WO2014026522A1 - 一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统以及汽车 - Google Patents

一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统以及汽车 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014026522A1
WO2014026522A1 PCT/CN2013/079391 CN2013079391W WO2014026522A1 WO 2014026522 A1 WO2014026522 A1 WO 2014026522A1 CN 2013079391 W CN2013079391 W CN 2013079391W WO 2014026522 A1 WO2014026522 A1 WO 2014026522A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
brake
signal
electric
control unit
module
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PCT/CN2013/079391
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王陆林
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奇瑞汽车股份有限公司
芜湖普威技研有限公司
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Application filed by 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司, 芜湖普威技研有限公司 filed Critical 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司
Publication of WO2014026522A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014026522A1/zh

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/74Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive
    • B60T13/741Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive acting on an ultimate actuator

Definitions

  • the present invention provides an electro-mechanical brake (EMB) system based on an automobile bus, and an automobile using the electromechanical brake system, and belongs to the technical field of automobile manufacturing. Background technique
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an electronic mechanical brake system based on an automobile bus and an automobile using the same, which is simple in structure and small in size, in view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art hydraulic brake system. Easy installation, low cost, fast braking response, good stability during braking and no pollution.
  • An electronic mechanical brake system based on an automobile bus comprising: a brake signal input unit, a central control unit, a plurality of electric brake execution control units, and a plurality of electric brakes, the electric brake including a brake motor;
  • the number of execution control units is the same as the number of electric brakes, and each electric brake execution control unit corresponds to one electric brake, and each electric brake corresponds to one wheel;
  • the signal input unit is configured to receive a brake signal, and output the brake signal to a central control unit in real time;
  • the central control unit is configured to output a multi-way brake motor target current signal in real time according to the received brake signal, the number of the brake motor target current signal is the same as the number of the electric brake execution control unit, and each way
  • the motor motor target current signals are respectively corresponding to an electric brake execution control unit, and the multi-way brake motor target current signals are respectively output to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit through the automobile bus;
  • the respective electric brake execution control units are respectively configured to receive respective corresponding ones of the brake motor target current signals in real time, and drive and control respective corresponding electric brakes in real time according to the brake motor target current signals; Braking is applied to its corresponding wheel.
  • the brake signal input unit includes an electronic brake pedal, the electronic brake pedal has a built-in displacement sensor, and the displacement sensor is configured to capture a displacement amount of the driver stepping on the electronic brake pedal, and the displacement The quantity is converted into a displacement signal, and the displacement signal is output as a brake signal to the central control unit in real time;
  • the brake system further includes a plurality of wheel speed sensors respectively corresponding to the plurality of wheels, and the number of the wheel speed sensors Same as the number of the electric brakes, the wheel speed sensor is used to acquire the wheel speed signal of the wheel corresponding thereto, and transmits the acquired wheel speed signal to the central control unit, and the central control unit is further used for Receiving the brake signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time, starting to collect the wheel speed signal transmitted by the pluralit
  • the collection period of the central control unit collecting the wheel speed signal transmitted by the wheel speed sensor is 10 ms.
  • the central control unit includes a wheel speed calculation module, a vehicle speed estimation module, a road surface recognition module, a conventional brake control strategy module, and a braking force distribution module.
  • the wheel speed calculation module is configured to calculate a wheel speed signal collected by the central control unit periodically to obtain a wheel speed of each wheel, and output the calculated wheel speed to a vehicle speed estimation module;
  • the vehicle speed estimating module is configured to estimate the vehicle speed of each wheel, the angular velocity of each wheel, the angular acceleration of each wheel, and the angular acceleration change rate of each wheel according to the calculated wheel speed of each wheel, and output the estimated data signal.
  • the road surface recognition module is configured to calculate a target slip ratio of each wheel and a road surface friction of each wheel according to the estimated vehicle speed, angular velocity of each wheel, angular acceleration of each wheel, and angular acceleration rate of each wheel Coefficient, and then identifying the road surface information of the vehicle according to the road surface friction coefficient of each wheel, and outputting the road surface information of the vehicle to the braking force distribution module;
  • the conventional brake control strategy module is configured to receive a brake signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time, and calculate a braking force to be output by each electric brake according to the received brake signal, and calculate the calculated electric brakes.
  • the output braking force is output to the braking force distribution module;
  • the braking force distribution module is configured to initially distribute the braking force of each electric brake according to the road surface signal of the automobile transmitted by the road surface recognition module and the braking force that each electric brake needs to output according to the conventional brake control strategy module. Thereby, the multi-braking motor target current signal is formed, and the multi-brake motor target current signal is respectively output to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit through the vehicle bus.
  • the central control unit further includes an anti-lock brake control strategy module;
  • the conventional brake control strategy module is further configured to calculate an initial target current of the brake motor in each electric brake according to the brake signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time;
  • the braking force distribution module initially allocates the braking force of each electric brake according to the road surface information of the automobile combined with the braking force of each electric brake calculated by the conventional brake control strategy module, which is a conventional brake control strategy module.
  • the initial target current of the brake motor in each electric brake is initially allocated; the anti-lock brake control strategy module is used to calculate the target slip ratio of each wheel and the actual slip of each wheel by the road surface recognition module.
  • the mobility is compared, and the initial target current of each of the electric brakes in the initial electric motor is adjusted in combination with the actual angular acceleration of each wheel, and the target current of the brake motor in each of the adjusted electric brakes is respectively passed through the vehicle.
  • the bus outputs to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit.
  • each of the electric brake execution control units includes an actual current acquisition module, a PID current loop control module, and a motor drive circuit module.
  • the actual current collecting module is configured to receive the target current of the corresponding electric brake in the corresponding electric brake after receiving the target current of the corresponding electric brake in the electric brake control module, and collect the actual current of the corresponding electric brake in the electric brake in real time, and The output is to the PID current loop control module;
  • the PID current loop control module is configured to receive the target current of the corresponding electric brake inner brake motor after the anti-lock brake control strategy module is adjusted in real time, and the corresponding electric brake inner brake motor that is collected by the actual current acquisition module in real time. Actual current, and performing closed-loop adjustment on the deviation between the target current and the actual current to obtain a control voltage value of the current motor drive circuit module, and outputting the same to the motor drive circuit module; the motor drive circuit
  • the module is configured to receive the control voltage value obtained by the PID current loop control module in real time, and output a brake control driving signal to the corresponding electric brake according to the control voltage value, to drive and adjust the rotation of the corresponding brake motor in the electric brake. Actuating the electric brake to brake its corresponding wheel, thereby adjusting the actual current of the brake motor in real time until the actual current tends to coincide with the target current or the actual current and the target current The deviation between the two is within the allowable range of the error.
  • the brake signal input unit further includes an electronic parking switch and/or a hand brake lever, wherein the electronic parking switch/brake lever is used to receive the brake signal and output it to the central control unit;
  • the central control unit is further configured to combine the clutch switch signal read from the vehicle bus and the output of the electronic brake pedal according to the brake signal after receiving the brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/handbrake lever.
  • the brake signal and the vehicle speed estimated by the vehicle speed estimation module determine whether to implement the parking brake:
  • the central control unit is further configured to convert the brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/handbrake lever into a maximum target current signal of the brake motor in each electric brake and pass the automobile bus.
  • the motor drive circuit module in the row control unit respectively receives the maximum target current signal outputted by the central control unit in real time, and then outputs a parking control drive signal to its corresponding electric brake in real time, and the corresponding brake wheel is implemented by the electric brake.
  • the central control unit continues to receive the brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/brake lever in real time until it is determined that the parking brake is implemented.
  • the electric brake further includes a deceleration increasing torque mechanism, a propulsion mechanism, a brake disc and a friction plate, and the motor driving circuit module outputs a brake control driving signal/parking control driving signal to its corresponding electric brake.
  • the brake motor in the electric brake is used to output a corresponding torque
  • the deceleration and torque-increasing mechanism is configured to transmit the torque to the propulsion mechanism after being decelerated and torque-increasing
  • the propulsion mechanism is configured to output the brake motor
  • the rotary motion is converted into a linear motion and propelled in the direction of the friction lining, eliminating the gap between the brake disc and the friction lining, generating a brake clamping force for braking to achieve braking/parking brake
  • the propulsion mechanism adopts a non-self-locking mechanism; the brake motor adopts a DC brushless motor with a Hall.
  • each of the electric brake execution control units further includes an electromagnet control circuit module and an electromagnet drive circuit module, and the electric brake further includes a self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism;
  • the central control unit is further configured to convert a brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/handbrake lever into a multi-electromagnet control signal after the electric brake applies a parking brake to the corresponding wheel thereof.
  • the number of electromagnet control signals is the same as the number of electric brake execution control units, and each electromagnet control signal corresponds to an electric brake execution control unit;
  • the electromagnet control circuit module is configured to control the electromagnet drive circuit module to output a parking hold signal to a corresponding one after receiving the electromagnet control signal corresponding to the electric brake execution control unit outputted by the central control unit
  • the self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism in the electric brake drives the self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism to perform the parking brake force holding.
  • the self-locking pressure-retaining mechanism comprises an electromagnet, a ratchet and an elastic mechanism, the magnetic core of the electromagnet is connected to the elastic mechanism, and the ratchet is fixedly connected with the rotating shaft of the brake motor.
  • the electromagnet driving circuit module is configured to output a parking hold signal to an electromagnet in the self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism to cause the electromagnet to be powered off;
  • the elastic mechanism When the electromagnet is energized, the elastic mechanism is in a compressed state, and when the electromagnet is de-energized, the elastic potential energy in the elastic mechanism is released to push the core of the electromagnet into the ratchet and lock the ratchet to make a fixed connection with the ratchet. The rotating shaft of the brake motor is locked, thereby maintaining the parking brake force.
  • the present invention also provides an automobile using the above-described electronic bus brake system based on an automobile bus.
  • the electronic bus brake system based on the automobile bus replaces the conventional hydraulic brake pedal with an electronic brake pedal, and the vacuum booster is eliminated, thereby reducing the brake system Volume and weight;
  • the central control unit and the electric brake execution control unit in the brake system replace the hydraulic control unit and the hydraulic control valve in the conventional hydraulic brake system, and the electronic brake pedal has a built-in displacement sensor, which can be precise Capturing the displacement amount of the electronic brake pedal, and converting the displacement amount into a displacement signal, and transmitting the displacement signal as a brake signal to the central control unit and the electric brake execution control unit to achieve braking, and at the same time
  • the brake system also has a one-button parking function, so it is a purely electronically controlled electronic driving and electronic parking brake system;
  • Each wheel in the braking system corresponds to an electric brake and a wheel speed sensor, which can independently control and adjust the braking torque of each wheel separately, and when the brake of one of the wheels fails , does not affect the braking performance of the vehicle;
  • the brake system adopts a distributed control mode, that is, a plurality of electric brake execution control units are respectively controlled by a central control unit, and each electric brake execution control unit is an independent control system, such as an independent single-chip microcomputer system, and
  • the utility model comprises an independent actual current collecting module, a PID current loop control module and a motor driving circuit module, which mutually complement each other, and each electric brake executing control unit corresponds to an electric brake, when an electric brake performs a control unit failure, and It will not affect the driving and control of other electric brakes, and thus will not affect the braking performance of the whole vehicle;
  • the propulsion mechanism in the electric brake in the brake system adopts a non-self-locking mechanism, which has the advantage that when it is used as the brake clamping force on the wheel is too large and needs to be reduced, it is only necessary to reduce the inside of the brake
  • the output torque of the brake motor, the non-self-locking mechanism can automatically retract under the action of the reaction force of the brake disc and the friction plate, and the unloading force can be achieved without the reversal of the brake motor, thereby shortening the The response time of the electromechanical brake system, and the non-self-locking mechanism does not lock up when moving forward or backward;
  • the self-locking pressure-holding mechanism in the electric brake in the brake system uses an electromagnet and a ratchet, which has the advantage that when the electric brake needs to be held for a long time, the electromagnet is de-energized, and its magnetic core Inserting the ratchet and locking the ratchet, so that the rotating shaft of the brake motor fixedly connected with the ratchet is locked, thereby maintaining the parking braking force, and saving energy compared with the electromagnet energizing and holding method;
  • the brake system is capable of periodically collecting wheel speed signals of four wheels, and changing the brake clamping force acting on each wheel in real time through the wheel speed signal, as the brake clamping force for the wheel is changed , the wheel speed of the wheel is changed again, so the real-time adjustment and dynamic distribution of the braking force of each wheel can be realized by the cycle acquisition of the wheel speed signal, and the braking system also has an anti-lock function, thereby improving the vehicle.
  • the central control unit in the brake system is respectively connected to the four electric brake execution control units via the car bus, which not only improves the data transmission speed between the central control unit and the electric brake execution control unit, but also can be used.
  • the number of lines for transmitting data is minimized, thereby reducing the number and volume of harnesses required for components requiring data transmission, thereby simplifying the vehicle layout and simplifying the design of the brake system;
  • the brake system has a simple and compact structure, convenient installation, low cost, fast braking response and no pollution.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the structure of an electronic mechanical brake system based on an automobile bus in Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a connection of an electric brake execution control unit of the central control unit of FIG. 1 and four electric brake execution control units. Schematic diagram of relationship
  • FIG 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electric brake of Figure 1. detailed description
  • the electronic bus brake-based electronic mechanical brake system includes a brake signal input unit, a central control unit, a plurality of electric brake execution control units, and a plurality of electric brakes, the electric brake including a brake motor; the electric brake performs control
  • the number of units is the same as the number of electric brakes, and each electric brake execution control unit corresponds to one electric brake, and each electric brake corresponds to one wheel;
  • the signal input unit is configured to receive a brake signal, and output the brake signal to a central control unit in real time;
  • the central control unit is configured to output a multi-way brake motor target current signal in real time according to the received brake signal, the number of the brake motor target current signal is the same as the number of the electric brake execution control unit, and each way
  • the motor motor target current signals are respectively corresponding to an electric brake execution control unit, and the multi-way brake motor target current signals are respectively output to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit through the automobile bus;
  • Each of the electric brake execution control units is configured to receive a corresponding one-way brake motor target current signal in real time, and drive and control respective corresponding electric brakes in real time according to the brake motor target current signal; Braking is applied to its corresponding wheel.
  • Example 1 The automobile adopts the above-described electronic bus brake system based on an automobile bus.
  • Example 1 The automobile adopts the above-described electronic bus brake system based on an automobile bus.
  • the electronic bus brake system based on the automobile bus is applied to a four-wheeled vehicle, and the four-wheeled vehicle includes four wheels, which are a left front wheel, a right front wheel, a left rear wheel, and a right rear wheel, respectively. .
  • the electronic bus brake system based on an automobile bus includes a brake signal input unit, a central control unit, four electric brake execution control units, four electric brakes, and a power source.
  • each electric brake execution control unit corresponds to one electric brake
  • each electric brake corresponds to one wheel
  • the four electric brake execution control units are respectively a left front wheel electric brake execution control unit and a right front wheel electric brake execution control unit.
  • the left rear wheel electric brake execution control unit and the right rear wheel electric brake execution control unit, the four electric brakes are a left front wheel electric brake, a right front wheel electric brake, a left rear wheel electric brake, and a right rear wheel electric brake, respectively. .
  • the braking system can independently control and real-time adjust the braking torque of each wheel, so that the braking system distributes the braking force and Control is more flexible. Moreover, when the brake of one of the wheels and/or its execution control unit fails, the braking performance of the entire vehicle is not affected.
  • the brake system of the present invention is not limited to a four-wheeled vehicle, and can be applied to any multi-wheeled vehicle, and the multi-wheeled vehicle can also be configured with a corresponding number of electric brakes and its execution control unit according to actual needs.
  • the car bus can use a CAN bus or a Flexray bus.
  • Other communication buses such as LIN bus, VAN bus, IDB-M, MOST, USB and IEEE 1394 can also be used.
  • the central control unit is respectively communicably connected to the four electric brake execution control units via the vehicle bus, which simplifies the overall vehicle arrangement and simplifies the design of the brake system.
  • the brake signal input unit includes an electronic brake pedal.
  • the electronic brake pedal is a foot pedal pressure simulator that replaces the existing brake pedal and vacuum booster.
  • the electronic brake pedal has a built-in displacement sensor, which can accurately capture the displacement (ie, displacement) of the driver's stepping on the electronic brake pedal.
  • the electronic device When the driver needs the brake system to output a large braking force, the electronic device will be pressed hard.
  • the brake pedal and the electronic brake pedal generate a large displacement; when the driver needs the brake system to output a small braking force, the force of stepping on the electronic brake pedal is small, and the electronic brake pedal generates a small displacement.
  • the displacement sensor is capable of converting the captured displacement into a displacement signal, and simultaneously outputting the displacement signal as a brake signal to a central control unit, the brake signal representing a driver's braking intention, thereby causing the central control unit It can be operated according to the driver's braking intention.
  • the brake system also includes four wheel speed sensors corresponding to the four wheels respectively.
  • the four electric brakes Both include brake motors.
  • the four wheel speed sensors are a left front wheel speed sensor, a right front wheel speed sensor, a left rear wheel speed sensor, and a right rear wheel speed sensor.
  • the wheel speed sensor is configured to acquire a wheel speed signal of a wheel corresponding thereto, and transmit the acquired wheel speed signal to a central control unit.
  • the central control unit starts to collect the wheel speed signal transmitted by the four wheel speed sensors at the same time as receiving the brake signal (ie, the displacement signal) outputted by the displacement sensor built in the electronic brake pedal, according to the collected wheel.
  • the speed signal identifies the road surface information of the vehicle by calculation, and then distributes the braking force to the four electric brakes according to the road surface information of the automobile and the braking signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time to obtain four
  • the braking force, and the four braking force target current signals are respectively formed according to the four braking forces obtained by the distribution, and the four-way braking motor target current signals are respectively output to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit through the automobile bus.
  • the car bus adopts a CAN bus
  • the collection period of the central control unit for collecting the wheel speed signal transmitted by the wheel speed sensor is 10 ms.
  • the central control unit includes a wheel speed calculation module, a vehicle speed estimation module, a road surface recognition module, a conventional brake control strategy module, and a brake power distribution module (EBD, Electric Brakeforce Distribution). ) and the Anti-locked Braking System (ABS).
  • EBD Electric Brakeforce Distribution
  • ABS Anti-locked Braking System
  • the wheel speed calculation module is configured to calculate the wheel speeds of the four wheels obtained by the central control unit periodically collected by the filtering, amplifying and shaping circuit processed by the central control unit, and Output to the vehicle speed estimation module.
  • the wheel speed signal output by the wheel speed sensor is a current signal
  • the central control unit converts the current signal into a weak approximate sinusoidal voltage signal through its internal sampling resistor, and then passes the voltage signal through the interior thereof.
  • the filtering circuit such as filtering, amplifying and shaping, outputs a pulse square wave signal after signal processing, and then counts the pulse square wave signal and combines the timer to calculate the wheel speed of the four wheels through the wheel speed calculation module.
  • the vehicle speed estimating module is configured to estimate the vehicle speed, the angular velocity of the four wheels, the angular acceleration of the four wheels, and the angular acceleration rate of the four wheels according to the calculated wheel speeds of the four wheels, and estimate The obtained data signal is output to the road surface recognition module.
  • the road surface recognition module obtains, by using a Kalman filter, a filter value according to the estimated vehicle speed, an angular velocity of four wheels, an angular acceleration of four wheels, and an angular acceleration change rate of four wheels.
  • the filter value is obtained, the target slip ratio of the four wheels is obtained by polynomial transformation, the road friction coefficient of the four wheels is obtained by triangulation, and the road surface information of the car is identified according to the road friction coefficient of the four wheels, and
  • the road information on which the car is located is output to the brake force distribution module.
  • the conventional brake control strategy module is configured to receive a brake signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time, and calculate four according to the received brake signal and the displacement and braking force curve of the electronic brake pedal matched with the vehicle.
  • the braking force of the electric brakes is required to be output, and then the braking torques to be output by the four electric brakes are calculated according to the wheel radius and the braking force to be output by the four electric brakes, according to the wheel radius and the four electric brakes.
  • the radius of the moving disc derives the four brake disc braking torques, and combines the braking torque output by the four electric brakes with the four brake disc braking torques and derives four electric powers according to the mechanical transmission ratio of the electric brake.
  • the output torque of the brake motor in the brake is based on the corresponding relationship between the output torque of the brake motor and the brake motor current in the four electric brakes, and the initial target current of the brake motor in the four electric brakes is calculated.
  • the braking force distribution module calculates the road surface information (the target slip ratio of each wheel and the road surface friction coefficient) calculated by the road surface recognition module, and obtains four wheel systems when the vehicle goes straight and turns according to the vehicle dynamics equation.
  • the power distribution coefficient and the body reference acceleration are initially allocated to the initial target currents of the four electric brake internal brake motors calculated by the conventional brake control strategy module.
  • the anti-lock brake control strategy module is configured to compare the target slip ratio of the four wheels calculated by the road surface recognition module with the actual slip ratio of each wheel, and combine the actual angular acceleration pairs of the four wheels to complete the initial
  • the initial target current of the brake motor in the four electric brakes is adjusted, and the four adjusted target current signals are output through the bus.
  • the central control unit when the car bus adopts a CAN bus, preferably, the central control unit further includes a first CAN transceiver module, and the first CAN transceiver module is configured to receive the anti-lock
  • the four-way adjusted target current signal output by the dead brake control strategy module transmits the four-way adjusted target current signal to the CAN bus, that is, the four-way adjusted target current signal passes through the CAN Bus transfer.
  • any one of the electric brake execution control units includes an actual current acquisition module, a PID current loop control module, and a motor drive circuit module. Since the structure and function of the electric brake execution control unit corresponding to each of the four wheels are the same, the following description will be made only by executing the control unit with the electric brake corresponding to the left front wheel.
  • the electric brake execution control unit further includes a second CAN transceiver module.
  • the second CAN transceiver module is configured to receive one of the four adjusted target current signals from the CAN bus (the target current signal corresponds to the electric brake of the left front wheel, and the left front wheel brake) Output it.
  • the actual current collecting module is configured to receive an adjusted target current signal corresponding to the left front wheel electric brake outputted by the anti-lock brake control strategy module from the second CAN transceiver module, and then collect the left front wheel in real time.
  • the actual current of the brake motor in the electric brake is output to the PID current loop control module.
  • the PID current loop control module is configured to receive anti-lock braking in real time from the second CAN transceiver module An adjusted target current signal corresponding to the left front wheel electric brake output by the control strategy module and an actual current corresponding to the internal brake motor of the left front wheel electric brake collected by the actual current collecting module, and the target current is The deviation between the actual currents is closed-loop adjusted to obtain a control voltage value of the current motor drive circuit module, and is output to the motor drive circuit module.
  • the motor driving circuit module is configured to receive the above-mentioned control voltage value obtained by the PID current loop control module in real time, and output a brake control driving signal to the left front wheel electric brake according to the control voltage value to drive and adjust the left front wheel
  • the brake motor rotates in the electric brake, so that the left front wheel electric brake applies braking to the left front wheel, thereby adjusting the actual current of the brake motor in real time until the actual current tends to coincide with the target current or The deviation between the actual current and the target current is within a range allowed by the error.
  • the brake signal input unit further includes an electronic parking switch and a hand brake lever.
  • the electronic parking switch and the handbrake lever are both used to receive a brake signal and output it to a central control unit.
  • the driver can trigger an electronic parking switch, and the electronic parking switch outputs a brake signal to the central control unit in real time.
  • the brake system also retains the hand brake parking brake function in the conventional hydraulic brake system.
  • the driver can also select to operate the brake lever, and the brake lever can output the brake signal to the central control unit in real time. .
  • the central control unit After the central control unit receives the brake signal (also referred to as a parking brake switch signal) output by the electronic parking switch/handbrake lever in real time, according to the system of the electronic parking switch/handbrake lever output
  • the motion signal determines whether to implement the parking brake in combination with a clutch switch signal read from the car bus, a brake signal output by the electronic brake pedal, and a vehicle speed estimated by the vehicle speed estimation module:
  • the central control unit converts the brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/brake lever into a maximum target current signal of the brake motor in the four electric brakes (ie, the four-way maximum target)
  • the current signal is respectively output to the motor drive circuit module in the four electric brake execution control units through the automobile bus, and the motor drive circuit module in the control unit performs the maximum output of the central control unit in real time.
  • a parking control drive signal is outputted to its corresponding electric brake in real time, and the electric brake is applied to the corresponding wheel by the electric brake.
  • the central control unit continues to receive the electronic parking switch in real time
  • each of the electric brake execution control units further includes an electromagnet control circuit module and an electromagnetic iron drive circuit module.
  • the central control unit converts the brake signal output by the electronic parking switch/brake lever into a four-way electromagnet control signal, and each electromagnet control signal corresponds to an electric brake execution control unit;
  • the electromagnet control circuit module is configured to receive a central control unit from the second CAN transceiver module After the output of the electric brake performs an electromagnet control signal of the control unit, the electromagnet drive circuit module is controlled in real time to output a parking hold signal to the corresponding electric brake to achieve the parking brake force retention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electric brake of Figure 1.
  • each of the electric brakes includes a self-locking pressure-holding mechanism (not shown), a brake motor 8, a deceleration and torque-increasing mechanism, a propulsion mechanism, a brake disc 2, and friction.
  • Slice 1 3.
  • the electromagnet drive circuit module outputs a parking hold signal to a self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism in the corresponding electric brake to drive the self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism to perform parking brake force holding.
  • the self-locking pressure holding mechanism comprises an electromagnet, a ratchet and an elastic mechanism.
  • the magnetic core of the electromagnet is connected to an elastic mechanism, and the ratchet is fixedly coupled to a rotating shaft of the brake motor.
  • the electromagnet drive circuit module is configured to output a parking hold signal to an electromagnet in the self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism to deenergize the electromagnet.
  • the elastic mechanism is in a compressed state, and when the electromagnet is de-energized, the elastic potential energy in the elastic mechanism is released to push the core of the electromagnet into the ratchet and lock the ratchet to make a fixed connection with the ratchet.
  • the rotating shaft of the brake motor is locked, thereby maintaining the parking brake force.
  • it can save energy.
  • the brake motor in the electric brake is controlled to output a corresponding torque, and the torque is increased by the deceleration
  • the mechanism transmits the torque to the propulsion mechanism, and the propulsion mechanism converts the rotary motion outputted by the brake motor into a linear motion and performs a feed motion in the direction of the friction plate to eliminate the gap between the brake disc and the friction plate.
  • a brake clamping force for braking is generated to achieve braking/parking braking.
  • the speed reduction and torque increasing mechanism adopts a reduction gear mechanism and a planetary gear mechanism which are sequentially connected.
  • the reduction gear mechanism includes a plurality of reduction gears that are sequentially engaged, wherein the first stage reduction gear is connected to the output shaft of the brake motor 8, and the last stage reduction gear is the reduction gear 13; the planetary gear mechanism includes a sun wheel and a planet The gear 11 and the carrier 10 are fixedly coupled to the reduction gear 13.
  • the propulsion mechanism employs a ball screw mechanism including a screw shaft 4 and a nut 6.
  • the screw rod 4 and the planet carrier 10 in the planetary gear mechanism are fixedly connected by a rectangular spline on the planet carrier.
  • the brake motor 8 transmits its output torque to the screw rod 4 to drive the screw rod 4 to rotate, the screw rod
  • the nut 6 on the 4 is linearly moved on the lead screw 4 to cause the nut 6 to perform a feed motion in the direction of the friction plate.
  • the lead screw 4 and the nut 6 in the ball screw mechanism are connected by a thread non-self-locking, that is, the propulsion mechanism adopts a non-self-locking mechanism, and the advantage is that it is used as a brake clip for the wheel.
  • the tightening force is too large and needs to be reduced, it is only necessary to reduce the output torque of the brake motor 8, and the non-self-locking mechanism can automatically retract under the action of the reaction force of the brake disc 2 and the friction plates 1, 3.
  • the non-self-locking mechanism can automatically advance or retreat until the clamping force and the reaction force are balanced, and the unloading force can be achieved without the brake motor 8 being reversed.
  • the purpose is to shorten the response time of the electromechanical brake system, and the non-self-locking mechanism does not lock up when moving forward or backward.
  • the output shaft of the brake motor 8 is sequentially connected to the reduction gear mechanism, the planetary gear mechanism, and the ball screw mechanism.
  • the brake motor 8 rotates and outputs a torque, which drives the reduction gear mechanism to rotate, thereby driving the planetary gear mechanism to rotate, thereby transmitting the torque to the ball screw fixedly connected to the carrier 10 in the planetary gear mechanism through its own rectangular spline. mechanism.
  • the brake caliper body 9 is sleeved on the outside of the ball screw mechanism and is used to withstand the reaction force of the brake clamping force.
  • the brake motor 8 employs a Hall brushless DC motor.
  • the Hall-type DC brushless motor can output a large torque at a low speed, thereby providing a large starting torque for the electric brake; and using an electronic commutator instead of a mechanical brush Reversing, stable and reliable.
  • Hall's DC brushless motors also have the advantages of wide speed range, high efficiency, and strong overload capability.
  • the three-loop (position loop, speed loop, current loop, etc.) three closed loop negative feedback PIDs of the DC brushless motor can also be realized by the Hall position signal outputted by the Hall sensor in the Hall brushless DC brushless motor.
  • Control system that is, the Hall count of the Hall sensor can be used to calculate the rotation speed of the DC brushless motor, and the number of turns of the DC brushless motor starting from the starting position, thereby calculating the propulsion mechanism
  • the stroke based on the relationship between the propulsion mechanism stroke and the brake clamping force, derives the value of the brake clamping force, thereby achieving closed-loop control of the brake clamping force without the pressure sensor.
  • the idle stroke is quickly eliminated, and the brake motor is required to push the propulsion mechanism to move toward the friction plate at full speed to quickly eliminate the gap between the brake disc and the friction plate.
  • the dynamic clamping force is controlled and adjusted using the speed loop of the above-mentioned Hall brushless DC brushless motor to achieve precise control of the motor speed.
  • the power supply is used to power the control unit for the central control unit and the four electric brakes.
  • This embodiment also provides an automobile using the electronic bus brake system based on the automobile bus according to the embodiment.
  • the central control unit starts to periodically collect the brake output by the electronic brake pedal.
  • the signal ie, the displacement signal
  • the brake signal is an analog signal of 0 to 5V
  • the brake signal output by the electronic brake pedal is input to the central control unit in real time.
  • the purpose of the cycle acquisition is to capture the pedal input in real time.
  • the brake signal is generated, and the driver's braking intention is known in time.
  • the collection period is 10 ms.
  • the central control unit receives the brake signal outputted by the electronic brake pedal in real time, starts collecting the wheel speed signal issued by each wheel speed sensor, and the central control unit combines the wheel speed signal with the electronic brake pedal output.
  • the brake signal is converted into the brake motor of each electric brake by its internal wheel speed calculation module, vehicle speed estimation module, road surface recognition module, conventional brake control strategy module, brake power distribution module and anti-lock brake control strategy module.
  • the target current signal is then output to the corresponding electric brake execution control unit via the car bus.
  • the collection period is 10 ms.
  • each electric brake execution control unit When each electric brake execution control unit receives the target current signal output by the central control unit through the automobile bus in real time, the motor drive circuit module therein outputs a brake control drive signal to its corresponding electric brake in real time, thereby real-time control
  • the brake motor in each electric brake outputs a corresponding torque
  • the brake motor, the deceleration and torque-increasing mechanism and the propulsion mechanism in each electric brake cooperate with each other to generate a clamping force acting on the brake disc to realize braking; meanwhile, each electric brake
  • the actual current collecting module in the execution control unit starts to collect the actual current of the corresponding brake motor in the electric brake in real time, and outputs it to the PID current loop control module, and the PID current loop control module receives the target outputted by the central control unit in real time.
  • the force of the electronic brake pedal is increased, and the electronic brake pedal generates a larger displacement.
  • the braking signal is also correspondingly increased.
  • the motor drive circuit module outputs a brake control drive signal to its corresponding electric brake according to the larger target current signal, thereby controlling each electric brake to output a larger braking torque, that is, generating a larger brake clamp The force acts on each wheel.
  • the central control unit obtains the wheel speed and the vehicle speed through the internal wheel speed calculation module and the vehicle speed estimation module. The wheel speed and the vehicle speed of each wheel can determine which one or several wheels have slipped. At this time, the central control unit automatically performs anti-skid adjustment through the road surface recognition module, the brake power distribution module, and the anti-lock brake control strategy module. And continuously adjusting the brake motor target current signal of the electric brake corresponding to the wheel outputted by the central control unit for the wheel that generates the slip to adjust the input voltage of the brake motor in the electric brake corresponding to the slip-producing wheel and control the same The output torque achieves real-time adjustment of the brake clamping force of the wheel that produces slip.
  • each electric brake is controlled to output a smaller braking torque, that is, a smaller brake clamping force is generated to act on each wheel.
  • the output brake current motor target current signal of the electric brake corresponding to each wheel thereby adjusting the input voltage of the brake motor in the electric brake corresponding to the wheel, and reducing the output torque of the brake motor and the brake acting on the friction plate
  • the clamping force, the non-self-locking mechanism can automatically retract under the action of the reaction force of the brake disc and the friction plate, thereby realizing the balance adjustment between the brake clamping force and the reaction force, thereby realizing the Anti-lock adjustment of the wheels.
  • the brake motor is always in a stalled state.
  • the brake system of this structure makes the wheels not to be locked due to the large brake clamping force, that is, the vehicle can still steer under the braking state, thereby ensuring the stability of the braking direction of the vehicle and preventing It produces skid and deviation.
  • the central control unit Since the central control unit collects the wheel speed signal for a period of 10 ms, it can collect the wheel speed signals of four wheels multiple times during the vehicle braking process, and adjust the output of the four-way brake motor target motor multiple times according to the wheel speed signal.
  • the signal and the input voltage of each brake motor in the four electric brakes, and then the torque output by each brake motor and the brake clamping force of the corresponding wheel are adjusted multiple times, and the brake clamping force of the corresponding wheel is adjusted and then The wheel speed is changed and repeated, thereby achieving the anti-lock function of the brake system.
  • the brake motor uses PID current closed-loop control to make the control of each brake motor more precise.
  • the braking system Through the cycle acquisition of the wheel speed signal, the real-time adjustment and dynamic distribution of the braking force of each wheel can be realized, and the braking system also has an anti-lock function, thereby improving the braking performance of the vehicle and the vehicle driving during braking. Stability.
  • the driver can trigger an electronic parking switch, and the electronic parking switch outputs a braking signal to the central control unit in real time, and the central control unit receives the braking signal of the real-time output of the electronic parking switch in real time and then determines Whether to implement the parking brake, if it is judged that the parking brake is implemented, the brake signal outputted by the electronic parking switch in real time is converted into the maximum target current signal of the brake motor in each electric brake and output to the motor drive circuit through the bus bus.
  • the motor drive circuit module outputs a parking control drive signal to its corresponding electric brake in real time, so that the corresponding torque of the brake motor in each electric brake can be controlled in real time, the brake motor in each electric brake,
  • the deceleration and torque-increasing mechanism and the propulsion mechanism cooperate to generate a sufficient clamping force and act on the brake disc to eliminate the gap between the brake disc and the friction plate, thereby realizing the parking brake.
  • the electronic mechanical brake system of the invention retains the parking brake function of the hand brake in the traditional hydraulic brake system, when the vehicle When the vehicle is stopped, the driver can also choose to operate the handbrake lever so that the handbrake lever outputs a brake signal to realize the parking brake.
  • Example 2
  • Embodiment 1 The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the anti-lock brake control strategy module is not included in the central control unit.
  • Example 4 is the same as those in Embodiment 1, and are not described herein again.
  • Example 4 is the same as those in Embodiment 1, and are not described herein again.
  • the electric brake execution control unit does not include an electromagnet control circuit module and an electromagnet drive circuit module; and the electric brake does not include a self-locking pressure maintaining mechanism.

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Abstract

一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统,其包括制动信号输入单元、中央控制单元、多个电制动器执行控制单元以及多个电制动器;所述信号输入单元用于接收制动信号并实时输出至中央控制单元;所述中央控制单元用于根据接收的制动信号实时输出多路制动电机目标电流信号至对应的电制动器执行控制单元;所述各个电制动器执行控制单元用于根据接收的所述制动电机目标电流信号分别实时驱动和控制对应的电制动器;所述各个电制动器用于对其对应的车轮实施制动。相应地,提供一种采用所述制动系统的汽车。所述电子机械制动系统具有结构简单、体积小、安装方便、成本低、制动响应快、制动时稳定性好、无污染等优点。

Description

一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统以及汽车
技术领域
本发明提供一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动 (EMB, Electro Mechanical Brake) 系统, 以及一种采用所述电子机械制动系统的汽车, 属于汽车制造技术领域。 背景技术
随着汽车工业的快速发展, 以及汽车行驶性能的不断提高, 汽车的安全性越来越 为人们所重视, 制动性能是汽车的重要使用性能之一, 汽车的制动性能直接关系到交 通的安全性。
目前, 国内外大多车辆制动系统还是基于液压制动系统以实现车辆制动。 但是传 统的液压制动系统存在着结构复杂、 安装不便、 价格昂贵、 制动响应慢等缺陷。 发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对现有技术中液压制动系统中存在的上述不足, 提供一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统以及采用所述制动系统的汽车,结构简单、 体积小、 安装方便、 成本低、 制动响应快、 制动时稳定性好且无污染。
本发明所要解决的技术问题是通过如下技术方案实现的:
一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 包括: 制动信号输入单元、 中央控制单 元、 多个电制动器执行控制单元以及多个电制动器, 所述电制动器包括制动电机; 所 述电制动器执行控制单元的数量与所述电制动器的数量相同, 且每个电制动器执行控 制单元均对应一个电制动器, 每个电制动器均对应一个车轮;
所述信号输入单元用于接收制动信号, 并将所述制动信号实时输出至中央控制单 元;
所述中央控制单元用于根据所述接收的制动信号实时输出多路制动电机目标电流 信号, 所述制动电机目标电流信号的数量与电制动器执行控制单元的数量相同, 且每 路制动电机目标电流信号均对应一个电制动器执行控制单元, 所述多路制动电机目标 电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元;
所述各个电制动器执行控制单元分别用于实时接收各自对应的一路制动电机目标 电流信号, 并根据所述制动电机目标电流信号实时驱动和控制各自对应的电制动器; 所述各个电制动器用于对其对应的车轮实施制动。 优选的是, 所述制动信号输入单元包括电子制动踏板, 所述电子制动踏板内置位 移传感器, 所述位移传感器用于捕获驾驶员踩踏电子制动踏板的位移量, 并将所述位 移量转换成位移信号, 同时将该位移信号作为制动信号实时输出至中央控制单元; 所述制动系统还包括与多个车轮分别对应的多个轮速传感器, 且所述轮速传感器 的数量与所述电制动器的数量相同, 所述轮速传感器用于获取其所对应的车轮的轮速 信号, 并将所获取的轮速信号传送至中央控制单元, 所述中央控制单元还用于在接收 到电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号的同时, 开始周期采集多个轮速传感器所传送的 轮速信号, 根据采集到的轮速信号通过计算识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 再根据汽车 所处的路面信息结合所述电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号进行制动力分配, 以得到 多个制动力, 并根据分配得到的多个制动力分别形成多路制动电机目标电流信号, 所 述多路制动电机目标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单 元; 所述中央控制单元对轮速传感器所传送的轮速信号进行采集的采集周期为 10ms。
优选的是, 所述中央控制单元包括轮速计算模块、 车速估算模块、 路面识别模块、 常规制动控制策略模块以及制动力分配模块,
所述轮速计算模块用于对中央控制单元周期采集到的轮速信号进行计算以得出各 车轮的轮速, 并将所述计算得到的轮速输出至车速估算模块;
所述车速估算模块用于根据计算得出各车轮的轮速估算出汽车的车速、 各车轮的 角速度、 各车轮的角加速度以及各车轮的角加速度变化率, 并将估算得到的上述数据 信号输出至路面识别模块;
所述路面识别模块用于根据所述估算出的汽车的车速、 各车轮的角速度、 各车轮 的角加速度以及各车轮的角加速度变化率推算出各车轮的目标滑移率与各车轮的路面 摩擦系数, 再根据各车轮的路面摩擦系数识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 并将汽车所处 的路面信息输出至制动力分配模块;
所述常规制动控制策略模块用于接收电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号并根据所 述接收的制动信号推算出各个电制动器需输出的制动力, 并将推算得到的各个电制动 器需输出的制动力输出至制动力分配模块;
所述制动力分配模块用于根据路面识别模块传送的汽车所处的路面信号结合常规 制动控制策略模块推算出的各个电制动器需输出的制动力以对各个电制动器的制动力 进行初始分配, 从而形成所述多路制动电机目标电流信号, 再将所述多路制动电机目 标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元。
进一步优选的是, 所述中央控制单元中还包括防抱死制动控制策略模块; 常规制动控制策略模块还用于根据所述电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号推算出 各个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流;
所述制动力分配模块根据汽车所处的路面信息结合常规制动控制策略模块推算出 的各个电制动器需输出的制动力以对各个电制动器的制动力进行初始分配是对常规制 动控制策略模块推算出的各个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流进行初始分配; 所述防抱死制动控制策略模块用于将路面识别模块推算出的各车轮的目标滑移率 与各车轮的实际滑移率进行比较, 并结合各车轮的实际角加速度对完成初始分配的各 个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流进行调整, 并分别将调整后的各个电制动器内 制动电机的目标电流通过汽车总线输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元。
优选的是, 所述每个电制动器执行控制单元包括实际电流采集模块、 PID 电流环 控制模块以及电机驱动电路模块,
所述实际电流采集模块用于接收到防抱死制动控制策略模块调整后的对应的电制 动器内制动电机的目标电流后, 实时采集对应的电制动器内制动电机的实际电流, 并 将其输出至 PID电流环控制模块;
所述 PID电流环控制模块用于实时接收防抱死制动控制策略模块调整后的对应的 电制动器内制动电机的目标电流以及实际电流采集模块实时采集的对应的电制动器内 制动电机的实际电流, 并对所述目标电流与所述实际电流之间的偏差进行闭环调节, 以得出当前电机驱动电路模块的控制电压值, 并将其输出至电机驱动电路模块; 所述电机驱动电路模块用于实时接收 PID电流环控制模块得出的控制电压值, 并 根据所述控制电压值输出制动控制驱动信号至对应的电制动器, 以驱动并调节对应的 电制动器内制动电机转动, 使得所述电制动器对其对应的车轮实施制动, 从而实时调 节所述制动电机的实际电流, 直至所述实际电流与所述目标电流趋于一致或者所述实 际电流与所述目标电流之间的偏差在误差允许的范围内为止。
优选的是, 所述制动信号输入单元中还包括有电子驻车开关和 /或手刹拉杆, 所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆用于接收制动信号并将之输出至中央控制单元; 所述中央控制单元还用于在接收到所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号 后, 根据所述制动信号结合从汽车总线上读取的离合器开关信号、 电子制动踏板输出 的制动信号以及由车速估算模块估算出的车速判断是否实施驻车制动:
如果判断实施驻车制动, 则所述中央控制单元还用于将所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉 杆输出的制动信号转化为各个电制动器内制动电机的最大目标电流信号并通过汽车总 线输出至各个电制动器执行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块, 当所述各个电制动器执 行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块分别实时接收到中央控制单元输出的最大目标电流 信号后, 分别实时输出一路驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动器, 由电制动器对其 对应的车轮实施驻车制动;
如果判断不实施驻车制动, 则所述中央控制单元继续实时接收所述电子驻车开关 / 手刹拉杆输出的制动信号, 直至判断实施驻车制动为止。
优选的是, 所述电制动器还包括减速增矩机构、 推进机构、 制动盘与摩擦片, 当 所述电机驱动电路模块输出制动控制驱动信号 /驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动 器后, 所述电制动器内的制动电机用于输出相应力矩, 所述减速增矩机构用于将所述 力矩进行减速增矩后传递给推进机构, 所述推进机构用于将制动电机输出的旋转运动 转化为直线运动并向摩擦片的方向作推进运动, 消除制动盘与摩擦片之间的间隙, 产 生用于制动的制动夹紧力, 以实现制动 /驻车制动; 所述推进机构采用非自锁机构; 所 述制动电机采用有霍尔的直流无刷电机。
优选的是, 所述每个电制动器执行控制单元还包括电磁铁控制电路模块及电磁铁 驱动电路模块, 所述电制动器还包括自锁保压机构;
所述中央控制单元还用于在所述电制动器对其对应的车轮实施驻车制动后, 将所 述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号转化为多路电磁铁控制信号, 所述电磁铁控 制信号的数量与电制动器执行控制单元的数量相同, 且每路电磁铁控制信号均对应一 个电制动器执行控制单元;
所述电磁铁控制电路模块用于在接收到中央控制单元输出的对应该电制动器执行 控制单元的该路电磁铁控制信号后, 实时控制所述电磁铁驱动电路模块输出驻车保持 信号至对应的电制动器中的自锁保压机构, 以驱动所述自锁保压机构进行驻车制动力 保持。
进一步优选的是, 所述自锁保压机构包括电磁铁、 棘轮和弹性机构, 所述电磁铁 的磁芯与弹性机构相连, 所述棘轮与制动电机的转动轴固定连接,
所述电磁铁驱动电路模块用于输出驻车保持信号至自锁保压机构中的电磁铁, 以 使得电磁铁断电;
当电磁铁通电时, 弹性机构处于压縮状态, 而当电磁铁断电时, 弹性机构中的弹 性势能被释放从而推动电磁铁的磁芯插入棘轮并将棘轮锁死, 以使得与棘轮固定连接 的制动电机的转动轴被锁死, 从而实现驻车制动力的保持。
本发明还提供一种采用上述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统的汽车。
综上所述, 本发明的有益效果在于: ① . 本发明所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统 (以下简称制动系统) 使用电 子制动踏板取代了传统的液压制动踏板, 并取消了真空助力器, 从而减小了制动系统 的体积和重量;
② . 所述制动系统中的中央控制单元和电制动器执行控制单元取代了传统的液压 制动系统中的液压控制单元和液压调节阀, 且所述电子制动踏板内置位移传感器, 其 能够精确的捕获电子制动踏板的位移量, 并将所述位移量转换成位移信号, 同时将该 位移信号作为制动信号传递给中央控制单元及电制动器执行控制单元, 以实现制动, 同时所述制动系统还具有一键驻车功能, 因而是一种纯电控的电子行车与电子驻车制 动系统;
③. 所述制动系统中每个车轮均对应一个电制动器及一个轮速传感器, 可分别对 每个车轮的制动力矩进行独立控制与实时调节, 而且当其中某一个车轮的制动器出现 故障时, 并不影响整车的制动性能;
④ . 所述制动系统采用分布式控制方式, 即通过一个中央控制单元分别控制多个 电制动器执行控制单元, 每个电制动器执行控制单元均为独立的控制系统, 例如独立 的单片机系统, 并包括独立的实际电流采集模块、 PID 电流环控制模块以及电机驱动 电路模块, 彼此互补干扰, 且每个电制动器执行控制单元均对应一个电制动器, 当某 一个电制动器执行控制单元出现故障时, 并不会影响其他电制动器的驱动和控制, 进 而不会影响整车的制动性能;
⑤ . 所述制动系统中的电制动器内的推进机构采用的是非自锁机构, 其好处在于, 当作用于车轮上的制动夹紧力过大而需要减小时, 只需减小制动器内的制动电机的输 出力矩, 所述非自锁机构即可在制动盘与摩擦片的反作用力的作用下自动回退, 无需 制动电机反转即可达到卸力的目的, 从而縮短了电子机械制动系统的响应时间, 且所 述非自锁机构在前进或者后退时不会出现锁死的现象;
⑥ . 所述制动系统中的电制动器内的自锁保压机构采用电磁铁和棘轮, 其好处在 于, 当所述电制动器需要长时间保压时, 所述电磁铁断电, 其磁芯插入棘轮并将棘轮 锁死, 以使得与棘轮固定连接的制动电机的转动轴被锁死, 从而实现驻车制动力的保 持, 与电磁铁通电保压实现方法相比能够节约电能;
⑦ . 所述制动系统能够周期采集四个车轮的轮速信号, 并通过所述轮速信号实时 改变作用于各车轮的制动夹紧力, 当作用于车轮的制动夹紧力改变后, 又会改变车轮 的轮速, 因此通过轮速信号的周期采集可实现各车轮的制动夹紧力的实时调节与动态 分配, 同时所述制动系统还具有防抱死功能, 从而提高车辆的制动性能和制动时车辆 行驶的稳定性;
⑧ . 所述制动系统中的中央控制单元通过汽车总线分别与四个电制动器执行控制 单元通信连接, 不但提高了中央控制单元与电制动器执行控制单元之间的数据传输速 度, 而且将可以使用于传输数据的线路减至最少, 因而减少了需进行数据传输的部件 所需的线束数量和体积, 故既简化了整车布置, 又简化了制动系统的设计;
⑨ . 所述制动系统结构简单、 紧凑、 安装方便、 成本低、 制动响应快、 无污染。 附图说明
图 1为本发明实施例 1中基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统的结构框图; 图 2为图 1中的中央控制单元与四个电制动器执行控制单元中的一个电制动器执 行控制单元的连接关系示意图;
图 3为图 1中电制动器的剖面结构示意图。 具体实施方式
为使本领域技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案, 下面结合附图和具体实施方 式对本发明基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统以及采用所述制动系统的汽车作进一步 详细描述。
所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统包括制动信号输入单元、 中央控制单元、 多个电制动器执行控制单元以及多个电制动器, 所述电制动器包括制动电机; 所述电 制动器执行控制单元的数量与所述电制动器的数量相同, 且每个电制动器执行控制单 元均对应一个电制动器, 每个电制动器均对应一个车轮;
所述信号输入单元用于接收制动信号, 并将所述制动信号实时输出至中央控制单 元;
所述中央控制单元用于根据所述接收的制动信号实时输出多路制动电机目标电 流信号, 所述制动电机目标电流信号的数量与电制动器执行控制单元的数量相同, 且 每路制动电机目标电流信号均对应一个电制动器执行控制单元, 所述多路制动电机目 标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元;
所述各个电制动器执行控制单元分别用于实时接收各自对应的一路制动电机目 标电流信号,并根据所述制动电机目标电流信号实时驱动和控制各自对应的电制动器; 所述各个电制动器用于对其对应的车轮实施制动。
所述汽车采用上述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统。 实施例 1 :
本实施例中, 所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统应用于四轮汽车, 所述四轮 汽车包括四个车轮, 其分别是左前轮、 右前轮、 左后轮和右后轮。
图 1为本发明实施例 1中基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统的结构框图。 如图 1 所示, 所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统 (以下简称制动系统) 包括制动信号输 入单元、 中央控制单元、 四个电制动器执行控制单元、 四个电制动器以及电源。 其中, 每个电制动器执行控制单元对应一个电制动器, 每个电制动器对应一个车轮, 所述四 个电制动器执行控制单元分别为左前轮电制动器执行控制单元、 右前轮电制动器执行 控制单元、 左后轮电制动器执行控制单元、 右后轮电制动器执行控制单元, 所述四个 电制动器分别为左前轮电制动器、 右前轮电制动器、 左后轮电制动器、 右后轮电制动 器。
这里, 通过为每个车轮配置一个电制动器及其执行控制单元, 所述制动系统可分 别对每个车轮的制动力矩进行独立控制与实时调节, 使得该制动系统对制动力的分配 和控制更加灵活。 而且当其中某一个车轮的制动器和 /或其执行控制单元出现故障时, 并不影响整车的制动性能。 当然, 本发明所述制动系统不限应用于四轮汽车, 其可应 用于任意多轮汽车, 所述多轮汽车也可根据其实际需求配置相应数量的电制动器及其 执行控制单元。
所述汽车总线可采用 CAN总线或 Flexray总线。 当然还可采用 LIN总线、 VAN 总线、 IDB-M、 MOST、 USB 禾 B IEEE 1394等其它通讯总线。 所述中央控制单元分别 与四个电制动器执行控制单元通过汽车总线通信连接, 既简化了整车布置, 又简化了 制动系统的设计。
所述制动信号输入单元包括电子制动踏板。 所述电子制动踏板是一种脚踏板压力 模拟器, 用于取代现有的制动踏板和真空助力器。 电子制动踏板内置位移传感器, 其 能够精确的捕获驾驶员踩踏电子制动踏板的位移大小(即位移量), 当驾驶员需要所述 制动系统输出较大制动力时, 会用力踩下电子制动踏板, 电子制动踏板则产生较大位 移; 当驾驶员需要制动系统输出较小制动力时, 其踩踏电子制动踏板的力度较小, 电 子制动踏板则产生较小位移。所述位移传感器能够将所捕获的位移量转化为位移信号, 同时将该位移信号作为制动信号输出至中央控制单元, 该制动信号即代表了驾驶员的 制动意图, 从而使中央控制单元可根据驾驶员的制动意图进行动作。
所述制动系统还包括与四个车轮分别对应的四个轮速传感器。 所述四个电制动器 中均包括制动电机。 本实施例中, 所述四个轮速传感器分别为左前轮轮速传感器、 右 前轮轮速传感器、 左后轮轮速传感器、 右后轮轮速传感器。 所述轮速传感器用于获取 其所对应的车轮的轮速信号, 并将所获取的轮速信号传送至中央控制单元。 所述中央 控制单元在接收到电子制动踏板内置的位移传感器实时输出的制动信号(即位移信号) 的同时, 开始周期采集四个轮速传感器所传送的轮速信号, 根据采集到的轮速信号通 过计算识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 再根据汽车所处的路面信息结合所述电子制动踏 板实时输出的制动信号对所述四个电制动器进行制动力分配, 以得到四个制动力, 并 根据分配得到的四个制动力分别形成四路制动电机目标电流信号, 所述四路制动电机 目标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元。 本实施例中, 所述汽车总线采用 CAN总线,所述中央控制单元对轮速传感器所传送的轮速信号进行 采集的采集周期为 10ms。
图 2为图 1中的中央控制单元与四个电制动器执行控制单元中的一个电制动器执 行控制单元的连接关系示意图。 具体地, 如图 2所示, 本实施例中, 所述中央控制单 元包括轮速计算模块、 车速估算模块、 路面识别模块、 常规制动控制策略模块、 制动 力分配模块 (EBD, Electric Brakeforce Distribution ) 以及防抱死制动控制策略模块 ( ABS , Anti-locked Braking System)。
所述轮速计算模块用于对中央控制单元周期采集到的、 经中央控制单元内部的滤 波、 放大和整形电路处理后的轮速信号分别进行计算得出四个车轮的轮速, 并将其输 出至所述车速估算模块。 其中, 所述轮速传感器输出的轮速信号为电流信号, 中央控 制单元通过其内部的采样电阻将所述电流信号转换为微弱的近似正弦波的电压信号, 再将所述电压信号经其内部的滤波、 放大和整形等调理电路进行信号处理后输出脉冲 方波信号, 然后对所述脉冲方波信号进行计数并结合定时器通过轮速计算模块分别计 算得出四个车轮的轮速。
所述车速估算模块用于根据计算得出的四个车轮的轮速估算出汽车的车速、 四个 车轮的角速度、 四个车轮的角加速度、 以及四个车轮的角加速度变化率, 并将估算得 到的上述数据信号输出至路面识别模块。
所述路面识别模块通过卡尔曼滤波器求出根据所述估算出的汽车的车速、 四个车 轮的角速度、 四个车轮的角加速度、 以及四个车轮的角加速度变化率的滤波值, 根据 所述滤波值, 通过多项式变换求出四个车轮的目标滑移率, 通过三角变换求出四个车 轮的路面摩擦系数, 根据四个车轮的路面摩擦系数可以识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 并将汽车所处的路面信息输出至制动力分配模块。 所述常规制动控制策略模块用于接收电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号, 并根据 所述接收的制动信号和与整车匹配的电子制动踏板的位移与制动力曲线计算出四个电 制动器需输出的制动力, 然后根据车轮半径和所述四个电制动器需输出的制动力推算 出四个电制动器应输出的制动力矩, 根据车轮半径和四个电制动器内的制动盘的半径 推算出四个制动盘制动扭矩, 结合所述四个电制动器输出的制动力矩与四个制动盘制 动扭矩并根据电制动器的机械结构传动比推算出四个电制动器内制动电机的输出扭 矩, 再根据所述四个电制动器内制动电机输出扭矩与制动电机电流的对应关系, 推算 出四个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流。
所述制动力分配模块根据路面识别模块推算出的汽车所处的路面信息 (各车轮的 目标滑移率与路面摩擦系数), 通过整车动力学方程求出车辆直行、转弯时四个车轮制 动力分配系数和车身参考加速度, 对常规制动控制策略模块推算出的四个电制动器内 制动电机的初始目标电流进行初始分配。
所述防抱死制动控制策略模块用于将路面识别模块推算出的四个车轮的目标滑 移率与各车轮的实际滑移率进行比较, 并结合四个车轮的实际角加速度对完成初始分 配的四个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流进行调整, 并将四路调整后的目标电流 信号通过汽车总线输出。
具体来说, 如图 2所示, 当所述汽车总线采用 CAN总线时, 优选所述中央控制 单元中还包括有第一 CAN收发模块, 所述第一 CAN收发模块用于接收所述防抱死制 动控制策略模块输出的四路调整后的目标电流信号, 再将所述四路调整后的目标电流 信号传输至 CAN总线上, 即所述四路调整后的目标电流信号经所述 CAN总线传输。
所述四个电制动器执行单元中, 任一个电制动器执行控制单元均包括实际电流采 集模块、 PID 电流环控制模块以及电机驱动电路模块。 由于四个车轮所分别对应的电 制动器执行控制单元的结构以及功能均相同, 下面仅以对应左前轮的电制动器执行控 制单元来进行说明。
优选的是, 所述电制动器执行控制单元中还包括有第二 CAN 收发模块。 所述第 二 CAN收发模块用于从 CAN总线上接收四路调整后的目标电流信号中的一路 (该路 目标电流信号对应制动左前轮的电制动器, 下称左前轮电制动器) 并将之输出。
所述实际电流采集模块用于从所述第二 CAN 收发模块中接收防抱死制动控制策 略模块输出的与左前轮电制动器对应的一路调整后的目标电流信号后, 实时采集左前 轮电制动器内制动电机的实际电流, 并将其输出至 PID电流环控制模块。
所述 PID 电流环控制模块用于从所述第二 CAN收发模块中实时接收防抱死制动 控制策略模块输出的与左前轮电制动器对应的一路调整后的目标电流信号和接收实际 电流采集模块实时采集的对应左前轮电制动器内制动电机的实际电流, 并对所述目标 电流与所述实际电流之间的偏差进行闭环调节, 以得出当前电机驱动电路模块的控制 电压值, 并将其输出至电机驱动电路模块。
所述电机驱动电路模块用于实时接收 PID 电流环控制模块得出的上述控制电压 值, 并根据所述控制电压值输出制动控制驱动信号至左前轮电制动器, 以驱动并调节 左前轮电制动器内制动电机转动, 使得所述左前轮电制动器对左前轮实施制动, 从而 实时调节所述制动电机的实际电流, 直至所述实际电流与所述目标电流趋于一致或者 所述实际电流与所述目标电流之间的偏差在误差允许的范围内为止。
所述制动信号输入单元还包括电子驻车开关以及手刹拉杆。 所述电子驻车开关和 手刹拉杆均用于接收制动信号并将之输出至中央控制单元。 当车辆停止时, 驾驶员可 触发电子驻车开关, 由所述电子驻车开关实时输出制动信号至中央控制单元。 所述制 动系统还保留了传统液压制动系统中的手刹驻车制动功能, 当车辆停止时, 驾驶员还 可以选择操作手刹拉杆, 由所述手刹拉杆实时输出制动信号至中央控制单元。
所述中央控制单元在实时接收到所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号(也 可称为驻车制动开关信号) 后, 根据所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号, 结 合从汽车总线上读取的离合器开关信号、 由电子制动踏板输出的制动信号以及由所述 车速估算模块估算出的车速判断是否实施驻车制动:
如判断实施驻车制动,则所述中央控制单元将所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的 制动信号转化为四个电制动器内制动电机的最大目标电流信号 (即四路最大目标电流 信号)并通过汽车总线分别输出至四个电制动器执行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块, 当所述四个电制动器执行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块分别实时接收到中央控制单 元输出的最大目标电流信号后, 再分别实时输出一路驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的电 制动器, 由所述电制动器对其对应的车轮实施驻车制动。
如果判断不实施驻车制动, 则所述中央控制单元继续实时接收所述电子驻车开关
/手刹拉杆输出的制动信号, 直至判断实施驻车制动为止。
本实施例中, 所述每个电制动器执行控制单元还包括电磁铁控制电路模块及电磁 铁驱动电路模块。
所述中央控制单元将所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号转化为四路电 磁铁控制信号, 每路电磁铁控制信号均对应一个电制动器执行控制单元;
所述电磁铁控制电路模块用于从所述第二 CAN 收发模块中接收到中央控制单元 输出的对应该电制动器执行控制单元的一路电磁铁控制信号后, 实时控制所述电磁铁 驱动电路模块输出驻车保持信号至对应的电制动器, 以实现驻车制动力保持。
图 3为图 1中电制动器的剖面结构示意图。 如图 3所示, 本实施例中, 所述每个 电制动器包括自锁保压机构 (图中未示出)、 制动电机 8、 减速增矩机构、 推进机构、 制动盘 2与摩擦片 1、 3。
所述电磁铁驱动电路模块输出驻车保持信号至对应的电制动器中的自锁保压机 构, 以驱动所述自锁保压机构进行驻车制动力保持。
优选所述自锁保压机构包括电磁铁、 棘轮和弹性机构。 所述电磁铁的磁芯与弹性 机构相连, 所述棘轮与制动电机的转动轴固定连接。 所述电磁铁驱动电路模块用于输 出驻车保持信号至自锁保压机构中的电磁铁, 以使得电磁铁断电。 当电磁铁通电时, 弹性机构处于压縮状态, 而当电磁铁断电时, 弹性机构中的弹性势能被释放从而推动 电磁铁的磁芯插入棘轮并将棘轮锁死, 以使得与棘轮固定连接的制动电机的转动轴被 锁死, 从而实现驻车制动力的保持。 其与传统的电磁铁通电保压技术相比, 能够节约 电能。
当所述电机驱动电路模块输出制动控制驱动信号 /驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的 电制动器后, 控制所述电制动器内的制动电机输出相应力矩, 所述力矩经所述减速增 矩机构进行减速增矩后传递给推进机构, 所述推进机构将制动电机输出的旋转运动转 化为直线运动并向摩擦片的方向作进给运动, 消除制动盘与摩擦片之间的间隙, 产生 用于制动的制动夹紧力, 以实现制动 /驻车制动。
具体的, 所述减速增矩机构采用依次相连的减速齿轮机构和行星齿轮机构。 减速 齿轮机构中包括有依次啮合的多个减速齿轮, 其中第一级减速齿轮与制动电机 8的输 出轴相连, 最后一级减速齿轮为减速齿轮 13 ; 行星齿轮机构中包括有太阳轮、 行星齿 轮 11以及行星架 10, 所述太阳轮与减速齿轮 13固定连接。
所述推进机构采用滚珠丝杆机构, 所述滚珠丝杆机构包括丝杆 4和螺母 6。 其中 丝杆 4与行星齿轮机构中的行星架 10通过行星架上自带的矩形花键固定连接,当制动 电机 8将其输出力矩传递到丝杆 4从而带动丝杆 4转动时, 丝杆 4上的螺母 6在丝杆 4上作直线运动, 使螺母 6向摩擦片的方向作进给运动。
本实施例中, 所述滚珠丝杆机构中的丝杠 4与螺母 6通过螺纹非自锁连接, 即所 述推进机构采用非自锁机构, 其优点是, 当作用于车轮上的制动夹紧力过大而需要减 小时, 只需减小制动电机 8的输出力矩, 所述非自锁机构即可在制动盘 2与摩擦片 1、 3 的反作用力的作用下自动回退, 以减少作用在车轮上的制动夹紧力, 当所述制动夹 紧力与反作用力之间的平衡发生偏移时, 所述非自锁机构可自动前进或者后退直至所 述夹紧力与反作用力平衡为止, 无需制动电机 8反转即可达到卸力的目的, 从而縮短 了电子机械制动系统的响应时间, 且所述非自锁机构在前进或者后退时不会出现锁死 的现象。
制动电机 8的输出轴依次与减速齿轮机构、 行星齿轮机构、 滚珠丝杆机构相连。 制动电机 8转动并输出力矩, 带动减速齿轮机构转动, 从而带动行星齿轮机构转动, 进而将力矩传递给与行星齿轮机构中的行星架 10 通过其自带的矩形花键固定连接的 滚珠丝杆机构。
制动器钳体 9套于滚珠丝杆机构的外部, 用于承受制动夹紧力的反作用力。 本实施例中, 所述制动电机 8采用有霍尔的直流无刷电机。 所述有霍尔的直流无 刷电机能够在转速较低的情况下输出较大的转矩, 从而可为电制动器提供较大的启动 转矩; 其采用电子换向器替代机械电刷来实现换向, 稳定可靠。 有霍尔的直流无刷电 机还具有调速范围宽、 效率高、 过载能力强等优点。 通过所述有霍尔的直流无刷电机 中的霍尔传感器输出的霍尔位置信号还可实现所述直流无刷电机的三环 (位置环、 速 度环、 电流环等三个闭环负反馈 PID调节系统) 控制, 即通过所述霍尔传感器进行霍 尔计数可计算得到所述直流无刷电机的转速, 以及所述直流无刷电机从起始位置开始 转动的圈数, 从而计算出推进机构行程, 再根据推进机构行程和制动夹紧力之间的关 系推算出制动夹紧力的数值, 从而实现了在无压力传感器的情况下对制动夹紧力的闭 环控制。
在车辆开始制动时为了减少制动响应时间, 快速消除空行程, 需要制动电机全速 推动推进机构向摩擦片方向移动, 以快速消除制动盘与摩擦片之间的间隙, 产生用于 制动的夹紧力, 使用上述有霍尔的直流无刷电机的速度环进行控制与调节可实现对该 电机转速的精确控制。
所述电源用于为中央控制单元和四个电制动器执行控制单元供电。
本实施例同时提供一种采用本实施例所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统的 汽车。
本发明所述基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统的工作过程如下:
在车辆行驶过程中, 当需要制动时, 驾驶员踩下电子制动踏板, 所述电子制动踏 板实时输出制动信号, 同时所述中央控制单元开始周期采集电子制动踏板输出的制动 信号 (即位移信号), 该制动信号为 0〜5V 的模拟信号, 然后将所述电子制动踏板输 出的制动信号实时输入至中央控制单元。 所述周期采集的目的是为了实时捕获踏板输 出的制动信号, 以及时获知驾驶员的制动意图。 所述采集周期为 10ms。
所述中央控制单元接收到电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号的同时, 开始周期采 集各个轮速传感器所发出轮速信号, 中央控制单元将所述轮速信号结合所述电子制动 踏板输出的制动信号经其内部的轮速计算模块、 车速估算模块、 路面识别模块、 常规 制动控制策略模块、 制动力分配模块以及防抱死制动控制策略模块换算成各个电制动 器内制动电机的目标电流信号, 然后通过汽车总线输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单 元。 所述采集周期为 10ms。
当各个电制动器执行控制单元通过汽车总线实时接收到中央控制单元输出的目 标电流信号后, 通过其内的电机驱动电路模块实时输出一路制动控制驱动信号至其对 应的电制动器, 从而可实时控制各电制动器内的制动电机输出相应力矩, 各电制动器 内的制动电机、 减速增矩机构和推进机构相互配合产生夹紧力作用于制动盘, 以实现 制动; 同时, 各个电制动器执行控制单元中的实际电流采集模块开始实时采集对应的 电制动器内制动电机的实际电流, 并将其输出至 PID电流环控制模块, 所述 PID电流 环控制模块实时接收中央控制单元输出的目标电流信号, 并对所述目标电流与所述实 际电流之间的偏差进行闭环调节, 从而实时调节所述制动电机的实际电流, 直至所述 实际电流与所述目标电流趋于一致或者所述实际电流与所述目标电流之间的偏差在误 差允许的范围内为止。
在车辆制动过程中, 当驾驶员需要加大刹车力度, 即需要输出更大制动力时, 只 需加大踩踏电子制动踏板的力度, 电子制动踏板就会产生更大位移, 其输出的制动信 号也会相应增大, 所述增大后的制动信号输入至中央控制单元后, 由其换算为各个电 制动器内制动电机的更大的目标电流, 各个电制动器执行控制单元内的电机驱动电路 模块根据所述更大的目标电流信号输出制动控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动器, 从而 控制各电制动器输出更大的制动力矩, 即产生更大的制动夹紧力作用于各车轮。
当作用于车轮上的制动夹紧力过大致使某一个或几个车轮产生滑移时, 中央控制 单元通过其内部的轮速计算模块与车速估算模块得出车轮的轮速以及车速, 结合各车 轮的轮速与车速可判断出哪一个或几个车轮产生了滑移, 此时中央控制单元会通过路 面识别模块、 制动力分配模块以及防抱死制动控制策略模块自动进行防滑调节, 并针 对产生滑移的车轮不断调节中央控制单元输出的该车轮对应的电制动器的制动电机目 标电流信号, 以调节产生滑移的车轮对应的电制动器内的制动电机的输入电压进而控 制其输出的力矩, 实现了对产生滑移的车轮的制动夹紧力的实时调节。
在车辆制动过程中, 当驾驶员需要减小刹车力度, 即需要输出更小制动力时, 只 需减小踩踏电子制动踏板的力度, 电子制动踏板就会产生更小位移, 其输出的制动信 号也相应减小, 所述减小后的制动信号输入至中央控制单元后, 由其推算出各个电制 动器内制动电机的更小的目标电流, 各个电制动器执行控制单元内的电机驱动电路模 块根据所述更小的目标电流输出制动控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动器, 从而控制各 电制动器输出更小的制动力矩, 即产生更小的制动夹紧力作用于各车轮。
由于所述电制动器中的推进机构采用非自锁机构, 因此需要减小作用于各车轮的 制动夹紧力时, 无需控制各电制动器内的制动电机反转, 只需调节中央控制单元输出 的各车轮对应的电制动器的制动电机目标电流信号, 进而调节所述车轮对应的电制动 器内的制动电机的输入电压, 并减少制动电机的输出力矩以及作用在摩擦片上的制动 夹紧力, 所述非自锁机构即可在制动盘与摩擦片的反作用力的作用下自动回退, 实现 了制动夹紧力与所述反作用力的平衡调节, 进而实现了所述车轮的防抱死调节。 在上 述整个调节过程中, 制动电机一直处于堵转状态。 此种结构的制动系统使得各车轮不 会因承受较大的制动夹紧力而产生锁死现象, 即车辆在制动状态下仍能转向, 保证了 车辆制动方向的稳定性, 防止其产生侧滑和跑偏。
由于中央控制单元采集轮速信号的周期为 10ms,其在车辆制动过程中可多次采集 四个车轮的轮速信号, 并根据轮速信号多次调节其输出的四路制动电机目标电流信号 及四个电制动器内的各个制动电机的输入电压, 进而多次调节各个制动电机输出的力 矩以及对应车轮的制动夹紧力, 对应车轮的制动夹紧力被调节后又会改变其轮速, 周 而复始, 从而实现所述制动系统的防抱死功能。 制动电机采用 PID电流闭环控制, 使 各个制动电机的控制更加精确。 通过轮速信号的周期采集可实现各车轮的制动夹紧力 的实时调节与动态分配, 同时所述制动系统还具有防抱死功能, 从而提高车辆的制动 性能和制动时车辆行驶的稳定性。
当车辆停止时, 驾驶员可触发电子驻车开关, 所述电子驻车开关实时输出制动信 号至中央控制单元, 所述中央控制单元实时接收到电子驻车开关实时输出的制动信号 后判断是否实施驻车制动, 如判断实施驻车制动, 则将电子驻车开关实时输出的制动 信号转化为各个电制动器内制动电机的最大目标电流信号并通过汽车总线输出至电机 驱动电路模块, 然后所述电机驱动电路模块实时输出一路驻车控制驱动信号至其对应 的电制动器, 从而可实时控制各个电制动器内的制动电机的输出相应力矩, 各个电制 动器内的制动电机、 减速增矩机构和推进机构相互配合产生足够大的夹紧力并作用于 制动盘, 消除制动盘与摩擦片之间的间隙, 从而实现驻车制动。
本发明电子机械制动系统保留了传统液压制动系统中的手刹驻车制动功能, 当车 辆停止时, 驾驶员还可以选择操作手刹拉杆, 使得所述手刹拉杆输出制动信号, 以实 现驻车制动。 实施例 2:
本实施例与实施例 1的区别在于:所述制动信号输入单元中不包括电子驻车开关。 本实施例中的其他结构都与实施例 1相同, 这里不再赘述。 实施例 3 :
本实施例与实施例 1的区别在于: 所述中央控制单元中不包括所述防抱死制动控 制策略模块。
本实施例中的其他结构都与实施例 1相同, 这里不再赘述。 实施例 4:
本实施例与实施例 1的区别在于: 所述电制动器执行控制单元不包括电磁铁控制 电路模块及电磁铁驱动电路模块; 所述电制动器不包括自锁保压机构。
本实施例中的其他结构都与实施例 1相同, 这里不再赘述。 可以理解的是, 以上实施方式仅仅是为了说明本发明的原理而采用的示例性实施 方式, 然而本发明并不局限于此。 对于本领域内的普通技术人员而言, 在不脱离本发 明的精神和实质的情况下, 可以做出各种变型和改进, 这些变型和改进也视为本发明 的保护范围。

Claims

权利要求书
1. 一种基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 包括: 制动信号输入单 元、 中央控制单元、 多个电制动器执行控制单元以及多个电制动器, 所述电制动器包 括制动电机; 所述电制动器执行控制单元的数量与所述电制动器的数量相同, 且每个 电制动器执行控制单元均对应一个电制动器, 每个电制动器均对应一个车轮;
所述制动信号输入单元用于接收制动信号, 并将所述制动信号实时输出至中央控 制单元;
所述中央控制单元用于根据接收的所述制动信号实时输出多路制动电机目标电流 信号, 所述制动电机目标电流信号的数量与电制动器执行控制单元的数量相同, 且每 路制动电机目标电流信号均对应一个电制动器执行控制单元, 所述多路制动电机目标 电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元;
所述各个电制动器执行控制单元分别用于实时接收各自对应的一路制动电机目标 电流信号, 并根据所述制动电机目标电流信号实时驱动和控制各自对应的电制动器; 所述各个电制动器用于对其对应的车轮实施制动。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述制动信号输入单元包括电子制动踏板, 所述电子制动踏板内置位移传感器, 所述位移传感器用于捕获驾驶员踩踏电子制动踏板的位移量, 并将所述位移量转换成 位移信号, 同时将该位移信号作为制动信号实时输出至中央控制单元;
所述制动系统还包括与多个车轮分别对应的多个轮速传感器, 且所述轮速传感器 的数量与所述电制动器的数量相同, 所述轮速传感器用于获取其所对应的车轮的轮速 信号, 并将所获取的轮速信号传送至中央控制单元, 所述中央控制单元还用于在接收 到电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号的同时, 开始周期采集多个轮速传感器所传送的 轮速信号, 根据采集到的轮速信号通过计算识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 再根据汽车 所处的路面信息结合所述电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号进行制动力分配, 以得到 多个制动力, 并根据分配得到的多个制动力分别形成多路制动电机目标电流信号, 所 述多路制动电机目标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单 元; 所述中央控制单元对轮速传感器所传送的轮速信号进行采集的采集周期为 10ms。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 中央控制单元包括轮速计算模块、 车速估算模块、 路面识别模块、 常规制动控制策略 模块以及制动力分配模块,
所述轮速计算模块用于对中央控制单元周期采集到的轮速信号进行计算以得出各 车轮的轮速, 并将所述计算得到的轮速输出至车速估算模块;
所述车速估算模块用于根据计算得出各车轮的轮速估算出汽车的车速、 各车轮的 角速度、 各车轮的角加速度以及各车轮的角加速度变化率, 并将估算得到的上述数据 信号输出至路面识别模块;
所述路面识别模块用于根据所述估算出的汽车的车速、 各车轮的角速度、 各车轮 的角加速度以及各车轮的角加速度变化率推算出各车轮的目标滑移率与各车轮的路面 摩擦系数, 再根据各车轮的路面摩擦系数识别出汽车所处的路面信息, 并将汽车所处 的路面信息输出至制动力分配模块;
所述常规制动控制策略模块用于接收电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号并根据所 述接收的制动信号推算出各个电制动器需输出的制动力, 并将推算得到的各个电制动 器需输出的制动力输出至制动力分配模块;
所述制动力分配模块用于根据路面识别模块传送的汽车所处的路面信号结合常规 制动控制策略模块推算出的各个电制动器需输出的制动力以对各个电制动器的制动力 进行初始分配, 从而形成所述多路制动电机目标电流信号, 再将所述多路制动电机目 标电流信号通过汽车总线分别输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元。
4. 根据权利要求 3所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 中央控制单元中还包括防抱死制动控制策略模块;
常规制动控制策略模块还用于根据所述电子制动踏板实时输出的制动信号推算出 各个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流;
所述制动力分配模块根据汽车所处的路面信息结合常规制动控制策略模块推算出 的各个电制动器需输出的制动力以对各个电制动器的制动力进行初始分配是对常规制 动控制策略模块推算出的各个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流进行初始分配; 所述防抱死制动控制策略模块用于将路面识别模块推算出的各车轮的目标滑移率 与各车轮的实际滑移率进行比较, 并结合各车轮的实际角加速度对完成初始分配的各 个电制动器内制动电机的初始目标电流进行调整, 并分别将调整后的各个电制动器内 制动电机的目标电流通过汽车总线输出至对应的电制动器执行控制单元。
5. 根据权利要求 4所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 每个电制动器执行控制单元包括实际电流采集模块、 PID 电流环控制模块以及电机驱 动电路模块,
所述实际电流采集模块用于接收到防抱死制动控制策略模块调整后的对应的电制 动器内制动电机的目标电流后, 实时采集对应的电制动器内制动电机的实际电流, 并 将其输出至 PID电流环控制模块;
所述 PID电流环控制模块用于实时接收防抱死制动控制策略模块调整后的对应的 电制动器内制动电机的目标电流以及实际电流采集模块实时采集的对应的电制动器内 制动电机的实际电流, 并对所述目标电流与所述实际电流之间的偏差进行闭环调节, 以得出当前电机驱动电路模块的控制电压值, 并将其输出至电机驱动电路模块;
所述电机驱动电路模块用于实时接收 PID电流环控制模块得出的控制电压值, 并 根据所述控制电压值输出制动控制驱动信号至对应的电制动器, 以驱动并调节对应的 电制动器内制动电机转动, 使得所述电制动器对其对应的车轮实施制动, 从而实时调 节所述制动电机的实际电流, 直至所述实际电流与所述目标电流趋于一致或者所述实 际电流与所述目标电流之间的偏差在误差允许的范围内为止。
6. 根据权利要求 5所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 制动信号输入单元中还包括有电子驻车开关和 /或手刹拉杆,
所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆用于接收制动信号并将之输出至中央控制单元; 所述中央控制单元还用于在接收到所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号 后, 根据所述制动信号结合从汽车总线上读取的离合器开关信号、 电子制动踏板输出 的制动信号以及由车速估算模块估算出的车速判断是否实施驻车制动:
如果判断实施驻车制动, 则所述中央控制单元还用于将所述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉 杆输出的制动信号转化为各个电制动器内制动电机的最大目标电流信号并通过汽车总 线输出至各个电制动器执行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块, 当所述各个电制动器执 行控制单元中的电机驱动电路模块分别实时接收到中央控制单元输出的最大目标电流 信号后, 分别实时输出一路驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动器, 由电制动器对其 对应的车轮实施驻车制动;
如果判断不实施驻车制动, 则所述中央控制单元继续实时接收所述电子驻车开关 / 手刹拉杆输出的制动信号, 直至判断实施驻车制动为止。
7. 根据权利要求 6所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 电制动器还包括减速增矩机构、 推进机构、 制动盘与摩擦片, 当所述电机驱动电路模 块输出制动控制驱动信号 /驻车控制驱动信号至其对应的电制动器后, 所述电制动器内 的制动电机用于输出相应力矩, 所述减速增矩机构用于将所述力矩进行减速增矩后传 递给推进机构, 所述推进机构用于将制动电机输出的旋转运动转化为直线运动并向摩 擦片的方向作推进运动, 消除制动盘与摩擦片之间的间隙, 产生用于制动的制动夹紧 力, 以实现制动 /驻车制动; 所述推进机构采用非自锁机构; 所述制动电机采用有霍尔 的直流无刷电机。
8. 根据权利要求 7所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 每个电制动器执行控制单元还包括电磁铁控制电路模块及电磁铁驱动电路模块, 所述 电制动器还包括自锁保压机构;
所述中央控制单元还用于在所述电制动器对其对应的车轮实施驻车制动后, 将所 述电子驻车开关 /手刹拉杆输出的制动信号转化为多路电磁铁控制信号, 所述电磁铁控 制信号的数量与电制动器执行控制单元的数量相同, 且每路电磁铁控制信号均对应一 个电制动器执行控制单元;
所述电磁铁控制电路模块用于在接收到中央控制单元输出的对应该电制动器执行 控制单元的该路电磁铁控制信号后, 实时控制所述电磁铁驱动电路模块输出驻车保持 信号至对应的电制动器中的自锁保压机构, 以驱动所述自锁保压机构进行驻车制动力 保持。
9. 根据权利要求 8所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述 自锁保压机构包括电磁铁、 棘轮和弹性机构, 所述电磁铁的磁芯与弹性机构相连, 所 述棘轮与制动电机的转动轴固定连接,
所述电磁铁驱动电路模块用于输出驻车保持信号至自锁保压机构中的电磁铁, 以 使得电磁铁断电;
当电磁铁通电时, 弹性机构处于压縮状态, 而当电磁铁断电时, 弹性机构中的弹 性势能被释放从而推动电磁铁的磁芯插入棘轮并将棘轮锁死, 以使得与棘轮固定连接 的制动电机的转动轴被锁死, 从而实现驻车制动力的保持。 10. 一种汽车, 包括制动系统, 其特征在于, 所述制动系统采用如权利要求 1一 9 任一项所述的基于汽车总线的电子机械制动系统。
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