in the amorphous sulfide matrix.
- the product obtained by this method has a high charge / discharge capacity and conductivity, and exhibits excellent charge / discharge performance (particularly charge / discharge cycle characteristics) when used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium battery. I found.
- the present invention has been completed as a result of further research based on such knowledge.
- the present invention includes the following configurations.
- Item 1 General formula (1): Li k1 NbS n1 [Wherein, if 0 ⁇ k1 ⁇ 5; 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 10; n1 ⁇ 3.5, k1 ⁇ 1.5. ]
- Item 2. The sulfide according to Item 1, wherein the impurity concentration is 2% by weight or less.
- Item 4. Item 4.
- a sulfide comprising the sulfide according to any one of Items 1 to 3 as a base material and a crystalline metal sulfide present therein.
- Item 8 The sulfide according to Item 7, wherein there are no diffraction peaks at the positions of 5 ° and 23.0 ⁇ 0.5 °.
- Item 9 Item 7 or the amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or the amorphous (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide has no crystallites or has an average crystallite size of 5 nm or less. 8.
- Item 11 As the raw material or intermediate product, at least one selected from the group consisting of crystalline niobium sulfide, amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide, and amorphous (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide is used. 10. The production method according to 10. Item 12. Item 12. The production method according to Item 11, wherein sulfur is further used as a raw material. Item 13. Item 13. Item 13. The production method according to any one of Items 10 to 12, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of a titanium-containing material, a lithium-containing material, and a carbonaceous material is used as a raw material. Item 14. Item 14.
- Item 15. Item 15. The sulfide according to any one of Items 1 to 9, or a sulfide charge / discharge product produced by the production method according to any one of Items 10 to 14.
- Item 16. Item 15. A positive electrode active material for a lithium battery, comprising the sulfide according to any one of Items 1 to 9, or the sulfide produced by the production method according to any one of Items 10 to 14.
- Item 19. Item 19.
- a lithium battery comprising the electrode for a lithium battery according to Item 17 or 18.
- Item 20. Item 20. The lithium battery according to Item 19, which is a nonaqueous electrolyte
- the sulfide of the present invention is a sulfide in which the element ratio of S to the sum of Ti and Nb is 2 or more, and is a polysulfide having a high element ratio of sulfur. For this reason, the sulfide of the present invention has a high charge / discharge capacity. In particular, when the sulfide of the present invention is made amorphous, there are many sites where lithium ions can be inserted and desorbed, and the charge / discharge capacity can be further improved.
- the sulfide of the present invention can also contain lithium. Thus, even when lithium is contained in the sulfide of the present invention, the amorphous structure can be substantially maintained. Further, by adjusting the composition of the sulfide of the present invention while containing lithium, it is possible to further reduce the charge / discharge loss while further improving the average discharge potential and conductivity.
- the sulfide of the present invention has more excellent conductivity and charge / discharge cycle characteristics than the titanium sulfide compound.
- those containing a metal sulfide or a carbon material can further improve the electrical conductivity.
- amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or amorphous (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide is used as a base material and metal sulfide or carbon is present inside it.
- the metal sulfide or carbon microcrystals having ion conductivity exist in a state of being incorporated in the primary particles or secondary particles of the amorphous sulfide. Ions can be supplied smoothly and have a higher charge / discharge capacity.
- the amorphous sulfide of the present invention is useful as a positive electrode active material for lithium batteries such as lithium primary batteries, lithium secondary batteries, and lithium ion secondary batteries. It can be effectively used as a positive electrode active material for lithium batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries (including all solid lithium secondary batteries using a solid electrolyte).
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of niobium sulfide powders obtained in Examples 1 to 3. Together with the peak of NbS 2 powder and S 8 powder which is a raw material. The Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 6 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders obtained in Examples 4 to 5. Together with the peak of NbS 2 powder and S 8 powder which is a raw material. The Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 7 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders obtained in Examples 6 to 7. NbS 2 powder as the raw material, together with the peak of TiS 2 powder and S 8 powder.
- the Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 6 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders of Comparative Examples 3 to 4.
- the Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 3 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders obtained in Examples 10 to 11 and Comparative Examples 6 to 7.
- Simulated Li 3 NbS 4 Li 2 S powder is a raw material, together with the peak of NbS 2 powder and S 8 powder. It is a graph which shows the X-ray-diffraction pattern of the sulfide powder obtained in Example 12 and Comparative Example 8. Together with the peak of NbS 2 powder and S 8 powder which is a raw material.
- the Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 6 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of samples obtained by mixing silicon with the samples of Examples 3 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 and 5. Shown with silicon peak. The Kapton peak used to prevent exposure to the atmosphere has also been detected.
- 4 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. The right figure is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) pattern of the part indicated by ⁇ in the TEM image of the left figure, and both the upper figure and the lower figure are the sulfides of Example 3, but different particles were measured.
- Is. 6 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the sulfide powder obtained in Example 5.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- Example 4 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 3.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of the sulfide powder obtained in Example 5.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of titanium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 7. It is a graph which shows the result of the charging / discharging test of the niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 8.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of titanium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 9.
- 4 is a graph comparing the results of a charge / discharge test between the niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 1 and the lithium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 10.
- 4 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of lithium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Example 11.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of the niobium sulfide powder of Comparative Example 1.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of a titanium sulfide powder of Comparative Example 2.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of lithium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Comparative Example 6.
- 6 is a graph showing the results of a charge / discharge test of lithium niobium sulfide powder obtained in Comparative Example 7. It is a graph which shows the result (cycle characteristic) of the charging / discharging test of the sulfide of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3. It is a graph which shows the result (cycle characteristic) of the charging / discharging test of the sulfide of Example 2 and Comparative Example 4. It is a graph which shows the result (cycle characteristic) of the charging / discharging test of the sulfide of Example 2 and Comparative Example 3.
- 6 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders obtained in Comparative Examples 9 to 10.
- Li 2 S powder is a raw material, together with the peak of the MnS powder and S 8 powder.
- 6 is a graph showing X-ray diffraction patterns of sulfide powders obtained in Comparative Examples 11-12. Together with the peak of the FeS 2 powder and S 8 powder which is a raw material. It is a graph which shows the result of the charging / discharging test of the iron sulfide powder of the comparative example 12.
- (lithium) niobium sulfide means niobium sulfide or lithium niobium sulfide. That is, as the (lithium) niobium sulfide, both a sulfide containing niobium and sulfur and a sulfide containing lithium, niobium and sulfur can be employed.
- (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide means titanium niobium sulfide or lithium titanium niobium sulfide. That is, as the (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide, any of a sulfide containing titanium, niobium and sulfur and a sulfide containing lithium, titanium, niobium and sulfur can be adopted.
- the sulfide in the first aspect of the present invention is: General formula (1): Li k1 NbS n1 [Wherein, if 0 ⁇ k1 ⁇ 5; 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 10; n1 ⁇ 3.5, k1 ⁇ 1.5. ]
- the amorphous sulfide of the present invention is an amorphous state in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed, and the amorphous composition has a high sulfur ratio as an average composition.
- sulfur hardly exists as elemental sulfur, and forms an amorphous sulfide by combining with niobium, titanium, or lithium as required.
- the sulfide of the present invention is amorphous, it has a large number of sites into which lithium can be inserted, and has gaps in the structure that can three-dimensionally become a lithium conduction path.
- it when it is used as an electrode of a lithium battery and a lithium ion battery, it has many advantages such as three-dimensional volume change at the time of charge / discharge. For this reason, charge / discharge capacity can be further improved.
- the material used as the raw material and the sulfide itself have a weak diffraction peak intensity and a wide half width, or Those diffraction peaks are hardly confirmed.
- niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), sulfur (S 8 ) and the like were used as raw materials. A case will be described as an example.
- the diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) at which the lithium sulfide used as the raw material has the maximum intensity is 1/5 or less of the diffraction intensity of the lithium sulfide used as the raw material. Preferably, it is 1/10 or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide of the present invention can be obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of the mixed silicon is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and still more preferably 1 time or less.
- the diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) at which the sulfur used as the raw material has the maximum intensity is 1/5 or less of the diffraction intensity of the sulfur used as the raw material. Is preferable, and it is more preferable that it is 1/10 or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide of the present invention can be obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of the mixed silicon is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and still more preferably 1 time or less.
- sulfides satisfying the above conditions are niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and sulfur (which have good crystallinity).
- niobium sulfide NbS 2
- titanium sulfide TiS 2
- S 8 sulfur
- niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials are extremely refined.
- a sulfide having low crystallinity or amorphous as a whole is formed.
- the sulfide of the present invention preferably has no crystallites or has an average crystallite size of 5 nm or less (particularly 0 to 2 nm, more preferably 0 to 1.0 nm).
- the presence or absence of crystallites and the crystallite size in the case of having crystallites are measured by observation with an electron microscope (TEM).
- the sulfide of the present invention is an amorphous sulfide in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 15. 0.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, 15.5 ⁇ 0.5 °, 27.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, and 23.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, or the diffraction peak is broad. It is preferable that
- the sulfide of the present invention having the characteristics described above has the general formula (1): Li k1 NbS n1 [Wherein, if 0 ⁇ k1 ⁇ 5; 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 10; n1 ⁇ 3.5, k1 ⁇ 1.5. ] Or having the average composition represented by general formula (2): Li k2 Ti 1-m2 Nb m2 S n2 [Wherein, 0 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m2 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 10; and k2 ⁇ 1.5 when n2 ⁇ 3.5. ] It has the average composition shown by these.
- the (lithium) niobium sulfide represented by the general formula (1) is represented by the general formula (1A): NbS n1 [Wherein 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 10. ]
- the (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide represented by the general formula (2) has the general formula (2A): Ti 1-m2 Nb m2 S n2 [Wherein, 0 ⁇ m2 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 10. ] Titanium niobium sulfide having an average composition represented by the general formula (2B): Li k2 Ti 1-m2 Nb m2 S n2 [Wherein, 0 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m2 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 10; and k2 ⁇ 1.5 when n2 ⁇ 3.5. ] Lithium titanium niobium sulfide having an average composition represented by
- k1 that is, the molar ratio (Li / Nb) of lithium (Li) to niobium (Nb) is 0 ⁇ k1 ⁇ 5, preferably 0 ⁇ k1 ⁇ 4.
- k1 is preferably not too small in order to further improve the average discharge potential while maintaining the charge / discharge capacity.
- n1 that is, the molar ratio (S / Nb) of sulfur (S) to niobium (Nb) is 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 10, preferably 3 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 8, more preferably 3.5 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 6, and further preferably 4 ⁇ n1 ⁇ 5.
- S / Nb the molar ratio of sulfur (S) to niobium
- Nb the niobium
- k2 that is, the molar ratio of lithium (Li) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) (Li / (Ti + Nb)) is 0 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 5, Preferably 0 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 4, more preferably 0 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 3, and still more preferably 0.5 ⁇ k2 ⁇ 2. If k2 is too large, amorphous sulfides cannot be obtained, and charge / discharge loss increases. On the other hand, k2 is preferably not too small in order to further improve the average discharge potential while maintaining the charge / discharge capacity.
- m2 that is, the molar ratio (Nb / (Ti + Nb)) of niobium (Nb) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) is 0 ⁇ It can be arbitrarily determined within the range of m2 ⁇ 1. Increasing the content of niobium (Nb) can further improve the conductivity, and even when the sulfur content is increased to further improve the charge / discharge capacity, free single sulfur is less likely to be formed, It can contribute to stability improvement, and when the content of titanium (Ti) is increased, the charge / discharge capacity can be further improved when the sulfur content is constant.
- niobium (Nb) When the content of niobium (Nb) is large, the conductivity is high, so that the amount of conductive metal sulfide or carbonaceous material as an additive can be reduced.
- the m2 can be arbitrarily adjusted in accordance with the cost of the raw material and the target performance, but preferably 0.7 ⁇ m2 ⁇ 1.
- n2 that is, the molar ratio (S / (Ti + Nb)) of sulfur (S) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) is 2 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 10, preferably 2.5 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 8, more preferably 3 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 6, and further preferably 3 ⁇ n2 ⁇ 5. If n2 is too small, sufficient charge / discharge capacity cannot be obtained. On the other hand, if n2 is too large, the interaction between titanium and niobium and sulfur will be weak, and a large amount of free elemental sulfur will be present. The elemental sulfur is insulative and stable because the charge / discharge products are soluble. It lacks in properties and is not preferred.
- the average composition of sulfide indicates the element ratio of each element constituting the entire sulfide.
- the sulfide of the present invention is a polysulfide having a high sulfur ratio as its average composition, there is almost no sulfur source alone, titanium, niobium, and as necessary. Combined with lithium or the like, an amorphous polysulfide is formed. Also, there are hardly any lithium source, titanium source and niobium source used as raw materials.
- impurities may be included as long as the desired sulfide performance is not impaired.
- impurities include metals such as transition metals and typical metals that may be mixed into the raw material, oxygen that may be mixed during the raw material and manufacturing, and the like.
- metals such as transition metals and typical metals that may be mixed into the raw material, oxygen that may be mixed during the raw material and manufacturing, and the like.
- it contains amorphous sulfide base material because it contains a small amount of metal sulfide (particularly niobium sulfide, titanium sulfide, and lithium sulfide as required) that may be mixed as a raw material.
- microcrystals of metal sulfides are present, which further improves electronic conductivity, ion conductivity, etc., and improves conductivity and charge.
- the discharge capacity can be further improved, which is preferable.
- the amount of these impurities may be in a range that does not hinder the performance of the sulfide described above, and is usually preferably 2% by weight or less (0 to 2% by weight), and preferably 1.5% by weight or less (0 More preferably, it is 1.5% by weight.
- the endotherm when the onset temperature is around 100 ° C. is preferably 2 J / g or less, more preferably 1 J / g or less, and 0.5 J / g or less. Is more preferable, and 0.2 J / g or less is particularly preferable.
- the lower limit is 0 J / g.
- the sulfide in the second aspect of the present invention is General formula (3): Li k3 Ti 1-m3 Nb m3 S n3 [Wherein 0 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m3 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 10; and n3 ⁇ 3.5, k3 ⁇ 1.5. ]
- the amorphous sulfide of the present invention is an amorphous state in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed, and the amorphous composition has a high sulfur ratio as an average composition.
- sulfur hardly exists as elemental sulfur, and forms an amorphous sulfide by combining with niobium, titanium, or lithium as required.
- the sulfide of the present invention is amorphous, it has a large number of sites into which lithium can be inserted, and has gaps in the structure that can three-dimensionally become a lithium conduction path.
- it when it is used as an electrode of a lithium battery and a lithium ion battery, it has many advantages such as three-dimensional volume change at the time of charge / discharge. For this reason, charge / discharge capacity can be further improved.
- the material used as the raw material and the sulfide itself have a weak diffraction peak intensity and a wide half width, or Those diffraction peaks are hardly confirmed.
- niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), sulfur (S 8 ) and the like were used as raw materials. A case will be described as an example.
- the diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) at which the lithium sulfide used as the raw material has the maximum intensity is 1/5 or less of the diffraction intensity of the lithium sulfide used as the raw material. Preferably, it is 1/10 or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide of the present invention can be obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of the mixed silicon is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and still more preferably 1 time or less.
- the diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) at which the sulfur used as the raw material has the maximum intensity is 1/5 or less of the diffraction intensity of the sulfur used as the raw material. Is preferable, and it is more preferable that it is 1/10 or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide of the present invention can be obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of the mixed silicon is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and still more preferably 1 time or less.
- sulfides satisfying the above conditions are niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and sulfur (which have good crystallinity).
- niobium sulfide NbS 2
- titanium sulfide TiS 2
- S 8 sulfur
- niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials are extremely refined.
- a sulfide having low crystallinity or amorphous as a whole is formed.
- the sulfide of the present invention preferably has no crystallite or has a crystallite size of 5 nm or less (particularly 0 to 2 nm, more preferably 0 to 1.0 nm).
- the presence or absence of crystallites and the crystallite size in the case of having crystallites are measured by observation with an electron microscope (TEM).
- the sulfide of the present invention is an amorphous sulfide in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 15. 0.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, 15.5 ⁇ 0.5 °, 27.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, and 23.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, or the diffraction peak is broad. It is preferable that
- the sulfide of the present invention having the characteristics described above has the general formula (3): Li k3 Ti 1-m3 Nb m3 S n3 [Wherein 0 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m3 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 10; and n3 ⁇ 3.5, k3 ⁇ 1.5. ] It has the average composition shown by these.
- the (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide represented by the general formula (3) has the general formula (3A): Ti 1-m3 Nb m3 S n3 [Wherein, 0 ⁇ m3 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 10. ]
- k3 that is, the molar ratio of lithium (Li) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) (Li / (Ti + Nb)) is 0 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 5, Preferably 0 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 4, more preferably 0 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 3, and still more preferably 0.5 ⁇ k3 ⁇ 2. If k3 is too large, amorphous sulfides cannot be obtained, and charge / discharge loss increases. On the other hand, k3 is preferably not too small in order to further improve the average discharge potential while maintaining the charge / discharge capacity.
- m3 that is, the molar ratio (Nb / (Ti + Nb)) of niobium (Nb) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) is 0 ⁇ It can be arbitrarily determined within the range of m3 ⁇ 1.
- Increasing the content of niobium (Nb) can further improve the conductivity, and increasing the content of titanium (Ti) can further improve the charge / discharge capacity, and further improve the charge / discharge capacity. Even when the sulfur content is further increased, free elemental sulfur is less likely to be formed, which contributes to improvement in conductivity and stability.
- niobium (Nb) When the content of niobium (Nb) is large, the conductivity is high, so that the amount of conductive metal sulfide or carbonaceous material as impurities can be reduced.
- the m3 can be arbitrarily adjusted according to the cost of the raw material and the desired performance, but preferably 0.7 ⁇ m3 ⁇ 1.
- n3 that is, the molar ratio of sulfur (S) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) (S / (Ti + Nb)) is 2 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 10, preferably 2.5 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 8, more preferably 3 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 6, and further preferably 3 ⁇ n3 ⁇ 5.
- S sulfur
- Nb niobium
- n4 is too small, sufficient charge / discharge capacity cannot be obtained.
- n3 is too large, the interaction between titanium and niobium and sulfur will be weak, and a large amount of free elemental sulfur will be present.
- the elemental sulfur is insulative and stable because the charge / discharge products are soluble. It lacks in properties and is not preferred.
- the average composition of sulfide indicates the element ratio of each element constituting the entire sulfide.
- the sulfide of the present invention is a polysulfide having a high sulfur ratio as its average composition, there is almost no sulfur source alone, titanium, niobium, and as necessary. Combined with lithium or the like, an amorphous polysulfide is formed. Also, there are hardly any lithium source, titanium source and niobium source used as raw materials.
- impurities may be included as long as the desired sulfide performance is not impaired.
- impurities include metals such as transition metals and typical metals that may be mixed into the raw material, oxygen that may be mixed during the raw material and manufacturing, and the like.
- metals such as transition metals and typical metals that may be mixed into the raw material, oxygen that may be mixed during the raw material and manufacturing, and the like.
- it contains amorphous sulfide base material because it contains a small amount of metal sulfide (particularly niobium sulfide, titanium sulfide, and lithium sulfide as required) that may be mixed as a raw material.
- microcrystals of metal sulfides are present, which further improves electronic conductivity, ion conductivity, etc., and improves conductivity and charge.
- the discharge capacity can be further improved, which is preferable.
- the amount of these impurities is preferably in a range that does not hinder the performance of the sulfide, more preferably 2% by weight or less (0 to 2% by weight), and 1.5% by weight or less (0 to 1.%). 5% by weight) is more preferred.
- the endotherm when the onset temperature is around 100 ° C. is preferably 2 J / g or less, more preferably 1 J / g or less, and 0.5 J / g or less. Is more preferable, and 0.2 J / g or less is particularly preferable.
- the lower limit is 0 J / g.
- the sulfide in the third aspect of the present invention is General formula (4): Li k4 Ti 1-m4 Nb m4 S n4 C x [Wherein, 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m4 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 10: 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 10; k4 ⁇ 1.5 when n4 ⁇ 3.5. ]
- a crystalline metal sulfide or carbon exists in the inside of an amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide as a base material.
- amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide constituting the base material is an amorphous material in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed. It is a quality state.
- the sulfide of the present invention as an overall average composition of amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide as a base material and the metal sulfide or carbon contained therein, Despite being a material with a high ratio of sulfur (the base material itself has a high ratio of sulfur), sulfur is hardly present as elemental sulfur and combined with niobium, titanium, or lithium as necessary. An amorphous sulfide is formed and exists as a base material.
- the sulfide of the present invention has a large number of sites into which lithium can be inserted because the base material is amorphous, and has a gap that can be a three-dimensional lithium conductive path. Have in. Furthermore, when it is used as an electrode of a lithium battery and a lithium ion battery, it has many advantages such as three-dimensional volume change at the time of charge / discharge. For this reason, charge / discharge capacity can be further improved.
- the diffraction peak intensity of the material and sulfide itself is weak and the half width is wide, or those diffraction peaks are hardly confirmed.
- amorphous which is the property of (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide which is a base material
- niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ) niobium sulfide
- TiS 2 titanium sulfide
- lithium sulfide A case where Li 2 S), sulfur (S 8 ), a carbonaceous material or the like is used as a raw material will be described as an example.
- the niobium sulfide or titanium niobium sulfide which is a base material can be made into an amorphous material which hardly contains crystalline niobium sulfide.
- the niobium sulfide or titanium niobium sulfide which is a base material can be made more surely amorphous so as to hardly contain crystalline titanium sulfide.
- the diffraction intensity at the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) at which the lithium sulfide used as the raw material has the maximum intensity is 1/5 or less of the diffraction intensity of the lithium sulfide used as the raw material. Preferably, it is 1/10 or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide of the present invention can be obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of the mixed silicon is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and still more preferably 1 time or less.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity obtained when 10 parts by weight of silicon is mixed with 100 parts by weight of the sulfide which is the base material is preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less, and even more preferably 1 time or less with respect to the intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum intensity of mixed silicon.
- the niobium sulfide or the titanium niobium sulfide which is a base material can be made more amorphous with almost no crystalline sulfur.
- the full width at half maximum of the X-ray diffraction peak is determined by a powder X-ray diffraction measurement method, and an example of the measurement conditions is as follows.
- (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide which is a base material satisfying the above conditions is normal niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ) or titanium sulfide having good crystallinity.
- the concentrations of niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), and sulfur (S 8 ) The diffraction peak has a very wide half-width, or there is no diffraction peak of niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and sulfur (S 8 ). .
- niobium sulfide or titanium niobium sulfide satisfying such a condition includes niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials. In other words, it forms a finely divided, low crystallinity or amorphous sulfide as a whole.
- the base material (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide has no crystallite or has a crystallite size of 5 nm or less (particularly 0 to 2 nm, more preferably 0 to 1.0 nm). It is preferable that The presence or absence of crystallites and the crystallite size in the case of having crystallites are measured by observation with an electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM electron microscope
- (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide, which is a base material is an amorphous sulfide in which the diffraction peak of the material used as a raw material and the sulfide itself is hardly confirmed.
- the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 15. 0.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, 15.5 ⁇ 0.5 °, 27.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, and 23.0 ⁇ 0.5 °, or the diffraction peak is broad. It is preferable that
- (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide, which is the base material, is a polysulfide having a high sulfur ratio as an average composition, but the sulfur source is almost alone. It does not exist, and forms an amorphous polysulfide by combining with titanium, niobium, and lithium as required. Also, there are hardly any lithium source, titanium source and niobium source used as raw materials. This also applies to the sulfide of the present invention.
- pure amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide (base material) contains metal sulfide (especially niobium sulfide, titanium sulfide, necessary Accordingly, lithium sulfide) or carbon (especially carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphite, graphene, etc.) is present.
- amorphous sulfide is used as a base material, and metal sulfide or carbon microcrystals are present. This improves electron conductivity, ion conductivity, etc., and improves conductivity and charge / discharge capacity. Can be made.
- the amount of these impurities is preferably within a range that does not hinder the performance of the above (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide (base material). Specifically, it is preferably 20% by weight or less (0 to 20% by weight), more preferably 10% by weight or less (0 to 10% by weight).
- the endotherm when the onset temperature is around 100 ° C. is preferably 2 J / g or less, more preferably 1 J / g or less, and 0.5 J / g or less. Is more preferable, and 0.2 J / g or less is particularly preferable.
- the lower limit is 0 J / g.
- the sulfide of the present invention is a composite of amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide and crystalline metal sulfide, carbon, or the like.
- the sulfide of the present invention having the above-described characteristics is obtained by combining the amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide that is the base material with the metal sulfide or carbon that is the impurity.
- Li k4 Ti 1-m4 Nb m4 S n4 C x [Wherein, 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m4 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 10: 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 10; k4 ⁇ 1.5 when n4 ⁇ 3.5. ] It has the average composition shown by these.
- the (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide represented by the general formula (4) has the general formula (4A): Ti 1-m4 Nb m4 S n4 C x [Wherein, 0 ⁇ m4 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 10: 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 10. ] Titanium niobium sulfide having an average composition represented by formula (4B): Li k4 Ti 1-m4 Nb m4 S n4 C x [Wherein, 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 5; 0 ⁇ m4 ⁇ 1; 2 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 10: 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 10; and k4 ⁇ 1.5 when n4 ⁇ 3.5. ] Lithium titanium niobium sulfide having an average composition represented by
- k4 that is, the molar ratio of lithium (Li) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) (Li / (Ti + Nb)) is 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 5, Preferably 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 4, more preferably 0 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 3, and still more preferably 0.5 ⁇ k4 ⁇ 2. If k4 is too large, amorphous sulfides cannot be obtained, and charge / discharge loss increases. On the other hand, k4 is preferably not too small in order to further improve the average discharge potential while maintaining the charge / discharge capacity.
- m4 that is, the molar ratio (Nb / (Ti + Nb)) of niobium (Nb) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) is 0 ⁇ It can be arbitrarily determined within the range of m4 ⁇ 1. Increasing the content of niobium (Nb) can further improve the conductivity, and increasing the content of titanium (Ti) can further improve the charge / discharge capacity, and further improve the charge / discharge capacity. Even when the sulfur content is further increased, free elemental sulfur is less likely to be formed, which contributes to improvement in conductivity and stability.
- niobium (Nb) When the content of niobium (Nb) is large, the conductivity is high, so that the amount of conductive metal sulfide or carbonaceous material as impurities can be reduced.
- the m4 can be arbitrarily adjusted according to the cost of the raw material and the desired performance, but preferably 0.7 ⁇ m4 ⁇ 1.
- n4 that is, the molar ratio (S / (Ti + Nb)) of sulfur (S) to the sum of titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) is 2 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 10, preferably 2.5 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 8, more preferably 3 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 6, and further preferably 3 ⁇ n4 ⁇ 5.
- n4 is too small, sufficient charge / discharge capacity cannot be obtained.
- n4 is too large, the interaction between titanium and niobium and sulfur becomes weak, and a large amount of free elemental sulfur is not preferable.
- the average composition of sulfide indicates the element ratio of each element constituting the entire sulfide.
- Niobium-containing materials and sulfur-containing materials can be used as raw materials or intermediate products, and these raw materials can be obtained by a production method comprising a step of subjecting them to a mechanical milling method.
- titanium-containing material when titanium is included in the sulfide of the present invention, a titanium-containing material may be further used as the raw material or intermediate product.
- a lithium-containing material when lithium is included in the sulfide of the present invention, the raw material or As an intermediate product, a lithium-containing material may be further used.
- a carbonaceous material When carbon is contained in the sulfide of the present invention, a carbonaceous material may be further used as a raw material or an intermediate product.
- All of these raw materials or intermediate products may be mixed at the same time and subjected to mechanical milling treatment. Some materials or intermediate products are first subjected to mechanical milling treatment, and then the remaining materials are added to mechanically mill. You may use for a milling process. Specifically, when a niobium-containing material, a titanium-containing material, a lithium-containing material, a sulfur-containing material, or a carbonaceous material is used as a raw material or an intermediate product, the niobium-containing material, the titanium-containing material, the lithium-containing material, the sulfur The containing material and the carbonaceous material may be subjected to a mechanical milling treatment at the same time. First, the niobium containing material, the lithium containing material, the titanium containing material and the sulfur containing material are subjected to a mechanical milling treatment, and then the carbonaceous material is added thereto. May be subjected to mechanical milling.
- the intermediate product and the remainder of the sulfur-containing material are subjected to a mechanical milling method.
- a mechanical milling method it is preferable to obtain the sulfide of the present invention.
- the sulfide of the present invention can be made more amorphous, and charge / discharge loss can be further reduced.
- NbS 2 crystalline niobium sulfide
- NbS 2 is not particularly limited, and any commercially available NbS 2 can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use a high-purity one. Further, since NbS 2 is mixed and pulverized by mechanical milling, there is no limitation on the particle size of NbS 2 to be used, and usually commercially available powdered NbS 2 can be used. In addition to NbS 2 , any commercially available Nb 3 S 4 , NbS 3, or the like can be used as the niobium-containing material and sulfur-containing material.
- TiS 2 crystalline titanium sulfide
- TiS 2 is not particularly limited, and any commercially available TiS 2 can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use a high-purity one.
- TiS 2 is mixed and pulverized by mechanical milling, there is no limitation on the particle size of TiS 2 to be used, and usually commercially available powdered TiS 2 can be used.
- any commercially available TiS, TiS 3 , amorphous titanium sulfide, or the like can be used as the titanium-containing material and sulfur-containing material.
- Li 2 S crystalline lithium sulfide
- Li 2 S is not particularly limited, and any commercially available Li 2 S can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use a high-purity one. Further, since the mixing and grinding the Li 2 S by mechanical milling, no limitation on the particle diameter of the Li 2 S to be used, typically, can be used powdery Li 2 S, which is commercially available.
- any commercially available lithium polysulfide (LiS x : 2 ⁇ x ⁇ 8) or the like can be used as the lithium-containing material and sulfur-containing material.
- Nb as the niobium-containing material
- Ti as the titanium-containing material
- Li as the lithium-containing material
- crystalline Ti 0.5 Nb 0 as the niobium-containing material / titanium-containing material / sulfur-containing material .5 S 2
- Li 2 TiS 3 as a lithium-containing material / titanium-containing material / sulfur-containing material
- Li 3 NbS 4 or the like as a lithium-containing material / niobium-containing material / sulfur-containing material can also be used.
- an amount of elemental sulfur (S 8 ) necessary for forming a sulfide having a target composition can be used as necessary.
- elemental sulfur is used to form a sulfide having a desired composition. (S 8 ) may be further added.
- sulfur used as a raw material there is no particular limitation on sulfur used as a raw material, and any sulfur can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use a high-purity one. Moreover, since sulfur is mixed and pulverized by mechanical milling, the particle size of sulfur to be used is not limited, and usually commercially available powdered sulfur can be used.
- a carbonaceous material in an amount necessary for forming a sulfide having a desired composition can be used as necessary.
- crystalline NbS 2 as the niobium-containing material
- crystalline TiS 2 as the titanium-containing material
- Li 2 S as the lithium-containing material
- simple sulfur (S 8 ) as the sulfur-containing material
- Carbonaceous materials can also be added to form the sulfides.
- a conductive carbon material is preferable.
- various carbon materials usually used as a conductive agent such as commercially available carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, graphite, graphene and the like can be used.
- carbon black having a primary particle diameter of 50 nm or less and acicular carbon having a diameter of 50 nm or less are preferable.
- amorphous niobium sulfide a-NbS 3 or the like
- amorphous Titanium sulfide such as a-TiS 3
- amorphous titanium niobium sulfide such as a-Ti 0.5 Nb 0.5 S 3
- the mixing ratio of the raw materials may be the same ratio as the element ratio of niobium, titanium, lithium, sulfur and carbon in the target sulfide.
- the mechanical milling process is a method of grinding and mixing raw materials while applying mechanical energy.
- the niobium-containing material and the material are mixed by applying mechanical impact and friction to the raw materials.
- the sulfur-containing material and, if necessary, the titanium-containing material, the lithium-containing material, and the carbonaceous material are vigorously brought into contact and refined to cause a raw material reaction. That is, at this time, mixing, grinding and reaction occur simultaneously. For this reason, it is possible to make a raw material react more reliably, without heating a raw material to high temperature.
- mechanical milling a thermodynamic nonequilibrium phase that cannot be obtained by ordinary heat treatment may be obtained.
- mixed pulverization can be performed using a mechanical pulverizer such as a ball mill, a rod mill, a vibration mill, a disk mill, a hammer mill, a jet mill, or a VIS mill.
- a mechanical pulverizer such as a ball mill, a rod mill, a vibration mill, a disk mill, a hammer mill, a jet mill, or a VIS mill.
- a polysulfide having a high sulfur content ratio is formed.
- the time for the mechanical milling treatment is not particularly limited, and the mechanical milling treatment can be performed for an arbitrary time until the target sulfide is precipitated.
- the mechanical milling treatment can be performed with an energy amount of about 0.1 to 100 kWh / raw material mixture of about 1 kg within a processing time of about 0.1 to 100 hours.
- the amount of raw materials and intermediate products charged is more sure to be amorphous sulfides, improving charge / discharge capacity, improving cycle characteristics, and reducing charge / discharge losses.
- 0.01 to 0.1 g is preferable and 0.015 to 0.05 g is more preferable per 1 mL of the internal volume of the reaction vessel.
- the target sulfide can be obtained as a fine powder by the mechanical milling process described above.
- a fine powdery sulfide having an average particle diameter of about 1 to 20 ⁇ m, preferably about 2 to 10 ⁇ m can be obtained.
- the average particle size of the sulfide is a median diameter determined by a dry laser diffraction scattering method (d 50).
- the above-mentioned sulfide is a polysulfide in an amorphous state in which the element ratio of sulfur (S) to the sum of niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) is high, and thus has a high charge / discharge capacity. . Moreover, it has favorable electroconductivity. This tendency to improve conductivity is particularly remarkable when metal sulfide or carbon is present in a base material made of amorphous sulfide. Furthermore, when lithium (Li) is contained in the sulfide of the present invention, charge / discharge loss can be further reduced while further improving the average discharge potential.
- the sulfide of the present invention having such characteristics is particularly useful as a positive electrode active material for lithium batteries such as lithium primary batteries, metal lithium secondary batteries, and lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a lithium battery that can effectively use the sulfide of the present invention as an electrode active material is a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium battery (particularly a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery) using a non-aqueous solvent electrolyte as an electrolyte. It may be an all solid lithium battery (particularly an all solid lithium secondary battery) using a lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte.
- the structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte lithium battery (particularly the nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery) and the all solid state lithium battery (particularly the all solid state lithium secondary battery) is the sulfide active material of the present invention (particularly the positive electrode active material). ) Except that it is used as a known lithium battery.
- the basic structure of a nonaqueous electrolyte lithium battery (especially a nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery) is a known nonaqueous electrolyte except that the above-described sulfide is used as an electrode active material (especially a positive electrode active material). It may be the same as an electrolyte lithium battery (particularly a nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery).
- the positive electrode can have the same structure as a known positive electrode except that the above sulfide is used as the positive electrode active material.
- a conductive agent is added in addition to the sulfide of the present invention, high electron conductivity and ionic conductivity can be imparted by the presence of the added conductive agent.
- a positive electrode mixture prepared by mixing a binder with these materials is supported on a positive electrode current collector of Al, Ni, stainless steel or the like, whereby a positive electrode can be obtained.
- the conductive agent for example, a carbonaceous material such as graphite, cokes, carbon black, and acicular carbon can be used.
- a lithium metal, a lithium alloy, or the like can be used in a metal lithium primary battery and a metal lithium secondary battery.
- lithium ions can be doped / undoped, and lithium can be used.
- a previously contained material or the like can be used as the active material.
- These negative electrode active materials may be supported on a negative electrode current collector made of Al, Cu, Ni, stainless steel or the like using a conductive agent, a binder, or the like, if necessary.
- the separator is made of, for example, a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a fluororesin, nylon, aromatic aramid, inorganic glass, or the like, and a material such as a porous film, a nonwoven fabric, or a woven fabric can be used.
- solvents for nonaqueous solvent secondary batteries such as carbonates, ethers, nitriles, and sulfur-containing compounds.
- elemental sulfur is used as the positive electrode active material
- use of carbonates as a solvent prevents reaction between elemental sulfur and carbonates
- use of ethers as a solvent causes sulfur components to be contained in the electrolyte.
- These solvents could not be used because they were dissolved in a large amount to cause deterioration of performance, but when the sulfide of the present invention is used as a positive electrode active material, these problems can be solved. Any solvent can be applied, and the selectivity of the solvent in the electrolytic solution can be improved.
- all solid state lithium batteries particularly all solid state lithium secondary batteries
- a known all solid state lithium battery particularly all solid state lithium battery
- the sulfide of the present invention is used as an electrode active material (particularly a positive electrode active material).
- a structure similar to that of a solid-state lithium secondary battery may be used.
- the electrolyte for example, a polyethylene oxide polymer compound; a polymer solid electrolyte such as a polymer compound containing at least one of a polyorganosiloxane chain and a polyoxyalkylene chain, a sulfide solid electrolyte, An oxide-based solid electrolyte or the like can also be used.
- a polyethylene oxide polymer compound such as a polymer compound containing at least one of a polyorganosiloxane chain and a polyoxyalkylene chain, a sulfide solid electrolyte, An oxide-based solid electrolyte or the like can also be used.
- the positive electrode of an all-solid-state lithium battery (especially an all-solid-state lithium secondary battery), a known all-solid-state lithium battery (particularly an all-solid-state lithium secondary battery) is used except that the sulfide of the present invention is used as a positive electrode active material.
- a conductive material, a binder, and a solid electrolyte are added to the sulfide of the present invention to prepare a positive electrode mixture, and this is supported on a positive electrode current collector such as Al, Ni, and stainless steel.
- a carbonaceous material such as graphite, cokes, carbon black, and acicular carbon can be used as in the case of the non-aqueous solvent secondary battery.
- nonaqueous electrolyte lithium battery particularly the nonaqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery
- all solid state lithium battery particularly the all solid state lithium secondary battery
- Example 1 Synthesis of a-NbS 3 powder
- NbS 2 niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- Example 2 Synthesis of a-NbS 4 powder (part 1)]
- S niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- a 45 mL zirconia container containing about 500 zirconia balls having a diameter of 4 mm and performing mechanical milling treatment at 500 rpm for 90 hours with a ball mill apparatus (Fritche P7) it is amorphous. Sex NbS 4 powder was obtained. The impurity concentration of this amorphous NbS 4 powder was 2% by weight or less.
- Example 3 Synthesis of a-NbS 5 powder
- a mechanical milling process is performed at 510 rpm for 40 hours with a ball mill apparatus (Fritche P7), and then the zirconia is further added.
- Example 4 Synthesis of NbS 5 (a-NbS x / NbS 2 complex) powder
- S niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- the charged weight is 1.0 g.
- using a 45 mL container containing about 500 zirconia balls having a diameter of 4 mm and performing mechanical milling for 60 hours at 600 rpm in a ball mill apparatus (Fritche P7) NbS 5 (non- A crystalline NbS x and NbS 2 complex) powder was obtained.
- NbS 5 amorphous NbS x and NbS 2 composite
- x in NbS x is not necessarily clear, but is estimated to be about 5 ⁇ x ⁇ 6.
- Example 5 Synthesis of NbS 5 C 2.3 (a-NbS x / NbS 2 / acetylene black complex) powder]
- NbS 2 niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- acetylene black a commercially available acetylene black
- NbS 5 C 2.3 (a composite of amorphous NbS x , NbS 2 and C) powder was obtained by performing mechanical milling treatment.
- x in NbS x is not necessarily clear, but is estimated to be about 5 ⁇ x ⁇ 6.
- Example 6 Synthesis of a-Ti 0.5 Nb 0.5 S 3 powder
- TiS 2 titanium sulfide
- NbS 2 niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- Example 7 Ti 0.5 Nb 0.5 S 4 (a-Ti a Nb b S c / NbS 2 complex) Synthesis of Powder
- TiS 2 titanium sulfide
- NbS 2 niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- Example 8 Synthesis of a-NbS 2.5 powder
- S 2: 5
- the charged weight is 1.0 g.
- the amorphous state is obtained.
- NbS 2.5 powder was obtained.
- the impurity concentration of this amorphous NbS 2.5 powder was 2% by weight or less.
- Example 9 Synthesis of a-Ti 0.5 Nb 0.5 S 4.5 powder
- TiS 2 titanium sulfide
- NbS 2 niobium sulfide
- S 8 sulfur
- Example 10 Synthesis of a-Li 2 NbS 3 powder
- amorphous Li 2 NbS 3 powder was obtained.
- Example 11 Synthesis of a-LiNbS 4 powder
- a commercially available lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) powder Li 2 S
- S sulfur
- using a 45 mL zirconia container containing about 500 zirconia balls having a diameter of 4 mm it is 510 rpm in a ball mill apparatus (Fritche P7).
- Amorphous LiNbS 4 powder was obtained by performing mechanical milling for 45 hours.
- Example 12 Synthesis of a-NbS 4 powder (part 2)]
- a mechanical milling treatment at 510 rpm for 20 hours with a ball mill device (Fritche P7) is carried out to make amorphous.
- Sex NbS 3 powder was obtained.
- amorphous NbS 4 powder was obtained.
- Comparative Example 1 NbS 2 powder
- a commercially available NbS 2 powder was used as a sample of Comparative Example 1 as it was.
- Comparative Example 2 TiS 2 powder
- a commercially available TiS 2 powder was used as a sample of Comparative Example 2 as it was.
- Comparative Example 5 S 8 Powder Commercially available S 8 powder was directly used as a sample of Comparative Example 5.
- Li 2 NbS 4 powder Synthesis of Li 2 NbS 4 powder
- Li 3 NbS 4 powder Synthesis of Li 3 NbS 4 powder
- Example 5 the NbS 5 (amorphous NbS x and NbS 2 complex) powder obtained in Example 4 and the NbS 5 C 2.3 (amorphous NbS x obtained in Example 5) were used.
- X-ray structure diffraction (XRD) in the range of diffraction angle 2 ⁇ 10 to 50 ° using CuK ⁇ rays was measured for the powder of (complex of NbS 2 and C). The results are shown in FIG. For reference, FIG. 2 also shows niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ) and sulfur (S 8 ) peaks used as raw materials.
- XRD X-ray structure diffraction
- FIG. 3 also shows the peaks of niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials.
- XRD X-ray structure diffraction
- FIG. 5 also shows the peaks of lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ), and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials.
- FIG. 6 also shows the peaks of niobium sulfide (NbS 2 ) and sulfur (S 8 ) used as raw materials.
- the material of the example greatly reduces the peak intensity compared to NbS 2 and S 8 used as raw materials. I understand that.
- Example 3 In the TEM image shown in FIG. 8, in Example 3, the amorphization is clearly progressing, and since there is no clear crystal pattern in the FFT pattern, there is no crystal having a long-range structure. It has been suggested that it is almost completely amorphous.
- Example 5 crystallites having an average crystallite size of about 1 to 20 nm are observed in the amorphous matrix. From this, it is suggested in Example 5 that crystalline NbS 2 exists in an amorphous material as a base material.
- Example 4 Thermal analysis
- the sulfides of Examples 2, 3, 7 and 8 were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results are shown in FIG. In FIG. 10, for comparison, a mixture of crystalline NbS 2 and S 8 (composition is NbS 5 ), crystalline TiS 2 , a mixture of crystalline NbS 2 and S 8 (composition is Ti 0.5 Nb 0.5 The result of S 4 ) is also shown.
- the heat quantity due to the transition from the ⁇ phase to the ⁇ phase is 4.7 J / g
- the heat quantity due to the melting of the ⁇ phase is 20 J / g.
- the heat quantity due to the transition from the ⁇ phase to the ⁇ phase is 3.9 J / g
- the heat quantity due to the melting of the ⁇ phase is 16.5 J / g.
- Test Example 5 Conductivity
- 80 mg of the sample powder was filled in a tablet molding machine having a diameter of 10 mm, and uniaxial pressing was performed at 25 ° C. and 360 MPa to obtain a sample for conductivity measurement. It was. The sample was subjected to direct current polarization measurement using a stainless steel current collector to measure the electronic resistance value, and the conductivity of the powder molded body was calculated.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- LiTFSA lithium trifluoromethanesulfonylamide
- DOL 1,3-dioxolane
- DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- FIG. 11 (Example 1): Electrochemical cells (1) and (2) FIG. 12 (Example 2): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 13 (Example 3) Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 14 (Example 5): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 15 (Example 7): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 16 (Example 8): Electrochemical cells (1) and (2)
- FIG. 17 (Example 9): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 18 (Example 10) Electrochemical cell (1) (FIG. 19: Comparison between Example 1 and Example 10)
- FIG. 20 (Example 11): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 21 (Comparative Example 1): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 22 (Comparative Example 2): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 23 (Comparative Example 6): Electrochemical cell (1)
- FIG. 24 (Comparative Example 7): Electrochemical cell (1) It is as follows.
- charging / discharging was also possible by including Li in the sulfide. Further, as compared with the a-NbS 3 powder, the average discharge potential could be improved while maintaining the charge / discharge capacity. It was also possible to reduce charge / discharge loss.
- the sulfide of the present invention has cycle characteristics compared to the conventional titanium sulfide. It turns out that is excellent.
- the active material containing the sulfide of the present invention exhibits good characteristics.
- Li 2 MnS 3 powder Synthesis of Li 2 MnS 3 powder
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
Abstract
Description
項1.一般式(1):
Lik1NbSn1
[式中、0≦k1≦5;3≦n1≦10;n1≧3.5の場合はk1≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物、又は
一般式(2):
Lik2Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0≦k2≦5;0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10;n2≧3.5の場合はk2≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物
からなる硫化物。
項2.不純物濃度が2重量%以下である、項1に記載の硫化物。
項3.一般式(3):
Lik3Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0≦k3≦5;0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10;n3≧3.5の場合はk3≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の硫化物からなり、且つ、
不純物濃度が2重量%以下である、硫化物。
項4.項1~3のいずれかに記載の硫化物を母材として、その内部に結晶性の金属硫化物が存在する、硫化物。
項5.CuKα線によるX線回折図において、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置における半値幅が0.3°以上であるか、又は、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置に回折ピークが存在しない、項1~4のいずれかに記載の硫化物。
項6.結晶子を有さないか、又は、平均の結晶子サイズが5nm以下である、項1~5のいずれかに記載の硫化物。
項7.一般式(4):
Lik4Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0≦k4≦5;0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10;n4≧3.5の場合はk4≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有し、且つ、
非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物を母材として、その内部に結晶性の金属硫化物又は炭素が存在する、硫化物。
項8.前記非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物は、CuKα線によるX線回折図において、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置における半値幅が0.3°以上であるか、又は、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置に回折ピークが存在しない、項7に記載の硫化物。
項9.前記非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物は、結晶子を有さないか、又は、平均の結晶子サイズが5nm以下である、項7又は8に記載の硫化物。
項10.原料又は中間生成物として、ニオブ含有材料及び硫黄含有材料を用い、メカニカルミリング処理に供する工程
を備える、項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物の製造方法。
項12.原料として、さらに、硫黄を用いる、項11に記載の製造方法。
項13.原料として、さらに、チタン含有材料、リチウム含有材料、及び炭素質材料よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を用いる、項10~12のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
項14.前記チタン含有材料は、硫化チタンであり、前記リチウム含有材料は硫化リチウムである、項13に記載の製造方法。
項15.項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物、又は項10~14のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された硫化物の充放電生成物。
項16.項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物、又は項10~14のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された硫化物からなるリチウム電池用正極活物質。
項17.項16に記載のリチウム電池用正極活物質を含むリチウム電池用電極。
項18.リチウム電池用正極である、項17に記載のリチウム電池用電極。
項19.項17又は18に記載のリチウム電池用電極を含むリチウム電池。
項20.非水電解質電池又は全固体型電池である項19に記載のリチウム電池。
[第1の態様]
本発明の第1の態様における硫化物は、
一般式(1):
Lik1NbSn1
[式中、0≦k1≦5;3≦n1≦10;n1≧3.5の場合はk1≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物、又は
一般式(2):
Lik2Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0≦k2≦5;0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10;n2≧3.5の場合はk2≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物
からなる硫化物である。
X線源:CuKα 5kV-300mA
測定条件:2θ=10~80°、0.02°ステップ、走査速度10°/分
の通りである。
Lik1NbSn1
[式中、0≦k1≦5;3≦n1≦10;n1≧3.5の場合はk1≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有するか、又は
一般式(2):
Lik2Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0≦k2≦5;0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10;n2≧3.5の場合はk2≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する。
NbSn1
[式中、3≦n1≦10である。]
で示される平均組成を有するニオブ硫化物であってもよいし、一般式(1B):
Lik1NbSn1
[式中、0<k1≦5;3≦n1≦10;n1≧3.5の場合はk1≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有するリチウムニオブ硫化物であってもよい。
Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10である。]
で示される平均組成を有するチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよいし、一般式(2B):
Lik2Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0<k2≦5;0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10;n2≧3.5の場合はk2≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有するリチウムチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよい。
本発明の第2の態様における硫化物は、
一般式(3):
Lik3Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0≦k3≦5;0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10;n3≧3.5の場合はk3≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の硫化物からなり、且つ、
不純物濃度が2重量%以下である。
X線源:CuKα 5kV-300mA
測定条件:2θ=10~80°、0.02°ステップ、走査速度10°/分
の通りである。
Lik3Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0≦k3≦5;0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10;n3≧3.5の場合はk3≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する。
Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10である。]
で示される平均組成を有するチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよいし、一般式(3B):
Lik3Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0<k3≦5;0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10;n3≧3.5の場合はk3≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有するリチウムチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよい。
本発明の第3の態様における硫化物は、
一般式(4):
Lik4Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0≦k4≦5;0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10;n4≧3.5の場合はk4≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有し、且つ、非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物を母材として、その内部に結晶性の金属硫化物又は炭素が存在する。
X線源:CuKα 5kV-300mA
測定条件:2θ=10~80°、0.02°ステップ、走査速度10°/分。
Lik4Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0≦k4≦5;0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10;n4≧3.5の場合はk4≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する。
Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10である。]
で示される平均組成を有するチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよいし、一般式(4B):
Lik4Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0<k4≦5;0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10;n4≧3.5の場合はk4≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有するリチウムチタンニオブ硫化物であってもよい。
本発明の硫化物は、
原料又は中間生成物として、ニオブ含有材料及び硫黄含有材料を用い、これらの原料をメカニカルミリング法に供する工程
を備える製造方法によって得ることができる。
上記した硫化物は、ニオブ(Nb)及びチタン(Ti)の和に対する硫黄(S)の元素比が高い非晶質状態の多硫化物であることから、高い充放電容量を有する。また、良好な導電性を有する。この導電性が向上する傾向は、金属硫化物や炭素が非晶質性の硫化物からなる母材中に存在している場合に特に顕著である。さらに、本発明の硫化物中にリチウム(Li)が含まれている場合は、平均放電電位をより向上させつつ、充放電の損失をより低減することができる。
[実施例1:a-NbS3粉末の合成]
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:3、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、60時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のNbS3粉末を得た。この非晶質性のNbS3粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で500rpm、90時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のNbS4粉末を得た。この非晶質性のNbS4粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:3、仕込み重量が0.77gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行った後、さらに該ジルコニアポットにNbS3:S=1:2となるように、硫黄(S8)粉末を添加し、510rpm、36時間メカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のNbS5粉末を得た。この非晶質性のNbS5粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:5、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLの容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で600rpm、60時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、NbS5(非晶質性のNbSxとNbS2との複合体)粉末を得た。このNbS5(非晶質性のNbSxとNbS2との複合体)粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。なお、NbSxにおけるxは必ずしも明らかではないが、5<x<6程度と推測される。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末と市販のアセチレンブラックとを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S:C=1:5:2.3、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、60時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、NbS5C2.3(非晶質性のNbSxとNbS2とCとの複合体)粉末を得た。このNbS5C2.3(非晶質性のNbSxとNbS2とCとの複合体)粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。なお、NbSxにおけるxは必ずしも明らかではないが、5<x<6程度と推測される。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化チタン(TiS2)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でTi:Nb:S=1:1:6、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で370rpm、60時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のTi0.5Nb0.5S3粉末を得た。この非晶質性のTi0.5Nb0.5S3粉末の不純物濃度は、NbS2が2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化チタン(TiS2)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でTi:Nb:S=1:1:8、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で370rpm、60時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、Ti0.5Nb0.5S4(非晶質性のTiaNbbScとNbS2との複合体)粉末を得た。このTi0.5Nb0.5S4(非晶質性のTiaNbbScとNbS2との複合体)粉末の不純物濃度は、NbS2が2重量%以下であった。なお、TiaNbbScにおいて、a:b:cは明らかではないが、1:0.95~1:7.9~8程度と考えられる。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=2:5、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で370rpm、100時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のNbS2.5粉末を得た。この非晶質性のNbS2.5粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化チタン(TiS2)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でTi:Nb:S=1:1:9、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で370rpm、100時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のTi0.5Nb0.5S4.5粉末を得た。この非晶質性のTi0.5Nb0.5S4.5粉末の不純物濃度は2重量%以下であった。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でLi:Nb:S=2:1:3、仕込み重量が1.5gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、30時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のLi2NbS3粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でLi:Nb:S=1:1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、45時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のLiNbS4粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:3、仕込み重量が1.3gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、20時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のNbS3粉末を得た。
市販のNbS2粉末をそのまま比較例1の試料とした。
市販のTiS2粉末をそのまま比較例2の試料とした。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の二硫化チタン(TiS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でTi:S=1:3、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のTiS3粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の二硫化チタン(TiS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でTi:S=1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLの容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、非晶質性のTiS4粉末を得た。
市販のS8粉末をそのまま比較例5の試料とした。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でLi:Nb:S=2:1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLの容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、Li2NbS4粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)粉末と市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でLi:Nb:S=3:1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLの容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、Li3NbS4粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化ニオブ(NbS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でNb:S=1:4、仕込み重量が1.5gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で500rpm、90時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、NbS4粉末を得た。
実施例1で得た非晶質性のNbS3粉末、実施例2で得た非晶質性のNbS4粉末及び実施例3で得た非晶質性のNbS5粉末について、CuKα線を用いた回折角2θ=10~80°の範囲内のX線構造回折(XRD)を測定した。結果を図1に示す。参考のため、図1には、原料として用いた硫化ニオブ(NbS2)及び硫黄(S8)のピークもあわせて示す。
本発明の硫化物が、非晶質化されていることは、シリコン(Si)と混合し、その最強ピーク強度と比較することで理解できる。
実施例3で得た非晶質性のNbS5粉末、及び実施例5で得たNbS5C2.3(非晶質性のNbSxとNbS2とCとの複合体)粉末について粒子端部の透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)観察を行った。結果を図8~9に示す。試料の大気暴露を避けるために、アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックスからTEM装置への導入する際には、雰囲気制御ホルダーを用いた。
実施例2、3、7及び8の硫化物について、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)を行った。結果を図10に示す。図10では、比較のため、結晶性NbS2とS8との混合物(組成はNbS5)、結晶性TiS2、結晶性NbS2及びS8の混合物(組成はTi0.5Nb0.5S4)の結果もあわせて示す。
実施例1~11及び比較例3~4の試料について、直径10mmの錠剤成型器に対して試料粉末を80mg充填し、25℃、360MPaで一軸プレスすることによって、導電率測定用の試料を得た。試料に対してステンレススチール製の集電体を用いて、直流分極測定を行うことで、電子抵抗値を測定し、粉末成型体の導電率を算出した。
上記した実施例1~3、5、7~11及び比較例1~2、6~7の硫化物を用いて、下記の方法で2種類の電気化学セルを作製し、それぞれ電流密度10mA/gにおいて、カットオフ1.5~3.0Vにおける定電流測定で充放電試験を行った(ただし、比較例6では、電流密度を20mA/gとした)。
図11(実施例1):電気化学セル(1)及び(2)
図12(実施例2):電気化学セル(1)
図13(実施例3):電気化学セル(1)
図14(実施例5):電気化学セル(1)
図15(実施例7):電気化学セル(1)
図16(実施例8):電気化学セル(1)及び(2)
図17(実施例9):電気化学セル(1)
図18(実施例10):電気化学セル(1)
(図19:実施例1と実施例10との比較)
図20(実施例11):電気化学セル(1)
図21(比較例1):電気化学セル(1)
図22(比較例2):電気化学セル(1)
図23(比較例6):電気化学セル(1)
図24(比較例7):電気化学セル(1)
のとおりである。
充電容量(1サイクル目):268mAh/g
放電容量(1サイクル目):281mAh/g
であり、NbS3の理論容量(1電子反応:142mAh/g、2電子反応:283mAh/g)と比較すると、狙ったかのように2電子反応を起こしていることが分かる。また、サイクル性は良好であった。
充電容量(1サイクル目):284mAh/g
充電容量(2サイクル目):278mAh/g
放電容量(1サイクル目):342mAh/g
放電容量(2サイクル目):301mAh/g
であり、充放電可能であった。また、エーテル系溶媒を用いたほうが、充放電ともに容量が向上した。
[比較例9:MnS3粉末の合成]
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化マンガン(MnS)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でMn:S=1:3、仕込み重量が1.4gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、80時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、MnS3粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化リチウム(Li2S)粉末と市販の硫化マンガン(MnS)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でLi:Mn:S=2:1:3、仕込み重量が1.5gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で510rpm、80時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、Li2MnS3粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化鉄(FeS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でFe:S=1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、FeS4粉末を得た。
アルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス中において、市販の硫化鉄(FeS2)粉末と市販の硫黄(S8)粉末とを、それぞれ元素比でFe:S=1:4、仕込み重量が1.0gとなるように秤量・混合し、その後、直径4mmのジルコニアボール約500個を入れた45mLのジルコニア容器を用いて、ボールミル装置(フリッチェP7)で360rpm、40時間のメカニカルミリング処理を行うことで、FeS4粉末を得た。
比較例9で得たMnS3粉末、比較例10で得たLi2MnS3粉末、比較例11で得たFeS4粉末、及び比較例12で得たFeS4粉末について、CuKα線を用いた回折角2θ=10~80°(比較例12及び13は10~60°)の範囲内のX線構造回折(XRD)を測定した。結果を図28~29に示す。参考のため、図28には、原料として用いた硫化マンガン(MnS)、硫化リチウム(Li2S)及び硫黄(S8)のピークもあわせて示す。また、図29には、原料として用いた硫化鉄(FeS2)及び硫黄(S8)のピークもあわせて示す。
上記した比較例12の硫化物を用いて、下記のように電気化学セルを作製し、それぞれ電流密度5mA/gにおいて、カットオフ1.5~3.0Vにおける定電流測定で充放電試験を行った。
Claims (20)
- 一般式(1):
Lik1NbSn1
[式中、0≦k1≦5;3≦n1≦10;n1≧3.5の場合はk1≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物、又は
一般式(2):
Lik2Ti1-m2Nbm2Sn2
[式中、0≦k2≦5;0<m2<1;2≦n2≦10;n2≧3.5の場合はk2≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物
からなる硫化物。 - 不純物濃度が2重量%以下である、請求項1に記載の硫化物。
- 一般式(3):
Lik3Ti1-m3Nbm3Sn3
[式中、0≦k3≦5;0<m3≦1;2≦n3≦10;n3≧3.5の場合はk3≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有する非晶質性の硫化物からなり、且つ、
不純物濃度が2重量%以下である、硫化物。 - 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の硫化物を母材として、その内部に結晶性の金属硫化物が存在する、硫化物。
- CuKα線によるX線回折図において、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置における半値幅が0.3°以上であるか、又は、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置に回折ピークが存在しない、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の硫化物。
- 結晶子を有さないか、又は、平均の結晶子サイズが5nm以下である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の硫化物。
- 一般式(4):
Lik4Ti1-m4Nbm4Sn4Cx
[式中、0≦k4≦5;0<m4≦1;2≦n4≦10:0≦x≦10;n4≧3.5の場合はk4≦1.5である。]
で示される平均組成を有し、且つ、
非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物を母材として、その内部に結晶性の金属硫化物又は炭素が存在する、硫化物。 - 前記非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物は、CuKα線によるX線回折図において、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置における半値幅が0.3°以上であるか、又は、回折角2θ=15.0±0.5°、15.5±0.5°及び23.0±0.5°の位置に回折ピークが存在しない、請求項7に記載の硫化物。
- 前記非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物は、結晶子を有さないか、又は、平均の結晶子サイズが5nm以下である、請求項7又は8に記載の硫化物。
- 原料又は中間生成物として、ニオブ含有材料及び硫黄含有材料を用い、メカニカルミリング処理に供する工程
を備える、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物の製造方法。 - 原料又は中間生成物として、結晶性の硫化ニオブ、非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物、及び非晶質性の(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を用いる、請求項10に記載の製造方法。
- 原料として、さらに、硫黄を用いる、請求項11に記載の製造方法。
- 原料として、さらに、チタン含有材料、リチウム含有材料、及び炭素質材料よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を用いる、請求項10~12のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記チタン含有材料は、硫化チタンであり、前記リチウム含有材料は硫化リチウムである、請求項13に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物、又は請求項10~14のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された硫化物の充放電生成物。
- 請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の硫化物、又は請求項10~14のいずれかに記載の製造方法により製造された硫化物からなるリチウム電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項16に記載のリチウム電池用正極活物質を含むリチウム電池用電極。
- リチウム電池用正極である、請求項17に記載のリチウム電池用電極。
- 請求項17又は18に記載のリチウム電池用電極を含むリチウム電池。
- 非水電解質電池又は全固体型電池である請求項19に記載のリチウム電池。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP14850200.8A EP3053883B1 (en) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-09-17 | Amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide |
US15/026,329 US10269465B2 (en) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-09-17 | Amorphous (lithium) niobium sulfide or (lithium) titanium niobium sulfide |
JP2015540447A JP6370796B2 (ja) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-09-17 | 非晶質性の(リチウム)ニオブ硫化物又は(リチウム)チタンニオブ硫化物 |
KR1020167011446A KR102203952B1 (ko) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-09-17 | 비정질성 (리튬) 니오븀 황화물 또는 (리튬) 티타늄 니오븀 황화물 |
CN201480050196.3A CN105531232B (zh) | 2013-10-04 | 2014-09-17 | 非晶性的(锂)铌硫化物或(锂)钛铌硫化物 |
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