WO2014136750A1 - コアシェル粒子、アップコンバージョン層および光電変換素子 - Google Patents
コアシェル粒子、アップコンバージョン層および光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014136750A1 WO2014136750A1 PCT/JP2014/055395 JP2014055395W WO2014136750A1 WO 2014136750 A1 WO2014136750 A1 WO 2014136750A1 JP 2014055395 W JP2014055395 W JP 2014055395W WO 2014136750 A1 WO2014136750 A1 WO 2014136750A1
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 240
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- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- DTMARTPDQMQTRX-VVDZMTNVSA-J (e)-4-[dichloro-[(e)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-yl]oxystannyl]oxypent-3-en-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)\C=C(/C)O[Sn](Cl)(Cl)O\C(C)=C\C(C)=O DTMARTPDQMQTRX-VVDZMTNVSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- APHGZSBLRQFRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M indium(1+);chloride Chemical compound [In]Cl APHGZSBLRQFRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
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-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G15/00—Compounds of gallium, indium or thallium
- C01G15/006—Compounds containing, besides gallium, indium, or thallium, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/62—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing gallium, indium or thallium
- C09K11/621—Chalcogenides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/62—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing gallium, indium or thallium
- C09K11/621—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/623—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/88—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing selenium, tellurium or unspecified chalcogen elements
- C09K11/881—Chalcogenides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Definitions
- a solar cell forms a photoelectric conversion layer having a pn junction by diffusing an impurity having a conductivity type opposite to that of a crystalline silicon wafer on a light receiving surface of a single crystal or polycrystalline crystal silicon wafer. And it is produced by forming an electrode in the light-receiving surface of a photoelectric converting layer, and the back surface on the opposite side to a light-receiving surface.
- Patent Literature 1 proposes a solar cell including a wavelength conversion layer containing composite particles.
- the wavelength conversion layer capable of up-conversion described in Patent Document 1 has a problem that it cannot be put into practical use because the up-conversion efficiency is very low.
- the present invention is an upconversion layer containing any one of the above core-shell particles. By setting it as such a structure, an upconversion efficiency can be improved and the upconversion layer which can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a photoelectric conversion element can be provided.
- FIG. (A)-(c) is typical sectional drawing illustrating the manufacturing method of the photovoltaic cell of Example 1.
- FIG. (A)-(c) is typical sectional drawing illustrating the manufacturing method of the photovoltaic cell of Example 2.
- FIG. (A)-(c) is typical sectional drawing illustrating the manufacturing method of the photovoltaic cell of Example 3.
- FIG. (A)-(c) is typical sectional drawing illustrating the manufacturing method of the photovoltaic cell of Example 4.
- FIG. (A)-(c) is typical sectional drawing illustrating the manufacturing method of the photovoltaic cell of Example 5.
- composition formula of a preferable compound shown in the embodiment of the present invention represents a typical composition of the compound, and the composition ratio of each element contained in a certain substance is represented by the composition formula. In the case where there is a deviation of about ⁇ 20% or less from the composition ratio of each element, it is assumed that the substance is a compound represented by the composition formula.
- FIG. 1 typical sectional drawing of an example of the core-shell particle
- the core-shell particle shown in FIG. 1 includes a semiconductor core 1, a first semiconductor shell 2 provided on the surface of the semiconductor core 1, and a second semiconductor shell 3 provided on the surface of the first semiconductor shell 2. ing.
- the semiconductor constituting the semiconductor core 1 is preferably a semiconductor containing copper (Cu), at least one of gallium (Ga) and indium (In), and at least one of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).
- a semiconductor represented by the formula CuGa 1-x1 In x1 S 2-2y1 Se 2y1 (0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 1) is preferable, and in particular, a semiconductor represented by the formula CuCuS 2. More preferably. In this case, it is possible to further improve the up-conversion efficiency of the electrons excited by the semiconductor core 1 by the excitation light.
- the average particle diameter of the semiconductor core 1 can be calculated using, for example, a transmission electron microscope. More specifically, the core-shell particles of the present invention are dispersed on a mesh for observation with a transmission electron microscope, the cross-section of the dispersed core-shell particles is observed at an appropriate magnification, and the core-shell particles in the obtained observation image 100 semiconductor cores 1 are randomly selected, the sum of the cross-sectional areas is obtained, and the value converted to the diameter of a circle having the same area as the area obtained by dividing the sum by 100 is defined as the average particle diameter of the semiconductor core 1. To do.
- the content of the impurity forming the intermediate band in the semiconductor core 1 is preferably 0.2 atomic percent or more and 10 atomic percent or less of the semiconductor core 1, and more preferably 1 atomic percent or more and 3 atomic percent or less. .
- the content of impurities forming the intermediate band in the semiconductor core 1 is 0.2 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less, particularly when the content is 1 atomic% or more and 3 atomic% or less, the semiconductor core with few crystal defects 1 is easy to form, so that electrons can be efficiently excited by the semiconductor core 1 due to the incidence of excitation light, and more carriers generated in the semiconductor core 1 due to the incidence of excitation light can enter the first semiconductor shell 2. By making it flow out, the up-conversion efficiency can be further improved.
- the band gap of the first semiconductor shell 2 is preferably narrower than the band gap of the semiconductor core 1, and at least one of the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the first semiconductor shell 2 is the lower end of the conduction band of the semiconductor core 1. More preferably, the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the first semiconductor shell 2 are on the intermediate band side of the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the semiconductor core 1, respectively. More preferably, it is located. In this case, carriers generated in the semiconductor core 1 can easily flow out to the first semiconductor shell 2, and carriers can be effectively prevented from flowing back from the first semiconductor shell 2 to the semiconductor core 1. Therefore, since more light can be emitted in the first semiconductor shell 2, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion element using the core-shell particles of the present invention can be further improved.
- the semiconductor constituting the semiconductor core 1 and the first semiconductor shell 2 are respectively CuGa 1-x1 In x1 S 2-2y1 Se 2y1 (0 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 1) and CuGa 1-x2 In x2 S. 2-2y2 Se 2y2 (0 ⁇ x2 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y2 ⁇ 1)
- the first semiconductor shell 2 is more In and / or than the semiconductor constituting the semiconductor core 1. It is preferable that the content ratio (atomic%) of Se is high (x2> x1 and / or y2> y1).
- a second semiconductor shell 3 is further provided on the surface of the first semiconductor shell 2. In this case, since the outflow of carriers from the first semiconductor shell 2 toward the second semiconductor shell 3 can be suppressed by the second semiconductor shell 3, more light is emitted from the first semiconductor shell 2. be able to.
- the band gap of the second semiconductor shell 3 is preferably wider than the band gap of the first semiconductor shell 2, and at least one of the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the second semiconductor shell 3 is the first semiconductor shell 2. More preferably, the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band are located on the opposite side of the intermediate band side, and the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the second semiconductor shell 3 are respectively the lower end of the conduction band of the first semiconductor shell 2. Further, it is more preferable to be located on the side opposite to the intermediate band side from the upper end of the valence band. In this case, the outflow of carriers from the first semiconductor shell 2 can be more effectively suppressed by the second semiconductor shell 3.
- the up-conversion layer 10 is prepared, for example, by producing a dispersion in which the core-shell particles of the present invention produced as described above are dispersed in a predetermined liquid, and the dispersion is used on the back side of the photoelectric conversion layer 7. It can form by apply
- the thickness of the up-conversion layer 10 is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the core-shell particles of the present invention further include a second semiconductor shell provided on the surface of the first semiconductor shell.
- the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the second semiconductor shell are located on the opposite side of the intermediate band side from the lower end of the conduction band and the upper end of the valence band of the first semiconductor shell, respectively. It is preferable to do. With such a configuration, the outflow of carriers from the first semiconductor shell can be more effectively suppressed by the second semiconductor shell.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Nanotechnology (AREA)
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- Electromagnetism (AREA)
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
図1に、本発明のコアシェル粒子の一例の模式的な断面図を示す。図1に示すコアシェル粒子は、半導体コア1と、半導体コア1の表面上に設けられた第1半導体シェル2と、第1半導体シェル2の表面上に設けられた第2半導体シェル3とを備えている。
半導体コア1は、半導体と、当該半導体のバンドギャップ中に中間バンドを形成する不純物とを含むものが用いられる。これにより、半導体コア1を構成する半導体に励起光が入射することによって、半導体コア1において、中間バンドと価電子帯とのエネルギー差に相当する波長の光、および、伝導帯と中間バンドとのエネルギー差に相当する波長の光を吸収して、価電子帯の電子が中間バンドを介して伝導帯に励起され、これによって生成された電子正孔対が第1半導体シェル2に流出して再結合して第1半導体シェル2のバンドギャップに相当する波長の光を発光することにより、アップコンバージョンさせることができる。
第1半導体シェル2は、直接遷移型半導体であることが好ましい。この場合には、励起光の入射により半導体コア1で励起した電子を第1半導体シェル2で正孔と再結合させるときに、第1半導体シェル2にて励起光よりも短い波長の光を効率的に発光させることができる。
第1半導体シェル2の表面上には第2半導体シェル3がさらに設けられていることが好ましい。この場合には、第1半導体シェル2からの第2半導体シェル3側へのキャリアの流出を第2半導体シェル3で抑制することができるため、第1半導体シェル2でより多くの光を発光させることができる。
図2に、本発明のコアシェル粒子の半導体コア1と第1半導体シェル2と第2半導体シェル3とのバンドギャップの相関図の好ましい一例を示す。ここで、第1半導体シェル2のバンドギャップ2aは、半導体コア1を構成する半導体のバンドギャップ1aよりも狭く、かつ第1半導体シェル2の伝導帯下端および価電子帯上端がそれぞれ半導体コア1を構成する半導体の伝導帯下端および価電子帯上端よりも中間バンド4a側に位置している。また、第2半導体シェル3のバンドギャップ3aは、第1半導体シェル2のバンドギャップ2aよりも広く、かつ第2半導体シェル3の伝導帯下端および価電子帯上端がそれぞれ第1半導体シェル2の伝導帯下端および価電子帯上端よりも中間バンド4a側とは反対側に位置している。
以下、図3(a)~図3(c)の模式的断面図を参照して、本発明のコアシェル粒子の製造方法の一例について説明する。まず、図3(a)に示すように、半導体コア1を作製する。ここで、半導体コア1は、たとえば、半導体コア1を構成する半導体および不純物の原料粉末を所定の液相中で反応させ、精製することによって沈殿させた、沈殿物として得ることができる。
図5に、本発明の光電変換素子の一例の模式的な断面図を示す。図5に示すように、本発明の光電変換素子の一例は、光電変換層7と、光電変換層7の受光面側に設けられた受光面側電極8と、光電変換層7の裏面側に設けられた裏面側電極11と、光電変換層7と裏面側電極11との間に設けられたアップコンバージョン層10とを備えている。裏面側電極11は、アップコンバージョン層10に設けられた開口部等を通じて光電変換層7と電気的に接続されている。
図13に、本発明の光電変換素子を用いた本発明の光電変換モジュールの構成の一例の概略を示す。図13を参照して、本発明の光電変換モジュール1000は、複数の光電変換素子1001と、カバー1002と、出力端子1013,1014とを備えている。本発明の光電変換素子は高い変換効率を有するため、これを備える本発明の光電変換モジュールおよび太陽光発電システムも高い変換効率を有することができる。
太陽光発電システムは、光電変換モジュールが出力する電力を適宜変換して、商用電力系統または電気機器等に供給する装置である。
本発明の太陽光発電システム2000は、たとえば以下のように動作する。光電変換モジュールアレイ2001は、太陽光を電気に変換して直流電力を発電し、直流電力を接続箱2002へ供給する。
光電変換モジュールアレイ2001について説明する。図15に、図14に示す光電変換モジュールアレイ2001の構成の一例の概略を示す。図15を参照して、光電変換モジュールアレイ2001は、複数の光電変換モジュール1000と出力端子2013,2014とを含む。
大規模太陽光発電システムは、上述した太陽光発電システムよりも大規模な太陽光発電システムである。後述する本発明の大規模太陽光発電システムも、本発明の光電変換素子を備えるものである。
太陽光発電システム4000は以下のように動作する。モジュールシステム3000の複数の光電変換モジュールアレイ2001は、太陽光を電気に変換して直流電力を発電し、直流電力を接続箱3002を介して集電箱3004へ供給する。サブシステム4001内の複数の集電箱3004は、直流電力をパワーコンディショナ4003へ供給する。さらに複数のパワーコンディショナ4003は、直流電力を交流電力に変換して、交流電力を変圧器4004へ供給する。
また、図18に示すように、本発明の大規模太陽光発電システム4000においては、パワーコンディショナ4003には蓄電池5001が接続されてもよい。この場合、日照量の変動による出力変動を抑制することができるとともに、日照のない時間帯であっても蓄電池5001に蓄電された電力を商用電力系統へ供給することができる。蓄電池5001は、パワーコンディショナ4003に内蔵されてもよい。
まず、図6の模式的側面図に示すように、アルゴン雰囲気中で、フラスコ26に、0.5mmol(ミリモル)のCuCl、0.47mmolのGaCl3、1mmolのS、0.03molのビス(2,4-ペンタンジオナト)すず(IV)ジクロリド、および濃度70%のオレイルアミン15mlを入れて、半導体コア作製用の溶液20を作製した。
まず、アルゴン雰囲気中で、0.5mmolのCuCl、0.5mmolのGaCl3および1mmolのSを、濃度70%のオレイルアミン15ml中に溶解させることによって、第1半導体シェル作製用の溶液を作製した。
0.1mol/lのステアリン酸亜鉛と、硫黄とを、オレイルアミンとオクタデセンとが4:1の体積比で混合された混合溶液に溶解することによって、第2半導体シェル作製用の溶液を作製した。
図7(a)~図7(c)に、実施例1の太陽電池セルの製造方法を図解する模式的な断面図を示す。まず、図7(a)に示すように、光電変換層31の受光面側に設けられた第1キャリア収集電極33と、第1キャリア収集電極33上に設けられた受光面側電極35と、光電変換層31の裏面側に設けられた第2キャリア収集電極32と、第2キャリア収集電極32上に設けられた裏面側電極34とを備えたサンプルを用意した。図7(a)に示す状態の構造を有するサンプルをサンプルAとする。
図8(a)~図8(c)に、実施例2の太陽電池セルの製造方法を図解する模式的な断面図を示す。まず、図8(a)に示すように、プラズマCVD法により、n型シリコン基板41の受光面側の表面に厚さ3nm~10nmのノンドープi型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜45および厚さ3nm~10nmのn型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜46をこの順序で積層するとともに、n型シリコン基板41の裏面側の表面に厚さ3nm~10nmのノンドープi型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜42および厚さ3nm~10nmのp型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜43をこの順序で積層した。その後、スパッタリング法により、p型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜43およびp型水素化アモルファスシリコン薄膜46のそれぞれの表面に厚さ70~100nmのITO(Indium Tin Oxide)からなる透明導電膜44,47を形成した。その後、透明導電膜44,47上にスクリーン印刷法により銀ペーストを印刷して乾燥させた後に焼成することによって、透明導電膜44上に裏面側電極34を形成するとともに、透明導電膜47上に受光面側電極35を形成した。
図9(a)~図9(c)に、実施例3の太陽電池セルの製造方法を図解する模式的な断面図を示す。まず、図9(a)に示すように、n型シリコン基板41の受光面および裏面に、それぞれ、p型不純物を拡散したp型不純物拡散層52およびn型不純物を拡散したn型不純物拡散層51を形成した。そして、p型不純物拡散層52およびn型不純物拡散層51に、それぞれ、受光面側電極35および裏面側電極34を形成した。
図10(a)~図10(c)に、実施例4の太陽電池セルの製造方法を図解する模式的な断面図を示す。まず、図10(a)に示すように、n型シリコン基板41の受光面の一部および裏面の一部に、それぞれ、p型不純物を拡散したp型不純物拡散層52およびn型不純物を拡散したn型不純物拡散層51を形成した。そして、p型不純物拡散層52の一部およびn型不純物拡散層51の一部が露出するようにn型シリコン基板41の受光面および裏面にそれぞれパッシベーション膜62,61を形成し、その後、n型不純物拡散層51およびp型不純物拡散層52に接するように、裏面側電極34および受光面側電極35を形成した。
図11(a)~図11(c)に、実施例5の太陽電池セルの製造方法を図解する模式的な断面図を示す。まず、図11(a)に示すように、n型シリコン基板41の裏面に、p型不純物を拡散したp型不純物拡散層52と、n型不純物を拡散したn型不純物拡散層51とを交互に形成した。そして、p型不純物拡散層52の一部およびn型不純物拡散層51の一部が露出するようにn型シリコン基板41の裏面にパッシベーション膜61を形成するとともに、n型シリコン基板41の受光面にパッシベーション膜62を形成した。その後、n型不純物拡散層51およびp型不純物拡散層52に接するように、n電極71およびp電極72を形成した。
図7(c)に示す構造の太陽電池セルの光電変換層31のバンドギャップエネルギーのみを変えて、実施例6~9の太陽電池セルを作製した。実施例6~9の太陽電池セルは、光電変換層31のバンドギャップエネルギーを、それぞれ、1.1eV(実施例6)、1.4eV(実施例7)、1.7eV(実施例8)および1.9eV(実施例9)にして作製したものである。
本発明は、半導体コアと、半導体コアの表面上に設けられた第1半導体シェルと、を備え、半導体コアは、半導体と、半導体のバンドギャップ中に中間バンドを形成する不純物とを含むコアシェル粒子である。このような構成とすることにより、半導体コアを構成する半導体に励起光が入射することによって、半導体コアにおいて、中間バンドと価電子帯とのエネルギー差に相当する波長の光、および、伝導帯と中間バンドとのエネルギー差に相当する波長の光を吸収して、価電子帯の電子が中間バンドを介して伝導帯に励起され、これによって生成された電子正孔対が第1半導体シェルに流出して再結合して第1半導体シェルのバンドギャップに相当する波長の光を発光することにより、アップコンバージョンさせることができる。
Claims (5)
- 半導体コアと
前記半導体コアの表面上に設けられた第1半導体シェルと、を備え、
前記半導体コアは、半導体と、前記半導体のバンドギャップ中に中間バンドを形成する不純物とを含む、コアシェル粒子。 - 前記第1半導体シェルのバンドギャップは、前記半導体コアのバンドギャップよりも狭い、請求項1に記載のコアシェル粒子。
- 前記第1半導体シェルの表面上に設けられた第2半導体シェルをさらに備えた、請求項1または2に記載のコアシェル粒子。
- 請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載のコアシェル粒子を含む、アップコンバージョン層。
- 光電変換層と、
前記光電変換層の表面上に設けられた請求項4に記載のアップコンバージョン層とを含む、光電変換素子。
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