WO2014148603A1 - 海産の魚食性魚類の産卵誘導方法 - Google Patents
海産の魚食性魚類の産卵誘導方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014148603A1 WO2014148603A1 PCT/JP2014/057752 JP2014057752W WO2014148603A1 WO 2014148603 A1 WO2014148603 A1 WO 2014148603A1 JP 2014057752 W JP2014057752 W JP 2014057752W WO 2014148603 A1 WO2014148603 A1 WO 2014148603A1
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- fish
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/184—Hormones
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/168—Steroids
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for inducing spawning of marine fish-eating fish.
- GnRH gonadotropic hormone-releasing hormone
- GTH acts on the gonads, and in females the growth of oocytes through the production of egg yolk through the production of estradiol 17 ⁇ (E2), followed by the final through 17 ⁇ , 20 ⁇ -dihydroxy-pregnen-3-one (DHP) Promotes maturity and ovulation.
- E2 estradiol 17 ⁇
- DHP 20 ⁇ -dihydroxy-pregnen-3-one
- a sustained release agent that secretes GnRH can be surgically implanted in the muscle or abdominal cavity, or injected in the form of an aqueous solution dissolved in physiological saline. It is also possible to promote final maturation and spontaneous egg-laying behavior even in individuals who do not have egg-laying behavior.
- GnRH is a peptide hormone consisting of 10 amino acid residues.
- GnRH1, GnRH2, and GnRH3 The physiological function of each molecule has been reported in various fish species, and GnRH1 is thought to be responsible for the control of sexual maturation via GTH secretion. However, many things are still unknown.
- the amino acid sequence of GnRH1 may differ little by little depending on the fish species, and GnRH2 and GnRH3 are often conserved throughout the fish species, but this is not the case.
- GnRH molecules having a unique amino acid sequence For example, in Indian murrel, two types of GnRH molecules having a unique amino acid sequence have been found, and GTH secretion-inducing ability is said to be superior to existing GnRH molecules (Patent Document 1). Furthermore, the titer of the maturation-inducing ability of each GnRH molecule does not necessarily match the physiological role in vivo. Thus, the relationship between the polymorphism of the amino acid sequence and the strength of the physiological function and maturation inducing ability in the living body has not been clarified in detail.
- agonists such as [des-Gly 10 , D-, which are based on mammalian GnRH1 and have been chemically modified to enhance the effect by several tens to several hundred times.
- Ala 6 ] -LH-RH ethylamide acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) and the like are generally used.
- an aqueous solution in which GnRH is dissolved in physiological saline or the like, or cholesterol pellets or biodegradable polymers that release GnRH slowly are administered intramuscularly or intraperitoneally.
- GnRH aqueous solution in which GnRH is dissolved in physiological saline or the like, or cholesterol pellets or biodegradable polymers that release GnRH slowly
- aqueous solution in which GnRH is dissolved in physiological saline or the like, or cholesterol pellets or biodegradable polymers that release GnRH slowly are administered intramuscularly or intraperitoneally.
- gindara and spotted seatrout are fish species that can lay eggs even under artificial breeding by controlling the breeding environment such as day length and water temperature. For this reason, artificial spawning induction of these fish species is not as difficult, and the spawning induction ability of GnRH confirmed in these fish species cannot be applied to all fish species. Moreover, even in these fish species, not all the individuals that were administered spawned, suggesting the uncertainty of maturation induction by GnRH administration. In particular, in tuna, which are marine fish-eating fish, the intake of food is reduced during the spawning season, so far no induction of spawning has been attempted by such a technique (Non-patent Document 4).
- the object of the present invention is to induce spawning under artificial breeding in marine fish-eating fish, in particular, mackerel fish, particularly spawning eggs with good egg quality.
- Reproductive hormone is orally administered to marine fish-eating fish.
- the gist of the present invention is the following (1) to (7).
- (1) A method for inducing spawning of marine fish-eating fish characterized by oral administration of reproductive hormones.
- the present invention it is possible to induce spawning of marine fish-eating fish, particularly mackerel sub-fishes, and even more highly sebaceous fish species.
- derivation of marine fish-eating fish which is 30 cm or more in length of an adult fish can be carried out.
- an egg with good egg quality can be induced and an egg with a high hatching rate can be induced.
- egg-laying can be induced while being raised in an onshore water tank.
- FIG. 1 shows the number of eggs laid by sesame mackerel administered with reproductive hormone, accumulated daily.
- FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the number of eggs laid in the reproductive hormone-administered suma and the number of hatching from the eggs for each day, and the water temperature at that time is shown by a line graph.
- FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the number of eggs laid, the number of fertilized eggs and the number of hatched eggs, which were orally administered while adjusting the reproductive hormone water temperature.
- the marine fish of the present invention refers to fish that inhabit the sea, and is represented by teleost fish, especially true fish.
- Authentic fish include Persian fishes, and Persian fishes include Macaques.
- the fish of the fish-eating fish of the present invention refers to fish mainly containing fish, and is represented by mackerel fish. Fish-eating fish need to break down the protein of many fish that serve as food, and are regulated by enzyme activity, food gastrointestinal residence time, enteric bacteria, and the like.
- fish belonging to the subfamily Saba there are known fishes belonging to the swordfish, swordfish, swordfish, and swordfish, swordfish, and prickly fish.
- the fish belonging to the mackerel family include tuna such as chub mackerel, sesame mackerel, guru bear, suma, sawara, hagatsuo, bonito, soda bonito, and bluefin tuna, Atlantic bluefin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, yellowfin, yellowfin, bigeye, cochinaga, etc.
- tuna such as chub mackerel, sesame mackerel, guru bear, suma, sawara, hagatsuo, bonito, soda bonito, and bluefin tuna, Atlantic bluefin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, yellowfin, yellowfin, bigeye, cochinaga, etc.
- mackerel sub-fishes with high fish-eating properties are preferred, and mackerel fishes with high migratory
- mackerel fish with high migratory activity examples include chub mackerel, sesame mackerel, skipjack, bluefin tuna, Atlantic bluefin tuna, and southern bluefin tuna. It is known that a highly migratory fish species has a large mouth and needs to swallow a large amount of seawater at the same time as the fish that feeds it and take in a large amount of dissolved oxygen.
- the egg-laying induction means promoting egg-laying in fish.
- Egg laying is performed through ovulation and egg release stages.
- Ovulation is a phenomenon in which an oocyte is formed in the female ovary of an adult fish and detaches from the follicular tissue of the ovary.
- Ovulation is a phenomenon that is released to the outside of the body. Oviposition that occurs spontaneously with mating or fertilization for next-generation reproduction is egg laying.
- eggs accumulated in the ovaries may be released outside the body due to some stimulus, but such spawning is also seen when eggs are not fully prepared for egg laying, fertilized properly and hatched larvae It is distinguished from laying eggs that can be obtained.
- an adult fish means a fish that has grown reproductively, and the body length (tail difference length) is 25 cm or more for chub mackerel or sesame, 40 cm or more for suma, 42 cm or more for skipjack,
- the body length is 25 cm or more for chub mackerel or sesame, 40 cm or more for suma, 42 cm or more for skipjack
- bluefin tuna it means an individual of 115 cm or more
- swordfish it is 140 cm or more.
- body weight it is about 300 g or more for chub mackerel, sesame mackerel, about 1,400 g or more for suma, about 1,500 g or more for skipjack, about 30 kg or more for bluefin tuna, about 70 kg for swordfish It becomes the above individual.
- the reproductive hormone in the present invention refers to a hormone related to reproductive activity, and includes any one that has an effect of inducing spawning in fish.
- a hormone related to reproductive activity includes any one that has an effect of inducing spawning in fish.
- GnRH, LH and FSH, E2 and DHP may be used in the female.
- those artificially synthesized by chemical methods can be used. Any method may be used for artificial synthesis by a chemical method, but in the case of peptide hormones, it is preferable to use a peptide synthesizer from the viewpoint of convenience.
- GnRH is a peptide hormone consisting of 10 amino acids, and its sequence is known to be HWSYLRPNHE in rainbow trout. In the present invention, it is preferable to use a peptide having this sequence.
- HWSYaLRPNHE which is less susceptible to degradation by endopeptidase by binding D-type alanine between Y and L, acylates the end of E and degrades by exopeptidase
- HWSYLRPNHEt that is less susceptible to degradation
- HWSYaLRPNHEt that is modified with both of these.
- the dose of reproductive hormone is basically 24 hours a day.
- the action of reproductive hormone is usually proportional to blood concentration, and the blood volume is proportional to fish weight.
- the dose of reproductive hormone is based on 1 kg fish weight (BW).
- the dose of reproductive hormone is preferably 0.01 mg / kg BW / day or more in order to promote egg laying in the fish, and 0.1 mg / kg BW / day or more is required to obtain a hatched larvae with good egg quality.
- 1 mg / kg BW / day or more is particularly preferable for more powerful induction.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited as long as there is no side effect on the fish. However, the higher the concentration, the higher the cost. Therefore, the upper limit is usually 100 mg / kg BW / day or less, and particularly preferably 10 mg / kg BW / day or less.
- a predetermined dose when administering a reproductive hormone, may be administered once a day or divided into several times a day. Since the fish meal cycle is once a day after sunrise or before sunset, or twice a day after sunrise and before sunset, it is preferably performed once or twice a day. If administration is performed for one day, egg-laying can be induced, but it may be performed every day. It is preferable to continue every day because more eggs are induced.
- Oral administration may be direct administration of reproductive hormone, or may be mixed with feed.
- peptide hormones When peptide hormones are mixed with feed, it is preferable to mix them with feed having a low peptidase activity.
- the activity of peptidase in feed can be reduced by heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, drying treatment, pressure treatment and the like.
- Egg quality refers to the biochemical composition of an egg, and is evaluated by the probability that the phenomenon of levitation, fertilization, embryogenesis, and hatching observed after egg laying is observed. Even if eggs are forcibly laid by reproductive hormone administration, eggs that do not have egg quality are ovulated. As a result, hatched larvae cannot be obtained, which is not meaningful. According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an egg with high egg quality, which is evaluated by the ascent rate, fertilization rate, embryo formation rate, hatching rate, and the like.
- the ascent rate is based on the total number of eggs collected, with the eggs that have emerged within 5 minutes from the start of measurement in the seawater or similar osmotic pressure in which the fish are bred after collection of the released eggs. Defined as the percentage of floating eggs.
- the fertilization rate is defined as the ratio of the number of fertilized eggs to the total number of observed eggs, where the eggs that have been released are fertilized by sperm and the eggs that have been confirmed to be broken are fertilized eggs.
- fish may be reared in a mixed sex, and fertilized in a rearing environment after egg release and fertilized as it is.
- sperm collected from a male in advance after egg collection may be fertilized by placing it in an artificial breeding.
- Embryo formation rate is defined as the ratio of embryonated eggs to the total number of eggs observed, where embryos formed after cleavage are defined as embryonated eggs. Embryo formation is carried out with the naked eye or under a microscope, and is defined as the ratio of the number of embryonated eggs to the total number of eggs observed, with the embryo formed as a result of cleavage and formation of the head and tail. Embryo formation usually takes place between 1 and 3 days after fertilization.
- the hatching rate is defined as the number of hatched larvae relative to the total number of eggs observed, where hatched larvae are hatched larvae. Hatching usually takes place between 1 and 7 days after fertilization.
- the ascent rate is preferably 10% or more, particularly preferably 20% or more.
- the fertilization rate is preferably 30% or more, particularly preferably 50% or more.
- the embryogenesis rate is preferably 10% or more, particularly preferably 20% or more.
- the hatching rate is preferably 5% or more, particularly preferably 10% or more, and further preferably 15% or more.
- reproductive hormone When reproductive hormone is administered orally, it is preferable to adjust the growth temperature as appropriate.
- the growth temperature varies depending on the fish species, but egg-laying is not easily induced by stress near the upper or lower limit of the temperature range in which it can grow. For this reason, it is preferable to induce around the median temperature at which growth is possible.
- the water temperature can be adjusted at the same time as oral administration of reproductive hormone, or prior to oral administration of reproductive hormone, it is 18 °C ⁇ 21 °C for spring spawning mackerel species such as sesame mackerel and chub mackerel. It is preferable to induce at 24 to 27 ° C. for spawning mackerel species, and at 18 to 22 ° C. for summer swordfish and marlins such as swordfish.
- the water temperature is preferably adjusted 1 day to 200 days before the spawning induction, and more preferably 3 days to 90 days.
- the water temperature can be adjusted by using a heater, a cooler, or a combination thereof. In the adjustment, the temperature may be adjusted within a range of ⁇ 2 ° C from the set temperature, preferably within a range of ⁇ 1 ° C, and more preferably within a range of ⁇ 0.5 ° C.
- the set temperature can be changed in the vicinity of the median temperature at which growth is possible, in order to reduce environmental irritation to fish, it is preferable to continue breeding at the same temperature during oral administration of reproductive hormones.
- a feed having a protein content of 5% by weight or more, more preferably 10% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 15% by weight or more may be given.
- a bait having a protein content of 5% by weight or more, more preferably 10% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 15% by weight or more as a raw material.
- the diet contains too little protein, orally administered reproductive hormones are susceptible to degradation by peptidases contained in the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the induction rate of spawning. Also, it causes poor growth and no egg-laying behavior is observed.
- the protein content in the food is too high, the protein in the food induces peptidase in the digestive tract, and the reproductive hormone administered orally is easily degraded, affecting the induction rate of spawning. Moreover, calorie deficiency is relatively short, and egg-laying behavior is not seen.
- Fish growth may be adjusted by administering both feed with and without reproductive hormones.
- each nutrient component such as protein, lipid, vitamin, etc. is given without excess or deficiency in the total of both feeds.
- the protein in the present invention constitutes the body of a fish or consists of amino acids contained in feed. Protein contained in feed is measured by the official method of feed analysis standards established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
- the spawning can be induced even when reared in an onshore water tank.
- the onshore water tank can be any type such as breeding water circulation type or pouring type, but it is preferable that the water temperature can be adjusted.
- the size is preferably about 10 t for suma, 0.5 t for sesame and mackerel, 10 t for skipjack, and about 70 t for bluefin tuna.
- spawning can be induced even for fish species for which it is very difficult to induce spawning in the breeding of an onshore water tank.
- examples of fish species that can induce spawning in captive land tanks include suma, sesame mackerel, bonito, skipjack, bluefin tuna, yellowfin and cocinaga.
- ⁇ Test Example 1 Spawning induction of sesame mackerel The experiment was performed three times, and each test was performed for 10 days. The sesame mackerel used individuals caught in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture. Table 1 shows the relationship between the time of each experiment, the water temperature, and the weight of the test fish used in the test. A total of 8 males and 4 males were housed in a 1-ton FRP water tank. For the test plot, mixed feed supplemented with LHRHa (Hayashi and Sangyo, White Breeding No.
- LHRHa solution 3 ml of LHRHa solution was added to 3,750 mg of cholesterol, mixed, and dried at room temperature for 30 minutes. Further, 750 mg of cocoa butter was added and mixed, and dried overnight at room temperature.
- an acrylic pelletizer 45 mg cholesterol pellets containing 50 ⁇ g of LHRHa per tablet were prepared from the powder obtained by the above operation. The amount of LHRHa added to the pellet was adjusted to a dose of 0.1 mg / kg fish weight. Furthermore, a non-administration group in which LHRHa was not administered was established as a negative control group. The drained pipe adjusted to the height of the breeding water surface was provided on the wall surface of the aquarium, and the laid eggs were collected by receiving the drainage from there through an egg-collecting net.
- FIG. 1 shows a graph of the transition of the cumulative total number of eggs every day for each test section.
- the number of eggs that floated on the surface of the water within 5 minutes is the number of floating eggs, and the eggs that have been confirmed to be broken by microscopic observation among the floating eggs was the fertilized egg number, and the number of larvae hatched until 2 days later was measured as the number of hatched larvae.
- Table 4 In the implant group, although the total number of eggs obtained was large, the floating egg rate, fertilized egg rate, and hatching rate were not so high.
- an implant section in which a sustained release pellet added with LHRHa, which is a general administration method of LHRHa, was implanted into the abdominal cavity was provided.
- the amount of LHRHa added to the pellet was adjusted to a dose of 0.1 mg / kg fish weight.
- a negative control group a non-administration group in which LHRHa was not administered was established.
- the number of total eggs, the number of floating eggs, the number of fertilized eggs, the number of hatched larvae, and the values of the floating egg rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate were measured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1. As a result, egg laying was observed on the 7th day only in the implant section.
- the total number of eggs, the number of floating eggs, and the number of fertilized eggs were 2167, 333, and 41, respectively.
- the floating egg rate and fertilization rate were 15.4% and 1.9%, respectively. No hatched larvae were obtained.
- the water temperature during the test period was 13.5 to 17.3 ° C (average 15.3 ° C).
- ⁇ Test Example 2 Induction of spawning of suma Thirteen tails (average weight 3057 ⁇ 113 g) cultivated in Kushimoto-cho, Wakayama Prefecture were placed in a 70-t concrete aquarium, and spawning induction by LHRHa administration was attempted. The test was conducted from August to October 2011. First, a sustained-release pellet implant supplemented with LHRHa was implanted on August 9, followed by a live diet supplemented with LHRHa from August 28 to October 2. The sustained-release pellet was prepared so that the dose of LHRHa was 0.1 mg per 1 kg of fish body weight.
- LHRHa-added raw food is Lango (added 74.2%, protein 17.2%, fat, 5.5%, ash 3.0%, carbohydrate 0.1%) with LHRHa mg to give LHRHa 6.0 mg / kg fish weight was fed.
- the egg production was measured every day after the LHRHa implant until the end of oral administration, and the fertilization rate and the number of hatched larvae of the obtained eggs were also measured. This is shown in Table 5 as the total number.
- the total number of eggs and the number of hatched eggs on each measurement day are shown as a bar graph, and the water temperature at this time is shown as a line graph in FIG. The total egg number and hatching number are shown on the left axis of the graph, and the water temperature is shown on the right axis of the graph.
- the administration method and dose were the same as in Test Example 2, and the LHRHa-added live food was fed in three periods from April 17 to 22, May 2 to 6, and May 12 to 18.
- the water temperature was adjusted to around 27 ° C using a seawater heating and cooling unit (Marine River, Inc., MR-1800HVS-TR), and the average water temperature during the period was 27.2 ° C (26.7-27.5 ° C). It was.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the total number of eggs, the number of fertilized eggs, and the number of hatched eggs on each measurement day.
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Abstract
Description
一方、海産の魚食性魚類である、天然のサバ亜目魚類に属する魚は、回遊しながら春から夏に産卵する。このとき、環境刺激のうち何が刺激となって産卵の誘導が起きるのかは、よく分かっていない。例えばクロマグロでは、天然海域では20℃前後から30℃前後の広い温度帯で仔魚が確認されている一方で、人工飼育下での観察では、少なくとも単純に特定の水温になると産卵するという単純なメカニズムで制御されているのではなく、23℃から24℃に達するまでの日数が短いことが重要であるとの示唆がある。また、このようにして得られた卵が孵化仔魚まで成長可能な卵であったかどうかは確認されていない(非特許文献1)。
また、GnRHを餌飼料に混ぜ、経口的に投与することでも成熟や産卵が促進される例も報告されている。餌飼料中のGnRHペプチドが分解されないまま、一部消化管から取り込まれることでGTH産生を促し、成熟の促進や産卵を誘起すると考えられている。これまでに海産魚での実施例としては、雑食性のギンダラやspotted seatroutにおいて、GnRHの経口投与によって産卵が誘導された例がある(非特許文献2、3)。しかし、これらは海産ではあっても魚食性は低い。さらに、ギンダラやspotted seatroutは、日長や水温などの飼育環境をコントロールすることで、人工飼育下においても産卵させうる魚種である。このため、これら魚種の人為的な産卵誘発は難易度として高いものではなく、これら魚種で確認されたGnRHの産卵誘起能が、すべての魚種に当てはまるとは言えない。しかも、これらの魚種においても、投与した全ての個体が産卵したわけではなく、GnRH投与による成熟誘起の不確実性が示唆されている。特に海産の魚食性魚類であるマグロでは、産卵期に餌の摂取量が低下することから、これまでこのような手法では産卵の誘導が試されてこなかった(非特許文献4)
(1)海産の魚食性魚類の産卵誘導方法であって、生殖ホルモンの経口投与を特徴とする方法。
(2)海産の魚食性魚類がサバ亜目魚類である、(1)の産卵誘導方法。
(3)サバ亜目魚類がサバ科魚類である、(1)又は(2)の産卵誘導方法。
(4)海産の魚食性魚類が成魚の体長で30cm以上の魚種である、(1)ないし(3)の産卵誘導方法。
(5)経口投与が、飼料に混ぜて行うものである、請求項1ないし4の産卵誘導方法。
(6)飼料がタンパク質含量で5重量%以上、90重量%未満である、請求項5の産卵誘導方法。
(7)生殖ホルモンが、GNRHである、請求項(1)ないし(6)の産卵誘導方法。
(8)GNRHが、人工的に作製したものである、(7)の産卵誘導方法。
(9)GNRHを 0.01~100 mg/kgBW/day 投与するものである、(7)又は(8)の産卵誘導方法。
(10)産卵誘導後に、孵化仔魚を得られるものである(1)ないし(9)の産卵誘導方法。
(11)孵化仔魚の取得が、孵化率5%以上となる、(10)の産卵誘導方法。
(12)生殖ホルモンの経口投与に加え、水温を調節するものである、(1)ないし(11)の産卵誘導方法。
(13)産卵誘導が陸上水槽での飼育下で行われるものである(1)ないし(12)の産卵誘導方法。
(14)海産の魚食性魚類が陸上水槽での飼育下で日照と水温の調節だけでは産卵しない魚種である、(1)ないし(13)の産卵誘導方法。
(15)(1)ないし(14)の産卵誘導方法により得られた卵、孵化仔魚及び成魚。
生殖ホルモンはこれを高濃度に含む視床下部抽出物、脳下垂体抽出物及びこれらの精製品の他、化学的な手法で人工的に合成されたものも用いることができる。化学的な手法で人工的に合成するためには、いずれの手法を用いてもよいが、ペプチドホルモンの場合は、ペプチドシンセサイザーを用いるのが利便性の点から好ましい。
GnRH の代わりに、人工合成した LHRHa を用いるときは、Y と L の間に D型アラニンを入れて結合させてエンドペプチダーゼによる分解を受けにくくした HWSYaLRPNHE、E の末端をアシル化してエキソペプチダーゼによる分解を受けにくくした HWSYLRPNHEt、及びこれらの両方の修飾を施した HWSYaLRPNHEt などの種類があり、いずれを用いてもよいが、特に、ペプチダーゼからの分解を受けにくい HWSYaLRPNHEt が好ましい。
後の利用を考えると、浮上率は 10% 以上が好ましく、20% 以上が特に好ましい。受精率は 30%以上が好ましく、50% 以上が特に好ましい。胚胎形成率は 10% 以上が好ましく、20% 以上が特に好ましい。孵化率は 5% 以上が好ましく、10%以上が特に好ましく、15%以上がさらに好ましい。
本発明におけるタンパク質は、魚類の体を構成し、又は飼料に含まれるアミノ酸からなる。飼料に含まれるタンパク質は農林水産省の定める飼料分析基準の公定法で測定される。
実験は3回実施され、各試験とも10日間実施した。ゴマサバは千葉県館山湾にて釣獲された個体を用いた。各実験の時期と水温と試験に用いた供試魚の体重の関係を表1に示す。雌雄それぞれ4尾ずつ、合計8尾をFRP製1t水槽に収容した。試験区としては、LHRHaを添加した配合飼料(林兼産業、ホワイト育成6号:粗たん白質57.0%以上、粗灰分19.0%以下、粗脂肪8.0%以上、粗繊維4.0%以下)を、魚体重1 kgあたり0.048、0.24、1.2、6.0 mgのLHRHaを1日に摂取するように給餌した経口投与区(OA区)を4区設けた。
また、陽性対照として、LHRHaの一般的な投与方法である、LHRHaを添加した徐放性ペレットを腹腔内にインプラントしたインプラント区(imp区)を設けた。徐放性ペレットの作製法を以下に示す。まず、試薬LHRHa 5.9 mgを3mlの70%エタノールに溶解した。続いて、3,750 mgのコレステロールにLHRHa溶液3 mlを加えて混合し、室温で30分間乾燥させた。さらに、750 mgのココアバターを加えて混合し、室温で一晩乾燥させた。アクリル製のペレット作製器を用いて、以上の作業により得られた粉末より、一粒当たりLHRHaを50 μg含有する45 mgのコレステロールペレットを作成した。
なお、ペレットへのLHRHa添加量は、魚体重1 kgあたり0.1 mgの投与量となるように調整した。さらに、陰性対照区として、LHRHaを投与しない無投与区を設けた。
飼育水面の高さに調節した排水管を水槽壁面に設け、そこからの排水を採卵用ネットで受けることにより、産卵された卵を回収した。回収した卵は1L海水中に懸濁し、そのうちの2ml分を12穴プレートに移し卵数を計測した。3回計測した平均値に500を乗じた数を全卵数とした。採卵と計測は、実験期間中毎日実施した。このようにして計測した全卵数の累積を累積全卵数として表2に示す。また、試験区ごとの毎日の累積全卵数の遷移をグラフにしたものを図1に示す。次に、全卵数測定用に用いた2ml中の卵のうち、水面に5分以内に浮上した卵の数を浮上卵数、浮上した卵のうち顕微鏡観察にて卵割が確認された卵の数を受精卵数、2日後までに孵化した仔魚の数を孵化仔魚数として測定した。これを表3に示す。さらに、浮上卵率(= 浮上卵数/全卵数×100)と受精卵率(= 受精卵数/全卵数×100)、および孵化率(=孵化仔魚数/全卵数)を求めた。これを表4に示す。インプラント区では、得られた全卵数は多いものの、浮上卵率、受精卵率、孵化率はそれほど高くはなかった。
実験は2011年6月30日から7月9日にかけて10日間実施した。ゴマサバは神奈川県相模湾および千葉県館山湾にて釣獲された個体を用いた。供試魚の平均体重は430±17 g(n=25)であった。各試験区について供試魚5尾ずつをFRP製1t水槽に収容した。試験区としては、LHRHa水溶液を浸透させた配合飼料(林兼産業、ホワイト育成6号:組成は実施例1と同一)を、魚体重1 kgあたり3.0、12、30 mgのLHRHaを1日に摂取するように給餌した経口投与区3区を設けた。また、陽性対照として、LHRHaの一般的な投与方法である、LHRHaを添加した徐放性ペレットを腹腔内にインプラントしたインプラント区を設けた。なお、ペレットへのLHRHa添加量は、魚体重1 kgあたり0.1 mgの投与量となるように調整した。陰性対照区として、LHRHaを投与しない無投与区を設けた。全卵数、浮上卵数、受精卵数、孵化仔魚数、および浮上卵率、受精率、孵化率の値は実験例1と同様の方法で測定した。その結果、経口投与3.0mg区のみで8日目に産卵が見られ、800粒の卵が採取されたものの、浮上も受精もせず、孵化仔魚は全く得られなかった。試験期間の水温は21.0から23.8℃(平均22.8℃)であった。
実験は2012年4月4日から4月13日にかけて10日間実施した。ゴマサバは千葉県館山湾にて釣獲された個体を用いた。供試魚の平均体重は497±12 g(n=30)であった。各試験区について、供試魚5尾ずつ(メス3尾、オス2尾)をFRP製1t水槽に収容した。試験区としては、LHRHa水溶液を浸透させた配合飼料(林兼産業、ホワイト育成6号:組成は実施例1と同一)を、魚体重1 kgあたり0.048、0.24、1.2、6.0 mgのLHRHaを1日に摂取するように給餌した経口投与区3区を設けた。また、陽性対照として、LHRHaの一般的な投与方法である、LHRHaを添加した徐放性ペレットを腹腔内にインプラントしたインプラント区を設けた。なお、ペレットへのLHRHa添加量は、魚体重1 kgあたり0.1 mgの投与量となるように調整した。陰性対照区として、LHRHaを投与しない無投与区を設けた。全卵数、浮上卵数、受精卵数、孵化仔魚数、および浮上卵率、受精率、孵化率の値は実験例1と同様の方法で測定した。その結果、インプラント区のみで7日目に産卵が見られた。総卵数と浮上卵数、および受精卵数はそれぞれ2167個、333個、41個であった。浮上卵率と受精率はそれぞれ15.4%、1.9%であった。孵化仔魚は全く得られなかった。試験期間の水温は13.5から17.3℃(平均15.3℃)であった。
和歌山県串本町にて蓄養されたスマ13尾(平均体重3057±113g)を70tコンクリート水槽に収容し、LHRHa投与による産卵誘発を試みた。試験は2011年8月から10月にかけて実施した。まず8月9日にLHRHaを添加した徐放性ペレットのインプラントを行い、続いて8月28日から10月2日にかけてLHRHaを添加した生餌を給餌した。徐放性ペレットは、魚体重1kgあたりLHRHa 0.1 mgの投与量となるように作製した。LHRHa添加生餌は、イカナゴ(水分74.2%、たん白質17.2%、脂質、5.5%、灰分3.0%、炭水化物0.1%)にLHRHa mgを添加し、魚体重1kgあたりLHRHa 6.0 mgの投与量となるように給餌した。LHRHaインプラント後から、経口投与の終了まで毎日、産卵量を測定し、また得られた卵の受精率および孵化仔魚数も測定した。これを表5に総数として示す。また、各測定日における全卵数と孵化数を棒グラフにして、このときの水温を折れ線グラフにして図2に示す。全卵数と孵化数はグラフの左側の軸で、水温はグラフの右側の軸で示す。
2012年4月から5月にかけては、試験例2のスマと同一ロット個体4尾を10tFRP水槽に収容し、LHRHa経口投与による産卵誘発を試みた。投与方法および投与量は試験例2と同様で、LHRHa添加生餌を4月17日から22日、5月2日から6日、5月12日から18日の3期間に分けて給餌した。なお、水温は海水加温冷却ユニット(株式会社マリンリバー、MR-1800HVS-TR)を用いて27℃付近となるように調整し、期間中の水温は平均27.2℃(26.7~27.5℃)であった。経口投与を開始した4月17日から5月25日まで、産卵された全卵数と受精卵数、および孵化仔魚数を測定した。これを表6に総数として示す。また、各測定日における全卵数と受精卵数、および孵化数をグラフにしたものを図3に示す。
Claims (15)
- 海産の魚食性魚類の産卵誘導方法であって、生殖ホルモンの経口投与を特徴とする方法。
- 海産の魚食性魚類がサバ亜目魚類である、請求項1の産卵誘導方法。
- サバ亜目魚類がサバ科魚類である、請求項1又は2の産卵誘導方法。
- 海産の魚食性魚類が成魚の体長で30cm以上の魚種である、請求項1ないし3の産卵誘導方法。
- 経口投与が、飼料に混ぜて行うものである、請求項1ないし4の産卵誘導方法。
- 飼料がタンパク質含量で5重量%以上、90重量%未満である、請求項5の産卵誘導方法。
- 生殖ホルモンが、GnRHである、請求項1ないし6の産卵誘導方法。
- GnRHが、人工的に作製したものである、請求項7の産卵誘導方法。
- GnRHを 0.01~100 mg/kgBW/day 投与するものである、請求項7又は8の産卵誘導方法。
- 産卵誘導後に、孵化仔魚を得られるものである請求項1ないし9の産卵誘導方法。
- 孵化仔魚の取得が、孵化率5%以上となる、請求項10の産卵誘導方法。
- 生殖ホルモンの経口投与に加え、水温を調節するものである、請求項1ないし11の産卵誘導方法。
- 産卵誘導が陸上水槽での飼育下で行われるものである請求項1ないし12の産卵誘導方法。
- 海産の魚食性魚類が陸上水槽での飼育下で日照と水温の調節だけでは産卵しない魚種である、請求項1ないし13の産卵誘導方法。
- 請求項1ないし14の産卵誘導方法により得られた卵、孵化仔魚及び成魚。
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