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  • C07H1/00—Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives

Definitions

• the invention relates to a novel macrolide compound, the use of said compound as medicament, in particular for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory and allergic diseases, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compound and to a process for its preparation.
• the invention relates in particular to a macrolide compound with antiinflammatory activity mediated primarily through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) which makes it useful for the treatment and/or prevention of inflammatory and allergic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease or proliferative diseases such as cancer.
• PDE4 phosphodiesterase 4
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a key second messenger in cells. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are known to suppress pro-inflammatory responses in various types of inflammatory and immune cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and lung epithelial cells. Intracellular concentrations of cAMP are regulated by adenylyl cyclase and by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). PDEs are a family of enzymes that inactivate cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP through hydrolysis to AMP and GMP. The cAMP-specific enzyme PDE4 is ubiquitous in inflammatory and immune cells.
• PDEs cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
• PDE4 has been shown to be involved in inflammatory processes (cf. e.g. Lipworth B. J., Lancet (2005) 365, p. 167; Houslay M. D. et al. Drug Discovery Today (2005) 10 (22), p 1503; Halpin D. M. G. Int. J. COPD (2008) 3(4), p. 543, or Sanz M. J. et al. Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 106, p. 269 ).
• inhibitors of PDE4 are useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of inflammatory and allergic diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn' s disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
• PDE4 inhibitors are also useful for the treatment of proliferative diseases such as human cancer (cf e.g. Cancer Research, 2007, 67, p. 5248).
• Erythromycin derivatives having a five-membered lactone ring fused to the 11,12-positions of the macrolactone ring have been disclosed in e.g. WO 02/16380, WO 03/004509, WO 03/042228, WO 03/072588, WO 03/024986, US 2004/0038915 and in WO2005067919.
• Documents WO 02/16380, WO 03/072588, WO 03/024986 and US 2004/0038915 describe exclusively so-called ketolides having a carbonyl group at position 3 of the erythromycin scaffold.
• Erythromycin derivatives with a double bond at positions 2,3 of the erythromycin scaffold so-called anhydrolides, have been disclosed e.g. in WO97/42205 and US6720308.
• Oral administration of drugs is generally considered to be the most convenient and most popular way for administration of a drug.
• Oral bioavailability of a drug is accordingly a very important pharmacological parameter of a drug.
• the oral bioavailability of macrolides differs strongly and is frequently rather poor.
• WO2009/106419 discloses macrolide compounds having a five-membered lactone ring fused to the erythromycin scaffold and being substituted with specific side chains, which macrolide compounds, without having significant antibacterial activity, inhibit
• Y is S, SO or S0 2 ;
• W is optionally substituted aryl or heterocyclyl
• R2 is OR2a or
• represents the linking bond
• R3 is hydrogen or
• R2 and R3 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are linked, represent a
• R4 is hydrogen or
• R2 and R4 taken together with the bond between the carbon atoms to which they are linked, represent a double bond between said carbon atoms;
• represents the linking bond
• R5 is hydrogen or -OR5a or -NR5bR5c
• R6 is hydrogen or -OR6a or -NR6bR6c; or
• R5 and R6 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are linked, represent a
• R7 is hydrogen or -OR7a or- NR7bR7c
• R7 and R8 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are linked, represent a
• R7 and R8 represent a group of formula -NR56(CO)0- or -0(CO)NR78-
• R9 is hydrogen or
• R8 and R9 taken together with the bond between the carbon atoms to which they are linked, represent a double bond between said carbon atoms; R5a, R6a,
• R56 and R78 are hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl
• RIO and Rl 1 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl; from optionally
• Z is a moiety other than the group of formula
• Rl is a residue -X-Q and X, Q and Z and the other residues have the same or a similar meaning as in WO2009/106419.
• These compounds are also active as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase, in particular PDE4, without having significant antibacterial activity.
• the macrolide compounds disclosed WO2009/106419 and WO2011/018510 show many favorable application-technical properties but still leave room for further improvement.
• the compound of Example 9 of WO2009/106419 which has the following formula:
• subject of the resent invention is accordingly a macrolide compound of the formula (I):
• Table 1 provides a comparison of the mentioned drug properties as compared to the mentioned closely related prior art macrolides compound and other macrolide derivatives of similar structure:
• macrolide compound is understood to include the separate stereomeric forms of the compounds as well as diastereomeric mixtures.
• the macrolide compound according to the invention can, if desired, be present and used as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. Not only salts with inorganic acids, but also salts with organic acids come into consideration. Hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates including hydrogensulfates, nitrates, citrates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, maleates, succinates, methanesulphonates, p-toluenesulphonates and the like are examples of such salts.
• the compound of the invention exhibits excellent inhibitory activity towards
• PDEs phosphodiesterases
• human PDE4 which has been shown to be involved in particular in inflammatory processes (cf. e.g. Lipworth B. J., Lancet (2005) 365, p. 167 or Giembycz M. A., Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. (2005), 5, p. 238).
• PDE4 phosphodiesterase 4
• the compound of the present invention is particularly useful for the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as for the treatment and/or prevention of allergic and autoimmune diseases and for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with uncontrolled growth, proliferation and/or survival of cells of such subjects, e.g. cancer.
• the use for humans is preferred.
• diseases, for which the compound of the present invention or its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts or esters are particularly useful for the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases as well as for the treatment and/or prevention of allergic and autoimmune diseases and for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with uncontrolled growth, proliferation and/or survival of cells of such subjects, e.g. cancer.
• the use for humans is preferred.
• Particularly important examples of diseases, for which the compound of the present invention or its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts or esters for which the compound of the present invention or its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts or esters
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid arthritis
• psoriasis atopic dermatitis
• inflammatory bowel disease i.e. cancer diseases.
• compositions containing the compound according to the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof can be prepared using conventional procedures familiar to those skilled in the art, such as by combining the ingredients into a dosage form together with suitable, non-toxic, inert, therapeutically compatible solid or liquid carrier materials and, if desired, one or more of usual pharmaceutical adjuvants.
• compositions of suitable oral dosage forms can contain, as optional ingredients, any of the various adjuvants which are used ordinarily in the production of pharmaceutical preparations.
• fillers such as microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate or lactose;
• a daily dosage of about 10 mg to about 2000 mg, especially about 50 mg to about 1000 mg is usual, with those of ordinary skill in the art appreciating that the dosage will depend also upon the age, conditions of the mammals, and the kind of diseases being prevented or treated.
• the daily dosage can be administered in a single dose or can be divided over several doses. An average single dose of about 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 1000 mg can be contemplated.
• Compound 1 is then dissolved in THF at -50°C and treated with a solution of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in THF. Then carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) in THF is added. The reaction mixture is kept at about -50°C for 15 min to 1 hour and then warmed to 0°C and kept at 0-5°C for some hours (1 to 6) and the obtained Compound 2 is optionally isolated and optionally purified.
• CDI carbonyldiimidazole
• the hydroxy group at position 12 of Compound 3 is esterified according to standard methods by treatment for example with 2-chloro acetic acid, an activating agent like DCC and DMAP or with 2-chloro acetic anhydride, pyridine, DMAP in a solvent such as methylene chloride to obtain Compound 4.
• Compound 4 is then treated with Compound 5, which is e.g. prepared as described hereinafter, in acetone in the presence of a base such as DBU and sodium iodide to give Compound 6.
• a base such as DBU and sodium iodide
• Compound 6 is then treated at a temperature between about -20°C and 5°C with an alkali metal base such as NaH or potassium ie/t.-butoxide or LDA in an aprotic solvent such as DMF or THF to give Compound 7.
• an alkali metal base such as NaH or potassium ie/t.-butoxide or LDA
• an aprotic solvent such as DMF or THF
• the protected cladinose sugar moiety of Compound 7 is cleaved by treating Compound 7 with an acid such as hydrochloric acid in a solvent such as acetonitrile to give Compound 8-a, which is deprotected according to methods well known in the art, e.g. with methanol at temperature between 20°C and 40°C, to give Compound 8-b.
• Compound 9 is finally reacted with 4-morpholinecarbonyl chloride (MCC) in the presence of a base like NaH or, preferably, diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in an inert solvent like THF or DMF at a temperature of about 0°C to 25°C to yield the desired end product the Compound of Formula (I), which can then, if desired, be further converted to a base like NaH or, preferably, diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) in an inert solvent like THF or DMF at a temperature of about 0°C to 25°C to yield the desired end product the Compound of Formula (I), which can then, if desired, be further converted to a
• PDEs specifically hydrolyze cAMP and/or cGMP and release the product AMP and/or GMP.
• the potency of PDE inhibition by test compounds is determined with a
• test compounds are made in DMSO and diluted in assay buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1 % BSA 0.05 % NaN 3 , pH 7.2) to the desired
• the solutions used in the assay contain the test compound in assay buffer with 2 % DMSO. 5 ⁇ of this pre-diluted test compound solution are mixed with 10 ⁇ of substrate (FL-cAMP or FL-cGMP) at concentrations recommended by the manufacturer and with 5 ⁇ of appropriately diluted PDE. 5 ⁇ of reaction buffer with 2 % DMSO are used for control reactions. The final concentration of DMSO in the assay is 0.5 , which does not significantly alter the PDE activity. After incubation for 90 minutes at room temperature, 60 ⁇ of binding reagent are added as specified by the manufacturer. Binding is allowed to proceed for 30 minutes and fluorescence polarization is measured. Dose dependence of PDE inhibition is measured by assaying dilution series of test compounds. IC 50 values are determined from the measured activities by curve fitting. MIC Determination:
• Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 is grown on Miiller-Hinton agar (MHA) (Becton Dickinson) and then in cation-adjusted Miiller Hinton broth (CaMHB) (Becton Dickinson) for 24h at 37°C.
• MHA Miiller-Hinton agar
• CaMHB Miiller Hinton broth
• Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC19615 and Moraxella catharrhalis QK34 are grown on MHA with 2.5% Laked Horse Blood (Oxoid).
• Liquid cultures in CaMHB + 5% horse serum (Sigma) are incubated for 24h at 35°C in a 5% C0 2 atmosphere.
• Haemophilus, influenzae 3168 is grown on MHA + 2.5% Fildes extract (Oxoid).
• Liquid cultures are grown in CaMHB + 5% Fildes extract at 35°C in a 5% C0 2 atmosphere.
• Propionibacteria are grown on Wilkins-Chalgren agar (WCA) (Oxoid) for 72h under anaerobic conditions. Liquid cultures are grown anaerobically in Wilkins-Chalgren broth (WCB) (Oxoid) for 48h at 35°C. MIC values are obtained by broth microdilution using WCB (Anaerobe Broth MIC, Difco). Microtitre plates are loaded into 7-L GENbox anaerobic incubation jars (BioMerieux) fitted with anaerobic atmosphere generators (BioMerieux) and a Dry Anaerobic Indicator Strip (BBL). Under these conditions, an 0 2 concentration ⁇ 0.1% is achieved by 2.5 h, and a C0 2 concentration >15% by 24 h. MIC values are read after incubation at 35-37°C for 48 h.
• WCA Wilkins-Chalgren agar
• BBL Dry Anaerobic Indicator Strip
• the whole-cell patch clamp technique is used to measure the effect of test compounds on hERG tail currents from stably transfected HEK 293 cells (B'SYS GmbH, CH-4108 Witterswil, Switzerland). 0.1% DMSO is used as vehicle and the system is validated with 10 nM of the selective I & blocker E-4031. Cells are grown in culture flasks at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% C0 2 and are passaged when 50-80% are confluent.
• Values (in pA/nA) of the peak amplitudes of outward tail currents are generated for each voltage step and printed for compilation and analysis.
• the recorded current amplitudes at the steady state level of current inhibition are compared to amplitudes from control conditions measured in the pre-treatment phase of the same cell.
• the current block is calculated as percentage of control.
• these residual currents are compared to those measured in vehicle treated cells. Mean values are calculated for each compound with data from at least 2 individual cells.

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