WO2015007119A1 - 一种改进的强制啮合式起动机 - Google Patents

一种改进的强制啮合式起动机 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015007119A1
WO2015007119A1 PCT/CN2014/079114 CN2014079114W WO2015007119A1 WO 2015007119 A1 WO2015007119 A1 WO 2015007119A1 CN 2014079114 W CN2014079114 W CN 2014079114W WO 2015007119 A1 WO2015007119 A1 WO 2015007119A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
starter
point
electromagnetic switch
delay device
engagement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/079114
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
汪剑峰
Original Assignee
Wang Jianfeng
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wang Jianfeng filed Critical Wang Jianfeng
Publication of WO2015007119A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015007119A1/zh

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/04—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears
    • F02N15/06—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement
    • F02N15/062—Starter drives
    • F02N15/063—Starter drives with resilient shock absorbers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/04—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears
    • F02N15/06—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement
    • F02N15/067—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement the starter comprising an electro-magnetically actuated lever
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2300/00—Control related aspects of engine starting
    • F02N2300/20—Control related aspects of engine starting characterised by the control method
    • F02N2300/2011—Control involving a delay; Control involving a waiting period before engine stop or engine start

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved forced engagement starter which is in the field of electric starter technology for internal combustion engines.
  • the drive gear of the starter cannot normally mesh with the flywheel teeth of the engine.
  • the starter rotates at a high speed, the drive gear rubs against the end face of the flywheel teeth, and a strong toothing sound is emitted.
  • the drive gear is equivalent to the milling cutter at the end face of the milling flywheel tooth, so this fault is called a milling tooth.
  • the milling tooth failure occurs, the engine cannot be started at all.
  • the starter of commercial vehicle engine is mainly divided into two types: forced meshing and two-stage flexible meshing.
  • the two-stage flexible meshing solves the problem of milling, it has many parts, complicated mechanical structure and consumes more copper. It is difficult to process and expensive.
  • the forced mesh starter is widely used due to its simple structure, small number of parts, easy processing, and low cost.
  • the conventional forced-engagement starter after the ignition switch is turned on, the attracting coil and the holding coil of the electromagnetic switch are simultaneously energized, and the moving iron core pushes the driving mechanism to the opposite direction through the shifting fork while moving toward the main contact. Moving, this process first compresses the meshing spring; then the drive mechanism advances and contacts the flywheel teeth of the engine; at this time, if the tooth is tooth-toothed, the drive gear can smoothly mesh with the flywheel teeth; at this time, if the tooth is toothed, it is stored by the meshing spring.
  • the kinetic energy is too short to be fully released (usually less than 10mS), resulting in a common top tooth pressure It is low, and at this time, the main contact of the electromagnetic switch has been closed, and the full power output of the armature is started.
  • the gear groove of the flywheel can easily slip through the tooth groove of the flywheel to cause the meshing failure.
  • the problem of milling toothing is mostly to increase the elastic force of the meshing spring, reduce the axial motion resistance of the driving mechanism, reduce the weight of the driving part to reduce the inertia, optimize the chamfer shape of the gear, or minimize the static driving gear and the flywheel.
  • Axial spacing and other methods, but through the actual operation, the above methods can only cure the symptoms can not cure the problem, has a great limitation, can not completely solve the milling problem.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a small auxiliary component added to the existing forced meshing starter, which can completely avoid the occurrence of milling tooth failure, has a simple structure, good use effect and low production cost; and solves the prior art to increase the meshing spring force, Reducing the resistance of the driving gear, changing the chamfer shape of the gear, or minimizing the axial spacing of the driving gear and the flywheel during static, can only cure the standard and can not completely cure the problem. It is difficult to completely avoid the problem of milling gear failure. starter.
  • the present invention achieves the above object by the following technical solutions.
  • the improved forced-engagement starter is composed of a starter body and a delay device.
  • the starter body comprises an electromagnetic switch, a starter armature, a shift fork, an engagement spring, and a drive mechanism, wherein: the delay device comprises a delay circuit, The output element of the actuator, the resistor R, and the delay circuit are connected to the actuator, and the actuator is connected in parallel with the resistor R through the wire; the electromagnetic switch includes the attracting coil, the holding coil, the moving iron core; the static contact a of the electromagnetic switch and the power source E The positive electrode and the ignition switch are connected in parallel, and the static contact b of the electromagnetic switch is connected with the positive terminal of the starting armature M; the point A of the electromagnetic switch is the attracting coil and the holding coil The parallel connection tap point is connected to the positive pole of the power source E through the ignition switch; the input end of the delay device is connected to the point A of the electromagnetic switch through a wire, and one end of the resistor R of the delay device is connected with the point B of the attracting coil, and
  • the delay device is connected in series between the ignition switch and the electromagnetic switch A through a wire.
  • the actuator is a FET or a relay.
  • the improved forced-engagement starter adds a delay device to the existing forced-engagement starter, and the delay device includes a delay circuit, an actuator, and a resistor.
  • the resistor of the delay device is connected in series to the ignition switch and the point A of the electromagnetic switch, that is, the parallel connection tap point of the attracting coil and the holding coil, and the installation is simple and convenient. Connect the input end of the delay device to point A of the electromagnetic switch.
  • the resistance of the delay device is connected in series with the point B of the attracting coil and the positive terminal of the starting armature M and the parallel connection point of the static contact b of the electromagnetic switch.
  • the current flowing through the attracting coil of the electromagnetic switch is reduced, and the delay circuit of the delay device is delayed by 100 to 150 mS, and then the resistor is short-circuited to restore the normal current of the attracting coil of the electromagnetic switch and the holding coil.
  • the prior art solves the problem that the meshing force of the meshing spring is increased, the resistance of the driving gear is reduced, the chamfering shape of the gear is changed, Or try to shorten the axial distance between the drive gear and the flywheel when static, and only the palliative can not cure the problem, it is difficult to completely avoid the problem of milling tooth failure.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the installation structure of a delay device and a starter body of an improved forced-engagement starter
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view showing another mounting structure of the delay device of the improved forced-engagement starter and the body of the starter;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of an existing starter.
  • the improved forced-engagement starter is composed of a starter body 1 and a delay device 2, and the starter body 1 comprises an electromagnetic switch 5, a starter armature M, a shift fork 10, an engagement spring 11, and a drive mechanism 12;
  • the delay circuit 3, the actuator 4, the resistor R, the output of the delay circuit 3 is connected to the actuator 4, and the actuator 4 is connected in parallel with the resistor R through the wire;
  • the electromagnetic switch 5 includes the attracting coil 6, the holding coil 7, and the moving The iron core 8;
  • the static contact a of the electromagnetic switch 5 is connected in parallel with the positive pole of the power source E and the ignition switch 9, and the static contact b of the electromagnetic switch 5 is connected with the positive terminal of the starting armature M;
  • the point A of the magnetic switch 5, that is, the attracting coil 6 and the parallel connecting tap point of the holding coil ⁇ are connected to the positive pole of the power source E through the ignition switch 9;
  • the input end of the delay device 2 is connected to the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 through a wire, the delay device
  • the delay means 2 is connected in series between the ignition switch 9 and the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 by wires (see Fig. 2).
  • the actuator 4 is a field effect transistor or a relay.
  • the teeth of the driving gear are placed on the teeth of the engine flywheel 13, and the teething condition thereof must have a certain top tooth pressure, but the kinetic energy stored by the engaging spring 11 cannot be fully released due to the short time, and the actual measurement can be known.
  • the time is generally less than 10mS, which indicates that the pressure is generally low, far less than the static elastic force at the design; at this time, the static contact a and the static contact b are closed, the full power output of the armature M is started, and the driving gear accelerates from zero. During the process, it will easily slip through the tooth groove of the engine flywheel 13, causing a milling tooth failure, resulting in mesh failure (see Figure 3).
  • the delay device 2 includes a delay circuit 3, an actuator 4 and a resistor R, which can be in any working state.
  • the problem of meshing between the drive gear and the engine flywheel 13 is completely solved, and the milling tooth failure of the conventional forced mesh starter is completely avoided.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for use in a 24V diesel engine starting system.
  • a series resistor R is connected in the power supply loop of the coil of the electromagnetic switch 5 to reduce the coil current of the electromagnetic switch 5, and is delayed by the delay circuit 3 by 100 ⁇ After 150mS, the resistor R is short-circuited by the actuator 4 field effect transistor or relay to restore the normal current of the coil of the electromagnetic switch 5; the purpose is to reduce the moving speed of the driving mechanism 12, reduce the compression amount of the engaging spring 11, and delay the electromagnetic switch 5
  • the closing time of the stationary contact a and the stationary contact b is such that the kinetic energy stored in the engaging spring 11 is sufficiently released, and the top toothing force is greatly increased, so that the driving gear smoothly meshes into the tooth groove of the engine flywheel 13.
  • the improved forced-engagement starter mounts the delay device 2 on the starter body 1 in two mounting manners.
  • the first installation method is: connecting the input end of the delay device 2 to the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 through a wire, and the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 is a parallel connection tap point of the attracting coil 6 and the holding coil 7;
  • the resistance R of the output end of 2 is connected in series between the point B of the attracting coil 6 and the point D of the connection between the positive terminal of the starting armature M and the stationary contact b of the electromagnetic switch 5;
  • the resistance of the resistor R is 0.2 to 0.5 ⁇ . 5 ⁇ 2 ⁇
  • the DC resistance of the coil 7 is 1. 5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ .
  • the second installation method is: connecting the resistance R of the delay device 2 in series between the ignition switch 9 and the electromagnetic switch 5, and at this time, the suction coil 6 and the holding coil 7 of the electromagnetic switch 5 are passed through the resistor R.
  • the group coils are simultaneously limited.
  • This type of installation is very simple, the starter manufacturer does not need to make any changes to the existing starter, just delay
  • the device 2 can be directly mounted on the existing starter casing.
  • the actuator 4 of the delay device 2 is a field effect transistor, it is necessary to give priority to the P-type polarity of the FET.
  • the circuit of the delay device 2 is complicated and the manufacturing cost is high (see FIG. 2). .
  • the advantage of using relays in actuator 4 is that it does not need to consider its access polarity.
  • the disadvantage is that the contacts of the relay are easily burned, which affects the short circuit of the delay resistor 3 to the current limiting resistor R.
  • the actuator 4 uses a field effect transistor. Since the field effect transistor is non-contact, it ensures the stability and reliability of the delay device 2 itself, but the field effect transistor is more expensive than the relay.
  • the delay circuit 3 can be designed according to whether the actuator 4 is a relay or a FET.
  • the delay circuit 3 of the delay device 2 can also use a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit to control the FET to intermittently operate during the delay period, and the current limiting resistor R can be omitted, but the design of the corresponding delay circuit 3 is compared. complex.
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the power supply circuit of the attracting coil 6 of the electromagnetic switch 5 is: power supply E ignition switch 9 point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 is the attracting coil 6 Parallel connection with the holding coil ⁇ The point of the tap point of the attracting coil 6 is activated. The parallel connection point of the positive end of the electromechanical arm M and the stationary contact b is D. The dynamic contact of the movable contact of the iron core 8 is maintained by the electromagnetic switch 5
  • the power supply circuit of the coil 7 is: Power supply E Ignition switch 9 The point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 holds the point C of the coil 7 connected to the ground.
  • the resistance R of the delay device 2 is connected in series between the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 and the point D of the connection between the positive terminal of the starting armature M and the stationary contact b, the resistance of the resistor R The value is 0. 2 ⁇ 0. 8 ⁇ , the DC resistance value of the attracting coil 6 is 0. 2 ⁇ 0. 8 ⁇ , the resistor R and the attracting coil 6 are connected in series to limit current to reduce the current of the attracting coil 6. (According to practical experience, the current is reduced by about half when the current is better); The amplitude reduces the acceleration of the moving iron core 8, reduces the amount of compression of the engaging spring 11, and greatly reduces the moving speed of the driving mechanism 12.
  • the moving iron core 8 of the electromagnetic switch 5 temporarily stops without sufficient power.
  • the movable contact piece cannot contact the static contact a and the static contact b.
  • the driving gear of the driving mechanism 12 abuts the teeth of the engine flywheel 13 to wait for the teeth, under the action of the delay circuit 3 of the delay device 2.
  • the elastic force of the engaging spring 11 mounted behind the driving mechanism 12 is fully released, and the elastic force of the engaging spring 11 causes the driving mechanism 12 to generate a sufficiently large top tooth preload to press against the tooth end surface of the engine flywheel 13. .
  • the actuator 4 of the delay device 2 operates the FET or the relay, shorts the resistor R, and the current flowing through the attracting coil 6 returns to normal.
  • the 24V voltage of the battery power source E is all applied to the attracting coil 6.
  • the moving iron core 8 obtains sufficient power to release the suspended state, and pushes the movable contact piece forward until the static contact a and the static contact b are closed, so that the starting armature M obtains 24V voltage and starts full power operation, through the driving mechanism 12
  • the rotational speed of the drive gear is rapidly and instantaneously increased from zero, and is slid into the tooth groove of the engine flywheel 13 under the action of a sufficiently large top tooth preload.
  • the actuator 4 can employ a relatively economical N-type field effect transistor (see Fig. 1).
  • the resistance R of the delay device 2 is connected in series between the ignition switch 9 and the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5, the point A of the electromagnetic switch 5 is the tap of the attracting coil 6 and the holding coil 7. Parallel connection point, so at this time, the two sets of coils of the attracting coil 6 and the holding coil 7 of the electromagnetic switch 5 are simultaneously limited by the resistor R, and the resistor
  • the resistance of R is 0.2 ⁇ 0.8 ⁇
  • the DC resistance of the attracting coil 6 is 0.2 ⁇ 0.8 ⁇
  • the DC resistance of the coil 7 is about 1.5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ .
  • the improved forced-engagement starter adds a delay device 2 to the conventional forced-engagement starter, and is mounted on the starter body 1 by the above two installation methods, particularly by the first installation method, to completely solve the milling problem. Guaranteed reliable engagement. The components used are few, the structure is simple, the manufacturing cost is low, the installation is reasonable, convenient, and the effect is remarkable. Through the failure analysis and test, the delay device 2 works stably and reliably, and the overall replacement is quick and convenient, without adding additional faults.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)

Abstract

一种改进的强制啮合式起动机，它由起动机本体（1）、延时装置（2）构成，起动机本体（1）包括电磁开关（5）、起动机电枢M、拨叉（10）、啮合弹簧（11）、驱动机构（12），延时装置（2）包括延时电路（3）、执行元件（4）、电阻R；延时电路（3）的输出端与执行元件（4）连接，执行元件（4）通过导线与电阻R并联连接；电磁开关（5）包括吸引线圈（6）、保持线圈（7）、动铁芯（8）；电磁开关（5）的静触点a与电源E正极、点火开关（9）并联连接，电磁开关（5）的静触点b与起动机电枢M正极端连接；电磁开关（5）的A点即吸引线圈（6）和保持线圈（7）的并联连接抽头点通过点火开关（9）与电源E正极连接；延时装置（2）的输入端通过导线与电磁开关（5）的A点连接，延时装置（2）的电阻R的一端与吸引线圈（6）的B点连接，电阻R的另一端与起动机电枢M的正极端和电磁开关（5）的静触点b并联连接；保持线圈（7）B点、电源E负极、起动机电枢M负极均通过导线与地连接；电磁开关（5）的动铁芯（8）通过拨叉（10）连接啮合弹簧（11），啮合弹簧（11）与驱动机构（12）装接，驱动机构（12）的驱动齿轮与发动机飞轮（13）啮合。上述改进的强制啮合式起动机，通过在现有强制啮合式起动机上增加少许辅助部件，能够使得起动机的驱动齿轮与发动机的飞轮齿正常啮合，避免铣齿故障的发生。

Description

技术领域
本发明涉及一种改进的强制啮合式起动机， 属内燃机电起动技 术领域。
背景技术
商用车在起动发动机时常发生铣齿故障， 原因是起动机的驱动 齿轮不能与发动机的飞轮齿正常啮合。 当起动机高速旋转时， 驱动 齿轮与飞轮齿端面摩擦， 发出强烈的打齿声， 此时驱动齿轮相当于 铣刀在铣削飞轮齿端面， 因此把这种故障称为铣齿。 铣齿故障发生 时， 根本无法起动发动机。 目前商用车发动机的起动机主要分为强 制啮合式和两级柔性啮合式两大类， 两级柔性啮合式虽然解决了铣 齿问题， 但其零部件数量多， 机械结构复杂， 耗费铜材多， 加工难 度大， 价格昂贵。 相比之下， 强制啮合式起动机， 因结构简单、 零 部件数量少、 便于加工、 成本较低等特点而获得广泛应用。 但常用 的强制啮合起动机， 在接通点火开关后， 电磁开关的吸引线圈与保 持线圈是同时加电的， 动铁芯在向主触点方向移动的同时通过拨叉 推动驱动机构向相反方向移动， 此过程首先压缩啮合弹簧； 然后驱 动机构前移并与发动机飞轮齿接触； 此时若是齿对齿槽， 驱动齿轮 能顺利与飞轮齿啮合； 此时若是齿对齿， 由于啮合弹簧储存的动能 因时间太短不能得到充分释放 (通常不足 10mS)， 致使顶齿压力普遍 偏低， 而这时电磁开关的主触点已经闭合， 起动机电枢全功率输 出， 驱动齿轮自零到飞速运转的过程中， 会轻易滑过飞轮的齿槽引 发铣齿故障导致啮合失败。 目前解决铣齿故障大多采用增加啮合弹 簧的弹力、 减少驱动机构的轴向运动阻力、 减轻驱动部分的重量以 减小惯性、 优化齿轮付的倒角形状、 或尽量缩短静态时驱动齿轮和 飞轮的轴向间距等方法， 但通过实际操作来看， 上述方法均只能治 标不能治本， 具有很大的局限性， 不能彻底解决铣齿问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于， 提供一种在现有强制啮合起动机上增加少 许辅助部件， 可彻底避免铣齿故障发生， 结构简单， 使用效果好， 制作成本低廉； 解决现有技术采用增加啮合弹簧弹力、 减少驱动齿 轮运动阻力、 改变齿轮付的倒角形状、 或尽量缩短静态时驱动齿轮 和飞轮的轴向间距等方法， 只能治标不能治本， 难以彻底避免发生 铣齿故障问题的改进的强制啮合式起动机。
本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现上述目的的
该改进的强制啮合式起动机由起动机本体、 延时装置构成， 起 动机本体包括电磁开关、 起动机电枢、 拨叉、 啮合弹簧、 驱动机 构， 其特征在于： 延时装置包括延时电路、 执行元件、 电阻 R， 延 时电路的输出端与执行元件连接， 执行元件通过导线与电阻 R并联 连接； 电磁开关包括吸引线圈、 保持线圈、 动铁芯； 电磁开关的静 触点 a与电源 E正极、 点火开关并联连接， 电磁开关的静触点 b与 起动机电枢 M正极端连接； 电磁开关的 A点即吸引线圈和保持线圈 的并联连接抽头点通过点火开关与电源 E正极连接； 延时装置的输 入端通过导线与电磁开关的 A点连接， 延时装置的电阻 R的一端与 吸引线圈的 B点连接， 电阻 R的另一端与起动机电枢 M的正极端和 电磁开关的静触点 b并联连接； 保持线圈 B点、 电源 E负极、 起动 机电枢 M负极均通过导线与地连接。 电磁开关的动铁芯通过拨叉连 接啮合弹簧， 啮合弹簧与驱动机构装接， 驱动机构的驱动齿轮与发 动机飞轮啮合。
所述的延时装置通过导线串联连接在点火开关与电磁开关 A点 之间。
所述的执行元件为场效应管或继电器。
本发明与现有技术相比的有益效果在于
该改进的强制啮合式起动机在现有强制啮合起动机上增加延时 装置， 延时装置包括延时电路、 执行元件和电阻。 将延时装置的电 阻串接于点火开关与电磁开关的 A点， 即吸引线圈和保持线圈的并 联连接抽头点， 安装简单方便。 将延时装置的输入端与电磁开关的 A点连接， 延时装置的电阻串接于吸引线圈的 B点与起动机电枢 M 的正极端、 电磁开关静触点 b的并联连接点 D点之间， 减小流过电 磁开关的吸引线圈的电流， 并通过延时装置的延时电路延迟 100〜 150mS后再将电阻短路， 恢复电磁开关的吸引线圈和保持线圈的正 常电流。 彻底避免铣齿故障发生， 使用元件少， 结构简单， 制作成 本低， 工作稳定可靠， 不产生附加故障。 解决了现有技术采用增加 啮合弹簧弹力、 减少驱动齿轮运动阻力、 改变齿轮付的倒角形状、 或尽量缩短静态时驱动齿轮和飞轮的轴向间距等方法， 只能治标不 能治本， 难以彻底避免发生铣齿故障的问题。
附图说明
附图 1为一种改进的强制啮合式起动机的延时装置与起动机本 体的安装结构示意图；
附图 2为一种改进的强制啮合式起动机的延时装置与起动机本 体的另一种安装结构示意图；
附图 3为现有起动机的结构示意图。
图中： 1、 起动机本体， 2、 延时装置， 3、 延时电路， 4、 执行 元件， 5、 电磁开关， 6、 吸引线圈， 7、 保持线圈， 8、 动铁芯， 9、 点火开关， 10、 拨叉， 11、 啮合弹簧， 12、 驱动机构， 13、 发 动机飞轮。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对该改进的强制啮合式起动机作进一歩详细说 明：
该改进的强制啮合式起动机由起动机本体 1、 延时装置 2构 成， 起动机本体 1包括电磁开关 5、 起动机电枢 M、 拨叉 10、 啮合 弹簧 11、 驱动机构 12 ; 延时装置 2包括延时电路 3、 执行元件 4、 电阻 R， 延时电路 3的输出端与执行元件 4连接， 执行元件 4通过 导线与电阻 R并联连接； 电磁开关 5包括吸引线圈 6、 保持线圈 7、 动铁芯 8; 电磁开关 5的静触点 a与电源 E正极、 点火开关 9并 联连接， 电磁开关 5的静触点 b与起动机电枢 M的正极端连接； 电 磁开关 5的 A点即吸引线圈 6和保持线圈 Ί的并联连接抽头点通过 点火开关 9与电源 E正极连接； 延时装置 2的输入端通过导线与电 磁开关 5的 A点连接， 延时装置 2的电阻 R的一端与吸引线圈 6的 B点连接， 电阻 R的另一端与起动机电枢 M的正极端和电磁开关 5 的静触点 b的并联连接 D点相连接； 保持线圈 7的 B点、 电源 E负 极、 起动机电枢 M的负极均通过导线与地连接。 电磁开关 5的动铁 芯 8通过拨叉 10连接啮合弹簧 11， 啮合弹簧 11与驱动机构 12装 接， 驱动机构 12的驱动齿轮与发动机飞轮 13啮合 （参见附图 1 ) 。
所述的延时装置 2通过导线串联连接在点火开关 9与电磁开关 5的 A点之间 （参见附图 2 ) 。
所述的执行元件 4为场效应管或继电器。
通过现有技术我们知道， 当给电磁开关 5通电的瞬间， 蓄电池 电源 E的 24V电压全部加在吸引线圈 6和保持线圈 Ί上， 其获得的 电能转化为机械动能， 使得动铁芯 8加速运动而压缩啮合弹簧 11， 此时当遇到齿对齿槽时， 驱动齿轮能顺利插入发动机飞轮 13的齿 槽， 同时电磁开关 5的静触点 a和静触点 b被左移的动铁芯 8的动 触片短接后， 电源 E的电压全部施加到起动机电枢 M上， 起动机电 枢 M全压起动， 驱动齿轮与发动机飞轮 13的齿轮啮合并全功率旋 转 （参见附图 3 ) 。
但当遇到齿顶齿时， 由于电磁开关 5中的动铁芯 8通过拨叉 10 的杠杆作用推动驱动机构 12右移的同时， 也同时推动动铁芯 8的 动触片向左移， 即向静触点 a和静触点 b方向移动， 此时虽然驱动 齿轮因顶齿而不再前行， 但因存在柔性的啮合弹簧 11， 拨叉 10会 继续绕支点转动， 一边压缩啮合弹簧 11， 一边继续推动动触片左移 直到与静触点 a和静触点 b闭合。 而与此同时驱动齿轮的齿顶着发 动机飞轮 13的齿， 其入齿条件是必须有一定的顶齿压力， 但因啮 合弹簧 11储存的动能由于时间太短不能得到充分的释放， 实测可 知该时间一般不足 10mS， 表明这个压力普遍偏低， 远远小于设计时 的静态弹力； 而此时静触点 a和静触点 b已经闭合， 起动机电枢 M 全功率输出， 驱动齿轮自零加速上升的过程中就会轻易滑过发动机 飞轮 13的齿槽， 产生铣齿故障， 从而导致啮合失败 （参见附图 3 ) 。
发明人对国内外解决铣齿故障的相关资料进行了大量的对比和 研究， 并参加了国内相关行业内专家的专题研讨， 通过反复深入的 理论研究和多次实验论证， 提出了通过延时装置 2根治铣齿顽症的 根本解决办法。 发明人研制的改进的强制啮合式起动机， 是在传统 的强制啮合起动机上增加一个延时装置 2， 该延时装置 2包括延时 电路 3、 执行元件 4和电阻 R， 能在任何工作状态下彻底解决驱动 齿轮与发动机飞轮 13的啮合问题， 完全避免了传统强制啮合起动 机的铣齿故障。 本发明尤其适合安装在 24V柴油机起动系统中使 用。
本发明的研发思想是： 在电磁开关 5线圈的供电回路中串接电 阻 R用以减小电磁开关 5的线圈电流， 通过延时电路 3延迟 100〜 150mS后， 由执行元件 4场效应管或继电器将电阻 R短路， 恢复电 磁开关 5线圈的正常电流； 目的就是降低驱动机构 12的移动速 度， 减少啮合弹簧 11的压缩量， 同时推迟电磁开关 5的静触点 a 和静触点 b的闭合时间， 这样， 存储在啮合弹簧 11里的动能得以 充分释放， 大大增加顶齿力， 使驱动齿轮顺利啮入发动机飞轮 13 的齿槽中。
该改进的强制啮合式起动机， 将延时装置 2通过两种安装方式 安装在起动机本体 1上。
第一种安装方式为： 将延时装置 2的输入端通过导线与电磁开 关 5的 A点连接， 电磁开关 5的 A点即是吸引线圈 6和保持线圈 7 的并联连接抽头点； 延时装置 2的输出端的电阻 R串联连接在吸引 线圈 6的 B点与起动机电枢 M的正极端和电磁开关 5的静触点 b的 连接点 D点之间； 电阻 R的阻值为 0.2〜0.5 Ω， 吸引线圈 6的直流 电阻值为 0. 2〜0. 5 Ω， 保持线圈 7的直流电阻值为 1. 5〜2 Ω。 采 用这种安装方式， 延时装置 2使用元件少， 电路简洁， 制作方便， 成本低。 无论延时装置 2的执行元件 4是采用场效应管还是继电 器， 延时装置 2均可正常、 稳定工作。 不过安装时起动机生产企业 需要改装电磁开关 5的接线 （参见附图 1 ) 。
第二种安装方式为： 将延时装置 2的电阻 R串联连接在点火开 关 9与电磁开关 5的 Α点之间， 此时通过电阻 R对电磁开关 5的吸 引线圈 6和保持线圈 7这两组线圈同时限流。 采用这种安装方式很 简单， 起动机生产企业无需对现有起动机作任何改变， 只需将延时 装置 2直接安装在现有起动机外壳上即可。 不过， 当延时装置 2的 执行元件 4是选用场效应管时， 需要优先考虑场效应管的极性为 P 型， 延时装置 2的电路较复杂， 制作成本较高 （参见附图 2) 。
执行元件 4采用继电器的好处是不需要考虑其接入极性， 缺点 是继电器的接点易被烧损， 影响延时电路 3对限流电阻 R的短接。
执行元件 4采用场效应管， 由于场效应管是无触点工作， 保证 了延时装置 2自身的工作稳定性和可靠性， 不过相比继电器来说， 场效应管比较贵。
延时电路 3可根据执行元件 4是采用继电器还是场效应管自行 设计。 此外， 延时装置 2的延时电路 3还可采用脉宽调制（PWM)电 路控制场效应管在延时期间间歇工作， 可省去限流电阻 R， 但相应 延时电路 3的设计会比较复杂。
该改进的强制啮合式起动机的工作原理具体描述如下： 采用第一种安装方式时： 电磁开关 5的吸引线圈 6的供电回路 为: 电源 E 点火开关 9 电磁开关 5的 A点即吸引线圈 6和保持 线圈 Ί的并联连接抽头点 吸引线圈 6的 B点 起动机电枢 M的正 极端与静触点 b的并联连接点 D点 动铁芯 8的动触片 静触点 b o 电磁开关 5的保持线圈 7的供电回路为： 电源 E 点火开关 9 电磁开关 5的 A点 保持线圈 7的 C点 连接地。
在吸引线圈 6的供电回路中， 延时装置 2的电阻 R串联连接在 电磁开关 5的 A点与起动机电枢 M的正极端和静触点 b的连接点 D 点之间， 电阻 R的阻值为 0. 2〜0. 8 Ω， 吸引线圈 6的直流电阻值为 0. 2〜0. 8 Ω， 电阻 R 与吸引线圈 6串接起限流作用， 以减小吸引线 圈 6的电流， （根据实践经验， 该电流降低约一半时效果较好）； 目 的是大幅度降低动铁芯 8的加速度， 减少啮合弹簧 11的压缩量， 使驱动机构 12的移动速度大大降低， 在齿顶齿位置时， 电磁开关 5 的动铁芯 8因没有足够的动力暂时停止不前， 无法推动动触片接触 静触点 a和静触点 b， 此时驱动机构 12的驱动齿轮顶住发动机飞轮 13的齿等待入齿， 在延时装置 2的延时电路 3的作用下， 经过 100〜150mS延迟后， 安装在驱动机构 12后面的啮合弹簧 11的弹力 得到充分释放， 啮合弹簧 11的弹力使驱动机构 12产生足够大的顶 齿预压力顶压在发动机飞轮 13的齿端面。 与此同时， 延时装置 2 的执行元件 4场效应管或继电器工作，将电阻 R短接， 流过吸引线 圈 6的电流恢复正常， 此时蓄电池电源 E的 24V电压全部施加于吸 引线圈 6上， 使得动铁芯 8获得足够的动力解除暂停状态， 推动动 触片前行直至与静触点 a和静触点 b闭合， 使得起动机电枢 M获得 24V电压开始全功率运转， 通过驱动机构 12使驱动齿轮的转速由零 迅速瞬间上升， 在足够大的顶齿预压力作用下旋转滑入发动机飞轮 13的齿槽中。 采用该安装方法， 执行元件 4可采用比较经济的 N型 场效应管 （参见附图 1 ) 。
采用第二种安装方式时： 由于延时装置 2的电阻 R是串联连接 在点火开关 9与电磁开关 5的 A点之间， 电磁开关 5的 A点即是吸 引线圈 6和保持线圈 7的抽头并联连接点， 所以此时通过电阻 R对 电磁开关 5的吸引线圈 6和保持线圈 7这两组线圈同时限流， 电阻 R的阻值为 0.2〜0.8 Ω、 吸引线圈 6的直流电阻值为 0.2〜0.8 Ω， 保 持线圈 7的直流电阻约为 1.5〜2 Ω ; 其后续工作过程、 目的、 最终 效果与采用第一种安装方式完全一样， 故不再赘述。 须强调一点： 采用第二种安装方式， 当延时装置 2的执行元件 4采用场效应管 时， 必须考虑场效应管的极性， 应优先选用 Ρ型场效应管。 若选用 Ν型场效应管， 则延时电路 3的设计会比较复杂 （参见附图 2) 。
该改进的强制啮合式起动机在传统的强制啮合起动机上增加延 时装置 2， 通过前述两种安装方式， 特别是通过第一种安装方式安 装在起动机本体 1上， 彻底解决铣齿问题， 保证可靠啮合。 所用元 件少， 结构简单， 制作成本低， 安装合理、 方便， 效果显著。 通过 失效分析和试验， 延时装置 2工作稳定可靠， 整体更换快捷、 方 便， 不增加额外故障。
以上所述只是该发明的具体实施方式， 上述举例说明不对本发 明的实质内容构成限制， 所属技术领域的普通技术人员在阅读了本 说明书后可以对上述的具体实施方式做修改或变形， 而不背离本发 明的实质和范围。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种改进的强制啮合式起动机， 它由起动机本体 （1)、 延时装置 （2) 构成， 起动机本体（1) 包括电磁开关 （5)、 起动 机电枢 M、 拨叉 （10)、 啮合弹簧 （11)、 驱动机构 （12)， 其特 征在于： 延时装置 （2) 包括延时电路 （3)、 执行元件 （4)、 电 阻 R; 延时电路 （3) 的输出端与执行元件 （4) 连接， 执行元件
(4)通过导线与电阻 R并联连接； 电磁开关（5)包括吸引线圈 (6)、 保持线圈 （7)、 动铁芯 （8); 电磁开关 （5) 的静触点 a 与电源 E正极、 点火开关 （9) 并联连接， 电磁开关 （5) 的静触 点 b与起动机电枢 M正极端连接； 电磁开关 （5) 的 A点即吸引 线圈 （6)和保持线圈 （7) 的并联连接抽头点通过点火开关 （9) 与电源 E正极连接； 延时装置 （2) 的输入端通过导线与电磁开 关（5) 的 A点连接， 延时装置（2) 的电阻 R的一端与吸引线圈 (6) 的 B点连接， 电阻 R的另一端与起动机电枢 M的正极端和 电磁开关 （5) 的静触点 b并联连接； 保持线圈 （7) B点、 电源 E负极、 起动机电枢 M负极均通过导线与地连接； 电磁开关 （5) 的动铁芯（8)通过拨叉（10)连接啮合弹簧（11)，啮合弹簧（11) 与驱动机构 （12)装接， 驱动机构 （12) 的驱动齿轮与发动机飞 轮 （13) 啮合。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种改进的强制啮合式起动机， 其特征在于： 所述的延时装置 （2) 通过导线串联连接在点火开 关 （9) 与电磁开关 （5) A点即吸引线圈 （6 ) 和保持线圈 （7) 的并联连接抽头点之间。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的一种改进的强制啮合式起动机， 其特征在于： 所述的延时装置 （2) 的执行元件（4) 为场效应管 或继电器。
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