Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
  • G02B5/1866—Transmission gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
  • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/805—Electrodes
  • H10K50/81—Anodes
  • H10K50/816—Multilayers, e.g. transparent multilayers
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/805—Electrodes
  • H10K50/82—Cathodes
  • H10K50/828—Transparent cathodes, e.g. comprising thin metal layers
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/84—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/84—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
  • H10K50/841—Self-supporting sealing arrangements
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K50/854—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising scattering means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K50/856—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising reflective means
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/80—Constructional details
  • H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K50/858—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/80—Constructional details
  • H10K59/875—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K59/877—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising scattering means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/80—Constructional details
  • H10K59/875—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K59/879—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K71/50—Forming devices by joining two substrates together, e.g. lamination techniques
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K2102/00—Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K2102/301—Details of OLEDs
  • H10K2102/302—Details of OLEDs of OLED structures
  • H10K2102/3023—Direction of light emission
  • H10K2102/3031—Two-side emission, e.g. transparent OLEDs [TOLED]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K2102/00—Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K2102/301—Details of OLEDs
  • H10K2102/331—Nanoparticles used in non-emissive layers, e.g. in packaging layer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/10—OLED displays
  • H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/80—Constructional details
  • H10K59/875—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
  • H10K59/878—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising reflective means

Definitions

• OLED devices include a thin film of electroluminescent organic material sandwiched between a cathode and an anode, with one or both of these electrodes being a transparent conductor. When a voltage is applied across the device, electrons and holes are injected from their respective electrodes and recombine in the electroluminescent organic material through the intermediate formation of emissive excitons.
• AMOLED Active Matrix OLED
• top-emissive architecture where the OLED is built on top of a reflective bottom electrode
• bottom-emissive design where the reflective electrode is deposited after the OLED organic layers.
• a bottom-emissive architecture for an AMOLED TV is attractive from the prospective of a better control of luminance angularity, simpler
• the present disclosure provides novel light emitting devices including AMOLED displays, based on transparent OLED architecture, where a laminated nanostructured light extraction film can produce axial and integrated optical gains as well as improved angular luminance and color.
• the transparent AMOLED displays with laminated sub-micron extractors include: (a) an extractor on a transparent substrate for light outcoupling on both sides of the transparent device; or (b) an extractor on a reflective film for providing light outcoupling off the bottom side of the bottom-emitting (BE) AMOLED; or (c) an extractor on a light absorbing film for providing outcoupling off the bottom side of the BE AMOLED combined with improved ambient contrast.
• the present disclosure provides a light emitting device that includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode; and a light extraction film disposed adjacent the capping layer.
• the light extraction film includes a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• the substrate includes a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• the substrate includes a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• the substrate includes a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• the present disclosure provides an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) device that includes an array of light emitting devices, each light emitting device having an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; and a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode.
• the AMOLED device further includes a light extraction film disposed over the array of light emitting devices, the light extraction film adjacent the capping layer.
• the light extraction film includes a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• the substrate includes a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• the substrate includes a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• the substrate includes a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• the present disclosure provides an image display device that includes a plurality of light emitting devices, each light emitting device having an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; and a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode.
• the image display device further includes a light extraction film disposed adjacent the capping layer; and an electronic circuit capable of activating each of the light emitting devices.
• the light extraction film includes a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• the substrate includes a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• the substrate includes a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• the substrate includes a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• FIG. 1 A shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device including a transparent light extraction film
• FIG. IB shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device including a reflective light extraction film
• FIG. 1C shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device including an absorptive light extraction film
• FIG. 2 shows efficiency vs brightness for control and extractor-laminated devices
• FIG. 3 shows efficiency vs brightness for control and extractor-laminated devices.
• the present disclosure describes novel light emitting devices including AMOLED displays, based on transparent OLED architecture, where a laminated nanostructured light extraction film can produce axial and integrated optical gains as well as improved angular luminance and color.
• the transparent AMOLED displays with laminated sub-micron extractors include: (a) an extractor on a transparent substrate for light outcoupling on both sides of the transparent device; or (b) an extractor on a reflective film for providing light outcoupling off the bottom side of the bottom-emissive (BE) AMOLED; or (c) an extractor on a light absorbing film for providing outcoupling off the bottom side of the BE AMOLED combined with improved ambient contrast.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to light extraction films and uses of them for OLED devices. Examples of light extraction films are described in U.S. Pat. Application Publication Nos. 2009/0015757 and 2009/0015142, and also in co-pending U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 13/218610 (Attorney Docket No. 67921US002).
• spatially related terms including but not limited to, “lower,” “upper,” “beneath,” “below,” “above,” and “on top,” if used herein, are utilized for ease of description to describe spatial relationships of an element(s) to another.
• Such spatially related terms encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the particular orientations depicted in the figures and described herein. For example, if an object depicted in the figures is turned over or flipped over, portions previously described as below or beneath other elements would then be above those other elements.
• an element, component or layer for example when an element, component or layer for example is described as forming a "coincident interface" with, or being “on” “connected to,” “coupled with” or “in contact with” another element, component or layer, it can be directly on, directly connected to, directly coupled with, in direct contact with, or intervening elements, components or layers may be on, connected, coupled or in contact with the particular element, component or layer, for example.
• an element, component or layer for example is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” “directly coupled with,” or “directly in contact with” another element, there are no intervening elements, components or layers for example.
• OLED external efficiency is a parameter to be considered for all OLED applications in the range between high-resolution displays and lighting, since it affects such important device characteristics as power consumption, luminance and lifetime. It has been demonstrated that OLED external efficiency can be limited by optical losses within the OLED stack itself (for example, waveguiding mode within high-index organic layers and indium tin oxide), within intermediate-refractive index substrates, and due to exciton quenching at the electrode (cathode or anode) metal's surface plasmon polaritons. In a device with a maximum possible internal efficiency, about 75-80% of this efficiency can be dissipated internally due to above-mentioned losses. Additionally, in display applications, more than 50% of the light can be lost in a circular polarizer used for improving, for example, Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode
• AMOLED ambient contrast
• the primary approach to addressing improvement of light extraction implemented in current AMOLED displays involves a strong optical microcavity, which enables some (usually about 1.5X) axial and total gains, yet can induce significant luminance and color angular problems.
• the present disclosure describes techniques for improving the optical design of light emitting devices including bottom-emissive and transparent AMOLED displays, image display devices, and can also apply to top-emissive (TE) AMOLED devices and displays as well. In some cases, the techniques can also apply to transparent or bottom-emissive OLED lighting.
• TE top-emissive
• the present disclosure provides a transparent AMOLED display with a light extraction film optically coupled (for example, laminated) to only one (for example, the top) surface of the OLED stack, and producing a similar light extraction effect and improvements in luminance angularity on both sides (that is, the bottom and the top) of the device.
• the present disclosure provides a bottom-emissive
• AMOLED display with improved light extraction / wide angle performance obtained by fabrication of an extraction film coated onto a mirror film substrate (for example, a multilayer optical film such as Enhanced Specular Reflective (ESR) film, or surface mirror including silver, gold, aluminum or metal alloys), and optical coupling (for example, by lamination) of such a film onto a top side of the transparent OLED stack.
• a mirror film substrate for example, a multilayer optical film such as Enhanced Specular Reflective (ESR) film, or surface mirror including silver, gold, aluminum or metal alloys
• ESR Enhanced Specular Reflective
• the present disclosure provides a bottom-emissive
• AMOLED display with improved light extraction / wide angle performance and improved ambient contrast obtained by fabrication of an extraction film disposed on a light absorbing substrate, such as a black/absorbing film substrate, and optical coupling (for example, by lamination) of such a film onto a top side of the transparent OLED stack.
• temperatures as high as 350-600 °C may be used to process Si for LTPS backplanes, which can render the application of the extractor film prior to backplane manufacturing extremely difficult, if not nearly impossible.
• FIG. 1A shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device 100, according to one aspect of the disclosure.
• an extractor is provided on a transparent substrate for light outcoupling on both sides of a transparent device.
• Light emitting device 100 includes a transparent light extraction film 110a disposed adjacent a capping layer 122.
• the capping layer 122 is disposed immediately adjacent a top electrode 124 of an OLED device 120.
• light emitting device 100 can be a novel portion of an AMOLED device, or part of an image display device including drive electronics, as known to one of skill in the art.
• Transparent light extraction film 110a can include a substantially transparent substrate 112a (flexible or rigid), a nanostructured layer 114 including nanostructures 115, and a backfill layer 116 that can form a substantially planar surface 117 over nano structures 115.
• the backfill layer 116 includes a material that has an index of refraction that is greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructured layer 114.
• substantially planar surface means that the backfill layer planarizes the underlying layer, although slight surface variations may be present in the substantially planar surface.
• OLED device 120 includes an OLED having a bottom electrode 128, electroluminescent organic material 126, and a top electrode 124, and can further be disposed on a substantially transparent backplane 130.
• Top electrode 124 and bottom electrode 128 can be a transparent cathode and a transparent anode, respectively, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Light generated in the electroluminescent organic material 126 can escape the OLED device 120 from both the top and bottom electrode 124, 128.
• the top electrode can be a transparent electrode comprising a metal oxide such as a transparent conductive oxide having a thickness less than about 500 nm, or less than about 300 nm, or less than about 100 nm, or less than about 50 nm or even less than about 30 nm.
• OLED device 120 further includes a capping layer 122 disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode 124. When the capping layer 122 has a sufficiently high index of refraction, generally at least greater than the electroluminescent organic material 126, the efficiency of light extracted from the OLED device 120 can be improved.
• the capping layer can have an index of refraction greater than about 1.8, or greater than about 1.9, or greater than about 2.0 or more.
• refractive index refers to the index of refraction for light having a wavelength of 550 nm, unless otherwise indicated.
• the capping layer comprises molybdenum oxide (Mo03), zinc selenide (ZnSe), silicon nitride (SiNx), indium tin oxide (ITO), or a combination thereof.
• a capping layer comprising zinc selenide can be preferred.
• the capping layer comprises a thickness between about 60nm and 400 nm.
• the capping layer thickness may be optimized, if desired, to provide for the most efficient coupling of the waveguided loss modes inside the OLED stack, to the extractor. While the capping layer has the above-mentioned optical function, it also in some cases can provide an additional protection of the OLED organic materials from the extraction film components, for example, from the optical coupling layer / adhesive used to apply the extraction film onto an OLED device. Thus, it may be desirable that the capping layer exhibits some level of barrier properties towards the components of the OLED light extraction film.
• the transparent light extraction film 110a is typically made as a separate film to be applied to an OLED device 120.
• an optical coupling layer 118 can be used to optically couple the transparent light extraction film 110a to a light output surface of an OLED device 120.
• Optical coupling layer 118 can be applied to the transparent light extraction film 110a, the OLED device 120, or both, and it can be implemented with an adhesive to facilitate application of the transparent light extraction filml 10a to the OLED device 120.
• the backfill layer 116 may be comprised of a high index adhesive, so that the optical and planarizing functions of the backfill layer 116, and the adhering function of the optical coupling layer 118, are performed by the same layer.
• optical coupling layers and processes for using them to laminate light extraction films to OLED devices are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
• the nanostructures 115 for transparent light extraction film 110a can be particulate nanostructures, non-particulate nanostructures, or a combination thereof.
• the non- particulate nanostructures can comprise an engineered nanostructure having an engineered nanoscale pattern.
• the nanostructures 115 can be formed integrally with the substrate or in a layer applied to the substrate.
• the nanostructures can be formed on the substrate by applying to the substrate a low-index material and subsequently patterning the material.
• the nanostructures can be embossed into a surface of the substantially transparent substrate 112.
• Engineered nanostructures are structures having at least one dimension, such as width, less than 1 micron.
• Engineered nanostructures are not individual particles but may be composed of nanoparticles forming the engineered nanostructures where the nanoparticles are significantly smaller than the overall size of the engineered structures.
• the engineered nanostructures for transparent light extraction film 110a can be one- dimensional (ID), meaning they are periodic in only one dimension, that is, nearest-neighbor features are spaced equally in one direction along the surface, but not along the orthogonal direction. In the case of ID periodic nanostructures, the spacing between adjacent periodic features is less than 1 micron.
• One-dimensional structures include, for example, continuous or elongated prisms or ridges, or linear gratings.
• the nanostructured layer 114 can comprise nanostructures 115 having a variable pitch. In one particular embodiment, the nanostructured layer 114 can comprise nanostructures having a pitch of about 400nm, about 500nm, about 600nm, or a combination thereof.
• the engineered nanostructures for transparent light extraction film 110a can also be two- dimensional (2D), meaning they are periodic in two dimensions, that is, nearest neighbor features are spaced equally in two different directions along the surface.
• Examples of engineered nanostructures can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13/218,610 (Attorney Docket No. 67921US002), filed on August 26, 2011.
• the spacing in both directions is less than 1 micron. Note that the spacing in the two different directions may be different.
• Two-dimensional structures include, for example, lenslets, pyramids, trapezoids, round or square shaped posts, or photonic crystal structures.
• two-dimensional structures include curved sided cone structures as described in U.S. Pat. Application Publication No. 2010/0128351.
• the substrate can be implemented with glass, PET, polyimides, TAC, PC, polyurethane, PVC, or flexible glass.
• Processes for making transparent light extraction film 110a are also provided in the published patent applications identified above.
• the substrate can be implemented with a barrier film to protect a device incorporating the light extraction film from moisture or oxygen. Examples of barrier films are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Application Publication No. 2007/0020451 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,468,211.
• emissive excitons 140 When a voltage is applied across the top electrode 124 and the bottom electrode 128 of the light emitting device 100, electrons and holes are injected from their respective electrodes and recombine in the electroluminescent organic material 126 through the intermediate formation of emissive excitons 140.
• the emissive excitons 140 generate a top emitted light ray 142 that exits the light emitting device 100 by passing through the substantially transparent substrate 112a, and a bottom emitted light ray 144a that exits the light emitting device 100 by passing through the substantially transparent backplane 130.
• the top emitted light ray 142 is included within a top light beam 143 that includes light within a top half-angle ⁇ 1
• the bottom emitted light ray 144a is included within a bottom light beam 145 a that includes light within a bottom half-angle 92a.
• the presence of the transparent light extraction film 110a may enhance or otherwise modify the angularity of the light emitting device (that is, the magnitude of the top half-angle ⁇ 1 spread of the top light beam 143, and the bottom half angle 92a spread of the bottom light beam 145a), and also the brightness (that is, the magnitude of the top light beam 143 and the bottom light beam 145a).
• the top half-angle ⁇ 1 can be equivalent to the bottom half angle 92a
• the magnitude of the top light beam 143 can be equivalent to the magnitude of the bottom light beam 145a, although this is not necessarily so.
• FIG. IB shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device 101, according to one aspect of the disclosure.
• an extractor on a surface refiector provides light outcoupling from the bottom side of the device; the refiector causes light to be emitted only from the bottom of the device, as described elsewhere.
• Each of the elements 114-130 shown in FIG. IB correspond to like-numbered elements shown in FIG. 1A, which have been described previously.
• substantially transparent backplane 130 in FIG. IB corresponds to substantially transparent backplane 130 in FIG. 1A, and so on.
• top and bottom-emissive include a reflective electrode responsible not only for charge injection but also for reflection or re-direction of the light that is emitted by the OLED towards such reflective electrode. This usually leads to improved efficiency through the second, transparent, electrode.
• the light emitting device 101 shown in FIG. IB provides such light reflection or re-direction by providing a reflective film on top of the device. Such a device with a film reflector is expected, and has been demonstrated, to be as efficient as conventional OLEDs with metallic reflective electrodes. Moreover, since the device shown in FIG. IB includes a light extraction nanostructure, such a device may have improved efficiency compared to conventional OLEDs.
• Light emitting device 101 includes a reflective light extraction film 110b, in contrast to the light emitting device 100 shown in FIG. 1A, which includes a transparent light extraction film 110a.
• Reflective light extraction film 110b includes a reflective substrate 112b
• transparent light extraction film 110a includes a substantially transparent substrate 112a. All other components of light emitting device 101 shown in FIG. IB are identical to like components of light emitting device 100 shown in FIG. 1A.
• Reflective substrate 112b can comprise any suitably light reflective material including, for example: bulk and surface deposited metals and metal alloys such as silver, aluminum, and the like; multilayer dielectric reflectors including both inorganic and organic multilayer films such as metal oxide stacks, and organic multilayer films such as multilayer optical films like VikuitiTM ESR film available from 3M Company; and combinations thereof.
• nanostructures 1 15 can be directly embossed into a surface of the reflective substrate 112b.
• emissive excitons 140 When a voltage is applied across the top electrode 124 and the bottom electrode 128 of the light emitting device 101, electrons and holes are injected from their respective electrodes and recombine in the electroluminescent organic material 126 through the intermediate formation of emissive excitons 140.
• the emissive excitons 140 generate a top emitted light ray 142 that is directed toward the top electrode 124, and a bottom emitted light ray 144b that is directed toward the bottom electrode 128 and through the transparent backplane 130.
• the top emitted light ray 142 reflects from reflective substrate 112b as a reflected top emitted light ray
• the reflected top emitted light ray 146 is included within a refiected top light beam 147 that includes light within a refiected top half-angle ⁇ 3, and the bottom emitted light ray 144b is included within a bottom light beam 145b that includes light within a bottom half-angle 92b.
• the presence of the reflective light extraction film 110b may enhance or otherwise modify the angularity of the light emitting device (that is, the magnitude of the reflected top half-angle ⁇ 3 spread of the reflected top light beam 147, and the bottom half angle 92b spread of the bottom light beam 145b), and also the brightness (that is, the magnitude of the reflected top light beam
• the reflected top half-angle ⁇ 3 can be equivalent to the bottom half angle 92b, and/or the magnitude of the reflected top light beam 147 can be equivalent to the magnitude of the bottom light beam 145b, although this is not necessarily so.
• FIG. 1C shows a cross-sectional schematic of a light emitting device 102, according to one aspect of the disclosure.
• an extractor on an absorptive film provides outcoupling from the bottom side of the device, combined with improved ambient contrast; the absorber causes light to be emitted only from the bottom of the device, as described elsewhere.
• Each of the elements 114-130 shown in FIG. 1C correspond to like -numbered elements shown in FIGS. 1 A and IB, which have been described previously.
• substantially transparent backplane 130 in FIG. 1C corresponds to substantially transparent backplane 130 in FIGS. 1A and IB, and so on.
• the use of either black or light absorbing electrodes in OLED displays in order to improve ambient contrast of the device have been described elsewhere.
• Such devices typically suffer from significant additional light losses due to absorption of the OLED emitted light by such electrode.
• the light emitting device 102 shown in FIG. 1C can produce improved light efficiency in comparison to devices with absorbing electrodes, in part because a light extraction nanostructure is incorporated into the optical stack comprising the transparent OLED device and light extraction film on an absorbing substrate.
• An extractor laminated on either facet of the OLED device leads to improved light outcoupling through the opposite electrode as well.
• Light emitting device 102 includes an absorptive light extraction film 110c, in contrast to the light emitting device 100 shown in FIG. 1A, which includes a transparent light extraction film 110a, or the light emitting device 101 shown in FIG. IB, which includes a reflective light extraction film 110b.
• Absorptive light extraction film 110c includes a light absorbing substrate 112c
• transparent light extraction film 110a includes a substantially transparent substrate 112a
• reflective light extraction film 110b includes a reflective substrate 112b. All other components of light emitting device 102 shown in FIG. 1C are identical to like components of light emitting device 100 and 101 shown in FIGS. 1A and IB, respectively.
• Light absorbing substrate 112c can comprise any suitably light absorbing material, in particular visible light absorbing materials including, for example: pigments and/or dyes both coated on a substrate and dispersed throughout the substrate; microstructured and/or
• nanostructures 115 can be directly embossed into a surface of the light absorbing substrate 112c.
• emissive excitons 140 When a voltage is applied across the top electrode 124 and the bottom electrode 128 of the light emitting device 102, electrons and holes are injected from their respective electrodes and recombine in the electroluminescent organic material 126 through the intermediate formation of emissive excitons 140.
• the emissive excitons 140 generate a top emitted light ray 142 that is directed toward the top electrode 124, and a bottom emitted light ray 144c that is directed toward the bottom electrode 128 and through the transparent backplane 130.
• the top emitted light ray 142 is absorbed by the light absorbing substrate 112c.
• the bottom emitted light ray 144c is included within a bottom light beam 145 c that includes light within a bottom half-angle 92c.
• the presence of the absorptive light extraction film 110c may enhance or otherwise modify the angularity of the light emitting device (that is, the magnitude of the bottom half angle 92c spread of the bottom light beam 145c), and also the brightness (that is, the magnitude of the bottom light beam 145b).
• the presence of the absorptive light extraction film 110c further enhances the contrast of the light emitting device 102 by absorbing any ambient light 150 that enters through the substantially transparent backplane 130.
• a Ti0 2 nanoparticle dispersion with an approximately 52% wt of T1O 2 was prepared using a milling process in the presence of SOLPLUS D510 and l-methoxy-2-propanol.
• the SOLPLUS D510 was added in an amount of 25%> wt based on Ti0 2 weight.
• the mixture was premixed using a DISPERMAT mixer (Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc., Pompano Beach, FL) for 10 minutes and then a NETZSCH MiniCer Mill (NETZSCH Premier Technologies, LLC, Exton, PA) was used with the following conditions: 4300 rpm, 0.2 mm YTZ milling media, and 250 ml/min flow rate.
• a white paste-like Ti0 2 dispersion in 1-methoxy- 2-propanol was obtained.
• the particle size was determined to be 50 nm (Z-average size) using a Malvern Instruments ZETASIZER Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Inc, Westborough, MA).
• a 400 nm "sawtooth" grating film was fabricated by first making a multi-tipped diamond tool as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,140,812 (using a synthetic single crystal diamond, Sumitomo Diamond, Japan).
• the diamond tool was then used to make a copper micro-replication roll which was then used to make 400 nm ID structures on a PET film in a continuous cast and cure process utilizing a polymerizable resin made by mixing 0.5% (2,4,6 trimethyl benzoyl) diphenyl phosphine oxide into a 75:25 blend of PHOTOMER 6210 and SR238.
• HI-BF solution was coated onto the 400 nm pitch ID structured film using a roll to roll coating process with a web speed of 4.5 m/min (15 ft/min) and a dispersion delivery rate of 5.1 cc/min.
• the coating was dried in air at room temperature, then subsequently further dried at 82 °C (180 °F) and then cured using a Fusion UV-Systems Inc.
• Light-Hammer 6 UV (Gaithersburg, Maryland) processor equipped with an H-bulb, operating under nitrogen atmosphere at 75% lamp power at a line speed of 4.5 m/min (15 ft/min).
• Top Emissive (TE) OLED test coupons were built using standard thermal deposition in a vacuum system at base pressure of about 10 "6 Torr.
• a substrate was fabricated on polished float glass with a 0.5 ⁇ thick photoresist coating and with 80 nm ITO coatings patterned to produce four 5x5 mm pixels in a square arrangement.
• a pixel defining layer (PDL) was applied to reduce the square size to 4x4mm and provide clearly defined pixel edges.
• HIL, HTL, EML and ETL stand, respectively, for hole-injection, hole-transport, emissive and electron-transport layers.
• the top electrode was 80 nm ITO patterned via shadow masks to align with the substrate layer.
• a pixel defining layer (PDL) was applied to reduce the square size to 4x4mm and provide clearly defined pixel edges.
• the capping layer (CPL) was 200nm thick M0O 3 . Typical values of refractive index cited in published literature for M0O 3 range from 1.7- 1.9.
• the M0O3 was deposited on a substrate kept at room temperature, which results in a refractive index of approximately 1.71 measured at a wavelength at 600 nm, as reported in
• the extractor lamination was conducted under inert (N 2 ) atmosphere and was followed by protecting under a glass lid attached by applying Nagase XNR5516Z-B1 UV- curable epoxy around the perimeter of the lid and cured with a UV-A light source at 16
• FIG. 2 shows typical axial efficiency - luminance plots for both top- and bottom- emission sides of the transparent control and laminated devices.
• the performance of the top surface emission control is labeled "A”
• top surface emission laminated with the extractor is labeled "B”
• bottom surface emission control is labeled "C”
• bottom surface emission laminated with the extractor is labeled "D”.
• Transparent OLED devices were built and evaluated according to the procedure described in Example 1 except that immediately prior to glass encapsulation, a 200nm thick Ag film was vacuum-deposited onto all four pixels (both control pixels and pixels with laminated nanostructured extractor film) to redirect light solely towards the bottom-emission (BE) side.
• FIG. 3 shows axial efficiency - luminance plots for the BE devices where it can be seen that significant axial gains (near 2X) were obtained in the devices having the nanostructured extractor.
• the performance of the control with only the Ag coating is labeled "A”
• the laminated sample with the Ag coating and laminated extractor is labeled "B”.
• Conoscopic luminance far- field images of the control devices showed a fairly typical, broad luminance distribution while the luminance pattern changed to a characteristic forward-directed band for devices incorporating the nanostructured extractor. Approximately 2X axial and integrated optical gains were observed.
• Example 3 preparation of a reflective extraction film
• a PET film with 400nm structures was prepared as described in "Fabrication of nanostructured film with 400nm pitch" except that no backfill was applied.
• the film was plasma treated using a commercial batch plasma system (Plasma-Therm Model 3032 available from
• Plasma-Therm, St. Louis, FL configured for reactive ion etching (RIE) with a 0.66 m (26 inch) lower powered electrode and central gas pumping.
• the chamber was pumped by a roots blower (Edwards Model EH 1200 available from Edwards US, Sanborn, NY) backed by a dry mechanical pump (Edwards Model 1QDP8O available from Edwards US, Sanborn, NY).
• RF power was delivered by a 3 kW, 13.56 MHz solid-state generator (RFPP Model RF30S available from RF Power Products, Inc., Voorhees, NJ) through an impedance matching network.
• the system had a nominal base pressure of 5 mTorr.
• the flow rates of the gases were controlled by MKS flow controllers (MKS Instruments, Andover, MA). Samples were placed on the lowered powered electrode of the batch plasma apparatus. A surface preparation step was performed by flowing 0 2 at a flow rate of 500 standard cm 3 /min, plasma power of 200 watts for 30 seconds. The plasma treatment was done by flowing tetramethylsilane gas at a flow rate of 150 standard cm 3 /min, plasma power of 200 watts for 120 seconds. The pressure during the deposition was approximately 20 mTorr. A post etch step was performed by flowing 0 2 at a flow rate of 500 standard cm 3 /min, plasma power of 300 watts for 20 seconds. After the plasma treatment was completed, the chamber was vented to atmosphere and the samples were removed.
• MKS flow controllers MKS Instruments, Andover, MA.
• a sheet of ESR (Enhanced Specular Reflector, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN) was primed with a solvent-borne polyester resin solution and dried in an oven at 80 °C for 3 minutes. The thickness of the prime layer was about 0.3 microns after drying.
• the primed sheet of ESR was laid on a metal plate on a hot plate set at 71 °C (160 °F) with the primed side facing upwards.
• the plasma treated nanostructuted PET film was laid over the ESR with structured side facing downwards.
• a piece of tape was used to attach both films to each other near their top edges.
• the PET film was lifted from the bottom edge and a thin bead of a UV curable multifunctional urethane acrylate resin was applied between the films near their top edges.
• the PET film was then set back on the ESR so the resin bead was in contact with both films.
• the metal plate and films were then passed through a heated laminator nip to spread the resin thinly and evenly between the PET film and the ESR.
• the laminator used was a GBC Catena 35 (GBC Document Finishing, Lincolnshire, IL), the nip rolls were set to 110 °C (230 °F), speed setting of "5" was used and the nip was closed to its tightest position (labeled "Heavy Gauge").
• the resin was then cured by passing the metal plate and films on a belt-style curing station under a 79 W/cm (600 W/in) Fusion D-bulb at 100% power. Two passes were made at 12 m/min (40 ft/min) with the PET film above the ESR film. The tool was then peeled from the replicated ESR to expose the structure. The resulting nanostructure replicas on the ESR film were evaluated by SEM using a Hitachi S-4500 SEM instrument (Hitachi, Ltd., Japan). SEM images indicated a high fidelity of replication of the periodic nanostructures onto the ESR film, though the release was not optimal in this Example and some resin remained in the tool film.
• Item 1 is a light emitting device, comprising: an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode; and a light extraction film disposed adjacent the capping layer, wherein the light extraction film comprises a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• OLED organic light emitting diode
• Item 2 is the light emitting device of item 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• Item 3 is the light emitting device of item 1 or item 2, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 4 is the light emitting device of item 3, wherein the material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device comprises a reflective metal, an inorganic dielectric stack, a polymeric multilayer film, or a combination thereof.
• Item 5 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 4, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 6 is the light emitting device of item 5, wherein the material is also substantially absorptive to ambient visible light passing through the OLED device.
• Item 7 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 6, wherein the backfill layer comprises an adhesive for bonding the light extraction film to the capping layer.
• Item 8 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 7, further comprising an adhesive optical coupling layer disposed immediately adjacent the capping layer.
• Item 9 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 8, wherein the layer of nanostructures are applied to the substrate by embossing into a major surface of the substrate.
• Item 10 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 9, wherein the layer of nanostructures are applied to the substrate by patterning a coating.
• Item 11 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 10, wherein the layer of
• nanostructures comprise particulate nanostructures, non-particulate nanostructures, or a combination thereof.
• Item 12 is the light emitting device of item 11, wherein the non-particulate nanostructures comprise an engineered nanoscale pattern.
• Item 13 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 12, wherein the backfill layer comprises a non-scattering nanoparticle filled polymer.
• Item 14 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 13, wherein at least one of the top electrode and the opposing bottom electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide.
• Item 15 is the light emitting device of item 14, wherein the transparent conductive oxide comprises a thickness less than about 300 nm.
• Item 16 is the light emitting device of item 14, wherein the transparent conductive oxide comprises a thickness less than about 100 nm.
• Item 17 is the light emitting device of item 14, wherein the transparent conductive oxide comprises a thickness less than about 30 nm.
• Item 18 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 17, wherein the capping layer comprises a material having a refractive index greater than about 1.7.
• Item 19 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 18, wherein the capping layer comprises molybdenum oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc selenide, or a combination thereof.
• Item 20 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 19, wherein the capping layer comprises a thickness between about 60nm and 400nm.
• Item 21 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 20, wherein the light extraction film comprises nanostructures having a variable pitch.
• Item 22 is the light emitting device of item 1 to item 21 , wherein the light extraction film comprises nanostructures having a pitch of about 400nm, about 500nm, about 600nm, or a combination thereof.
• Item 23 is an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) device, comprising: an array of light emitting devices, each light emitting device comprising: an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode; and a light extraction film disposed over the array of light emitting devices, the light extraction film adjacent the capping layer, wherein the light extraction film comprises a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• AMOLED active matrix organic light emitting diode
• Item 24 is the AMOLED device of item 23, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• Item 25 is the AMOLED device of item 23 or item 24, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 26 is the AMOLED device of item 25, wherein the material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device comprises a reflective metal, an inorganic dielectric stack, a polymeric multilayer film, or a combination thereof.
• Item 27 is the AMOLED device of item 23 to item 26, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 28 is the AMOLED device of item 27, wherein the material is also substantially absorptive to ambient visible light passing through the OLED device.
• Item 29 is the AMOLED device of item 23 to item 26, wherein the backfill layer comprises an adhesive for bonding the light extraction film to the capping layer.
• Item 30 is the AMOLED device of item 23 to item 26, further comprising an adhesive optical coupling layer disposed immediately adjacent the capping layer.
• Item 31 is an image display device, comprising: a plurality of light emitting devices, each light emitting device comprising: an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device having a top electrode and an opposing bottom electrode disposed on a backplane, wherein each of the top electrode, the opposing bottom electrode and the backplane are substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device; a capping layer disposed immediately adjacent the top electrode; a light extraction film disposed adjacent the capping layer; and an electronic circuit capable of activating each of the light emitting devices, wherein the light extraction film comprises a substrate, a layer of nanostructures applied to the substrate, and a backfill layer disposed over the nanostructures and adjacent the capping layer, the backfill layer having an index of refraction greater than the index of refraction of the nanostructures.
• OLED organic light emitting diode
• Item 32 is the light emitting device of item 31, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially transparent to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane and through the substrate.
• Item 33 is the light emitting device of item 31 or item 32, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device, such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 34 is the light emitting device of item 33, wherein the material substantially reflective to light emitted by the OLED device comprises a reflective metal, an inorganic dielectric stack, a polymeric multilayer film, or a combination thereof.
• Item 35 is the light emitting device of item 31 to item 34, wherein the substrate comprises a material substantially absorptive to light emitted by the OLED device such that light emitted by the OLED device is capable of passing through the backplane.
• Item 36 is the light emitting device of item 35, wherein the material is also substantially absorptive to ambient visible light passing through the OLED device.
• Item 37 is the image display device of item 31 to item 36, wherein the plurality of light emitting devices comprise an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) device.
• AMOLED active matrix organic light emitting diode

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