Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
  • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
  • A01H6/463—Lolium [ryegrass]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
  • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
  • A01H1/022—Genic fertility modification, e.g. apomixis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
  • A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
  • A01H1/045—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection using molecular markers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
  • C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
  • C12N15/8218—Antisense, co-suppression, viral induced gene silencing [VIGS], post-transcriptional induced gene silencing [PTGS]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
  • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
  • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
  • C12N15/8262—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield involving plant development
  • C12N15/827—Flower development or morphology, e.g. flowering promoting factor [FPF]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
  • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
  • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
  • C12N15/8287—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for fertility modification, e.g. apomixis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
  • C12Q1/6888—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms
  • C12Q1/6895—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for detection or identification of organisms for plants, fungi or algae
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
  • C12Q2600/13—Plant traits
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
  • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for controlling hybridization in plants and methods for producing hybrid plants.
• the present invention also relates to nucleic acids and nucleic acid fragments encoding amino acid sequences for self- incompatibility proteins in plants, in particular through self-gamete recognition in plants of grass and cereal species, and the use thereof for the manipulation of SI, including seed production, in plants.
• the present invention also relates to kits, compositions, constructs and vectors including such nucleic acids, and related polypeptides, regulatory elements and methods.
• the present invention also relates to expression of self-gamete recognition genes in plants and to related nucleic acids, constructs, molecular markers derived from nucleic acids and related methods.
• SI self-incompatibility'
• SI does not represent a unique system.
• the molecular basis of the plant SI mechanism has been well studied in several groups of dicotyledonous plant species.
• Self-incompatibility locus (S locus) genes were identified in winged tobacco (Nicotiana alata) and Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris) in the late 1980s. Subsequent biological investigations using multiple approaches have identified SI factors, to help elucidate the molecular basis of SI mechanisms in these species.
• Plant species within the Poaceae (grass and cereal) family can display an obligate outbreeding reproductive habit controlled by a two-locus (termed S and Z) gametophytic SI system, in which the pollen genotype is autonomously controlled by its own genetic constitution.
• This system is conserved between allogamous Poaceae species, such as wild barley (Hordeum bulbosum L.) and cereal rye ⁇ Secale cereale L.) and has been found to be widely conserved within the family, but is expected to be genetically and mechanistically distinct from the well- characterised single-locus SI mechanisms of dicotyledonous plants.
• the Poaceae-specific mechanism prevents self-fertilisation through arrest of self- generated gamete pollen tube elongation at the stigmatic surface.
• Free calcium concentrations are essential for directed cell growth in pollen tubes in many species.
• the specific concentration of calcium in the cell is critical, as free calcium is typically kept at c. 100 nm due to cellular metabolism being based on free phosphates, and if free cytosolic calcium levels elevate over this concentration, interference with the energy status of the cell will result due to the formation of calcium salts.
• Studies of calcium gradients within the pollen tube have identified an increased gradient at the active growing tip, and the increase has been postulated to be absorbed by the cellular growth.
• Fine-structure mapping of the Poaceae SI loci was performed for blue canary grass (Phalaris coerulescens L.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L), and the candidate gene-containing regions were delimited to 0.26 cM and 1 .5 cM intervals for the S and Z loci, respectively.
• the presence of gene- associated (cDNA-based) markers in these studies permitted comparative analysis to define map colinearity around the SI loci for related self-incompatible and self- compatible Poaceae species.
• the proposed 1.5 cM Z-containing region exhibited microsynteny with a BAC clone (OSJNBa0070O1 1 : GenBank Acc. No.
• Applicants have used an extensive and inclusive approach involving both genomics and transgenic modification for molecular dissection of the SI pathway in monocots.
• Spatio-temporal profiles of gene expression, comparative genomics, BAC clone sequencing and whole-exome sequencing suggests that the components of the SI pathway (the S and Z genes) may be encoded by a collection of genes from within the Poaceae family that have not been previously characterised as having these functions in ryegrass.
• modification or selection of the genes located at the S and Z loci of outbreeding plants of the Poaceae family is an attractive strategy for controlling pollination and fertilization by repression or activation of the SI mechanism.
• modification or selection of the genes located at the S and Z loci of plants of the Poaceae family may be used to control hybridization or to produce hybrid plants in higher numbers than conventional breeding approaches.
• Modification of the nucleic acids through targeted gene disruption by the use of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), mediating cleavage of specific target sites in the nucleic acid, leading to micro-deletions and insertions within the endogenous nucleic acid sequence, also enables control of fertilisation.
• TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases
• ZFNs zinc-finger nucleases
• the use of molecular markers derived from inherent variation originating from within the nucleic acid sequences may also provide a predictive means for control of fertilisation.
• a perennial ryegrass BAC-based genomic library composed of 50,304 (131 x 384- well plates) BAC clones (average insert size 1 13 kb) has been constructed to support contig assembly, and estimated to correspond to c. 3.4 genome equivalents (Spangenberg et al. 2005; Forster et al. 2008).
• a combination of fine-structure genetic linkage mapping and physical genome characterisation enables implementation of map-based cloning to isolate perennial ryegrass SI genes.
• plants of the Poaceae family may be transformed with a gametophytic Z gene nucleic acid wherein (1 ) transformation with said Z gene specific nucleic acid transforms a self incompatible plant of the Poaceae family into a self compatible plant or (2) transformation with said Z gene specific nucleic acid transforms a self compatible plant of the Poaceae family into a self incompatible plant.
• the gametophytic Z gene may encode a 26S proteasome subunit, a zinc finger protease, a no-pollen (NOP) polypeptide, or an ubiquitin-specific protease, such as an ubiquitin-specific protease 22.
• plants of the Poaceae family may be transformed with a gametophytic S gene nucleic acid wherein (1 ) transformation with said S gene specific nucleic acid transforms a self incompatible plant of the Poaceae family into a self compatible plant or (2) transformation with said S gene specific nucleic acid transforms a self compatible plant of the Poaceae family into a self incompatible plant.
• the gametophytic S gene may encode a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, or a seven-in-absentia homologue (SIAH).
• the present invention provides a composition or kit for hybridization or self-incompatibility (SI) control in plants, said composition or kit including:
• a first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a SI polypeptide wherein said first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment is isolated from or corresponds to a gene from the Z locus of a plant of the Poaceae family;
• a second nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a SI polypeptide wherein said second nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment is isolated from or corresponds to a gene from the S locus of a plant of the Poaceae family.
• said first and second nucleic acids are substantially purified or isolated.
• the first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be a gametophytic Z gene.
• the second nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be a gametophytic S gene.
• first and second nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments may be selected from the group of nucleic acids and nucleic acid fragments as hereinafter described.
• the Z gene may encode a 26S proteasome subunit, a zinc finger protease, a no-pollen (NOP) polypeptide, or an ubiquitin-specific protease, such as an ubiquitin-specific protease 22, as hereinafter described.
• the S gene may encode a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, or a seven-in-absentia homologue (SIAH), as hereinafter described.
• the first and second nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments may be included in a construct or vector, as hereinafter described.
• a method for controlling hybridization in a plant or for producing hybrid plants including:
• haplotypes are selected so that the first plant strain is heterozygous at both the S and Z loci and said second plant strain is homozygous at one of the S and Z loci and heterozygous at the other of the S and Z loci.
• the first and second plant strains are plants of the Poaceae family. More preferably they are grass species, particularly pasture grasses such as ryegrass (Loiium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Loiium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Loiium arundinaceum).
• grass species particularly pasture grasses such as ryegrass (Loiium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Loiium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Loiium arundinaceum).
• the haplotypes are from genes according to the present invention, as hereinafter described.
• a method of manipulating self-incompatibility in a plant including introducing into said plant an effective amount of a nucleic acid, construct and/or vector according to the present invention.
• the method involves altering the SI status of the plant.
• the method may include introducing into said plant: a first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a SI polypeptide, wherein said first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment is isolated from or corresponds to a gene from the Z locus of a plant of the Poaceae family; and
• the Z gene may encode a 26S proteasome subunit, a zinc finger protease, a no-pollen (NOP) polypeptide, or an ubiquitin-specific protease, such as an ubiquitin-specific protease 22, as hereinafter described.
• the S gene may encode a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, or a seven-in-absentia homologue (SIAH), as hereinafter described.
• SIAH seven-in-absentia homologue
• the present invention also contemplates co-expressing a nucleic acid of the present invention with a gene encoding a mediator or modulator of SI activity.
• SI status is meant the ability or inability of a fertile hermaphrodite seed-plant to produce zygotes after self-pollination.
• a 'mediator or modulator of SI activity' is meant a molecule that enhances or otherwise modifies expression, activity or function of SI in a plant cell, plant callus, plant, seed or other plant part.
• the mediator or modulator of SI activity may improve pollen tube growth, or enhance action or activity of the SI mechanisms.
• an effective amount it is meant an amount sufficient to result in an identifiable phenotypic trait in said plant, or a plant, plant seed or other plant part derived therefrom. Such amounts can be readily determined by an appropriately skilled person, taking into account the type of plant, the route of administration and other relevant factors. Such a person will readily be able to determine a suitable amount and method of administration. See, for example, Maniatis et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• self-incompatibility may be induced, increased, decreased, repressed or otherwise altered, in a transformed plant relative to an untransformed control plant, for example by incorporating additional copies of a sense nucleic acid of the present invention, preferably to overexpress the polypeptide or in sense suppression. They may be decreased or otherwise altered, for example by incorporating an antisense nucleic acid of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method for altering the SI status of a plant, said method including identifying a gene encoding a polypeptide which is active in the SI pathway of the plant and up-regulating or down-regulating expression of said gene to repress or induce the SI mechanism in said plant.
• said gene is a nucleic acid according to the present invention.
• the plant is as hereinbefore described.
• 'up-regulating' expression of said gene is meant increasing expression of said gene and, as a result, the protein encoded by the gene, in a plant relative to a control plant.
• 'down-regulating' expression of said gene is meant decreasing expression of said gene and, as a result, the protein encoded by the gene, in a plant relative to a control plant.
• RNAi interfering RNA
• Techniques for incorporating the genetic constructs of the present invention into plant cells are known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include high velocity projectile introduction to cells, tissues, calli, immature and mature embryos.
• Cells incorporating the genetic constructs of the present invention may be selected, as described above, and then cultured in an appropriate medium to regenerate transformed plants, using techniques well know in the art.
• the culture conditions such as temperature, pH and the like, will be apparent to the person skilled in the art.
• the resulting plants may be reproduced either sexually or asexually, using methods well known in the art.
• By 'repressing the SI mechanism' of a plant is meant reducing the tendency of the plant to inhibit pollen tube elongation and resulting fertilisation of self-pollen.
• activating the SI mechanism' of a plant is meant introducing the tendency of the plant to inhibit pollen tube elongation and resulting fertilisation of self-pollen.
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a plant self-incompatibility (SI) protein, complements thereof, sequences antisense thereto, and functionally active fragments and variants thereof.
• SI plant self-incompatibility
• the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encodes a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a proteasome subunit, more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit, a Cullin (Cullins are molecular scaffolds responsible for assembling ubiquitin E3 ligases, more particularly RING-based E3 ubiquitin ligases), a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, a zinc finger protease, a no-pollen (NOP) polypeptide, a seven-in-absentia homologue (SIAH), and a ubiquitin-specific protease, more particularly a ubiquitin- specific protease 22.
• a proteasome subunit more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit
• Cullin are molecular scaffolds responsible for assembling ubiquitin E3 ligases, more particularly RING-based E3 ubiquitin ligases
• a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof a zinc finger protease
• NOP
• the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be isolated from or correspond to a gene from a plant of the Poaceae family.
• the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be isolated from or correspond to a gene from a grass species, particularly a pasture grass such as ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or tall fescue ⁇ Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Lolium arundinaceum).
• 'nucleic acid' is meant a chain of nucleotides capable of genetic information.
• the term generally refers to genes or functionally active fragments or variants thereof and or other sequences in the genome of the organism that influence its phenotype.
• the term 'nucleic acid' includes DNA (such as cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA (such as mRNA or microRNA) that is single- or double stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases, synthetic nucleic acids and combinations thereof.
• Nucleic acids according to the invention may be full-length genes or part thereof, and are also referred to as “nucleic acid fragments" and “nucleotide sequences” in this specification. For convenience, the expression “nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment” is used to cover all of these.
• nucleic acid is free of the genes, which, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the nucleic acid of the invention is derived, flank the nucleic acid.
• the term therefore includes, for example, a nucleic acid which is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g. a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a nucleic acid which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.
• the substantially purified nucleic acid is 90%, more preferably 95%, even more preferably 98% pure.
• isolated means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g. the natural environment if it is naturally occurring).
• a naturally occurring nucleic acid present in a living plant is not isolated, but the same nucleic acid separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated.
• nucleic acids could be part of a vector and/or such nucleic acids could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such a vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.
• nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments could be assembled to form a consensus contig.
• the term "consensus contig” refers to a nucleotide sequence that is assembled from two or more constituent nucleotide sequences that share common or overlapping regions of sequence homology.
• the nucleotide sequence of two or more nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments can be compared and aligned in order to identify common or overlapping sequences.
• sequences and thus their corresponding nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a plant self-incompatibility (SI) protein, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a plant SI protein, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the SI protein is selected from the group consisting of a proteasome subunit, more preferably a 26S proteasome subunit, a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, a zinc finger protease, a protein containing C2 and GRAM amino acid domains, more preferably a protein involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and/or membrane-coupled processes, more preferably a protein encoded by a NOP gene, a SIAH, and a ubiquitin-specific protease, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22.
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a proteasome subunit, more preferably a 26S proteasome subunit, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a proteasome subunit, more preferably a 26S proteasome subunit, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a Cullin, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a Cullin, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a zinc finger protease, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a zinc finger protease, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a C2 and GRAM domain containing polypeptide, preferably a no pollen (NOP) polypeptide, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a C2 and GRAM domain containing polypeptide, preferably a no pollen (NOP) polypeptide, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a seven-in-absentia homologue, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a seven-in- absentia homologue, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a ubiquitin-specific protease, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22, or complementary or antisense to a sequence encoding a ubiquitin-specific protease, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22, said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention encompasses functionally active fragments and variants of the nucleic acids of the present invention.
• 'functionally active' in relation to the nucleic acid is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of manipulating SI in a plant.
• the fragment or variant such as an analogue, derivative or mutant
• it may be capable of manipulating a proteasome in a plant, more particularly a proteasome subunit, even more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit.
• it may be capable of manipulating an E3 ubiquitin ligase in a plant, more particularly a Cullin.
• it may be capable of manipulating influx channels in a plant, more particularly glutamate receptors.
• it may be capable of manipulating ubiquitin-specific protease activity in a plant, more particularly zinc finger protease activity.
• it may be capable of manipulating signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and/or membrane-coupled processes in a plant.
• it may be capable of manipulating SIAH in a plant
• it may be capable of manipulating a ubiquitin-specific protease in a plant, more particularly a ubiquitin-specific protease 22.
• Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non-naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the fragment or variant.
• the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above mentioned sequence to which the fragment or variant corresponds, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, even more preferably at least approximately 95% identity, most preferably at least approximately 98% identity.
• Such functionally active variants and fragments include, for example, those having conservative nucleic acid changes.
• Particularly preferred fragments include fragments of the nucleic acid sequences which include hypervariable regions of the gametophytic gene in sense or anti sense orientation, and functionally active variants of these fragments, see Figures 17 to 37.
• the fragment has a size of at least 20 nucleotides, more preferably at least 50 nucleotides, more preferably at least 100 nucleotides, more preferably at least 200 nucleotides, more preferably at least 500 nucleotides.
• the fragment or variant may include sequence shown in Figures 17 to 37 hereto.
• nucleic acid changes is meant nucleic acid substitutions that result in conservation of the amino acid in the encoded protein, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
• Such functionally active variants and fragments also include, for example, those having nucleic acid changes which result in conservative amino acid substitutions of one or more residues in the corresponding amino acid sequence.
• Nonpolar Ala, Val, Leu, lie, Pro, Met Phe, Trp
• Uncharged polar Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gin
• Proton Donor Asn, Gin, Lys, Arg, His, Trp
• Proton Acceptor Glu, Asp, Thr, Ser, Tyr, Asn, Gin
• a genetic construct including one or more nucleic acids according to the present invention.
• the genetic construct may include a chimeric sequence comprising a nucleic acid according to the present invention and a gene encoding a mediator or modulator of SI activity.
• the genetic construct may include:
• a first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a SI polypeptide wherein said first nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment is isolated from or corresponds to a gene from the Z locus of a plant of the Poaceae family;
• a second nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a SI polypeptide wherein said second nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment is isolated from or corresponds to a gene from the S locus of a plant of the Poaceae family.
• genetic construct refers to an artificially assembled or isolated nucleic acid molecule which includes the gene of interest.
• the genetic construct is a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
• a construct may include the gene or genes of interest, a marker gene which in some cases can also be the gene of interest and appropriate regulatory sequences. It should be appreciated that the inclusion of regulatory sequences in a construct is optional, for example, such sequences may not be required in situations where the regulatory sequences of a host cell are to be used.
• construct includes vectors but should not be seen as being limited thereto.
• a 'chimeric sequence' is meant a hybrid produced by recombinant means through expression of a fusion gene including two or more linked nucleic acids which originally encoded separate proteins, or functionally active fragments or variants thereof.
• a 'fusion gene' is meant that two or more nucleic acids are linked in such a way as to permit expression of the fusion protein, preferably as a translational fusion. This typically involves removal of the stop codon from a nucleic acid sequence coding for a first protein, then appending the nucleic acid sequence of a second protein in frame. The fusion gene is then expressed by a cell as a single protein.
• the protein may be engineered to include the full sequence of both original proteins, or a functionally active fragment or variant of either or both.
• the genetic construct according to the present invention may be a vector.
• a 'vector' is meant a genetic construct used to transfer genetic material to a target cell.
• the term vector encompasses both cloning and expression vectors. Vectors are often recombinant molecules containing nucleic acid molecules from several sources.
• the vector may be of any suitable type and may be viral or non-viral.
• the vector may be an expression vector.
• Such vectors include chromosomal, non- chromosomal and synthetic nucleic acid sequences, e.g. derivatives of plant viruses; bacterial plasm ids; derivatives of the Ti plasm id from Agrobacterium tumefaciens; derivatives of the Ri plasm id from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; phage DNA; yeast artificial chromosomes; bacterial artificial chromosomes; binary bacterial artificial chromosomes; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA.
• any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable or integrative or viable in the target cell.
• the vector may include a regulatory element such as a promoter, a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention and a terminator; said regulatory element, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and terminator being operatively linked.
• a regulatory element such as a promoter, a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention and a terminator; said regulatory element, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment and terminator being operatively linked.
• a 'promoter' is meant a nucleic acid sequence sufficient to direct transcription of an operatively linked nucleic acid sequence.
• 'operatively linked' is meant that the nucleic acid(s) and a regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, are linked in such a way as to permit expression of said nucleic acid under appropriate conditions, for example when appropriate molecules such as transcriptional activator proteins are bound to the regulatory sequence.
• an operatively linked promoter is upstream of the associated nucleic acid.
• 'upstream' is meant in the 3'->5' direction along the nucleic acid.
• the promoter and terminator may be of any suitable type and may be endogenous to the target cell or may be exogenous, provided that they are functional in the target cell.
• the promoter used in the constructs and methods of the present invention may be a constitutive, tissue specific or inducible promoter.
• the promoter may be a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S) promoter for expression in many plant tissues, an inducible 'photosynthetic promoter' (e.g. ribulose 1 ,5- bisphosphate), capable of mediating expression of a gene in photosynthetic tissue in plants under light conditions, or a tissue specific promoter such as a seed specific promoter, for example from a gene selected from the group consisting of Brassica napus napin gene, Zea mays zein 4 gene, Orysa sativa PR602 gene and Triticum aestivum glutelin gene.
• CaMV35S constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus
• an inducible 'photosynthetic promoter' e.g. ribulose 1 ,5- bisphosphate
• a tissue specific promoter such as a seed specific promoter, for example from a gene
• terminators which may be employed in the genetic constructs of the present invention are also well known to those skilled in the art.
• the terminator may be from the same gene as the promoter sequence or a different gene.
• Particularly suitable terminators are polyadenylation signals, such as the (CaMV)35S polyA and other terminators from the nopaline synthase (nos) and the octopine synthase (ocs) genes.
• the genetic construct in addition to the promoter, the gene and the terminator, may include further elements necessary for expression of the nucleic acid, in different combinations, for example vector backbone, origin of replication (ori), multiple cloning sites, spacer sequences, enhancers, introns (such as the maize Ubiquitin Ubi intron), antibiotic resistance genes and other selectable marker genes [such as the neomycin phosphotransferase ⁇ nptll) gene, the hygromycin phosphotransferase ⁇ hph) gene, the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar or pat) gene], and reporter genes (such as beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gusA)].
• the genetic construct may also contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation.
• the genetic construct may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated regulatory element capable of causing expression of an exogenous gene in plant cells.
• the regulatory element is isolated from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a plant self-incompatibility (SI) protein and functionally active fragments and variants thereof.
• SI plant self-incompatibility
• the regulatory element is isolated from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment encoding a proteasome subunit, more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit, a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, a zinc finger protease, a polypeptide with both C2 and GRAM amino acid domains, more preferably a no-pollen (NOP) gene, a SIAH, or a ubiquitin-specific protease, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22.
• NOP no-pollen
• the regulatory element may be a nucleic acid molecule, including DNA (such as cDNA or genomic DNA) and RNA (such as mRNA) that is single- or double- stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases, and combinations thereof.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a proteasome subunit gene promoter, more preferably a 26S proteasome subunit gene promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a Cullin gene promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a glutamate receptor or precursor gene promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a zinc finger protease gene promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a polypeptide with both C2 and GRAM amino acid domains, more preferably a promoter from a no-pollen (NOP) gene.
• the regulatory element includes a SIAH gene promoter.
• the regulatory element includes a ubiquitin-specific protease gene promoter, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22 gene promoter.
• the regulatory element may be isolated from or correspond to a regulatory element from a plant of the Poaceae family.
• the regulatory element may be isolated from or correspond to a regulatory element from a grass species, particularly a pasture grass such as ryegrass (Loiium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Loiium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Loiium arundinaceum).
• a grass species particularly a pasture grass such as ryegrass (Loiium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Loiium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Loiium arundinaceum).
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a 26S proteasome subunit gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 3; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the person skilled in the art will understand that the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 2335 of Figure 3.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a Cullin gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 5; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 294 of Figure 5.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from glutamate receptor or precursor gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 7; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the person skilled in the art will understand that the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 788 of Figure 7.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from zinc finger protease gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 9; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 625 of Figure 9.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a NOP gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 1 1 ; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the person skilled in the art will understand that the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 7924 of Figure 1 1 .
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a SIAH gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 13; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the person skilled in the art will understand that the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 124 of Figure 13.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter from a ubiquitin-specific protease gene from perennial ryegrass.
• the regulatory element includes a promoter element of the sequence shown in Figure 15; or a functionally active fragment or variant thereof, including hypervariable regions.
• the person skilled in the art will understand that the promoter element is located upstream of the ATG start codon shown at position 6784 of Figure 15.
• the fragment or variant in this context is meant that the fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) is capable of causing expression of a transgene in plant cells, particularly of the reproductive tissues.
• Such variants include naturally occurring allelic variants and non-naturally occurring variants. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the nucleotides are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the regulatory element.
• the functionally active fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above mentioned sequence to which the fragment or variant corresponds, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, even preferably at least approximately 95% identity, most preferably at least approximately 98% identity.
• the fragment has a size of at least 100 nucleotides, more preferably at least 150 nucleotides, most preferably at least 200 nucleotides.
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the regulatory element includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• exogenous gene is meant a gene not natively linked to said regulatory element.
• the exogenous gene is also not natively found in the relevant plant or plant cell.
• the exogenous gene may be of any suitable type.
• the exogenous gene may be a nucleic acid such as DNA (e.g. cDNA or genomic DNA) or RNA (e.g. mRNA), and combinations thereof.
• the exogenous gene may be a gene capable of manipulating SI in a plant, or be a fragment or variant (such as an analogue, derivative or mutant) thereof which is capable of manipulating SI in a plant.
• Such variants include nucleic acid sequences which are antisense to said target gene or an analogue, derivative, mutant or fragment thereof.
• the transgene may code for a protein or RNA sequence depending on the target condition and whether down or up-regulation of gene expression is required.
• the regulatory element according to the present invention may be used to express exogenous genes to which it is operatively linked in the production of transgenic plants.
• the regulatory element is used for gene expression in reproductive tissues of the plant.
• the genetic constructs of the present invention are substantially purified or isolated, as hereinbefore described. By 'substantially purified', in the current context, is meant that the genetic construct is free of the genes, which, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the nucleic acid or promoter of the invention is derived, flank the nucleic acid or promoter.
• the term therefore includes, for example, a genetic construct which is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g. a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a genetic construct which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.
• the substantially purified genetic construct is at least approximately 90% pure, more preferably at least approximately 95% pure, even more preferably at least approximately 98% pure.
• the presence of the genetic construct in transformed cells may be determined by other techniques well known in the art, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), Southern blot hybridisation analysis, histochemical assays (e.g. GUS assays), thin layer chromatography (TLC), northern and western blot hybridisation analyses.
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• Southern blot hybridisation analysis histochemical assays (e.g. GUS assays)
• TLC thin layer chromatography
• the genetic constructs and vectors of the present invention may be incorporated into a variety of plants, preferably monocotyledons, preferably of the Poaceae family, such as grasses from the genera Lolium, Festuca, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Panicum and other forage and turfgrasses, corn, oat, sugarcane, wheat and barley.
• plants preferably monocotyledons, preferably of the Poaceae family, such as grasses from the genera Lolium, Festuca, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Panicum and other forage and turfgrasses, corn, oat, sugarcane, wheat and barley.
• the genetic constructs of the present invention may be introduced into plants by any suitable technique.
• Techniques for incorporating the genetic constructs of the present invention into plant cells are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include Agrobacterium-med ated introduction, Rfr/zoJb/t/m-mediated introduction, electroporation to tissues, cells and protoplasts, protoplast fusion, injection into reproductive organs, injection into immature embryos and high velocity projectile introduction to cells, tissues, calli, immature and mature embryos, biolistic transformation, Whiskers transformation, and combinations thereof.
• the choice of technique will depend largely on the type of plant or fungus to be transformed, and may be readily determined by an appropriately skilled person. For transformation of protoplasts, PEG-mediated transformation is particularly preferred.
• Cells incorporating the genetic constructs of the present invention may be selected, as described below, and then cultured in an appropriate medium to regenerate transformed plants, using techniques well known in the art.
• the culture conditions such as temperature, pH and the like, will be apparent to the person skilled in the art.
• the resulting plants may be reproduced, either sexually or asexually, using methods well known in the art, to produce successive generations of transformed plants.
• a plant cell in a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part, including, e.g. transformed with, a vector or construct, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention.
• the plant cell is a transformed plant cell.
• a 'transformed plant cell' is meant a plant cell which has undergone transformation.
• 'transformation is meant the transfer of nucleic acid into a plant cell.
• a 'transgene' is meant a nucleic acid suitable for transforming a plant cell.
• the plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part may be from any suitable species.
• the plant cell, plant, plant seed or other plant part may be from a monocotyledon, preferably of the Poaceae family, such as grasses from the genera Lolium, Festuca, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Panicum and other forage and turfgrasses, corn, oat, sugarcane, wheat and barley.
• the present invention also provides a plant, plant seed or other plant part, or a plant extract derived from a plant cell or plant of the present invention and preferably including e.g. transformed with, a vector or construct, nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment, or regulatory element of the present invention.
• nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments of the present invention may be used to isolate cDNAs and genes encoding homologous SI proteins from the same or other plant species, using sequence-dependent protocols, such as methods of nucleic acid hybridisation, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g. polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction).
• sequence-dependent protocols such as methods of nucleic acid hybridisation, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g. polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction).
• 26S proteasome subunit genes Cullin genes, glutamate receptor or precursor genes, zinc finger protease genes, NOP genes, SIAH genes, or ubiquitin-specific protease genes may be isolated directly by using all or a portion of the nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments of the present invention as hybridisation probes to screen libraries from the desired plant employing the methodology well known to those skilled in the art.
• Specific oligonucleotide probes based upon the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be designed and synthesized by methods known in the art.
• sequences may be used directly to synthesize DNA probes by methods known to the skilled artisan such as random primer DNA labelling, nick translation, or end-labelling techniques, or RNA probes using available in vitro transcription systems.
• specific primers may be designed and used to amplify a part or all of the sequences of the present invention.
• the resulting amplification products may be labelled directly during amplification reactions or labelled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full-length cDNA or genomic fragments under conditions of appropriate stringency.
• short segments of the nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments of the present invention may be used in protocols to amplify longer nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA.
• polymerase chain reaction may be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3' end of the mRNA precursor encoding plant genes.
• the second primer sequence may be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector.
• the SI polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a proteasome subunit, more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit, a Cullin, a glutamate receptor or precursor thereof, a zinc finger protease, a polypeptide including both C2 and GRAM amino acid domains, more preferably a polypeptide encoded by a no-pollen (NOP) gene, a SIAH, and a ubiquitin-specific protease, more preferably a ubiquitin-specific protease 22.
• NOP no-pollen
• the SI polypeptide may be isolated from or correspond to a polypeptide from a plant of the Poaceae family.
• the SI polypeptide may be isolated from or correspond to a polypeptide from a grass species, particularly a pasture grass such as ryegrass (Lolium) or fescue (Festuca), more particularly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceum, otherwise known as Lolium arundinaceum).
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated SI polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 71 to 140 hereto;
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated proteasome subunit polypeptide, more particularly a 26S proteasome subunit polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated Cullin polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated glutamate receptor polypeptide or precursor thereof, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated zinc finger protease polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated NOP polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated SIAH polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention provides a substantially purified or isolated ubiquitin-specific protease polypeptide, said polypeptide including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
• the present invention encompasses functionally active fragments and variants of the polypeptides of the present invention.
• 'functionally active' in this context is meant that the fragment or variant has one or more of the biological properties of the corresponding protein from which the fragment or variant is derived. Additions, deletions, substitutions and derivatizations of one or more of the amino acids are contemplated so long as the modifications do not result in loss of functional activity of the fragment or variant.
• the fragment or variant has at least approximately 80% identity to the relevant part of the above mentioned sequence to which the fragment or variant corresponds, more preferably at least approximately 90% identity, more preferably at least approximately 95% identity, most preferably at least approximately 98% identity.
• Such functionally active variants and fragments include, for example, those having conservative amino acid substitutions of one or more residues in the corresponding amino acid sequence.
• Nonpolar Ala, Val, Leu, lie, Pro, Met Phe, Trp
• Uncharged polar Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gin
• Proton Acceptor Glu, Asp, Thr, Ser, Tyr, Asn, Gin
• the fragment has a size of at least 10 amino acids, more preferably at least 20 amino acids, more preferably at least 50 amino acids, more preferably at least 100 amino acids, more preferably at least 200 amino acids.
• the fragment or variant may include a sequence shown in Figures 38 to 58 hereto.
• a polypeptide recombinantly produced from a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment according to the present invention is provided. Techniques for recombinantly producing polypeptides are known to those skilled in the art. Availability of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention and deduced amino acid sequences facilitates immunological screening of cDNA expression libraries. Synthetic peptides representing portions of the instant amino acid sequences may be synthesized.
• peptides may be used to immunise animals to produce polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with specificity for peptides and/or proteins including the amino acid sequences. These antibodies may be then used to screen cDNA expression libraries to isolate full-length cDNA clones of interest.
• a method of isolating a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention including sequencing nucleic acid fragments from a nucleic acid library.
• the nucleic acid library may be of any suitable type and is preferably a cDNA library.
• the nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may be isolated from a recombinant plasmid or may be amplified, for example using polymerase chain reaction.
• the sequencing may be performed by techniques known to those skilled in the art.
• the present invention involves identifying variation in the sequence of a gene encoding a polypeptide which is active in the SI pathway of a plant and deploying such variants as molecular markers. More particularly, the method includes determining the specific genetic constitution of a plant within the Poaceae family at the S and Z loci through analysis of genetic variation at the S and Z loci using methods known to those skilled in the art. This genetic variation may be in regions surrounding the SI genes and may be used in a proxy manner. Examples of sequence variation within the genes and their encoded polypeptides are shown in Figures 17 to 58.
• the present invention provides use of a nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of the present invention or a SNP thereof as a molecular genetic marker. More particularly, nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments according to the present invention and/or nucleotide sequence information thereof may be used as a molecular genetic marker for quantitative trait loci (QTL) tagging, QTL mapping, DNA fingerprinting and in marker assisted selection, particularly in grasses such as Lolium perenne. Even more particularly, nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments according to the present invention may be used as molecular genetic markers in plant improvement in relation to SI control or manipulation.
• QTL quantitative trait loci
• sequence information revealing SNPs in allelic variants of the nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments of the present invention may be used as molecular genetic markers for QTL tagging and mapping and in marker assisted selection, particularly in grasses such as Lolium perenne.
• the term “comprise” and variations of the term, such as “comprising”, “comprises” and “comprised”, are not intended to exclude further additives, components, integers or steps.
• the singular forms "a”, “an” and “the” include plural aspects.
• Figure 1 Comparative genetic ideogram of the S region delimited in Lolium perenne L. in comparison to the model genomes of Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachion. Genes identified in common between Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachion are indicated by joining lines. Assembled fragments of sequenced BAC clones from Lolium perenne L. are indicated along with their predicted location within the comparative genome map and their gene content. Gene content of the Lolium perenne L. nucleotide sequences are documented as orthologous genes based on the Oryza numerical numbering, with a Lp prefix.
• Figure 2 Comparative genetic ideogram of the Z region delimited in Lolium perenne L. in comparison to the model genomes of Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachion. Genes identified in common between Oryza sativa and Brachypodium distachion are indicated by joining lines. Assembled fragments of sequenced BAC clones from Lolium perenne L. are indicated along with their predicted location within the comparative genome map and their gene content. Gene content of the Lolium perenne L. nucleotide sequences are documented as orthologous genes based on the Oryza numerical numbering, with a Lp prefix. Figure 3.
• Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Loiium perenne LpOs06g0607800 26S proteasome subunit gene contains the Loiium perenne LpOs06g0607800 26S proteasome subunit gene.
• the initial codon (ATG) of the LpOs06g0607800 gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• FIG. 4 Map of transformation vector containing the Loiium perenne ZmUbi_LpOs06g0607800_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Loiium perenne L.
• Figure 5. Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Loiium perenne LpOs05g0149600 Cullin gene. The initial codon (ATG) of the Cullin gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• FIG. 1 Map of transformation vector containing the Loiium perenne ZmUbi_LpOs05g0149600_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Loiium perenne L.
• FIG. 7 Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Loiium perenne LpOs06g0680500 Glutamate Receptor (LpGlul ) gene.
• the initial codon (ATG) of the glutamate receptor gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• FIG. 1 Map of transformation vector containing the Loiium perenne ZmUbi_LpGlu1_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Loiium perenne L.
• Figure 9 Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Loiium perenne LpOs04g0648500 zinc finger protease gene. The initial codon (ATG) of the zinc finger protease gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• Figure 10. Map of transformation vector containing the Loiium perenne ZmUbi_ LpOs04g0648500_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Loiium perenne L.
• Figure 1 1 Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Lolium perenne LpOs06g0607900 No-Pollen (LpNOP) gene. The initial codon (ATG) of the LpNOP gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• Figure 12. Map of transformation vector containing the Lolium perenne ZmUbi_LpNOP_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Lolium perenne L.
• FIG. 13 Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Lolium perenne LpOs05g0152900 Seven-ln-Absentia Homolog (LpSIAH) gene.
• the initial codon (ATG) of the LpSIAH gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• FIG. 14 Map of transformation vector containing the Lolium perenne ZmUbi_LpSIAH_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Lolium perenne L.
• FIG. 15 Nucleic acid sequence of the genomic clone that contains the Lolium perenne LpTC1 16908 gene.
• the initial codon (ATG) of the LpTC1 16908 gene is shown in bold italic underline.
• FIG 16. Map of transformation vector containing the Lolium perenne ZmUbi_LpTC1 16908_nos expression cassette used in biolistic mediated transformation of Lolium perenne L.
• Figures 17 - 28. S locus CDS variants. Detected sequence variation is identified within [ ] with both allelic forms described.
• Figures 29 - 37 Z locus CDS variants. Detected sequence variation is identified within [ ] with both allelic forms described.
• Figures 38 - 49 Predicted Amino Acid translation showing S locus amino acid variants.
• Figures 50 - 58 Predicted Amino Acid translation showing Z locus amino acid variants.
• Figures 59 - 79 Nucleic acid sequences of the ZmUbi_SI gene_nos expression cassettes used in biolistic mediated transformation of Lolium perenne L.
• Gateway attB1 site (bold underline); Zea mays Ubi promoter (italics) + intron (underlined italics); Lolium perenne coding region in antisense and sense orientations (underline); rga2 intron (bold); Nopaline synthase (nos) terminator (bold italics), Gateway attB2 site (bold underline)
• Figure 80 Pictorial description of the transformation pipeline; A, preparation of donor ryegrass material; B, somatic embryo callus initiation; C, callus proliferation; D, osmotic treatment; E, biolistic delivery of transgene including expression cassette; F, callus growth on tissue culture medium including appropriate selection agent; G, regeneration of putative transgenic plant from callus; H, establishment of putative transgenic plant.
• Figure 81 PCR evaluation of transgenic status for individual tillers from regenerated transgenic events. Each transformation event was assessed through three individual tillers split from the regenerated plant. Only examples where all three tillers gave positive confirmation of the presence of the transgene, did the event get accepted for further evaluation.
• the brackets with numbers 1 and 2 in the figure identify 1 , a transgenic event that would be discarded as all tillers are negative for the presence of the transgene and 2, a transgenic event where all three tillers have generated a positive result for the presence of the transgene.
• Figure 82 A and B FDA staining of viable pollen grains for example transgenic plants with SiRNA constructs for the down regulation of a candidate S and Z gene respectively. Both viable and non-viable pollen grains can be seen in both A and B.
• Figure 83 Stages of ryegrass flower dissection.
• A Intact flowers of ryegrass. Upon reaching reproductive maturity the anthers are released from the flower. The stigmatic papillae will then extend and become visible.
• B- individual spikelets were excised from a floral spike for further dissection.
• C Both male and female reproductive tissues were excised from the spikelet.
• D and E the female tissue was further excised to examine pollen tube growth on pollinated stigmas.
• Figure 84 Incompatible reaction of pollen tube growth.
• a and B examples of single pollen grains germinating on stigmatic papillae and upon contact growth is arrested. The pollen tubes upon contact will often become swollen in shape through cytoplasmic pressure, indicated by arrows.
• C An incompatible reaction of self pollination from a transgenic plant containing the SiRNA construct for LpOs05g0149600.
• FIG 85 Compatible pollen tube growth with untransformed plants. Pollen was taken from unrelated ryegrass plants and placed upon an untransformed flower. The pollen tube has made contact with the stigmatic papillae and has then continued to grow in a directed manner towards the ovary. The pollen tube upon growth will deposit callose plugs at regular intervals (indicated by arrows) to retain cytoplasmic pressure, allowing the sperm cells to successfully migrate towards the ovary. These vacated regions will become vacuolated.
• Figure 86 Compatible pollen reaction. The pollen tube has made contact with the stigmatic papillae and has then continued to grow in a directed manner towards the ovary. The compatible pollen tube will deposit callose plugs at regular intervals (indicated by arrows). The reaction was observed on self-pollination of a transgenic plant containing the siRNA construct for the LpOs06g0680500.
• Figure 87 Microscopic images of the pollen-stigma interaction of two different plants containing the siRNA construct for the LpOs05g0152900 gene.
• the two different transgenic events (A and B) show a range of phenotypes from incompatible to partially compatible.
• Figures 88 - 108 Expression profiles of the Lolium perenne SI genes. Expression profiles were determined through BLAST analysis of sequence reads from multiple tissues of the Lolium perenne L. genotype Impact04, compared to the Brachypodium distachion CDS gene sequences used as orthologous templates.
• FIG 109 Schematic diagram of F1 hybrid grass breeding. Plants are initially genotyped using markers on or around the S and Z loci. Two parental pools are then generated and multiplied, with testing of the degree of heterosis between pools once sufficient seed has been generated.
• protein family protein predicted :
• Protein of unknown function 48 1 18 DUF231 , leaf senescence like
• LpOs04g0650000 Lpbcd266 precursor (EC 3.4.22.-)
• a cohort of 21 genes were selected as key candidates of the S and Z loci. The genes were selected based on expression profile as well as sequence annotation.
• the collection of 21 genes all had PCR primers designed to resequence the coding regions of the genes.
• the designed PCR amplicons were optimised to generate large genomic fragments.
• a total of 50 plant genotypes were used as the template DNA for resequencing.
• the 50 plants were chosen as a diverse spread of plants with a potential wide range of diversity to maximise allelic variation at the genic loci being resequenced.
• amplicons were generated, then pooled from each genotype and physically sheared to smaller fragments.
• DNA bar codes and sequencing adaptors were ligated onto the sheared fragments to identify each sample and then all samples were combined and sequenced using a next-generation lllumina MiSeq platform with 300bp x 2 reads.
• the resulting sequence data was attributed back to the individual samples using the bar codes and was then checked for quality and low quality reads removed.
• the sequence reads were then reference aligned to the genes amplified and variant bases identified.
• the individual samples were then combined to give a dataset to identify all variant bases from the 50 samples, with potentially 100 different alleles.
• the variant bases were recorded for each gene to identify if the variation was synonymous or non-synonymous in nature.
• a minimalistic requirement for each of the genes under investigation would be to have 5 or more variant amino acids identified within the transcript. A total of 5 variant amino acids would enable a maximum of 32 potential haplotypes from the data set allowing complete random mating maximal recombination.
• haplotypes were resequenced, high levels of diversity are expected, however there could be a degree of overlap between the haplotypes from the plants chosen so the total number of unique haplotypes could be lower than the number sequenced.
• Perennial ryegrass has been characterised as having a high degree of sequence variation within its genome, with estimates ranging from 1 SNP every 20-30 bases within a gene bases on resequencing 2-4 haplotypes. With two exceptions all of the genes resequenced contained sufficient variation in the coding regions of the genes that would generate a sufficient diversity of polypeptides that could deliver the required allelic variability (See Figures 17 to 58). Detected sequence variation is identified within [ ] with both allelic forms described. The genes LpOs05g0151300 and LpOs05g0152400 did not have sufficient diversity, with only 3 and 2 variant amino acids respectively.
• Example 3 - Isolation of SI genes Cloning of the ryegrass LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene
• BAC library was screened with primer pairs specific to the genes described and 39 specific clones were identified. The identity of the selected BAC clones was verified through direct sequencing of locus-specific amplicons. The specific BAC clones were then sequenced using Sanger and/or GSFLX technology and the resulting data was sequence assembled using the Newbler software package. Following sequencing and assembly genelike nucleotide sequences were identified using BLAST and gene prediction software tools. Based on the derived information the reiteration of the procedure was performed for the selection of additional clones to further enhance the resolution and sequence data to assemble physical maps for the SI locus regions ( Figures 1 and 2).
• Molecular markers were developed from resequencing of specific genie loci, identified from the BAC sequencing and genetically mapped in a segregating population of Lolium perenne L. to confirm the location of the generated sequence.
• the genome of a single Lolium perenne L. genotype (the plant - Impact04) has been sequenced to approximately 70 X coverage, generating c. 2 billion sequencing reads of 100 bp paired-end sequence reads on the lllumina GA2X and HiSeq2000 platform.
• the sequence data was filtered for high quality reads before being assembled using the SOAPdenovo v. 1 .05 software package.
• the sequence assembly has been empirically optimised through iterative assessment of performance based on a range of input kmer sizes, in terms of number of bases assembled, and the average length of assembled contigs and scaffolds.
• An optimal assembly has generated 1 .9 million scaffolds covering c. 1 .7 Gb, while all contigs and singletons cover c. 3.5 Gb.
• LpOs06g0607800 A novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC clone-related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os06g0607800, hence the ryegrass gene was designated LpOs06g0607800 (SEQ ID NO: 58 and Figure 3).
• the gene also contained an AAA ATPase domain (SEQ ID NO: 128).
• the 26S proteasome consists of the 20S core proteasome (CP) element and the 19S regulatory particle (RP). Proteolysis occurs in the 20S compartment, while the 19S element confers ATP dependence and substrate specificity to the CP.
• the RP consists of two elements: a ring of six AAA-ATPase subunits (often abbreviated as RPT) that is expected to function in target unfolding and transport, and three non- ATPase subunits (often abbreviated as RPN).
• RPT AAA-ATPase subunits
• RPN non-ATPase subunits
• mutant lines in which the RTP2 subunit of the 26S proteasome gene is disrupted, have demonstrated that male and female gamete transmission require a normal copy of the RPT2 gene to avoid abortion and failure in gametogenesis.
• tobacco Natural (Nicotiana tabacum L) the NtRpn3 gene was found to physically interact with a calcium-dependent protein kinase and become phosphorylated in a calcium dependent manner.
• LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene is hence proposed to be the female determinant of the Z locus.
• Example 4 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene
• the LpOs06g0607800 expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 500bp of coding sequence of the LpOs06g0607800 gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized by a commercial gene synthesis vendor (GeneArt, Life Technologies) and cloned into a Gateway-enabled vector.
• the LpOs06g0607800 expression cassette was synthesized by a commercial gene synthesis vendor (GeneArt, Life Technologies) with flanking attB sites.
• the LpOs06g0607800 expression cassette was sub-cloned into pDONR221 II (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) in a BP Clonase reaction.
• the resulting ENTRY clone was used in a LR Clonase II (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) reaction with the Gateway-enabled vector encoding the hph expression cassette.
• Colonies of all assembled plasm ids were initially screened by restriction digestion of miniprep DNA. Restriction endonucleases were obtained from New England BioLabs (NEB; Ipswich, MA) and Promega (Promega Corporation, Wl). Plasmid preparations were performed using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Hilden) or the Pure Yield Plasmid Maxiprep System (Promega Corporation, Wl) following the instructions of the suppliers. Plasmid DNA of selected clones was sequenced using ABI Sanger Sequencing and Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing protocol (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies). Sequence data were assembled and analyzed using the SEQUENCHERTM software (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Ml).
• FIG. 4 An ideogram of the gene expression cassette is shown in Figure 4. The full sequence of the expression cassette is shown in Figure 75.
• Example 5 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene for RNAi-mediated down-regulation of SI Biolistic co-transformation of perennial ryegrass with the vectors containing the LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene sequence, driving the expression of the RNAi cassette and the synthetic version of hph gene from E. coli for hygromycin resistance was conducted on embryogenic calli for perennial ryegrass.
• the perennial ryegrass biolistic transformation method is outlined in Figure 80. Phenotypic evaluation of the resulting transgenic plants was performed by growing the plants to maturity, then following a vernalisation period of at 5°C with 12 hour lighting for ten weeks, the plants were subjected to 22°C with 24 hour lighting. The change in temperature and perceived day length initiated flowering in the plants, which then occurred 2-3 weeks later.
• the flowering spike was checked for morphological alterations or deformities and was then contained within a paper bag to isolate the flowers from other potential pollen donors.
• the flowering spike may be maintained in its isolated state until flowering is complete, at which time seed set may be assessed. Multiple spikes may be bagged per plant and each spikelet and flower assessed visually for seed production.
• Figure 81 shows PCR evaluation of transgenic status for individual tillers from regenerated transgenic events. Each transformation event was assessed through three individual tillers split from the regenerated plant. Only examples where all three tillers gave positive confirmation of the presence of the transgene, did the event get accepted for further evaluation.
• the brackets with numbers 1 and 2 in the figure identify 1 , a transgenic event that would be discarded as all tillers are negative for the presence of the transgene and 2, a transgenic event where all three tillers have generated a positive result for the presence of the transgene.
• Figure 82 shows FDA staining of viable pollen grains for example transgenic plants with SiRNA constructs for the down regulation of a candidate S and Z gene respectively. Both viable and non-viable pollen grains can be seen in both A and B.
• pollen-pistil interactions were assessed. Dissection of the floral tissues of flowering ryegrass plants were performed to microscopically assess pollen-pistil interactions.
• Figure 83 shows stages of ryegrass flower dissection.
• A Intact flowers of ryegrass. Upon reaching reproductive maturity the anthers are released from the flower. The stigmatic papillae will then extend and become visible.
• B- individual spikelets were excised from a floral spike for further dissection.
• C Both male and female reproductive tissues were excised from the spikelet.
• D and E the female tissue was further excised to examine pollen tube growth on pollinated stigmas.
• Each transgenic event was represented by three plants as described in the PCR screening process. Multiple transgenic events are required as the insertion of the transgene SiRNA construct is likely to result in a range of expression levels. This difference in expression between the transgenic events is likely to lead to a range of phenotypes for the reaction.
• the pollen-pistil compatible/incompatible reaction can be visualised through pollen tube abortion upon contact with the stigmatic tissue, or pollen tube directed growth towards the ovary. Multiple flowers per plant are required to be assessed for confidence over the observed phenotype. Once pollinated stigmatic tissues were isolated, aniline blue staining was performed and the tissue visualised under an inverted fluorescent microscope. A range of reactions were observed. Incidences of self-incompatibility was seen for many plants, while instances of partial compatibility was also seen.
• Figure 84 shows an incompatible reaction of pollen tube growth.
• a and B examples of single pollen grains germinating on stigmatic papillae and upon contact growth is arrested. The pollen tubes upon contact will often become swollen in shape through cytoplasmic pressure, indicated by arrows.
• C An incompatible reaction of self pollination from a transgenic plant containing the SiRNA construct for LpOs05g0149600.
• Figure 85 shows a compatible pollen tube growth with untransformed plants. Pollen was taken from unrelated ryegrass plants and placed upon an untransformed flower. The pollen tube has made contact with the stigmatic papillae and has then continued to grow in a directed manner towards the ovary.
• the pollen tube upon growth will deposit callose plugs at regular intervals (indicated by arrows) to retain cytoplasmic pressure, allowing the sperm cells to successfully migrate towards the ovary. These vacated regions will become vacuolated.
• Figure 86 shows a compatible pollen reaction.
• the pollen tube has made contact with the stigmatic papillae and has then continued to grow in a directed manner towards the ovary.
• the compatible pollen tube will deposit callose plugs at regular intervals (indicated by arrows). The reaction was observed on self-pollination of a transgenic plant containing the siRNA construct for the LpOs06g0680500.
• Figure 87 shows microscopic images of the pollen-stigma interaction of two different plants containing the siRNA construct for the LpOs05g0152900 gene.
• the two different transgenic events show a range of phenotypes from incompatible to partially compatible.
• Example 6 Expression analysis of the LpOs06g0607800 26S Proteasome gene
• RNA samples were generated from vegetative tissues, including leaf, pseudostem and root samples for both terrestrial and subterranean aspects of gene expression (Table 4).
• reproductive libraries were generated from anthers, pistils, stigmas and pollinated pistils.
• the libraries were prepared for lllumina-based sequencing using the RNASeq preparation method. Each library was internally bar-coded to permit discrimination following the sequencing process.
• a total of c. 0.6 billion sequencing reads were generated from the lllumina HiSeq2000 platform. Approximately 30 million sequence reads was generated from each tissue sample. The generated sequences were then filtered and quality trimmed to ensure ⁇ 3 bases per sequence read were called as "N" and mean and local Phred quality was >30 in all instances.
• the quality filtered reads were then BLASTn analysed against the coding sequences of the Brachypodium distachion genome. The number of BLASTn matches per gene were counted per tissue type and tabulated. As the number of reads generated per sample varied, the BLASTn mapped read count was normalised on the 75 th percentile to generate normalised values for comparative analysis.
• the Brachypodium distachion genome was used as a whole genome reference in this analysis to mitigate issues of gene absence or incomplete assemblies of any de novo generated gene catalogue. Table 4 Gene expression analysis through RNA sequencing from different tissues of Lolium perenne L.
• Tip 1 Tip of the youngest leaf from a single tiller 22,752,873
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs06g0607800 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi1 g36400 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies a dramatic increase in gene expression over time in the pistil tissues upon self pollination ( Figure 104).
• a constant level of gene expression is detected across the entire plant, however some interference in the analysis from other gene family members is possible.
• the generic expression of the gene may have an alternative function across all tissues, or may demonstrate non-tissue specific gene expression as a result of particular promoter elements.
• Example 3 Using the methods outlined in Example 3, a novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC clone-related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os05g0149600, hence the ryegrass gene was designated LpOs05g0149600 (SEQ ID NO: 20 and Figure 5).
• the ryegrass gene was annotated as a Cullin gene through BLASTx analysis (SEQ ID NO: 90).
• the ryegrass Cullin gene identified in the S locus region through BAC sequencing was compared through BLAST analysis to the genomic Impact04 sequence through BLAST analysis. The identification of the sequence from the BAC clones as well as the genomic sequence enabled the identification of variant sequence bases from the coding region of the gene ( Figure 21 ).
• Cullins are molecular scaffolds responsible for assembling RING-based E3 ubiquitin ligases.
• Rosaceae and Plantaginaceae families the SI mechanism involves the formation of a complex consisting of a Cullin gene, an F- box gene along with a suppressor of kinetochore protein.
• the complex possesses the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity that attaches polyubiquitin chains to target proteins, such that ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by the 26S proteasome.
• the Cullin gene within the complex plays a role in assembling the other sub-units, and links to a further compound that recruits ubiquitin proteins to attach to the target proteins.
• Example 8 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs05g0149600 gene
• the LpOs05g0149600 expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 500bp of coding sequence of the LpOs05g0149600 gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• Biolistic co-transformation of perennial ryegrass with the vectors containing the LpOs05g0149600 gene sequence, driving the expression of the RNAi cassette and the synthetic version of hph gene from E. coli for hygromycin resistance was conducted on embryogenic calli for perennial ryegrass, as described in Example 5.
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs05g0149600 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi2g35830 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies a constitutive level of gene expression in all tissues ( Figure 92). However, significantly elevated levels of gene expression are seen in pistil and pollinated pistils at 5 minutes as well as whole flower and stigma at 0 and 5 minutes. The pattern of expression seen can be described as increasing in stigma from 0 to 5 minutes along with a corresponding increase in pistil at 5 minutes that then decreases to the constitutive level at a 1 hour time point.
• Example 11 - Isolation of SI genes Cloning of the ryegrass LpOs06g0680500 Glutamate receptor gene
• Example 3 Using the methods outlined in Example 3, a novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC-clone related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os06g0680500, hence the ryegrass gene was designated LpOs06g0680500 ( Figure 7 and SEQ ID NO:39).
• Glutamate receptor genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco as forming influx channels in tip cell types that undergo directed patterns of growth such as those of pollen tubes, as well as root hairs.
• Studies on Arabidopsis root cells show that glutamate induces a sharp depolarization of the membrane potential, and a concomitant rise in intracellular calcium.
• Growth of tobacco pollen tubes in the presence of a glutamate receptor antagonist has been shown to be repressed, as is also the case for specific directed uptake of calcium.
• Gene knockout experiments of pollen expressing glutamate receptor genes in Arabidopsis have documented reduction in growth rates as well as abnormal morphology of the tip and tube.
• LpOs06g0680500 LpGlul Glutamate receptor gene is hence proposed to be the male determinant of the S locus.
• Example 12 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs06g0680500 LpGlul gene
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as LpOs06g0680500 gene has a 484bp fragment selected as a design element for expression cassette.
• the Zea mays ubiquitin gene promoter (Christensen et al. 1992) was used to drive expression and the nopaline synthase (nos) gene terminator (Bevan, 1984; Rogers et al., 1985) was selected to arrest transcription.
• the LpGlul expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 484bp of coding sequence of the LpGlul gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• An ideogram of the gene expression cassette is shown in Figure 8.
• the full sequence of the expression cassette is shown in Figure 68.
• Example 13 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpOs06g0680500 Glutamate receptor gene for RNAi-mediated down-regulation of SI
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs06g0680500 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi1 g32800 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies high levels of gene expression in vegetative tissues and some gene expression in anthers ( Figure 97).
• the glutamate genes represent a gene family within the Brachypodium distachion genome that will be involved in many functions across the different plant tissues and consequently mapping of related sequences or alternative functions for glutamate genes is likely and could explain the constitutive expression. Nevertheless, a significant increase in expression is detected in anthers and not in the female pistil or stigma tissues.
• Example 15 - Isolation of SI genes Cloning of the ryegrass LpOs04g0648500 gene
• Example 3 Using the methods outlined in Example 3, a novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC clone-related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os04g0648500, hence the ryegrass gene was designated LpOs04g0648500 (See Figure 9 and SEQ ID NO: 62). The perennial ryegrass gene was identified as physically linked to the TC176908-related gene. The TC116908-der ved genetic marker co-segregated with the Z locus in rye (Secale cereale L.) (Hackholz and Wehling 2005).
• LpOs04g0648500 In the perennial ryegrass BAC clone including the TC116908 orthologue, LpOs04g0648500 and other 2 genes were identified (Shinozuka et al. 2010).
• the LpOs04g0648500 gene was annotated as an Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 gene through a BLASTx analysis (SEQ ID NO: 132).
• the gene contained a Znf- UBP and BRAP2 domains.
• the Znf-UBP domain exhibits the ubiquitin-specific protease activity and functions as protein stabiliser through target-specific de- ubiquitinylation.
• the human BRAP2 domain was originally identified as interacting with the BRCA1 (breast cancer 1 ) gene products.
• At2g26000 zinc finger (ubiquitin-hydrolase) domain-containing protein
• At2g42160 zinc finger (C3HC4-type RING finger) family protein] gene products, suggesting that this gene is involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
• 26S proteasome complex is bound with a UBP, and the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome complex is activated by the UBP.
• 26S proteasome-related genes LpTC1 16908 and LpOs06g0607800 were identified, of which products may interact with the LpOs04g0648500 gene product.
• Example 16 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs04g0648500 gene
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as LpOs04g0648500 gene has a 578bp fragment selected as a design element for expression cassette.
• the Zea mays ubiquitin gene promoter (Christensen et al. 1992) was used to drive expression and the nopaline synthase (nos) gene terminator with (Bevan, 1984; Rogers et al., 1985) was selected to arrest transcription.
• the LpOs04g0648500 expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 578bp of coding sequence of the LpOs04g0648500 gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coii (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• An ideogram of the gene expression cassette is shown in Figure 10.
• the full sequence of the expression cassette is shown in Figure 77.
• Example 17 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpOs04g0648500 gene for RNAi- mediated down-regulation of SI
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs04g0648500 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi5g23970 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies a low level of constitutive expression in all tissues, with an increase in all of the reproductive samples. The highest level of gene expression was detected in the pistil samples (See Figure 106).
• Example 3 Using the methods outlined in Example 3, a novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC clone-related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os06g0607900, and the ryegrass gene was hence designated LpOs06g0607900 (See Figure 1 1 and SEQ ID NO: 59).
• the gene contained both the C2 and GRAM amino acid domains (SEQ ID NO: 129).
• the C2 domain is comprised of 2 highly conserved domains that are separated by a basic region.
• the C2 domain is a calcium-dependent membrane-targeting module that is found in proteins involved in signal transduction or membrane trafficking. The domain is often involved in calcium-dependent phospholipid binding and in membrane targeting processes.
• the GRAM domain is a gjucosyltransferase, Rab-like GTPase activators and myotubularin domain.
• the domain is associated with membrane- coupled processes and signal transduction.
• the GRAM domain was first computationally identified in 2000 (Doerks et al.) and functional analysis of the domain has since elucidated roles in protein association with a target membrane.
• the rice homologue of the novel gene identified from the BAC sequence characterisation has been partially described in its function and has been designated the "no-pollen” gene (Osnop).
• the rice Osnop gene was identified and characterised through a Ds transposon insertion strategy.
• the deleted gene displayed abnormal anthers and no pollen production.
• the endogenous gene was characterised as showing gene expression late in pollen formation and in the germination of pollen tubes (Jiang et al. 2005). While applicants do not wish to be restricted by theory, the LpOs06g0607900 No- Pollen (LpNOP) gene is hence proposed to be the male determinant of the Z locus.
• Example 20 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs06g0607900 LpNOPI gene
• the LpOs06g0607900 expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 400bp of coding sequence of the LpOs06g0607900 gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A.
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• FIG. 12 An ideogram of the gene expression cassette is shown in Figure 12. The full sequence of the expression cassette is shown in Figure 76.
• Example 21 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpOs06g0607900 gene for RNAi- mediated down-regulation of SI
• Biolistic co-transformation of perennial ryegrass with the vectors containing the LpOs06g0607900 gene sequence, driving the expression of the RNAi cassette and the synthetic version of hph gene from E. coli for hygromycin resistance was conducted on embryogenic calli for perennial ryegrass, as described in Example 5.
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs06g0607900 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi1 g36390 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies high levels of gene expression almost exclusively in anthers. Limited expression has been detected in flowers and stigma pollinated at 0 minutes, which could result from anthers in the flower or initial germination of the pollen grain (See Figure 105).
• Example 23 Isolation of SI genes: Cloning of the ryegrass LpOs05g0152900 a seven-in-absentia homologue gene Using the methods outlined in Example 3, from the exome sequencing of the genotype Impact04, a Lolium perenne L. gene was identified that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os05g0152900 ( Figure 13 and SEQ ID NO: 40). Due to sequence similarity with seven in absentia homologue (SIAH) genes, the identified gene was designated LpSIAH (SEQ ID NO: 1 10).
• SIAH proteins consist of a RING finger domain at the N-terminus and a Sina domain at the C-terminus, and have an ubiquitin-E3 ligase activity when a homodimer is formed (Den Herder et al. 2008). Suppression of SIAH protein function in plant species results in increased root systems, enlarged leaves and increased shoot number, suggesting that SIAH protein is involved in a wide range of plant developmental processes. Substrates of SIAH proteins are degraded in an ubiquitin-related pathway following interaction. Glutamate receptor proteins are substrates of SIAH proteins. The RING finger domain of SIAH protein and the Siah-interacting domain of glutamate receptor proteins are essential for interaction. Interaction of the SIAH and glutamate receptor proteins exerts effects on calcium current modulation. A glutamate receptor-like gene, LpGlul , was identified as being located physically close to LpSIAH.
• Example 24 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpOs05g0152900 LpSIAH gene
• the LpSIAH expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 400bp of coding sequence of the LpSIAH gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault and Melcher 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• Example 25 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpOs05g0152900 LpSIAH gene for RNAi-mediated down-regulation of SI
• Biolistic co-transformation of perennial ryegrass with the vectors containing the LpOs05g0152900 LpSIAH gene sequence, driving the expression of the RNAi cassette and the synthetic version of hph gene from E. coli for hygromycin resistance was conducted on embryogenic calli for perennial ryegrass, as described in Example 5.
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpOs05g0152900 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi2g35550 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies gene expression predominantly in anthers and the pollinated stigma at 0 minutes. Low or negligible expression in all other tissues was observed (See Figure 98).
• Example 3 Using the methods outlined in Example 3, a novel Lolium perenne L. gene was identified from BAC clone-related sequence that displayed sequence similarity with the rice gene Os04g0647300 and the barley gene TC 116908, hence the ryegrass gene was designated LpTC1 16908.
• rye Scale cereale L.
• TC116908 derived genetic marker co-segregated with the rye Z locus. Close to the TC116908 derived marker, 4 genetic markers were located (Hackauf and Wehling 2005). The corresponding genetic markers were assigned to the lower part of LG2 of perennial ryegrass (Shinozuka et al. 2010).
• BAC clones containing the genetic marker- related sequences were sequenced to identify Lolium perenne L. genes encoded in the Z locus (See Figure 15 and SEQ ID NO: 54).
• the LpTC1 16908 gene was annotated as an Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 gene through a BLASTx analysis (SEQ ID NO: 124).
• the gene contained a Znf-UBP (Zinc finger ubiquitin-specific processing protease) and peptidase C19 domains.
• the Znf-UBP domain exhibits the ubiquitin-specific protease activity and functions as protein stabiliser through target-specific de-ubiquitinylation.
• the peptidase C19 domain shares sequence similarity to the Znf-UBP-like domain and possesses ubiquitin-specific peptidase activity.
• the LpTC1 16908 gene was expressed in perennial ryegrass reproduction organs (Shinozuka et al. 2010).
• the LpTC1 16908 Ubiquitin- specific protease 22 gene is hence proposed to be one of SI determinants of the Z locus
• Example 28 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure of the LpTC116908 LpOs04g0647300 gene
• the LpTC1 16908 expression cassette consists of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Ubiquitin (Ubi) gene from Zea mays (Toki et al 1992) followed by 492bp of coding sequence of the LpTC1 16908 gene from L. Perenne in an inverted repeat interrupted by intron 2 of the RGA2 gene from Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Douchkov et al 2005).
• the hairpin cassette was terminated with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation site of the nopaline synthase gene (nos) from A. tumefaciens pTi15955 (Fraley et al 1983).
• UTR 3' untranslated region
• nos nopaline synthase gene
• the selection cassette (delivered either in cis or trans) comprised of the promoter, 5' untranslated region and intron from the Actin (/4cf1 ) gene from Oryza sativa (McElroy et al 1990) followed by a synthetic, version of hph gene from E. coli (Kaster et al 1983) codon-optimized for expression in monocots, which encodes a protein that confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
• This cassette was terminated with the 3' UTR comprising the transcriptional terminator and polyadenylation sites from the 35s gene of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (Chenault et al 1993).
• the selection cassette was synthesized, delivered and sequenced as described in Example 4.
• FIG. 16 An ideogram of the gene expression cassette is shown in Figure 16. The full sequence of the expression cassette is shown in Figure 73.
• Example 29 Biolistic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for expression of dsRNA products of the LpTC116908 gene for RNAi-mediated down-regulation of SI Biolistic co-transformation of perennial ryegrass with the vectors containing the LpTC1 16908 gene sequence, driving the expression of the RNAi cassette and the synthetic version of hph gene from E. coli for hygromycin resistance was conducted on embryogenic calli for perennial ryegrass, as described in Example 5.
• Example 30 Expression analysis of the LpTC116908 gene
• the nucleic acid sequence identified as the LpTC1 16908 gene when compared against the coding portion of the Brachypodium distachion genome sequence, identifies Bradi5g23920 as the closest matching gene sequence.
• the expression profile that has been generated from this analysis identifies a low level of constitutive expression in all tissues, with a significant increase in both of the pollinated stigma samples. Slight increases in gene expression are also identified in pistil samples as well as pseudostems ( Figure 102).
• Example 31 Generation of transformation vectors containing an inverted hairpin structure
• SiRNA constructs were prepared for all 21 candidate genes, using the methods outlined in Example 4. From the resequencing data the most conserved 300-500bp region of the gene was chosen for the design. S locus
• Figs 59 to 79 show nucleic acid sequence of the expression cassettes used in biolistic mediated transformation of Loiium perenne L.
• Gateway attB1 site (bold underline): Zea mays Ubi promoter (italics) + intron (underlined italics); Loiium perenne coding region in antisense and sense orientations (underline): rga2 intron (bold); Nopaline synthase (nos) terminator (bold italics), Gateway attB2 site (bold underline)
• Example 30 Application of genomic data from the S and Z interval in F1 hybrid grass breeding.
• Heterosis or hybrid vigour is the phenomenon where the performance of an Fi hybrid is greater than that of the parents.
• Ryegrass cultivars today are commonly bred from a limited number of elite parents (4-12), polycrossed together and then further polycrossed to bulk up seed numbers suitable for commercial sale. There are no commercial activities or schemes to capture heterosis in ryegrass breeding currently.
• the identification of genetic markers in linkage disequilibrium with S and Z loci enables haplotypic prediction.
• the ability to genotype individuals for S and Z haplotypes opens a new avenue for efficient F-i hybrid ryegrass production by selectively bottlenecking and combining haplotypes.
• the production of Fi hybrid ryegrass by selectively bottlenecking SI alleles using linked genetic markers displays the greatest potential for cost effective application to commercial ryegrass breeding in the near future.
• the application of SI genetic markers to bottleneck SI allows breeders to work with any germplasm at their disposal with no prior requirements.
• the haplotype defining SI markers will enable breeders to selectively bottleneck SI haplotypes (without selfing) within defined pools to reduce the within pool compatibility and then bring two pools together for random crossing, where the SI haplotypes ensure between pool compatibility is greater than within, resulting in an increased production of F-i progeny. For example, in the initial stages a breeding nursery of phenotypically elite plants would be genotyped with the SI linked molecular markers and haplotypic prediction would be performed.
• Pairs of individuals would then be identified where one individual is heterozygous at both S and Z and the other individual is homozygous at one locus, either S or Z, and heterozygous at the other locus (for the same haplotypes present in the heterozygous individual), for example:
• pool A and B are maintained in isolation to ensure no foreign SI haplotypes are introduced through pollen flow or external seed.
• This breeding design could be applied to any outbreeding grass species belonging to the Poaceae that has the S and Z loci regulating self-incompatibility without limitation. More preferably the grass species would be of the Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae (formerly Oryzoideae) or Pooideae clade. More preferably the grass species would be of the tribe Poeae. More preferably the grass species would be of the genera Lolium, Festuca, Poa, Dactylis, Bromus, Secale, Pennisetum and Panicum. More preferably the grass species would be of the genera Lolium and Festuca. More preferably the species would be of the genus Lolium.
• Lolium species would be Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Lolium perhapsanum (hybrid ryegrass) Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue) and Lolium pratense (meadow fescue).
• Figure 109 shows a schematic diagram of F1 hybrid grass breeding. Plants are initially genotyped using markers on or around the S and Z loci. Two parental pools are then generated and multiplied, with testing of the degree of heterosis between pools once sufficient seed has been generated.
• Bai, Y., et al. (2001 ) Genetic transformation of elite turf-type cultivars of Tall Fescue. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9: 129-136.

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