WO2014016939A1 - Module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et composant pour celui-ci - Google Patents

Module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et composant pour celui-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014016939A1
WO2014016939A1 PCT/JP2012/069008 JP2012069008W WO2014016939A1 WO 2014016939 A1 WO2014016939 A1 WO 2014016939A1 JP 2012069008 W JP2012069008 W JP 2012069008W WO 2014016939 A1 WO2014016939 A1 WO 2014016939A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
emitting element
light emitting
optical fiber
grin lens
component
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2012/069008
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
鈴木　太郎
Original Assignee
東洋製罐グループホールディングス株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 東洋製罐グループホールディングス株式会社 filed Critical 東洋製罐グループホールディングス株式会社
Priority to PCT/JP2012/069008 priority Critical patent/WO2014016939A1/fr
Priority to JP2012543390A priority patent/JP5387930B1/ja
Publication of WO2014016939A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014016939A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module in which a light emitting element such as a laser diode used in optical communication and an optical fiber are coupled with high efficiency, and a light emitting element for manufacturing the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module.
  • a light emitting element such as a laser diode used in optical communication and an optical fiber are coupled with high efficiency
  • a light emitting element for manufacturing the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module -It relates to components for optical fiber coupling modules.
  • Patent Document 1 listed below discloses a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module that couples a light emitting element such as a laser diode and an optical fiber with high efficiency. This is because a through-hole is formed in the end surface of a cylindrical casing having a light-emitting element attached therein, and a second GRIN lens is fused to the tip of the optical fiber from the through-hole into the casing. The tip of the optical fiber component fused with the first GRIN lens having a larger numerical aperture than the second GRIN lens is inserted so as to face the light emitting element in the casing, and the optical fiber component is fixed by a fixing means. It is fixed to the through hole and the through hole is sealed.
  • a GRIN lens is an optical fiber that acts as a lens by having a refractive index distribution from the center to the radial direction, and the refractive index distribution is preferably a square distribution or a distribution close to a square distribution.
  • the numerical aperture of an optical fiber or GRIN lens is a critical angle (when light is incident on an optical fiber or GRIN lens with an inclination with respect to its axis, the maximum angle with respect to the axis that allows light to enter the optical fiber or GRIN lens) The sine value of
  • the light emitted from the light emitting element sequentially enters the optical fiber through the first GRIN lens and the second GRIN lens.
  • the numerical aperture NA1 of the first GRIN lens is the numerical aperture NA2 of the second GRIN lens. Therefore, the first GRIN lens having a large numerical aperture (preferably larger than the numerical aperture NAs of the light emitting element) is adopted, and the light emitted from the light emitting element is efficiently contained in the first GRIN lens. Can enter. Further, since the numerical aperture NA2 of the second GRIN lens is smaller than NA1, a sufficiently small numerical aperture can be selected, thereby reducing the critical angle of light from the second GRIN lens to the optical fiber (numerical aperture).
  • the meandering period of the light meandering through the GRIN lens becomes long and the angle with respect to the axis of the light exiting from the second GRIN lens is also small), so that light is transmitted from the second GRIN lens to the optical fiber. Enter efficiently.
  • the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module includes an optical fiber numerical aperture (NAf), a first GRIN lens numerical aperture (NA1), a second GRIN lens numerical aperture (NA2), and a light emitting element numerical aperture (NAs).
  • NAf optical fiber numerical aperture
  • NA1 first GRIN lens numerical aperture
  • NA2 second GRIN lens numerical aperture
  • NAs light emitting element numerical aperture
  • FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram showing how the beam b is emitted from the active layer 70 sandwiched between the cladding layers of the laser diode 7.
  • the shape of the outgoing beam b is elliptical, and the outgoing point p of the short axis Dp and the outgoing point q of the long axis Dq are shifted by ⁇ As.
  • the deviation ⁇ As of the emission point is, for example, several tens of microns.
  • the numerical aperture NAs of the output beam long axis of a laser diode having a large output is 0.43 or more.
  • a conventional cylindrical (cylindrical) An optical element such as a lens needs to be interposed between the light emitter and the fiber, and the structure is complicated and there is a limit to downsizing.
  • the present invention provides a light-emitting element / optical fiber having a high coupling efficiency by making the numerical aperture of the GRIN lens used for light-emitting element / optical fiber coupling larger than the original numerical aperture of the GRIN lens.
  • An object of the present invention is to make the structure of the coupling module simple and small.
  • Another object of the present invention is to widen the range of light-emitting elements that can be used as a light-emitting element / optical fiber coupling module that can handle light-emitting elements having a large aspect ratio.
  • the GRIN lens has a ridge line in the diametrical direction on one end face thereof, and both sides thereof are inclined surfaces that protrude to protrude the ridge line, and a portion including the ridge line is a curved surface.
  • This is a component for a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module.
  • the GRIN lens has a ridge line 10 in the diameter direction on one end face, and both sides thereof are inclined so as to project the ridge line.
  • An inclined surface 11 is formed.
  • the ridge line 10 is not sharp, and the surrounding portion including the ridge line 10 is a curved surface. For this reason, the light incident on the ridge line portion efficiently enters the GRIN lens without being diffused.
  • the periphery of the ridge line can be curved by electric discharge machining after polishing with the ridge line sharpened.
  • the ridge line portion can be curved.
  • the optical path of the laser light incident from the laser diode 7 into the component 1 is the same as that of the flat end surface.
  • the laser light emitted from the laser diode 7 is largely refracted by the inclined surface 11, so that the critical angle ⁇ 1 is larger than ⁇ 2.
  • FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the inclination angle ⁇ and the critical angles ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 when the refractive index of the outer peripheral portion of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 1 is 1.5.
  • ⁇ 1 increases as ⁇ increases.
  • the high-power beam of the laser diode 7 can be incident on the component 1 with high efficiency.
  • this invention is a component for light emitting element and optical fiber coupling modules which fused the optical fiber to the end surface on the opposite side to the end surface with the said ridgeline of the component of Claim 1.
  • a second GRIN lens having a smaller numerical aperture than that of the first GRIN lens is fused to the end surface of the first GRIN lens which is the component of claim 1 on the side opposite to the end surface where the ridgeline is located.
  • This is a component for a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module that is attached and fused with an optical fiber to the opposite end face of the second GRIN lens.
  • the laser light incident from the laser diode into the component can be incident on the core of the optical fiber and transmitted. it can.
  • a second GRIN lens having a larger numerical aperture than that of the first GRIN lens is fused to the end surface of the first GRIN lens which is the component of claim 1 on the side opposite to the end surface where the ridgeline is located.
  • This is a component for a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module that is attached and fused with an optical fiber to the opposite end face of the second GRIN lens.
  • NA1 the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens
  • NA2 the numerical aperture of the second GRIN lens
  • NAf the numerical aperture of the optical fiber
  • the light diffraction can be achieved by slightly changing the length of the first GRIN lens.
  • the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens is made smaller than the numerical aperture of the second GRIN lens, the length of the first GRIN lens is changed. Since the change in the distance to the beam waist is relatively small, the distance to the beam waist can be easily controlled to a desired distance. Further, since the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens is reduced, the diameter of the beam waist can be increased.
  • a through hole is formed in an end surface of a cylindrical casing to which a light emitting element can be attached, and the first GRIN lens of the component according to claim 3 or 4 is inserted into the casing from the through hole.
  • a light-emitting element is mounted inside the casing so as to face the front surface of the first GRIN lens, and a lid is applied to the back of the casing to fill the inside with a vacuum, an inert gas atmosphere, or a resin.
  • An optical fiber coupling module can be easily manufactured.
  • the light emitting element is mounted so as to face the front surface of each first GRIN lens, and the inside of the casing is covered with a vacuum, inert gas atmosphere or By filling the resin, an arrayed high-efficiency light-emitting element / optical fiber coupling module can be easily manufactured.
  • a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module wherein the light emitting element is disposed opposite to an end surface of the first GRIN lens having a ridgeline, wherein the ridgeline is the light emitting element.
  • a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module characterized by being parallel to the minor axis of an elliptical beam emitted from the element.
  • the critical angle becomes a large critical angle ⁇ 1
  • the high output beam of the laser diode 7 can be incident on the first GRIN lens with high efficiency.
  • the components of Claims 3 and 4 and the light-emitting element may be arranged opposite to each other and fixed, and any means may be used so long as the parts of Claims 3 and 4 and the light-emitting element are fixed in a predetermined positional relationship.
  • the beam of the light emitting element can be incident on the core of the optical fiber with high efficiency.
  • the present invention is a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module in which the light emitting element is fixed in the casing so as to face the end face of the component of claim 5 facing the ridge line of the first GRIN lens, Is a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module characterized by being parallel to the minor axis of the elliptical beam emitted from the light emitting element.
  • This light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module is highly efficient like the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module of claim 7, and can be easily manufactured using the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module parts of claim 5.
  • the present invention is a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module in which the light emitting element is fixed in the casing so as to face the end face with the ridgeline of each of the first GRIN lenses.
  • the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module is characterized in that the first GRIN lens ridge line is parallel to the minor axis of the elliptical beam emitted from each light emitting element.
  • the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module is highly efficient like the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module according to claim 8, and the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module according to claim 6 is used to form an array of light emitting elements. -An optical fiber coupling module can be easily manufactured.
  • the critical angle of the major axis of the elliptical output beam of the light emitting element of the GRIN lens used for the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling can be made larger than the critical angle of the flat end surface of the GRIN lens.
  • the optical fiber coupling efficiency can be increased.
  • a light-emitting element having a large aspect ratio can be handled, the range of usable light-emitting elements becomes extremely wide.
  • FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of a critical angle of a part 1. It is explanatory drawing of the relationship between inclination
  • the 1 includes a ridge line 10 and an inclined surface 11 at one end of a cylindrical GRIN lens, and a flat end surface perpendicular to the axis at the other end.
  • the ridge line 10 is in the diameter direction of the GRIN lens, that is, passes through the axis and is perpendicular to the axis.
  • the inclined surface 11 is formed on both sides of the ridge line 10 so as to be inclined so as to project the ridge line. Therefore, when this end is viewed from the side parallel to the ridgeline, it has a mountain shape as shown in FIG.
  • the inclination angle ⁇ of the inclined surface 11 can be set to 5 ° to 30 °, for example.
  • the component 1 can be manufactured, for example, by inserting and temporarily fixing a GRIN lens into a ferrule and polishing the tip to form a ridge line and an inclined surface.
  • the axial length Z1 of the first GRIN lens is such that the refractive index of the glass at the center is n 0 , the radius of the GRIN lens is d1, and the distance from the light emitting element is L.
  • Z1 (n 0 * d1 / NA1) arctan (d1 / (NA1 * L)) It is desirable that As a result, the light that has entered the first GRIN lens becomes a parallel light beam at the end thereof, and efficiently enters the second GRIN lens. In this case, as shown in FIG.
  • the major axis and the minor axis L are different, but the actual NA 1 of the major axis is that of the minor axis. ( ⁇ 1> ⁇ 2), the difference between Z1 obtained for the major axis and Z1 obtained for the minor axis is smaller than in the conventional case where the tip surface is flat.
  • the element / optical fiber coupling module has improved coupling efficiency.
  • the length of the second GRIN lens 5 is suitably about 1/4 of the meandering period of the propagating light beam or an odd multiple thereof. Since the condensing property of the second GRIN lens is smaller than that of the first GRIN lens (the numerical aperture is small), the light is condensed at a gentle angle, and the light efficiently enters the optical fiber.
  • the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens is NA1
  • the numerical aperture of the second GRIN lens is NA2
  • the numerical aperture of the optical fiber is NAf, NAf ⁇ NA2 ⁇ NA1.
  • the light emitted from the laser diode 7 efficiently enters the first GRIN lens 1, becomes a parallel light beam at its end, efficiently enters the second GRIN lens 5, and enters the light at the end.
  • the light is condensed on the axis of the fiber 6 and efficiently enters the core.
  • the laser diode 7 is arranged facing the tip surface of the component 2 so that the ridge line 10 is parallel to the short axis of the elliptical beam emitted from the light emitting element, and the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 2A is formed. ing.
  • FIG. 4A is a side view as viewed from a direction parallel to the ridge line 10
  • FIG. 4B is a side view as viewed from a direction perpendicular to the ridge line 10.
  • the major axis of the outgoing beam can enter the first GRIN lens having a larger critical angle than the critical angle inherent to the first GRIN lens (the critical angle at the flat end surface). Even when the numerical aperture of is larger than the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens, the laser light efficiently enters the GRIN lens.
  • the short diameter of the outgoing beam enters the first GRIN lens, which is the original critical angle of the first GRIN lens, but the numerical aperture of the laser diode is small because of the short diameter.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the cylindrical casing 30 is made of a metal such as stainless steel, and the front end is closed by an end face, and a laser diode can be accommodated therein.
  • a through hole 31 is formed in the end surface, and the tip of the component 2 in FIG. 4 is inserted into the casing 30 toward the inside.
  • the portion of the optical fiber 6 other than the tip is covered and protected by an optical fiber coating 60.
  • a metal coating 32 is formed on the outer periphery of the tip of the component 2.
  • the metal coating can be formed by evaporating a metal such as copper or stainless steel on the outer periphery of the tip of the component 2.
  • the tip of the component 3 can be inserted into these metal pipes.
  • the component 2 is inserted from the through hole 31 toward the inside of the casing 30 and is fixed to the through hole portion by solder 33 (fixing means).
  • solder 33 fixing means
  • the melted solder is filled in the gap between the through hole and the tip of the component 2 by capillary action, the metal coating 32 is adhered to the through hole portion, and the through hole is completely sealed.
  • a portion of the tip portion of the component 2 outside the casing 30 is covered with a protective seal 34 for reinforcement and protection.
  • the protective seal is, for example, a resin coating.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3A according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is different from the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3 of FIG. 5 in that a plurality of through holes are formed in the end face of the casing 30 '. As in the case of FIG. 5, the component 2 is fixed by solder 33 in each through hole, and the through hole is sealed.
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the laser diode 7 is attached to the inside of the casing 30 of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3 described above, the back surface is closed with a lid 40, and the inside of the casing is evacuated.
  • the adjustment mechanism the same mechanism as that used in the conventional light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module can be used.
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an array-like light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4A according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is because a plurality of laser diodes 7 are mounted in the casing 30 ′ of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3A in FIG. 6 so as to face each component 2, and the back surface is closed with a lid 40 ′. The inside of the casing is evacuated.
  • FIG. 9 and 10 relate to an array-like light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4B according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is a transverse sectional view
  • FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view.
  • the direction of the ridge line 10 of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 2 is perpendicular to the case of the module 4A in FIG.
  • the laser diode 7 has three light emitting points, and each light emitting point faces the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 2.
  • the active layer 70 of the laser diode is parallel to the ridgeline 10, and therefore the ridgeline 10 is parallel to the minor axis of the elliptical beam emitted from the laser diode (light emitting element).
  • the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 8 in FIG. 11 has a second GRIN lens 5 fused to the flat end surface of the component 1 (first GRIN lens) in FIG. 1, and a single mode optical fiber 6 at the other end. Are fused.
  • the axial length Z1 of the first GRIN lens is such that the refractive index of the glass at the center is n 0 , the radius of the GRIN lens is d1, and the distance from the light emitting element is L.
  • the light that has entered the first GRIN lens becomes a parallel light beam at the end thereof, and efficiently enters the second GRIN lens.
  • the major axis and the minor axis L are different, but the actual NA 1 of the major axis is that of the minor axis. ( ⁇ 1> ⁇ 2), the difference between Z1 obtained for the major axis and Z1 obtained for the minor axis is smaller than in the conventional case where the tip surface is flat.
  • the element / optical fiber coupling module has improved coupling efficiency.
  • the length of the second GRIN lens 5 is suitably about 1/4 of the meandering period of the propagating light beam or an odd multiple thereof.
  • the light condensing property of the second GRIN lens is larger (having a larger numerical aperture) than the first GRIN lens, and the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 2 and the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 2A of FIG. Is different.
  • the numerical aperture of the first GRIN lens 1 is NA1
  • the numerical aperture of the second GRIN lens 5 is NA2
  • the numerical aperture of the optical fiber is NAf, NAf ⁇ NA2> NA1.
  • the numerical aperture NA1 of the first GRIN lens 1 is smaller than the numerical aperture NA2 of the second GRIN lens 5
  • the distance between the first GRIN lens 1 and the laser diode 7 can be easily controlled to a desired distance.
  • a light-emitting element having a large aspect ratio can be handled, the range of usable light-emitting elements becomes extremely wide.
  • the laser diode 7 is arranged facing the tip surface of the component 8 so that the ridge line 10 is parallel to the minor axis of the elliptical beam emitted from the light emitting element, and the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 8A is formed. ing.
  • FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3 according to the embodiment of the present invention. This is obtained by replacing the component 2 in the component 3 for a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module in FIG.
  • FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module component 3C according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is obtained by replacing the component 2 in the component 3A for the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module in FIG.
  • FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4 according to the embodiment of the present invention. This is obtained by changing the component 2 to the component 8 in the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4 of FIG.
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of an array-shaped light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4D according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is obtained by replacing the component 2 in the array-like light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4A of FIG.
  • FIG. 16 and 17 relate to an array-shaped light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4E according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 16 is a transverse sectional view
  • FIG. 17 is a longitudinal sectional view. This is obtained by replacing the component 2 with the component 8 in the arrayed light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module 4B of FIGS.
  • the light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module of the present invention can be used as a versatile module in optical communication, and can be used as a versatile module for optical communication, especially for high-power semiconductor lasers, especially to single mode fibers and polarization maintaining fibers. Can be widely used in medical, measurement, and other fields.
  • the component for a light emitting element / optical fiber coupling module of the present invention can be used in a wide range of fields such as optical communication, laser processing, medical care, and measurement by attaching an arbitrary light emitting element.

Abstract

La présente invention atteint la simplification de la structure d'un module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et qui a un rendement de couplage élevé, et une réduction de dimension du module. Un composant a une ligne de crête dans une direction de diamètre au niveau d'une surface d'extrémité d'une microlentille focalisante, les deux côtés de la ligne de crête forment des surfaces inclinées, inclinées de telle sorte que la ligne de crête se projette, et une partie comprenant la ligne de crête est une surface courbe. Une seconde microlentille focalisante ayant une ouverture numérique plus petite que celle de la microlentille focalisante mentionnée ci-dessus est liée par fusion à une surface d'extrémité sur le côté inverse de la surface d'extrémité ayant la ligne de crête du composant, une fibre optique est liée par fusion à une surface d'extrémité sur le côté inverse de la seconde microlentille focalisante et un élément d'émission de lumière est disposé pour être tourné vers la surface d'extrémité ayant la ligne de crête du composant. Si la ligne de crête est située parallèle à l'axe mineur d'un faisceau elliptique émis par l'élément d'émission de lumière, l'angle critique devient plus grand lorsque le côté long du faisceau émis par l'élément d'émission de lumière est incident sur l'intérieur du composant, permettant ainsi à un faisceau de sortie élevée provenant de l'élément d'émission de lumière d'être incident sur l'intérieur du composant avec un rendement élevé.
PCT/JP2012/069008 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et composant pour celui-ci WO2014016939A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2012/069008 WO2014016939A1 (fr) 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et composant pour celui-ci
JP2012543390A JP5387930B1 (ja) 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 発光素子・光ファイバ結合モジュール及びその部品

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2012/069008 WO2014016939A1 (fr) 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Module dans lequel un élément d'émission de lumière et une fibre optique sont couplés et composant pour celui-ci

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WO2014016939A1 true WO2014016939A1 (fr) 2014-01-30

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JP2021150369A (ja) * 2020-03-17 2021-09-27 豊田合成株式会社 レーザー光源モジュール

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007507007A (ja) * 2003-09-25 2007-03-22 コーニング インコーポレイテッド 多モードピグテールを備えたファイバレンズ
WO2007057974A1 (fr) * 2005-11-21 2007-05-24 Toyo Glass Co., Ltd. Module comprenant un element electroluminescent et fibre optique couplee dans celui-ci, et composant pour ledit module

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007507007A (ja) * 2003-09-25 2007-03-22 コーニング インコーポレイテッド 多モードピグテールを備えたファイバレンズ
WO2007057974A1 (fr) * 2005-11-21 2007-05-24 Toyo Glass Co., Ltd. Module comprenant un element electroluminescent et fibre optique couplee dans celui-ci, et composant pour ledit module

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Title
HIDEHIKO YODA ET AL.: "A Lensed fiber for high-efficiency coupling with 980 nm-LDs having ultra-high aspect ratios", IEICE TECHNICAL REPORT OFT2001-1 TO 13 [OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGIES], vol. 101, no. 63, 11 May 2001 (2001-05-11), pages 25 - 30 *
KOTA MATSUURA ET AL.: "A new scheme of lensed fiber employing a wedge-shaped GI fiber tip for the coupling between single-mode fibers and laser diodes operating at a wavelength of 980 nm", IEICE TECHNICAL REPORT OFT99-42 TO 50 [OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGIES], vol. 99, no. 538, 14 January 2000 (2000-01-14), pages 13 - 18 *

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